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work non-stop to prevent the whale's body heat from melting the ice too much. Afterwards, the captain and crew of the hunt invite the community to a celebratory meal. Once the captain has taken what he needs, he gives the rest of the whale away to his community and any others who need the food. However, despite its necessity, the interest in subsistence hunting has reduced among the youth in the tribes. Reasons for this decline include a lack of training, a lack of equipment, changing dietary preferences, a lack of interest, an increasing dependence upon wage employment, and interest in other activities (for example,
308:(ANCSA) in 1971, which removed "all aboriginal titles, if any, and claims of aboriginal title in Alaska based on use and occupancy, including submerged land underneath all water areas, both inland and offshore, and including any aboriginal hunting or fishing rights that may exist". The act also titled Natives with "44 million acres of Alaska and extinguished remaining claims with a $ 1 billion payment." Natives received compensation under this act, but it did not protect subsistence hunting. This led natives to look for exceptions in other laws, such as the
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separate applications), but can hold only one permit for each species of animal they wish to hunt. Permits cannot be transferred to another person, unless they are "active duty military personnel deployed to a combat zone who are unable to use their Tier II permit may transfer their permit to a substitute hunter who is a resident of Alaska."
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have completed a Basic Hunter
Education course or be with someone over the age of sixteen who has. One can also be with an adult born no later than January 1, 1986. Permit applications must be submitted between November 1 and December 15 or they will be is discarded. Game for use as food in customary and traditional
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Permits are awarded to those who score highest on the application questions. Each application is scored on five questions, and permits for each hunt are given starting at the highest overall score and working downward until all permits have been given. Hunters may also apply for multiple permits (as
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as follows "1) active hunters are always sharing meat with other people, 2) active hunters are always ready to go out hunting at a moment's notice, 3) active hunters travel at any time of year and not just during the spring, and 4) active hunters know more about travelling in cold weather and on the
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For the Iñupiat, subsistence hunting and fishing are important and viable economic strategies, which provide food and raw materials for the whole group. When hunters bring whales back to the community, about 65–70 people drag the whale onto the ice, where they work all day to harvest the meat. They
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Permits are required to practise subsistence hunting in state of Alaska. The above laws allow for any resident of Alaska to apply for these permits. Because of this, many of the laws made for subsistence hunting fall in line with Alaska's normal hunting laws. A person under the age of sixteen must
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for subsistence use. "ANILCA provides that Alaska may obtain subsistence jurisdiction of federal lands upon passage of a law providing for a similar subsistence priority for rural residents". The ANILCA also granted permanent protection to 104 million acres of federal land, including more than 40
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ANILCA governs subsistence for "rural residents", on federal lands, whereas state law governs subsistence for "all
Alaskans", on state and private lands (including Native-owned ANCSA lands). Since both state and federal governments take care of Alaska's subsistence hunting laws, dual management
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sea ice." On the way to the hunt, they travel by snowmobile across the ice until they find a safe campsite, which can sometimes take all day. The campsite must be near landlocked ice, so the hunters can move to the safety of solid ice in an emergency. Once on the hunt, they kill with
566:"Subsistence and Personal Use Fishing Licenses and Permits, Alaska Department of Fish and Game." Subsistence and Personal Use Fishing Licenses and Permits, Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2016.
200:, who say that one cannot live without the other. According to the Iñupiat, the whale is the center of their diet, culture, and spirit. This makes them dependent on the complex system of sharing and celebrating the whale, and leads them to
293:(FAO), food security is defined as the ability for an individual to "have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life."
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Condon, Richard G., Peter
Collings, and George Wenzel. 1995. “The Best Part of Life: Subsistence Hunting, Ethnicity, and Economic Adaptation Among Young Adult Inuit Males”. Arctic 48 (1). Arctic Institute of North America:
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Subsistence hunters take pride in what they do, because they see themselves as strong providers for their family and community. People within the Inuit community describe active
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showed up in the 1700s from the 1940s they were forced to stop, but resumed in the 1990s. Only a few licenses are available each year. The hunt is monitored and co-managed by
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The IWC quota for hunting bowheads was 100 in 2020, with 7 for Russia and 93 for the United States. US hunters stuck 69 bowheads, of which they were able to bring 54 to land.
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Theriault, Sophie, Ghislain Otis, Gerard
Duhaime, and Christopher Furgal. "The legal protection of subsistence: a prerequisite of food security for the Inuit of Alaska."
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Under this definition, Alaskans would be able to hunt the bowhead whale despite conservation efforts, which creates a need for official regulation. Congress enacted the
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327:(ANILCA) was adapted to include subsidence hunting and fishing rights. This act gives up its rights to lands and fishing rights and gives them to
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Richardson, J.R. 1992. "Hunting for a balance." National Parks 66, no. 3/4: 34. Academic Search
Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed March 1, 2016).
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Hess, Bill. 1999. Gift of the Whale : The Iñupiaq
Bowhead Hunt, a Sacred Tradition. Seattle, Wash., Sasquatch Books.
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and, if appropriate, big game locking tags. At the end of the season all permits must be returned, regardless of use.
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between state and federal agencies is needed. This is currently guided by an
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million acres of parkland. Under ANILCA, Natives are allowed to substance hunt on seven new and expanded parks.
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CBC News: For the first time in nearly 30 years, Aklavik, N.W.T., hunters can harvest a bowhead whale
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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ECHO Partners. "Iñupiaq Whale Hunt." YouTube. February 25, 2009. Accessed March 22, 2016.
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Local and
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religious ceremonies may be hunted out of season and more than the allowed limits.
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648:"Nunavik girl, 18, harpoons 14-metre bowhead whale on first-ever hunt | CBC News"
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Kishigami, Nobuhiro (2016). "Revival of Inuit
Bowhead Hunts in Arctic Canada".
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to any killed bowhead whale in thanks for the life it has given to them.
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The bowhead whale is of great cultural significance to the Iñupiat in
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Declaration of Settlement US. Code § 1603. of 1971, title 43.
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is woven into baskets. The liver membrane is used for drums.
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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were permitted to hunt and kill one bowhead whale with the
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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While hunting, one must carry the required permits, valid
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and organs. According to the Iñupiat people, the whale's
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Inuit standing beside umiak on sled, Point Barrow, Alaska
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creates a need for laws on hunting in Alaska. Under the
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International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
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156:is banned in most parts of the world, some of the
621:"Iqaluit bowhead whale hunt a success | CBC News"
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291:United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Association
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325:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
176:is valued for its contribution to food stocks (
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473:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAqEK7K5oCQ
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265:. The whale's bones are used to frame sod
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125:Learn how and when to remove this message
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
993:Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale
603:Japanese Review of Cultural Anthropology
388:have hunted whales long before European
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168:peoples in Alaska, continue to hunt the
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348:Natives and hunting licences
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957:Hunting type
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656:. Retrieved
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583:. 2022-09-15
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979:Drift whale
859:Philippines
845:New Zealand
838:Netherlands
411:hunters of
1257:Categories
1127:Spermaceti
1039:Head spade
1003:Implements
880:Seychelles
831:Madagascar
728:By country
587:2022-10-17
435:References
425:Inuvialuit
421:whale meat
400:, and the
210:basketball
188:are over.
1134:Sperm oil
1120:Scrimshaw
1078:Ambergris
1018:Whaleboat
810:Greenland
743:Australia
736:Argentina
263:vitamin C
186:in Canada
103:talk page
1070:Products
1046:Paledang
911:Harpoons
873:Scotland
609:: 43–58.
429:Gwich'in
238:harpoons
218:baseball
115:May 2016
97:You may
52:May 2016
1099:Blubber
1085:Ambrein
1060:Trywork
1053:Try pot
817:Iceland
803:Germany
712:Whaling
413:Aklavik
333:Eskimos
320:(ESA).
246:caribou
233:hunters
192:Iñupiat
166:Iñupiat
154:whaling
38:Please
1113:Muktuk
1092:Baleen
866:Russia
852:Norway
773:Canada
766:Brazil
658:28 May
631:28 May
455:31–46.
396:, the
372:Quotas
337:Aleuts
275:baleen
258:maktak
216:, and
214:hockey
1141:Tabua
824:Japan
789:Chile
654:. CBC
409:Inuit
386:Inuit
335:, or
271:igloo
267:iglus
242:umiak
162:Inuit
105:, or
1152:meat
660:2018
633:2018
581:NOAA
427:and
384:The
202:pray
184:and
164:and
1156:oil
652:CBC
625:CBC
248:).
220:).
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