Drug rehabilitation

877:, Socio-Cultural Model and Psycho-dynamic Model. The Moral Model of addiction theorizes that addiction is a moral weakness and that it is the sole fault of the person for becoming addicted. Supporters of the Moral Model view drug use as a choice, even for those who are addicted, and addicts as people of bad character. Disease Model of addiction frames substance abuse as 'a chronic relapsing disease that changes the structure and function of the brain'. Research conducted on the neurobiological factors of addiction has proven to have mixed results, and the only treatment idea it offers is abstinence. The Socio-Cultural Model tries to provide an explanation of how certain populations are more susceptible to substance abuse than others. It focuses on how discrimination, poor quality of life, lack of opportunity and other problems common in marginalized communities can make them vulnerable to addiction. The Psycho-Dynamic Model looks at trauma and mental illness as a precursor to addiction. Many rehabilitation centers treat "co-occurring" disorders, which refer to substance abuse disorder paired with a mental health diagnosis. 636:

problematic behaviors and unable to remain sober by himself or herself, much as individuals with a terminal illness are unable to fight the disease by themselves without medication. Behavioral treatment, therefore, necessarily requires individuals to admit their addiction, renounce their former lifestyle, and seek a supportive social network that can help them remain sober. Such approaches are the quintessential features of Twelve-step programs, originally published in the book Alcoholics Anonymous in 1939. These approaches have met considerable amounts of criticism, coming from opponents who disapprove of the spiritual-religious orientation on both psychological and legal grounds. Opponents also contend that it lacks valid scientific evidence for claims of efficacy. However, there is survey-based research that suggests there is a correlation between attendance and alcohol sobriety. Different results have been reached for other drugs, with the twelve steps being less beneficial for addicts to illicit substances, and least beneficial to those addicted to the physiologically and psychologically addicting

793:. This therapy rests upon the assumption addicted individuals possess core beliefs, often not accessible to immediate consciousness (unless the patient is also depressed). These core beliefs, such as "I am undesirable," activate a system of addictive beliefs that result in imagined anticipatory benefits of substance use and, consequentially, craving. Once craving has been activated, permissive beliefs ("I can handle getting high just this one more time") are facilitated. Once a permissive set of beliefs have been activated, then the individual will activate drug-seeking and drug-ingesting behaviors. The cognitive therapist's job is to uncover this underlying system of beliefs, analyze it with the patient, and thereby demonstrate its dysfunction. As with any cognitive-behavioral therapy, 951:

Florida Model for rehabilitation centers, is often criticized for fraudulent billing to insurance companies. Under the guise of helping patients with opioid addiction, these centers would offer addicts free rent or up to $ 500 per month to stay in their "sober homes", then charge insurance companies as high as $ 5,000 to $ 10,000 per test for simple urine tests. Little attention is paid to patients in terms of addiction intervention as these patients have often been known to continue drug use during their stay in these centers. Since 2015, these centers have been under federal and state criminal investigation. As of 2017 in California, there are only 16 investigators in the CA Department of Health Care Services investigating over 2,000 licensed rehab centers.

773:, such as distracting himself from his cravings by turning on his favorite music, then he will avoid the relapse risk (PATH 1) and heighten his efficacy for future abstinence. If, however, he lacks coping mechanisms—for instance, he may begin ruminating on his cravings (PATH 2)—then his efficacy for abstinence will decrease, his expectations of positive outcomes will increase, and he may experience a lapse—an isolated return to substance intoxication. So doing results in what Marlatt refers to as the Abstinence Violation Effect, characterized by guilt for having gotten intoxicated and low efficacy for future abstinence in similar tempting situations. This is a dangerous pathway, Marlatt proposes, to full-blown relapse. 608:

trained to develop recovery programs that help to reestablish healthy behaviors and provide coping strategies whenever a situation of risk happens. It's very common to see them also work with family members who are affected by the addictions of the individual, or in a community to prevent addiction and educate the public. Counselors should be able to recognize how addiction affects the whole person and those around him or her. Counseling is also related to "Intervention"; a process in which the addict's family and loved ones request help from a professional to get an individual into drug treatment.

494:, also sometimes known as laughing gas, is a legally available gas used for anesthesia during certain dental and surgical procedures, in food preparation, and for the fueling of rocket and racing engines. People who use substances also sometimes use gas as an inhalant. Like all other inhalants, it is popular because it provides consciousness-altering effects while allowing users to avoid some of the legal issues surrounding illicit substances. Misuse of nitrous oxide can produce significant short-term and long-term damage to human health, including a form of oxygen starvation called 742:

hypothesized specific drugs facilitate specific fantasies and using drugs is considered to be a displacement from, and a concomitant of, the compulsion to masturbate while entertaining homosexual and perverse fantasies. The addiction syndrome is also hypothesized to be associated with life trajectories that have occurred within the context of teratogenic processes, the phases of which include social, cultural, and political factors, encapsulation, traumatophobia, and masturbation as a form of self-soothing. Such an approach lies in stark contrast to the approaches of

718:. Though the authors expected the two-factor theory to be the most effective, it actually proved to be deleterious in the outcome. Surprisingly, client-centered therapy proved most effective. It has been argued, however, these findings may be attributable to the profound difference in therapist outlook between the two-factor and client-centered approaches, rather than to client-centered techniques. The authors note two-factor theory involves stark disapproval of the clients' "irrational behavior" (p. 350); this notably negative outlook could explain the results. 126: 36: 6228: 612:

behavior. Once this has been achieved, the counselor coordinates with the addict's family to support them in getting the individual to drug rehabilitation immediately, with concern and care for this person. Otherwise, this person will be asked to leave and expect no support of any kind until going into drug rehabilitation or alcoholism treatment. An intervention can also be conducted in the workplace environment with colleagues instead of family.

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Finally, decision-making processes are implicated in the relapse process as well. Substance use is the result of multiple decisions whose collective effects result in the consumption of the intoxicant. Furthermore, Marlatt stresses some decisions—referred to as apparently irrelevant decisions—may seem inconsequential to relapse, but may actually have downstream implications that place the user in a high-risk situation.

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their deficits and providing help living more fulfilling lives in the presence of symptoms of addiction. Another key component of the Recovery Model is the collaborative relationship between client and provider in developing the client's path to abstinence. Under the Recovery Model a program is personally designed to meet an individual clients needs, and does not include a standard set of steps one must go through.

407:. Both drugs may be used as maintenance medications (taken for an indefinite period of time), or used as detoxification aids. All available studies collected in the 2005 Australian National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence suggest that maintenance treatment is preferable, with very high rates (79–100%) of relapse within three months of detoxification from levo-α-acetylmethadol ( 4537: 572:. Quadrant three works on mending the "eroded relationships" caused by active addiction. Quadrant Four often involves facing the harsh consequences of drug use such as unemployment, legal discrepancies, or eviction. The use of integral theory aims to break the dichotomy of "using" or "not using" and focuses instead on emotional, spiritual, and intellectual growth, along with physical wellness. 4712: 4621: 2938: 4533: 543:

area of the brain that regulates impulses such as addiction and self-control. This treatment is for those who have failed every other treatment, whether that is medicine, behavioral therapy, and/or social interventions. It is a very rigorous trial with oversight from ethicists and regulators and many other governing bodies.

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in the treatment of substance use. Considering that nicotine and other psychoactive substances such as cocaine activate similar psycho-pharmacological pathways, an emotion regulation approach may be applicable to a wide array of substance use. Proposed models of affect-driven tobacco use have focused

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and modified by his followers, has also explained substance use. This orientation suggests the main cause of the addiction syndrome is the unconscious need to entertain and to enact various kinds of homosexual and perverse fantasies, and at the same time to avoid taking responsibility for this. It is

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This process begins with a professionals' first goal: breaking down denial of the person with the addiction. Denial implies a lack of willingness from the patients or fear to confront the true nature of the addiction and to take any action to improve their lives, instead of continuing the destructive

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medical conditions. Naltrexone blocks the euphoric effects of alcohol and opiates. Naltrexone cuts relapse risk in the first three months by about 36%. However, it is far less effective in helping patients maintain abstinence or retaining them in the drug-treatment system (retention rates average 12%

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Under the Affordable Care Act and the Mental Health Parity Act, rehabilitation centers are able to bill insurance companies for substance use treatment. With long wait lists in limited state-funded rehabilitation centers, controversial private centers rapidly emerged. One popular model, known as the

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Despite ongoing efforts to combat addiction, there has been evidence of clinics billing patients for treatments that may not guarantee their recovery. This is a major problem as there are numerous claims of fraud in drug rehabilitation centers, where these centers are billing insurance companies for

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programs that encourage patients to be aware of their own experiences in the present moment and of emotions that arise from thoughts, appear to prevent impulsive/compulsive responses. Research also indicates that mindfulness programs can reduce the consumption of substances such as alcohol, cocaine,

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has long contended the maladaptive patterns of alcohol and substance use displays addicted individuals are the result of a lifelong disease that is biological in origin and exacerbated by environmental contingencies. This conceptualization renders the individual essentially powerless over his or her

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The definition of recovery remains divided and subjective in drug rehabilitation, as there are no set standards for measuring recovery. The Betty Ford Institute defined recovery as achieving complete abstinence as well as personal well-being while other studies have considered "near abstinence" as a

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is usually quite expensive without insurance. Most American programs follow a 28–30 day program length. The length is based solely upon providers' experience. During the 1940s, clients stayed about one week to get over the physical changes, another week to understand the program, and another week or

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A few antidepressants have been proven to be helpful in the context of smoking cessation/nicotine addiction. These medications include bupropion and nortriptyline. Bupropion inhibits the re-uptake of nor-epinephrine and dopamine and has been FDA approved for smoking cessation, while nortriptyline is

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In an American survey by three separate institutions (the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors, Rational Recovery Systems and the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors) measuring treatment responses on the Spiritual Belief Scale (a scale measuring belief in the four

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According to statistics best case scenario less than a 25% of addicts go back to being healthy. There are two types of rehab one is Revolutionary Guard Corp or FARAJA run article 16 quarantine which is part of operations cleaning the cities from addicts and homeless just as well, the others article

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produces a very unpleasant reaction when drinking alcohol that includes flushing, nausea and palpitations. It is more effective for patients with high motivation and some addicts use it only for high-risk situations. Patients who wish to continue drinking or may be likely to relapse should not take

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Broad categories of barriers to drug treatment are: absences of problem, negative social support, fear of treatment, privacy concerns, time conflict, poor treatment availability, and admission difficulty. Other barriers to treatment include high costs, lack of tailored programs to address specific

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as a foundation. It gives importance to the human agency in overcoming addiction and focuses on self-empowerment and self-reliance. It does not subscribe to disease theory and powerlessness. The group meetings involve open discussions, questioning decisions and forming corrective measures through

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The Recovery Model uses integral theory: a four-part approach focusing on the individual, the collective society, along with individual and external factors. The four quadrants corresponding with each in Integral Theory are Consciousness, Behavior, Culture and Systems. Quadrant One deals with the

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Patients with severe opioid addiction are being given brain implants to help reduce their cravings, in the first trial of its kind in the US. Treatment starts with a series of brain scans. Surgery follows with doctors making a small hole in the skull to insert a tiny 1mm electrode in the specific

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effects of an addictive substance. Attributions of causality refer to an individual's pattern of beliefs that relapse to drug use is a result of internal, or rather external, transient causes (e.g., allowing oneself to make exceptions when faced with what are judged to be unusual circumstances).

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Counselors help individuals with identifying behaviors and problems related to their addiction. It can be done on an individual basis, but it's more common to find it in a group setting and can include crisis counseling, weekly or daily counseling, and drop-in counseling supports. Counselors are

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are sometimes required to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. There are a great number of ways to address an alternative sentence in a drug possession or DUI case; increasingly, American courts are willing to explore outside-the-box methods for delivering this service. There have been lawsuits

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originates in the psychiatric survivor movement in the US, which argues that receiving a certain diagnoses can be stigmatizing and disempowering. Some characteristics of the Recovery Model are social inclusion, empowerment to overcome substance use, focusing on strengths of the client instead of

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For example: As a result of heavy traffic, a recovering alcoholic may decide one afternoon to exit the highway and travel on side roads. This will result in the creation of a high-risk situation when he realizes he is inadvertently driving by his old favorite bar. If this individual can employ

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drug promoted by certain fringe groups to interrupt both physical dependence and psychological craving to a broad range of drugs including narcotics, stimulants, alcohol, and nicotine. To date, there have never been any controlled studies showing it to be effective, and it is not accepted as a

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under-delivering much-needed medical treatment while exhausting patients' insurance benefits. In California, there are movements and laws regarding this matter, particularly the California Insurance Fraud Prevention Act (IFPA) which declares it unlawful to unknowingly conduct such businesses.

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to addiction—and indeed, to behavior in general—which holds human beings to regulate and control their own environmental and cognitive environments, and are not merely driven by internal, driving impulses. Additionally, homosexual content is not implicated as a necessary feature in addiction.

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Psychological dependency is addressed in many drug rehabilitation programs by attempting to teach patients new methods of interacting in a drug-free environment. In particular, patients are generally encouraged, or possibly even required, to not associate with peers who still use addictive

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Treatment can be a long process and the duration is dependent upon the patient's needs and history of substance use. Research has shown that most patients need at least three months of treatment and longer durations are associated with better outcomes. Prescription drug addiction does not

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A variation of Rogers' approach has been developed in which clients are directly responsible for determining the goals and objectives of the treatment. Known as Client-Directed Outcome-Informed therapy (CDOI), this approach has been utilized by several drug treatment programs, such as

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during the 1950s using unrestrained repression and social reform. Ten million addicts were forced into compulsory treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted with new crops. Remaining opium production shifted south of the Chinese border into the

314:. According to NIDA, effective treatment must address medical and mental health services as well as follow-up options, such as community or family-based recovery support systems. Whatever the methodology, patient motivation is an important factor in treatment success. 760:, outcome expectancy, attributions of causality, and decision-making processes. Self-efficacy refers to one's ability to deal competently and effectively with high-risk, relapse-provoking situations. Outcome expectancy refers to an individual's expectations about the 254:

The brain's chemical structure is altered by addictive substances and these changes are present long after an individual stops using. This change in brain structure increases the risk of relapse, making treatment an important part of the rehabilitation process.

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Lackner N, Unterrainer HF, Skliris D, Wood G, Wallner-Liebmann SJ, Neuper C, Gruzelier JH (July 2016). "The Effectiveness of Visual Short-Time Neurofeedback on Brain Activity and Clinical Characteristics in Alcohol Use Disorders: Practical Issues and Results".

851:. On such occasions, two treatment plans are needed with the mental health disorder requiring treatment first. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 45 percent of people with addiction have a co-occurring mental health disorder. 1256: 589:

filed, and won, regarding the requirement of attending Alcoholics Anonymous and other twelve-step meetings as being inconsistent with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, mandating separation of church and state.

7716: 458:. The drug is an illegal Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, and the foreign facilities in which it is administered tend to have little oversight and range from motel rooms to one moderately-sized rehabilitation center. 755:

An influential cognitive-behavioral approach to addiction recovery and therapy has been Alan Marlatt's (1985) Relapse Prevention approach. Marlatt describes four psycho-social processes relevant to the addiction and relapse processes:

870:). Both these models have had considerable research success for both efficacy and effectiveness. This model lays much emphasis on the use of problem-solving techniques as a means of helping the addict to overcome his/her addiction. 1981: 710:. To this end, a 1957 study compared the relative effectiveness of three different psychotherapies in treating alcoholics who had been committed to a state hospital for sixty days: a therapy based on two-factor learning theory, 1173: 937:

Further, barriers to treatment can vary depending on the geographical location, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and status of past or current criminal justice system involvement of the person seeking treatment.

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of substance abusing parents for Schedule 1 substances including cannabis/marijuana. If a mother tests positive for using the substance during pregnancy in South Carolina she may be required to forfeit her child.

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Behavioral models make use of principles of functional analysis of drinking behavior. Behavior models exist for both working with the person using the substance (community reinforcement approach) and their family

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15 and article 17 run by others including State Welfare Organization of Iran and also those run by Ministry of health and medical education. There are also places called Trust houses since July 2023 run by IRGC.

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proposed there are three necessary and sufficient conditions for personal change: unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, and genuineness. Rogers believed the presence of these three items, in the

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assertive exercises. It does not involve a lifetime membership concept, but people can opt to attend meetings, and choose not to after gaining recovery. Objectives of the SMART Recovery programs are:

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EEG Biofeedback augmented treatment improves abstinence rates of 12-step, faith-based, and medically assisted addiction for cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol use disorder, and opioid addictions.

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Hopper E (December 1995). "A psychoanalytical theory of 'drug addiction': unconscious fantasies of homosexuality, compulsions and masturbation within the context of traumatogenic processes".

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Wood, Ron (7 December 2006). The suit challenges court-ordered 12-step programs: Constitutionality of forced participation in the program is questioned. The Morning News. Retrieved 2008-5-22.

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sugar) are also used to treat alcohol addiction. Acamprosate has shown effectiveness for patients with severe dependence, helping them to maintain abstinence for several weeks, even months.

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Moos RH, Finney JW, Ouimette PC, Suchinsky RT (March 1999). "A comparative evaluation of substance abuse treatment: I. Treatment orientation, amount of care, and 1-year outcomes".

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can be used to treat addiction to prescription opiates, and behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to prescription stimulants, benzodiazepines, and other drugs.

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alone is ineffective as a treatment for addiction. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recommends detoxification followed by both medication (where applicable) and

418:(NIDA), patients stabilized on adequate, sustained doses of methadone or buprenorphine can keep their jobs, avoid crime and violence, and reduce their exposure to HIV and 4774:

Karasaki M, Fraser S, Moore D, Dietze P (March 2013). "The place of volition in addiction: differing approaches and their implications for policy and service provision".

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Rostami R, Dehghani-Arani F (September 2015). "Neurofeedback Training as a New Method in Treatment of Crystal Methamphetamine Dependent Patients: A Preliminary Study".

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For individuals addicted to prescription drugs, treatments tend to be similar to those who are addicted to drugs affecting the same brain systems. Medication like

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Webb L (1 July 2012). "The recovery model and complex health needs: What health psychology can learn from mental health and substance misuse service provision".

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People who are diagnosed with a mental health disorder and a simultaneous substance use disorder are known as having a dual diagnosis. For example, someone with

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As of 2013 China has compulsory drug rehabilitation centers. It was reported in 2018 1.3 million drug addicts were treated in China's compulsory detox centers.

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two to become stable. 70% to 80% of American residential alcohol treatment programs provide 12-step support services. These include, but are not limited to AA,

240:. Many programs emphasize that recovery is an ongoing process without culmination. For legal drugs such as alcohol, complete abstention—rather than attempts at 7304: 4226: 2369:

Webb L (July 2012). "The recovery model and complex health needs: what health psychology can learn from mental health and substance misuse service provision".

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Mattick RP; Digiusto E; Doran CM; O'Brien S; Shanahan M; Kimber J; Henderson N; Breen C; Shearer J; Gates J; Shakeshaft A; NEPOD Trial Investigators (2004).

619:. In this approach, the client is serviced by the provider(s) in his or her home and workplace—for any efficacy, around-the-clock—who functions much like a 4892: 1964: 1278: 867: 860: 8694: 5563: 8472: 873:

The way researchers think about how addictions are formed shapes the models we have. Four main Behavioral Models of addiction exist: the Moral Model,

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Chiesa A, Serretti A (April 2014). "Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence".

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as the primary driving force for addiction; according to such theories, tobacco is used because it helps one escape from the undesirable effects of

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Daynes G, Gillman MA (May 1994). "Psychotropic analgesic nitrous oxide prevents craving after withdrawal for alcohol, cannabis and tobacco".

1586:"Short-term Beneficial Effects of 12 Sessions of Neurofeedback on Avoidant Personality Accentuation in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder" 1107: 8257: 4854: 4287: 3574:

Black DS (April 2014). "Mindfulness-based interventions: an antidote to suffering in the context of substance use, misuse, and addiction".

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Scott WC, Kaiser D, Othmer S, Sideroff SI (7 July 2009). "Effects of an EEG biofeedback protocol on a mixed substance abusing population".

4257: 534:, finding "increased program completion rate for those with a family member or significant other involved in a seven-day family program". 8417: 3896: 3130: 2660: 2258: 1541:

Arani FD, Rostami R, Nostratabadi M (July 2010). "Effectiveness of neurofeedback training as a treatment for opioid-dependent patients".

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Although dangerous and addictive in its own right, nitrous oxide has been shown to be an effective treatment for a number of addictions.

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Effective treatment addresses the multiple needs of the patient rather than treating addiction alone. In addition, medically assisted

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treatment by physicians, pharmacists, or addictionologist. There have also been several deaths related to ibogaine use, which causes

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Adame AL, Knudson RM (1 April 2008). "Recovery and the Good Life: How Psychiatric Survivors Are Revisioning the Healing Process".

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disulfiram as it can result in the disulfiram-alcohol reaction mentioned previously, which is very serious and can even be fatal.

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Kinsella M (May 2017). "Fostering client autonomy in addiction rehabilitative practice: The role of therapeutic "presence"".

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https://www.dailynews.com/2016/12/13/can-marijuana-break-up-a-family-parents-face-custody-issues-over-legal-cannabis-use/amp/

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a tricyclic antidepressant which has been used to aid in smoking cessation it has not been FDA approved for this indication.

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needs, and prerequisites that require participants to be house, abstinent from all substances, and/or employed. (See

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Cartwright AK (December 1981). "Are different therapeutic perspectives important in the treatment of alcoholism?".

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encourage addicts not only to stop using alcohol or other drugs but to examine and change habits related to their

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Ends EJ, Page CW (June 1957). "A study of three types of group psychotherapy with hospitalized male inebriates".

1681:"Neurofeedback Effects on Evoked and Induced EEG Gamma Band Reactivity to Drug-related Cues in Cocaine Addiction" 1048: 592:

In some cases, individuals can be court-ordered to drug rehabilitation by the state through legislation like the

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Carmody TP, Vieten C, Astin JA (December 2007). "Negative affect, emotional acceptance, and smoking cessation".

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Khantzian EJ (1 January 2003). "Understanding Addictive Vulnerability: An Evolving Psychodynamic Perspective".

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National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence (NEPOD): Report of Results and Recommendations

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at 90 days for naltrexone, average 57% at 90 days for buprenorphine, average 61% at 90 days for methadone).

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Broadening the Base of Addiction Mutual Support Groups: Bringing Theory and Science to Contemporary Trends

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McPherson C, Boyne H, Willis R (2017). "The Role of Family in Residential Treatment Patient Retention ".

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Schaler JA (1997). "Addiction Beliefs of Treatment Michael Vick Providers: Factors Explaining Variance".

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in the treatment provider's responses on the Addiction Belief Scale (a scale measuring adherence to the

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Dalkner N, Unterrainer HF, Wood G, Skliris D, Holasek SJ, Gruzelier JH, Neuper C (26 September 2017).

822:(ACT), is showing evidence that it is effective in treating substance use, including the treatment of 8676: 7923: 7657: 7602: 6735: 6346: 5998: 5664: 5553: 5106: 5015: 4958: 4061:

https://truthout.org/articles/south-carolina-is-ripping-infants-away-from-their-mothers-over-pot-use/

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discriminate. It affects people from all walks of life and can be a devastatingly destructive force.

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Whether moderation is achievable by those with a history of misuse remains a controversial point.

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Barriers to accessing drug treatment may worsen negative health outcomes and further exacerbate

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Sforza T, Saavedra T, Schwebke S, Basheda L, Schauer M, Gritchen J, Wheeler I (21 May 2017).

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Recovery from Addiction: A Practical Guide to Treatment, Self-Help, and Quitting on Your Own

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by experts, and sharing of experience with other recovering individuals.

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by stopping or reducing injection drug use and drug-related high risk

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Traditional addiction treatment is based primarily on counseling.

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International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy

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identified by Ernest Kurtz); the scores were found to

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Methadone and buprenorphine are maintenance therapies

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New York: Guilford Press. 3228:British Journal of Addiction 2647:Du Plessis G (6 July 2010). 2522:Journal of Health Psychology 2371:Journal of Health Psychology 2005:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1697:10.1080/10874208.2010.501498 995: 941: 693:, in which he presented the 333:Cognitive-behavioral therapy 172:treatment for dependency on 7: 8764:Substance-related disorders 8500:Pharmaceutical distribution 8137:Coca production in Colombia 7588:Counterculture of the 1960s 5584:International whisk(e)y day 4898:Driving under the influence 4719:(in Persian). 4 August 2020 4007:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 3546:"State of the ACT Evidence" 1383:"Motivational Interviewing" 1036: 546: 57:, discuss the issue on the 10: 8790: 8672:Substance abuse prevention 8647:Opioid replacement therapy 6100:Christian views on alcohol 5706:List of alcohol laws of US 4984:High-functioning alcoholic 4078:Substance Use & Misuse 3970:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.01.002 3756:The Hastings Center Report 3619:Substance Use & Misuse 3576:Substance Use & Misuse 2059:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.03.011 1555:10.1177/155005941004100313 1418:10.1016/j.jsat.2009.12.010 1322:10.1037/0022-006x.58.3.310 891:Stigmatization of drug use 858: 824:polysubstance use disorder 685:Client-centered approaches 633:disease model of addiction 279:spiritual characteristics 8685: 8677:Supervised injection site 8619: 8534: 8160: 8127: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8101: 8005: 7967:Anabolic steroid legality 7954: 7839: 7747: 7732:Convention Against Doping 7727:Law of the Sea Convention 7694: 7690: 7679: 7658:Urban legends about drugs 7570: 7522: 7459: 7356: 7323: 7215: 7211: 7198: 7135: 7108: 7046: 6992: 6893: 6798: 6789: 6734: 6567: 6430: 6295: 6291: 6280: 6222: 6166: 6120: 6090: 6014: 5999:Alcoholic spirits measure 5984:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 5898: 5742: 5714: 5665:Ignition interlock device 5607: 5598: 5554:Drunken monkey hypothesis 5487: 5416: 5387:Routes of administration 5168: 5079: 5048: 5016:Alcohol congener analysis 4998: 4959:Alcoholism in adolescence 4944: 4881: 4870: 4183:10.1186/s13722-018-0120-6 4135:10.1080/10911351003673310 3384:"Ch 11: Focus on Beliefs" 3205:10.15288/qjsa.1957.18.263 3080:. NYU Press. p. 67. 2797:10 September 2010 at the 2628:Amodia D (January 2006). 2302:10.1007/s11469-016-9712-0 2146:10.3109/00207459408985987 2118:12 September 2010 at the 2017:10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.034 1793:10.1007/s10484-015-9281-1 1510:10.1007/s10484-013-9218-5 1217:10.3109/16066359709002970 964:In Afghanistan since the 931:Child Protective Services 818:or other negative moods. 689:In his influential book, 586:driving while intoxicated 346:Motivational interviewing 112: 102: 97: 18:Substance abuse treatment 8473:Turks and Caicos Islands 7982:Methamphetamine legality 7295:Marijuana Policy Project 6286:Major recreational drugs 3679:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173 2589:10.1177/2164956120952733 2571:Duffy, James D. (2020). 2534:10.1177/1359105311425276 2491:10.1177/0022167807305544 2383:10.1177/1359105311425276 1747:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00692 1650:10.1177/1550059415605686 1603:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01688 1385:. SAMHSA. Archived from 1368:1 September 2010 at the 1074:Sober living environment 1016: 971: 704:therapeutic relationship 695:client-centered approach 258: 227:Psychological dependency 7250:Cannabis rights leaders 6179:Alcohol and spaceflight 5921:Alcohol server training 5794:Managed alcohol program 5372:Binge drinking devices 5066:Pharmacology of ethanol 4776:Drug and Alcohol Review 3909:10.4324/9780429286933-6 3666:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3417:Neuropsychopharmacology 2883:10.1111/1467-9280.00138 2735:San Francisco Chronicle 2444:White WL (March 2012). 2257:Glaser G (April 2015). 1734:Frontiers in Psychology 1685:Journal of Neurotherapy 1590:Frontiers in Psychology 1007: 907:low-threshold treatment 744:social cognitive theory 712:client-centered therapy 691:Client-Centered Therapy 677:groups who work within 669:Living a Balanced Life. 582:criminal justice system 174:psychoactive substances 8058:Politics of drug abuse 7026:Mandragora officinarum 5784:Alcohol rehabilitation 5752:Alcohol detoxification 5655:Field sobriety testing 5540:Health effects of wine 5508:International Beer Day 5272:Holiday heart syndrome 4262:Orange County Register 3429:10.1038/sj.npp.1300753 3113:Rick Csiernik (2016). 2684:Cite journal requires 1908:"Drug Addiction Style" 889:in the United States. 812:negative reinforcement 716:psychoanalytic therapy 500:vitamin B12 deficiency 353:positive reinforcement 304:alcohol detoxification 162: 8418:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7717:1988 Drug Trafficking 7310:Cannabis and religion 6274:Recreational drug use 6036:Disulfiram-like drugs 5576:Ritual use of alcohol 5545:Wine and food pairing 5530:Apéritif and digestif 5181:Adulterated moonshine 5028:Blood alcohol content 4990:Seeing pink elephants 3897:"Sociocultural Model" 3864:10.1056/NEJMra1511480 2871:Psychological Science 1463:10.1081/ADA-200056807 509:Residential treatment 265:residential treatment 128: 8759:Substance dependence 8667:Responsible drug use 8478:United Arab Emirates 7797:Drug Policy Alliance 7685:Legality of drug use 7290:Legality of cannabis 7265:Cannabis Social Club 7235:Cannabis cultivation 7230:Cannabis consumption 7061:Cannabis (Marijuana) 6883:Psilocybin mushrooms 6105:Alcohol in the Bible 6092:Religion and alcohol 6058:General anaesthetics 5851:Alcoholics Anonymous 5809:List of mixed drinks 5262:Alcohol intoxication 5177:Adulterated alcohol 3354:www.k12academics.com 2838:Alcoholics Anonymous 1389:on 13 December 2012. 795:homework assignments 708:alcohol use disorder 627:Twelve-step programs 515:alcohol use disorder 375:medications such as 281:Alcoholics Anonymous 244:, which may lead to 234:Twelve-step programs 206:substance dependence 155:Environmental damage 63:create a new article 55:improve this article 45:may not represent a 8754:Drug rehabilitation 8725:Tobacco consumption 8695:Alcohol consumption 8637:Drug rehabilitation 8574:Effects of cannabis 8298:Indian Ocean region 8078:Philippine drug war 7707:1961 Narcotic Drugs 6388:nail polish remover 6184:Gateway drug effect 5970:Low-alcohol drinks 5799:Non-alcoholic drink 5734:Temperance movement 5716:Alcohol prohibition 5439:Gilbert Paul Jordan 5429:Dionysian Mysteries 5213:on college campuses 5208:Alcohol advertising 4926:Public intoxication 4620:. 7 February 1399. 4426:english.scio.gov.cn 4398:. 2 December 2013. 4290:. 18 October 2021. 3713:Neuropsychoanalysis 3315:Marlatt GA (1985). 2346:. 8 November 2019. 2031:on 6 February 2008. 1184:on 15 February 2021 927:mandatory reporting 921:In certain states, 887:health inequalities 816:nicotine withdrawal 520:Narcotics Anonymous 300:drug detoxification 166:Drug rehabilitation 98:Drug rehabilitation 8769:Alcohol and health 8581:Drug-related crime 8258:Dominican Republic 8168:Illegal drug trade 7643:Religion and drugs 7598:Drug paraphernalia 7578:Chasing the dragon 7537:Fashion cigarettes 7118:Calea zacatechichi 6813:Psychoactive toads 6523:Mitragyna speciosa 6475:Dextropropoxyphene 6417:Nonbenzodiazepines 6325:Alcoholic beverage 6016:Addiction medicine 5959:Get Your Sexy Back 5899:Alcohol limitation 5875:Sober living house 5841:Twelve-step groups 5774:Brief intervention 5767:Open-container law 5729:Neo-prohibitionism 5689:Legal drinking age 5495:Alcoholic beverage 5396:Alcohol inhalation 5311:Drinking in public 5289:Blackout Wednesday 5147:Beverage-specific 4864:Alcohol and health 4817:10.1037/teo0000056 4316:. 7 October 2021. 2978:10.1002/jclp.20259 2773:on 24 October 2021 2088:pubs.niaaa.nih.gov 1876:10.1037/adb0000016 1412:(Suppl 1): S61-9. 1140:Relapse Prevention 1044:Coerced abstinence 807:emotion regulation 751:Relapse prevention 663:Coping with Urges, 312:relapse prevention 308:behavioral therapy 182:prescription drugs 163: 151:Family adversities 8741: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8652:Pharmacovigilance 8632:Drug legalization 8530: 8529: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8028:Cognitive liberty 7972:Cannabis legality 7760:Decriminalization 7675: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7557:Smoking fetishism 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7131: 7130: 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McCoy. 3918:978-0-429-28693-3 3768:10.1002/hast.1172 3397:978-1-57230-659-2 3334:978-0-89862-009-2 3296:(Pt 6): 1121–42. 3165:978-1-134-92780-7 3126:978-1-55130-892-0 3087:978-0-8147-7276-8 2847:978-1-893007-16-1 2651:. Rochester, NY. 2458:on 21 August 2017 2113:Pharmacotherapies 1960:978-0-642-82459-2 1027:Comunità Incontro 855:Behavioral models 787:cognitive therapy 777:Cognitive therapy 771:coping strategies 532:patient retention 524:Cocaine Anonymous 432:opioid antagonist 430:is a long-acting 414:According to the 338:Multidimensional 170:psychotherapeutic 123: 122: 91: 90: 83: 65:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 8781: 8569:Drug harmfulness 8564:Driving impaired 8383:Papua New Guinea 8152:Rolling meth lab 8125: 8124: 8114: 8113: 8103: 8102: 8068:Mexican drug war 7977:Cocaine legality 7962:Alcohol legality 7792:Demand reduction 7780:Supply reduction 7692: 7691: 7681: 7680: 7358:Drinking culture 7300:Medical cannabis 7260:Cannabis smoking 7217:Cannabis culture 7213: 7212: 7200: 7199: 7176:recreational use 7021:Hyoscyamus niger 6982:Salvia divinorum 6965:Amanita muscaria 6927:recreational use 6907:recreational use 6796: 6795: 6364:recreational use 6293: 6292: 6282: 6281: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6230: 6229: 6029:Chlordiazepoxide 5979:Low-alcohol beer 5623:Alcohol monopoly 5605: 5604: 5525:Drinking culture 5518:Women in brewing 5401:Vodka eyeballing 5368:Passive drinking 4879: 4878: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4799: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4717:ایندیپندنت فارسی 4709: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4649:. 25 June 2023. 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4458:. 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Archived from 1170: 1159: 1158: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1104: 845:bipolar disorder 785:, the father of 576:Criminal justice 456:long QT syndrome 397:illegal drug use 116:edit on Wikidata 95: 94: 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 38: 37: 30: 21: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8729: 8687: 8681: 8657:Reagent testing 8615: 8606:Passive smoking 8536: 8526: 8156: 8142:Drug precursors 8129: 8120: 8118: 8108: 8089: 8043:Drug possession 8018:Cannabis rights 8001: 7997:Salvia legality 7950: 7841: 7835: 7743: 7686: 7667: 7648:Self-medication 7566: 7562:Tobacco smoking 7524:Smoking culture 7518: 7455: 7352: 7319: 7275:Cannabis vaping 7245:Cannabis rights 7240:Cannabis edible 7207: 7186: 7127: 7123:Silene capensis 7104: 7042: 7038:Diphenhydramine 6988: 6889: 6785: 6730: 6682:Methylphenidate 6672:Methamphetamine 6563: 6426: 6310:Benzodiazepines 6287: 6276: 6271: 6241: 6236: 6218: 6199:Self-medication 6158: 6116: 6086: 6024:Benzodiazepines 6010: 5894: 5880:Sobering center 5865:Sober companion 5846:Al-Anon/Alateen 5738: 5710: 5600: 5590: 5483: 5412: 5352:In vino veritas 5346:Hair of the dog 5164: 5080:Adverse effects 5075: 5044: 4994: 4940: 4884: 4883:Alcohol-related 4874: 4866: 4861: 4831: 4769: 4767:Further reading 4764: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4680: 4673:"Archived copy" 4671: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4574:"Archived copy" 4572: 4571: 4567: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4541: 4534:"Archived copy" 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4510:. 2 July 2015. 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4484:. 23 May 2015. 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4462:on 4 April 2007 4452: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4209: 4162: 4158: 4119: 4115: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4055: 4048: 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8099: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8085:Zero tolerance 8082: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7859:Czech Republic 7856: 7851: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7812:Liberalization 7809: 7804: 7802:Harm reduction 7799: 7794: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7698: 7696: 7688: 7687: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7628:Party and play 7625: 7620: 7618:Needle sharing 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7532:Cigarette card 7528: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7441:Tailgate party 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7391:Drinking games 7388: 7383: 7381:Binge drinking 7378: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7327: 7325:Coffee culture 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7209: 7208: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7052: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7033:Dimenhydrinate 7030: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 6998: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6974: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6933:alkyl nitrites 6930: 6915: 6910: 6899: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6857:Peruvian torch 6849: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6804: 6802: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6596: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6422:Quinazolinones 6419: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6349: 6344: 6342:Gabapentinoids 6339: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6289: 6288: 6278: 6277: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6247: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6214:French paradox 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6070:Sulfonic acids 6067: 6066: 6065: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6004:Standard drink 6001: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5968: 5966:Liquor license 5963: 5962: 5961: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5838: 5833: 5831:Temperance bar 5828: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5532: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5252:Binge drinking 5249: 5244: 5242:Alcohol powder 5239: 5234: 5232:Alcohol myopia 5229: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5145: 5140: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5040:Wine chemistry 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5008: 5006:Beer chemistry 5002: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4876: 4868: 4867: 4860: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4830: 4829: 4800: 4782:(2): 195–204. 4770: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4742:(in Italian). 4730: 4704: 4664: 4635: 4605: 4565: 4525: 4499: 4473: 4443: 4413: 4383: 4357: 4331: 4305: 4279: 4248: 4207: 4156: 4129:(3): 393–409. 4113: 4084:(7): 891–901. 4064: 4053: 4042: 3993: 3944: 3917: 3887: 3858:(4): 363–371. 3838: 3809:(4): 249–255. 3789: 3746: 3703: 3652: 3625:(5): 492–512. 3609: 3563: 3533: 3498: 3471:(4): 499–508. 3452: 3423:(9): 1751–63. 3403: 3396: 3371: 3340: 3333: 3307: 3280: 3253: 3218: 3183: 3164: 3144: 3125: 3105: 3086: 3066: 3049:SMART Recovery 3036: 3001: 2952: 2905: 2896: 2861: 2846: 2829: 2818:. 28 July 2021 2803: 2784: 2752: 2721: 2695: 2686:|journal= 2639: 2620: 2563: 2528:(5): 731–741. 2512: 2485:(2): 142–164. 2469: 2436: 2404: 2377:(5): 731–741. 2361: 2331: 2296:(4): 933–941. 2280: 2246: 2216: 2186: 2159: 2124: 2105: 2072: 2053:(4): 891–910. 2034: 1991: 1973: 1959: 1925: 1899: 1850: 1814: 1771: 1720: 1691:(3): 195–216. 1671: 1627: 1576: 1533: 1484: 1441: 1392: 1374: 1355: 1316:(3): 310–316. 1296: 1270: 1240: 1211:(4): 367–384. 1195: 1160: 1153: 1129: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1054:Dual diagnosis 1051: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1006: 997: 994: 973: 970: 961: 958: 956: 953: 943: 940: 918: 915: 882: 879: 859:Main article: 856: 853: 849:dual diagnosis 840: 839:Dual diagnosis 837: 802: 799: 778: 775: 752: 749: 735:Psychoanalysis 731: 730:Psychoanalysis 728: 686: 683: 671: 670: 667: 664: 661: 649:SMART Recovery 645: 644:SMART Recovery 642: 628: 625: 601: 598: 577: 574: 557:Recovery Model 548: 545: 539: 538:Brain implants 536: 510: 507: 478:anticonvulsant 447:hallucinogenic 405:harm reduction 368: 365: 360: 359: 356: 349: 343: 340:family therapy 336: 310:, followed by 269:support groups 260: 257: 228: 225: 159:Community harm 121: 120: 113: 110: 109: 106: 100: 99: 89: 88: 49:of the subject 47:worldwide view 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8786: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8686:Countries by 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8627:Drug checking 8625: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8596:Neurotoxicity 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8533: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8510:Cannabis shop 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8483:United States 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8338:Latin America 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8126: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8100: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8073:Plan Colombia 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8033:Designer drug 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955:Drug legality 7953: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7904:United States 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7838: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7817:Latin America 7815: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7787:Policy reform 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695:International 7693: 7689: 7682: 7678: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7653:Sex and drugs 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7633:Poly drug use 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7542:Cloud-chasing 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7469:Psychonautics 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7396:Drinking song 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7386:Diethyl ether 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7376:Beer festival 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7172:Nitrous oxide 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6923:Nitrous oxide 6921: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6895:Dissociatives 6892: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:Hallucinogens 6788: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6609:Energy drinks 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6508:Hydromorphone 6506: 6504: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6440:Buprenorphine 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6393:Paint thinner 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6360:Nitrous oxide 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6233: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6189:Mood disorder 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6063:Nitrous oxide 6061: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5974:Fermented tea 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5870:Sober curious 5868: 5866: 5863: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5597: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Ladies' night 5557: 5555: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5459:Rum Rebellion 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Alcohol enema 5389: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341:Flaming drink 5339: 5337: 5336:Dutch courage 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5321:Drunk walking 5319: 5317: 5316:Drunk dialing 5314: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5294:Drinking game 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5203:Alcohol abuse 5201: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5170:Social issues 5167: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5107:breast cancer 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035:Fusel alcohol 5033: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4904:Drunk driving 4902: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4811:(2): 91–108. 4810: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4749: 4745: 4744:la Repubblica 4741: 4734: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4601: 4595: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964:(3): 227–35. 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3582:(5): 487–91. 3581: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3521: 3518:(1): 125–62. 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3234:(4): 347–61. 3233: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3199:(2): 263–77. 3198: 3194: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158:. Routledge. 3157: 3156: 3148: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3070: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017:(3): 529–36. 3016: 3012: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972:(6): 735–50. 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877:(3): 214–17. 2876: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2817: 2816:keyhealthcare 2813: 2807: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2691: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2421: 2414: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140:(1–2): 13–6. 2139: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2039: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1949: 1948: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1787:(3): 151–61. 1786: 1782: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644:(3): 188–95. 1643: 1639: 1631: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504:(2): 133–41. 1503: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457:(3): 455–69. 1456: 1452: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1258: 1254: 1253:drugabuse.gov 1250: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1199: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1156: 1154:1-59385-176-6 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1032: 1031:Amelia, Italy 1028: 1024: 1014: 1005: 1003: 993: 991: 986: 982: 977: 969: 967: 952: 948: 939: 935: 932: 928: 924: 914: 912: 911:housing first 908: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 878: 876: 875:Disease Model 871: 869: 862: 852: 850: 846: 836: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 774: 772: 766: 763: 759: 758:self-efficacy 748: 745: 740: 739:Sigmund Freud 736: 727: 725: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 700: 696: 692: 682: 680: 676: 668: 665: 662: 659: 658: 657: 654: 650: 641: 639: 634: 624: 622: 618: 613: 609: 605: 597: 595: 590: 587: 583: 573: 571: 567: 561: 558: 553: 552:definition. 544: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 506: 503: 501: 497: 493: 492:Nitrous oxide 489: 486: 482: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 401:incarceration 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 381:buprenorphine 378: 374: 364: 357: 354: 350: 347: 344: 341: 337: 334: 331: 330: 329: 326: 324: 323:buprenorphine 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 293:disease model 290: 286: 282: 276: 274: 270: 266: 256: 252: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 224: 222: 218: 217:comorbidities 213: 211: 210:psychological 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 143:Economic cost 140: 137:" found that 136: 132: 127: 117: 111: 107: 105: 101: 96: 93: 85: 82: 74: 71:November 2020 64: 60: 56: 50: 48: 41: 32: 31: 19: 8713:Lifetime use 8636: 8515:Liquor store 8433:South Africa 8063:War on drugs 7889:Soviet Union 7765:Legalization 7603:Drug tourism 7451:Wine tasting 7371:Beer culture 7333:Coffee break 7270:Cannabis tea 7205:Drug culture 7048:Cannabinoids 6977:Salvinorin A 6943:amyl nitrite 6800:Psychedelics 6552:/paracetamol 6465:Desomorphine 6305:Barbiturates 6149:Gin Act 1751 6139:Bratt System 6132: 6128: 5995:Measurement 5929:Breathalyzer 5783: 5699:Shoulder tap 5351: 5225:Beer goggles 4808: 4804: 4779: 4775: 4754:26 September 4752:. 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Street 6080:Homotaurine 6075:Acamprosate 5946:Dry January 5925:Monitoring 5826:Teetotalism 5819:Malt drinks 5609:Alcohol law 5381:Yard of ale 5326:Drunkorexia 5138:intolerance 4931:Rum-running 3937:21 November 3719:(1): 5–21. 3059:31 December 2714:25 November 2667:21 November 2429:15 November 2354:11 November 2273:29 February 2169:S Afr Med J 2098:15 November 2011:(1): 9–24. 1263:25 February 1188:15 November 1079:Sober Coach 960:Afghanistan 832:Mindfulness 769:successful 699:Carl Rogers 617:sober coach 566:self-esteem 481:sulphonated 466:Acamprosate 452:tachycardia 420:Hepatitis C 367:Medications 287:41% of the 8748:Categories 8708:Annual use 8559:Dependence 8423:Seychelles 8328:Kyrgyzstan 8243:Costa Rica 8188:Bangladesh 8161:Drug trade 8130:production 8119:production 8038:Drug court 7924:California 7842:by country 7775:Regulation 7509:Smart shop 7494:Literature 7489:Experience 7436:Sports bar 7401:Happy hour 7366:Bartending 7137:Club drugs 7110:Oneirogens 6994:Deliriants 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