2419:
1128:
75:
67:
2426:
2888:
2016:
2037:
31:
83:
47:
1117:
2026:
55:
142:. About 28.5% of submarine canyons cut back into the edge of the continental shelf, whereas the majority (about 68.5%) of submarine canyons have not managed at all to cut significantly across their continental shelves, having their upstream beginnings or "heads" on the continental slope, below the edge of continental shelves.
485:
is an example of this phenomenon; between five and six million years ago, the
Mediterranean Sea became isolated from the Atlantic Ocean and evaporated away in roughly a thousand years. During this time, the Nile River delta, among other rivers, extended far beyond its present location, both in depth
481:
inflow from the ocean is now no longer replenished and hence dries up over a period of time, which can be very short if the local climate is arid. In this scenario, rivers that previously flowed into the sea at a sea level elevation now can cut far deeper into the bottom of the bed now exposed. The
480:
In addition to the processes described above, submarine canyons that are especially deep may form by another method. In certain cases, a sea with a bed significantly below sea level is cut off from the larger ocean to which it is usually connected. The sea which is normally repleted by contact and
145:
The formation of submarine canyons is believed to occur as the result of at least two main process: 1) erosion by turbidity current erosion; and 2) slumping and mass wasting of the continental slope. While at first glance the erosion patterns of submarine canyons may appear to mimic those of
118:
across the seafloor. Turbidity currents are flows of dense, sediment laden waters that are supplied by rivers, or generated on the seabed by storms, submarine landslides, earthquakes, and other soil disturbances. Turbidity currents travel down slope at great speed (as much as 70 km/h
471:
It is now understood that many mechanisms of submarine canyon creation have had effect to greater or lesser degree in different places, even within the same canyon, or at different times during a canyon's development. However, if a primary mechanism must be selected, the downslope lineal
425:
times, when sea level was about 125 meters (410 ft) below present sea level, and rivers flowed to the edge of the continental shelf. However, while many (but not all) canyons are found offshore from major rivers, subaerial river erosion cannot have been active to the
464:, slumping, and submarine landslides are forms of slope failures (the effect of gravity on a hillslope) observed in submarine canyons. Mass wasting is the term used for the slower and smaller action of material moving downhill. Slumping is generally used for
445:
which flow downslope when an unstable mass of sediment that has been rapidly deposited on the upper slope fails, perhaps triggered by earthquakes. There is a spectrum of turbidity- or density-current types ranging from
199:. Canyons are steeper, shorter, more dendritic and more closely spaced on active than on passive continental margins. The walls are generally very steep and can be near vertical. The walls are subject to erosion by
476:
of canyons and channels and the transportation of excavated or loose materials of the continental slope over extensive distances require that various kinds of turbidity or density currents act as major participants.
486:
and length. In a cataclysmic event, the
Mediterranean sea basin was flooded. One relevant consequence is that the submarine canyons eroded are now far below the present sea level.
548:
Harris, P.T., Whiteway, T., 2011. Global distribution of large submarine canyons: geomorphic differences between active and passive continental margins. Marine
Geology 285, 69â86.
153:. Some may extend seawards across continental shelves for hundreds of kilometres before reaching the abyssal plain. Ancient examples have been found in rocks dating back to the
130:
include shelf valleys that have cut transversely across continental shelves, and which begin with their upstream ends in alignment with and sometimes within the mouths of large
430:
as great as 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) where canyons have been mapped, as it is well established (by many lines of evidence) that sea levels did not fall to those depths.
450:
water" to massive mudflow, and evidence of both these end members can be observed in deposits associated with the deeper parts of submarine canyons and channels, such as
560:
536:
Continental Margin
Sedimentation: From Sediment Transport to Sequence Stratigraphy (Special Publication 37 of the IAS) March 2009, by Charles Nittroeur, pg 372.
465:
110:, having nearly vertical walls, and occasionally having canyon wall heights of up to 5 km (3 mi), from canyon floor to canyon rim, as with the
418:
Different mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of submarine canyons. Their primary causes have been subject to debate since the early 1930s.
216:
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276:
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805:
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303:
427:
114:. Just as above-sea-level canyons serve as channels for the flow of water across land, submarine canyons serve as channels for the flow of
2074:
664:
Sånchez, F., Cartes, J.E. and Papiol, V., 2014, "Sistema de Cañones
Submarinos de AvilĂ©s". Ăreas de estudio del proyecto LIFE+ INDEMARES
577:
Giddings, J.A.; Wallace M.W.; Haines P.W.; Mornane K. (2010). "Submarine origin for the
Neoproterozoic Wonoka canyons, South Australia".
500:
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845:
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Harris, P.T., MacMillan-Lawler, M., Rupp, J., Baker, E.K., 2014. Geomorphology of the oceans. Marine
Geology 352, 4â24.
468:
of masses on a hillside. Landslides, or slides, generally comprise the detachment and displacement of sediment masses.
146:
river-canyons on land, several markedly different processes have been found to take place at the soil/water interface.
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1022:
17:
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2019:
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622:
Seafloor
Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHAB Atlas of Seafloor Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats
1067:
2487:
207:. There are an estimated 9,477 submarine canyons on Earth, covering about 11% of the continental slope.
1127:
2912:
2891:
2060:
1264:
714:
1799:
1204:
1164:
482:
50:
Perspective view shaded relief image of the San
Gabriel and Newport submarine canyons off Los Angeles
2575:
1929:
1304:
1294:
1234:
870:
840:
495:
270:
70:
Heavily canyoned northern margin to the Biscay abyssal plain, with the
Whittard Canyon highlighted
2256:
1966:
1949:
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1961:
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378:, reaches a depth of 4,000 m (13,123 ft) and contains the world's largest plunge pool
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1981:
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8:
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The major mechanism of canyon erosion is thought to be turbidity currents and underwater
334:
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119:(43 mph)), eroding the continental slope and finally depositing sediment onto the
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An early and obvious theory was that the canyons present today were carved during
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Many canyons have been found at depths greater than 2 km (1 mi) below
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1871:
1866:
1771:
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1602:
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734:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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62:
off southwestern Africa, about 300 km (190 mi) visible in this view
235:
Baltimore and Wilmington Canyons, East Coast of Maryland and Delaware States
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2482:
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2366:
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1996:
1944:
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1189:
975:
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773:
715:"Exploring Carolina Canyons: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
461:
367:
289:
260:
230:
74:
66:
59:
754:
267:, is 800 km (497 mi) long, and 1,200 m (3,900 ft) deep
78:
Bering Sea showing the larger of the submarine canyons that cut the margin
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1986:
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576:
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135:
783:
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are deposited at the downstream mouths or ends of canyons, building an
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1738:
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1637:
1482:
1321:
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1099:
1027:
955:
875:
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680:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960, Second Edition, p. 290
434:
242:
158:
150:
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1971:
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855:
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406:
the deepest and joint-widest submarine canyon in the world, in the
361:
189:
82:
524:
Shepard, F.P., 1963. Submarine Geology. Harper & Row, New York
2806:
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1000:
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298:
173:
Submarine canyons are more common on the steep slopes found on
127:
99:
95:
54:
27:
Steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope
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34:
Shaded relief image of seven submarine canyons imaged on the
2846:
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2321:
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2199:
2194:
1341:
532:
530:
2326:
2129:
447:
364:, reaches abyssal depths of 5,000 m (16,404 ft)
527:
223:, reaches depth of about 4,700 m (15,420 ft).
86:
Sketch showing the main elements of a submarine canyon
42:
data. The Hudson Canyon is the furthest to the left.
1757:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
177:compared to those on the gentler slopes found on
2904:
618:"Seafloor GeomorphologyâCoast, Shelf, and Abyss"
1747:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
263:, the largest river canyon, extending from the
2068:
799:
691:"Marine Regions · Delgada Canyon (Canyon(s))"
730:"The Underlying Causes of Submarine Canyons"
2075:
2061:
806:
792:
813:
763:
753:
620:. In Harris P.T. & Baker E.K. (ed.).
544:
542:
501:List of submarine topographical features
81:
73:
65:
53:
45:
29:
727:
570:
551:
14:
2905:
1078:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
615:
539:
2082:
2056:
787:
609:
2025:
106:, sometimes extending well onto the
24:
2771:Integrated coastal zone management
1905:National Oceanographic Data Center
1332:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1220:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
168:
123:, where the particles settle out.
25:
2924:
1752:Global Sea Level Observing System
2887:
2886:
2424:
2417:
2035:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1210:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1126:
1115:
1940:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1663:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
721:
707:
683:
2869:Region of freshwater influence
667:
658:
649:
518:
315:, extending offshore from the
13:
1:
2631:Large-scale coastal behaviour
2463:Beaches in estuaries and bays
511:
273:, off the coast of California
219:, off the coast of Asturias,
185:through all substrates, from
1200:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
1170:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
926:Luke's variational principle
728:Shepard, Francis P. (1936).
603:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.10.001
413:
7:
567:by Richard Strickland, 2004
489:
351:, off the coast of central
342:, off the coast of western
210:
10:
2929:
1265:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1113:
2882:
2784:
2751:
2556:
2516:
2433:
2415:
2090:
2010:
1849:
1823:
1800:Ocean acoustic tomography
1785:
1737:
1676:
1613:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
1571:
1443:
1340:
1205:General circulation model
1135:
841:BenjaminâFeir instability
821:
496:List of submarine canyons
483:Messinian salinity crisis
437:. Turbidity currents are
2576:Coastal biogeomorphology
1930:Ocean surface topography
1305:Thermohaline circulation
1295:Subsurface ocean current
1235:Hydrothermal circulation
1068:Waveâcurrent interaction
846:Boussinesq approximation
271:Delgada Submarine Canyon
1967:Sea surface temperature
1950:Outline of oceanography
1145:Atmospheric circulation
1083:shallow water equations
1073:Waves and shallow water
966:Significant wave height
454:deposits (mudflow) and
2473:Coastal morphodynamics
1962:Sea surface microlayer
1327:Wind generated current
674:Arthur Newell Strahler
126:About 3% of submarine
87:
79:
71:
63:
51:
43:
2864:Physical oceanography
1795:Deep scattering layer
1777:World Geodetic System
1285:Princeton Ocean Model
1165:CoriolisâStokes force
815:Physical oceanography
755:10.1073/pnas.22.8.496
616:Harris, P.T. (2011).
306:, extending from the
297:, extending from the
288:, extending from the
229:, extending from the
85:
77:
69:
57:
49:
40:multibeam echosounder
33:
2693:Submergent coastline
2646:Marine transgression
2601:Discordant coastline
2586:Concordant coastline
1815:Underwater acoustics
1375:Perigean spring tide
1240:Langmuir circulation
951:Rossby-gravity waves
628:. pp. 125â127.
38:off New York, using
2797:Coastal engineering
1977:Science On a Sphere
1583:Convergent boundary
1255:Modular Ocean Model
1215:Geostrophic current
931:Mild-slope equation
746:1936PNAS...22..496S
595:2010SedG..223...35G
579:Sedimentary Geology
466:rotational movement
370:, off the coast of
360:, off the coast of
335:Southern California
329:, off the coast of
279:, off the coast of
112:Great Bahama Canyon
2766:Coastal management
2606:Emergent coastline
2277:Intertidal wetland
2180:Continental margin
1633:Seafloor spreading
1623:Outer trench swell
1588:Divergent boundary
1488:Continental margin
1473:Carbonate platform
1370:Lunitidal interval
678:Physical Geography
563:2016-03-07 at the
317:Kaikoura Peninsula
116:turbidity currents
88:
80:
72:
64:
52:
44:
2913:Submarine canyons
2900:
2899:
2728:Wave-cut platform
2641:Marine regression
2185:Continental shelf
2175:Coastal waterfall
2084:Coastal geography
2050:
2049:
2042:Oceans portal
2002:World Ocean Atlas
1992:Underwater glider
1935:Ocean temperature
1598:Hydrothermal vent
1563:Submarine volcano
1498:Continental shelf
1478:Coastal geography
1468:Bathymetric chart
1350:Amphidromic point
1038:Wave nonlinearity
896:Infragravity wave
695:marineregions.org
635:978-0-12-385141-3
441:, sediment-laden
376:Western Australia
108:continental shelf
104:continental slope
94:is a steep-sided
36:continental slope
18:Submarine canyons
16:(Redirected from
2920:
2890:
2889:
2651:Raised shoreline
2626:Ingression coast
2621:Graded shoreline
2596:Cuspate foreland
2428:
2421:
2372:Submarine canyon
2232:Freshwater marsh
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1957:Pelagic sediment
1895:Marine pollution
1689:Deep ocean water
1558:Submarine canyon
1493:Continental rise
1385:Rule of twelfths
1300:Sverdrup balance
1230:Humboldt Current
1155:Boundary current
1130:
1119:
936:Radiation stress
906:Iribarren number
881:Equatorial waves
836:Ballantine scale
831:Airy wave theory
808:
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613:
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558:Submarine Canyon
555:
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537:
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525:
522:
458:along channels.
241:in the coast of
92:submarine canyon
21:
2928:
2927:
2923:
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2918:
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2854:Intertidal zone
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2636:Longshore drift
2581:Coastal erosion
2552:
2512:
2448:Beach evolution
2429:
2423:
2422:
2413:
2100:Anchialine pool
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2081:
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2046:
2034:
2006:
1845:
1819:
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1762:Sea-level curve
1733:
1672:
1658:Transform fault
1608:Mid-ocean ridge
1574:
1567:
1533:Oceanic plateau
1439:
1425:Tidal resonance
1395:Theory of tides
1336:
1245:Longshore drift
1195:Ekman transport
1131:
1125:
1124:
1123:
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1120:
1111:
1063:Wave turbulence
996:Trochoidal wave
921:Longshore drift
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565:Wayback Machine
556:
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523:
519:
514:
492:
416:
404:Zhemchug Canyon
391:Whittard Canyon
382:Pribilof Canyon
349:Monterey Canyon
313:Kaikoura Canyon
277:Hatteras Canyon
213:
179:passive margins
171:
169:Characteristics
28:
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2147:
2145:Brackish marsh
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:Barrier island
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2022:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Stratification
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1872:Color of water
1869:
1867:Benthic lander
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1772:Sea level rise
1769:
1767:Sea level drop
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:Marine geology
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1543:Passive margin
1540:
1538:Oceanic trench
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Ocean dynamics
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:Coriolis force
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1008:
998:
993:
988:
983:
981:Stokes problem
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
916:Kinematic wave
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
827:
825:
819:
818:
811:
810:
803:
796:
788:
780:
779:
740:(8): 496â502.
720:
706:
682:
666:
657:
648:
634:
608:
569:
550:
538:
526:
516:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
506:Passive margin
503:
498:
491:
488:
415:
412:
411:
410:
401:
397:off southwest
395:Atlantic Ocean
388:
379:
365:
355:
346:
337:
327:Scripps Canyon
323:
310:
301:
292:
283:
281:North Carolina
274:
268:
258:
249:
236:
233:
224:
212:
209:
175:active margins
170:
167:
155:Neoproterozoic
134:, such as the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2925:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Littoral zone
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Bulkhead line
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Wave shoaling
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Surge channel
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Cliffed coast
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Shingle beach
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Coastal plain
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Marine energy
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Acidification
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:SOFAR channel
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Oceanic crust
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Fracture zone
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Oceanic basin
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Abyssal plain
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Internal tide
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Ocean current
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1118:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Wave shoaling
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:Ursell number
1016:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
901:Internal wave
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:Breaking wave
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
789:
786:
775:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
716:
710:
696:
692:
686:
679:
675:
670:
661:
652:
637:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
566:
562:
559:
554:
545:
543:
533:
531:
521:
517:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
487:
484:
478:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
424:
419:
409:
405:
402:
400:
396:
392:
389:
387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:Nazaré Canyon
356:
354:
350:
347:
345:
341:
338:
336:
332:
328:
325:La Jolla and
324:
322:
318:
314:
311:
309:
305:
302:
300:
296:
295:Ganges Canyon
293:
291:
287:
286:Hudson Canyon
284:
282:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
262:
259:
257:
253:
252:Bering Canyon
250:
248:
247:Mediterranean
244:
240:
239:Blanes Canyon
237:
234:
232:
228:
227:Amazon Canyon
225:
222:
218:
217:Avilés Canyon
215:
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:. They show
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
143:
141:
140:Hudson Canyon
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
121:abyssal plain
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:cut into the
97:
93:
84:
76:
68:
61:
56:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2723:Volcanic arc
2611:Feeder bluff
2518:River mouths
2483:Raised beach
2478:Pocket beach
2406:
2377:Tidal island
2371:
2367:Strand plain
2312:Natural arch
1997:Water column
1945:Oceanography
1920:Observations
1915:Explorations
1885:Marginal sea
1878:
1836:OSTM/Jason-2
1668:Volcanic arc
1643:Slab suction
1557:
1360:Head of tide
1250:Loop Current
1190:Ekman spiral
976:Stokes drift
886:Gravity wave
861:Cnoidal wave
737:
733:
723:
709:
698:. Retrieved
694:
685:
677:
669:
660:
651:
639:. Retrieved
621:
611:
582:
578:
572:
553:
520:
479:
470:
462:Mass wasting
460:
432:
428:water depths
420:
417:
368:Perth Canyon
304:Indus Canyon
290:Hudson River
261:Congo Canyon
231:Amazon River
172:
148:
144:
125:
91:
89:
60:Congo Canyon
2874:River plume
2688:Steep coast
2661:Rocky shore
2656:Rip current
2536:River delta
2508:Wash margin
2503:Storm beach
2493:Shell beach
2458:Beach wrack
2453:Beach ridge
2443:Beach cusps
2392:Tied island
2382:Tidal marsh
2105:Archipelago
1987:Thermocline
1704:Mesopelagic
1677:Ocean zones
1648:Slab window
1513:Hydrography
1453:Abyssal fan
1420:Tidal range
1410:Tidal power
1405:Tidal force
1290:Rip current
1225:Gulf Stream
1185:Ekman layer
1175:Downwelling
1150:Baroclinity
1137:Circulation
1033:Wave height
1023:Wave action
1006:megatsunami
986:Stokes wave
946:Rossby wave
911:Kelvin wave
891:Green's law
344:Puerto Rico
340:Mona Canyon
321:New Zealand
308:Indus River
265:Congo River
194:crystalline
187:unlithified
163:abyssal fan
136:Congo River
2802:Grain size
2776:Submersion
2753:Management
2738:Wind fetch
2698:Surf break
2616:Flat coast
2546:regressive
2332:Salt marsh
2190:Coral reef
1925:Reanalysis
1824:Satellites
1805:Sofar bomb
1653:Subduction
1628:Ridge push
1523:Ocean bank
1503:Contourite
1430:Tide gauge
1415:Tidal race
1400:Tidal bore
1390:Slack tide
1355:Earth tide
1275:Ocean gyre
1095:Wind setup
1090:Wind fetch
1053:Wave setup
1048:Wave radar
1043:Wave power
941:Rogue wave
871:Dispersion
700:2024-07-04
641:26 January
512:References
474:morphology
435:landslides
408:Bering Sea
386:Bering Sea
353:California
256:Bering Sea
201:bioerosion
159:Turbidites
2761:Accretion
2743:Wind wave
2703:Surf zone
2558:Processes
2531:Mouth bar
2488:Recession
2468:Beachrock
2387:Tide pool
2317:Peninsula
2205:cliff-top
2092:Landforms
1787:Acoustics
1739:Sea level
1638:Slab pull
1575:tectonics
1483:Cold seep
1445:Landforms
1322:Whirlpool
1317:Upwelling
1100:Wind wave
1028:Wave base
956:Sea state
876:Edge wave
866:Cross sea
589:: 35â50.
414:Formation
384:, in the
254:, in the
243:Catalonia
151:sea level
2907:Category
2892:Category
2718:Undertow
2671:Sea foam
2666:Sea cave
2566:Blowhole
2408:Windwatt
2267:Headland
2115:Avulsion
2020:Category
1972:Seawater
1699:Littoral
1694:Deep sea
1553:Seamount
1435:Tideline
1380:Rip tide
1310:shutdown
1280:Overflow
1013:Undertow
856:Clapotis
774:16577732
626:Elsevier
587:Elsevier
561:Archived
490:See also
443:currents
362:Portugal
331:La Jolla
245:, in de
211:Examples
205:slumping
190:sediment
138:and the
2842:shingle
2822:granule
2807:boulder
2785:Related
2681:peresyp
2591:Current
2526:Debouch
2435:Beaches
2402:Waituna
2397:Tombolo
2307:Mudflat
2302:Machair
2292:Isthmus
2212:Estuary
2155:Channel
2030:Commons
1900:Mooring
1850:Related
1841:Jason-3
1831:Jason-1
1714:Pelagic
1709:Oceanic
1684:Benthic
1001:Tsunami
971:Soliton
765:1079213
742:Bibcode
591:Bibcode
585:(1â2).
423:glacial
399:Ireland
183:erosion
128:canyons
102:of the
2832:pebble
2827:gravel
2817:cobble
2362:Strait
2342:Skerry
2297:Lagoon
2282:Island
2237:Fundus
2140:Bodden
1719:Photic
1548:Seabed
961:Seiche
772:
762:
632:
456:levees
452:lobate
299:Ganges
132:rivers
100:seabed
96:valley
2713:Swash
2676:Shoal
2357:Stack
2347:Sound
2337:Shoal
2287:Islet
2272:Inlet
2262:Hapua
2227:Fjord
2222:Fjard
2217:Firth
2165:Coast
2160:Cliff
2135:Bight
2110:Atoll
1910:Ocean
1879:Alvin
1729:Swash
1573:Plate
1518:Knoll
1508:Guyot
1463:Atoll
1342:Tides
1105:model
991:Swell
823:Waves
448:muddy
439:dense
372:Perth
221:Spain
203:, or
2847:silt
2837:sand
2812:clay
2541:mega
2352:Spit
2322:Reef
2252:Gulf
2200:Dune
2195:Cove
2150:Cape
2120:Ayre
1877:DSV
1862:Argo
1724:Surf
1180:Eddy
770:PMID
643:2012
630:ISBN
197:rock
58:The
2327:Ria
2257:Gut
2247:Geo
2242:Gat
2130:Bay
760:PMC
750:doi
599:doi
583:223
192:to
2909::
768:.
758:.
748:.
738:22
736:.
732:.
693:.
676:,
624:.
597:.
581:.
541:^
529:^
393:,
374:,
333:,
319:,
165:.
157:.
90:A
2076:e
2069:t
2062:v
807:e
800:t
793:v
776:.
752::
744::
717:.
703:.
645:.
605:.
601::
593::
446:"
20:)
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