275:, in 1110, Suero consistently supported the queen against her husband. He was one of those who had confirmed Urraca's first act as successor of her husband Raymond in Galicia in December 1107. Only a day after the burial of Alfonso VI, on 22 July 1109, Suero was again one of those who confirmed Urraca's first act as successor. After the coronation of the queen's son by Raymond of Galicia, Alfonso VII, in September 1111, Suero, owing in part to his proximity to the Galician power base of Alfonso VII's backers, was the queen's most important supporter. By the fall of 1116 negotiations had begun between Urraca and Alfonso at
548:
20:
662:
the count's officials and assessed a toll. He refused to pay it and the dispute became violent. Subsequently, Suero was forced by the monks of Corias to make an enquiry, appointing two of his knights, Pedro Garcés and Juan Pérez, with the task. Their finding was that a similar dispute had occurred between Corias and Suero's brother
Gutierre during the reign of Alfonso VI, and that the king had ruled the monks owed no
303:
679:
705:
Suero had probably taken part in a similar expedition against
Gonzalo the previous year, and was absent from court for most of 1132–34 despite the usual frequency of his visits. Operations against Gonzalo continued this way for two years before he and Alfonso came to terms by May 1135. Part of the terms of the peace—which appear to have been negotiated by Suero, Pedro, and Bishop
544:. Only then did the remaining Leonese magnates make their way to the city to pledge allegiance to Alfonso. Although Suero was initially one of Alfonso's closest advisers, his increasing age and the consequent difficulty of following the court meant that he confirmed only some forty-three of the 252 charters issued by Alfonso between 1126 and early 1137.
709:—were that Gonzalo would surrender the three castles in which he had held out for three years in return for receiving the lordship of Luna which had previously been held by Suero until at least 1131. The last contemporary charter which Suero subscribed is dated 25 June 1136 and contains no reference to any
661:
to negotiate with
Alfonso the Battler, who still laid claim to the Leonese-Castilian throne. Gonzalo had long been a rival with Suero in western Asturias. In 1131 a monk of Corias was bringing a large load of wheat from León to Laciana through the lands governed by Suero when he was stopped by two of
459:
in Oviedo; the total endowment of properties this time was about half the size of the prior donation to Cluny, and included two inns they owned in León. Further, the donation stipulated that "if they or any of their kin became destitute, ill or disabled they were to be cared for in the abbey for the
704:
In 1133 Alfonso VII led a military expedition into the
Asturias to reduce the rebel Gonzalo Peláez, who four years earlier had been sent on a diplomatic mission with Suero. Unsuccessful in the short run, Alfonso left the campaign under the aegis of Suero Vermúdez and Suero's nephew Pedro Alfonso.
713:. As he died a little over two years later, it is probable that he was already too old and infirm to play a large part in public affairs. Suero is buried in the monastery of Cornellana, where his epitaph records the date of his death. He had no known descendants. He was succeeded in many of his
227:
to a certain vassal of theirs, Pelayo Fróilaz, for his loyal service. It is the first of series of donations between 1114 and 1129 that the couple made displaying their magnificent landed wealth. On 9 February 1116 Suero is cited in one charter as ruling the city and towers of
73:
plus some 150 surviving charters which mention, were drawn up by, or were confirmed by Suero. He held extensive lands and many interests in ecclesiastical properties. Out of his enormous wealth he was a generous patron of monasteries, and appears to have favoured the
142:
in 1024 and it had been divided up between her heirs. Regaining complete control of the monastery and its properties would be a major preoccupation of Suero. Besides his descent from King
Vermudo II, Suero could claim kinship with Vermudo's enemy in Galicia, Count
1135:
Damus et concedimus omnes hereditates nostras, monasteria, uillas cum suis familiis, adquisitiones, comparationes, ganantias, seruos, ancillas et quicquit cernimur possidere in presenti seculo a Dorio flumine usque ad
Oceanum mare, ab Orie flumine usque fluuium
989:
Barton (1997), 39 n68 and 187. The authenticity of the charter of this donation has been called into question, but these doubts have been dismissed by Barton, 216. According to the charter's first editor, it survived as an original in Paris, cf. Reilly (1982),
324:, in the mountains of León, from Alfonso. Suero can be further cited ruling Luna between 14 April 1117 and 27 March 1131. Suero and Enderquina received a gift of royal largesse as a reward for their loyal service ("in return for service",
475:
dealt with the claims of Cluny to the monastery of
Cornellana, disputes which had arisen from Suero and Enderquina's reversal of a prior grant. This grant had been one of the largest Cluny had received in Spain, and they argued to the
223:(countess). Since women were not granted that title independently but used it only in the case that their husbands were counts, by this time Enderquina must have been married to Suero. On 27 June 1114 the couple made a gift of land at
363:
In 1120 Suero made several deals with his relatives to gain control over their shares of the monastery of
Cornellana, thus gaining sole proprietorship. That year he made two donations to the monastery (22 January and 8 November). At
158:
dated 10 March 1094, but which, if accurate, must be dated later than 1100, since Suero appears in the donation with a title he did not then possess. According to a document dated 28 March 1098, Suero was then serving Count
511:(Babia) in another private document of the same year. Bernard Reilly has suggested that it was around 1120 that Urraca began extending Suero's authority north out of the province of León and the
219:
Suero married
Enderquina Gutiérrez, daughter of Gutierre Rodríguez and an important member of the Castilian aristocracy. On 30 December 1110 she received a grant from Queen Urraca and was styled
528:, a contemporary account of Alfonso's reign, lists those who did homage and fealty to the new king: Suero "came to him with his friends and relatives, namely Alfonso his brother and his son
848:
This, at least, is a probable explanation for the donation, which is not explained in the surviving charter. For more on this minor but well-connected Pelayo, cf. Barton (1997), 73–74 and 77.
299:. At Sahagún it was agreed to divide the realm into two spheres of authority, but these are not defined, although Galicia went undoubtedly to Alfonso VII. The accord was to last three years.
236:(imperial summit). It is probable that he also ruled the surrounding country. He certainly owned property in León, and he may have previously been its count in 1114. He is described as
503:
from at least 26 May 1120. He was still ruling these places as late as 21 May 1136, when he is cited in the same document as also governing the western half of
Asturias centred on
460:
rest of their lives." This second donation of Cornellana was confirmed in the presence of the royal court by no less than seventeen of the eighteen bishops of Alfonso's kingdoms.
1259:
590:
he is known to have held on at least one occasion formed part of a vast extended territorial lordship granted him in region of intersection between the provinces of Asturias,
86:
describes Suero, one of the few noblemen it praises, as "a man strong in counsel and a seeker of truth" and "a lover of peace and truth and a faithful friend of the king".
649:. He appointed two of his own knights, Martín Martínez and Pedro Menéndez, to make an enquiry into the dispute and adjudicate it. On 1 February 1129 Suero and his brother
1146:, gains , manservants, maidservants and whatever we come to possess in the present age from the river Duero to the ocean sea, from the river Llorio to the river Deva").
1083:
Tunc post tertiam diem comes Suarius ... cum amicis et parentibus suis, Adefonso uidelicet, fratre eius, filioque suo Petro Adefonsi, qui postea ab eo factus est comes
562:, the authority of Suero Vermúdez covered "Astorga, Luna, Gordón, with part of the Bierzo, as well as Babia, Laciana and the whole valley as far as the banks of the
376:, "from our parents and from our purchases"). All the lands Cluny received amounted to "fifty-six different properties scattered across a vast area, as well as four
332:
336:
110:
early in the reign of Alfonso VII (1127–30), and his younger brother Muño was briefly the majordomo of Urraca in September 1109. He was also a great-grandson of
572:
Astoricam, Lunam, Gordonem cum Bergidi parte, necnon Vadabiam et Flacianam totumque vallem usque ad ripam fluminis, quod dicitur Oua, et usque ad Cubrunianam
344:
429:
347:. This transaction was made in León, where it was confirmed by Urraca. On 4 March 1120 or 1121 Suero and Enderquina granted some properties they owned in
103:
99:
706:
487:, the abbot of Cluny, claiming that Suero and Alfonso VII were simply slow to comply. Cluny was still laying claim to Cornellana over 160 years later.
818:
For example, he confirms eighteen royal diplomas of Queen Urraca as Suero Vermúdez and another thirteen as just Count Suero, cf. Reilly (1982), 220.
646:
471:
for the sake of his soul every day for a year after his death and thereafter once a year on the anniversary of his death. In 1130 a synod held at
134:, and thus a descendant of royalty and very distant relative of his contemporary sovereigns. Cristina had founded the Benedictine monastery of
23:
The monastery at Cornellana, which Suero gave first to Cluny (1122) and later to the see of Oviedo (1128), sparking a dispute that outlived him
574:). In the words of one modern historian, "Count Suero by then controlled all of the mountainous area between León and Galicia north to the
240:(count of the Leonese), possibly a mere title with no attendant jurisdiction. Over the next fifteen years he appears governing briefly at
203:), the highest rank in the kingdom, bestowed only by the sovereign. During the rest of the reign of Alfonso VI Suero held only one other
188:
786:
Fletcher (1984), 254. Reilly (1982), 220, suggests they were brothers. Rodrigo also confirmed some seventeen diplomas issued by Urraca.
154:
The earliest secure reference to Suero is as a young man in 1092. There is a mangled record of a donation by Suero to the monastery of
483:
at Carrión that in 1128 they had been "unjustly despoiled". The synod appears to have sided with Cluny, for Humbert sent a letter to
614:. In 1128 Suero and Enderquina not inaccurately boasted that their lands stretched from the Duero to the Bay of Biscay and from the
1250:
Simon Barton. "From Tyrants to Soldiers of Christ: The Nobility of Twelfth-century León-Castile and the Struggle Against Islam."
135:
320:
In February 1117, however, Suero confirmed a diploma of Alfonso the Battler's as "Count Suero of Luna", perhaps having received
1155:
Fletcher (1978), 98. In 1117 Suero's exchange with Pelayo of Oviedo was drawn up by a royal notary also named Juan, cf. p. 103.
173:
on 1 May 1096 may be the same person with his patronymic erroneously copied. There is also only one record of Suero's first
292:
701:
in preparation. The subsequent path of the campaign is unknown, but Sigüenza had fallen by the last week of January 1125.
455:
In December 1128 Suero and his wife reversed their prior donation of Cornellana to Cluny and bestowed it instead on the
1405:
1115:
Barton (1997), 68–69, which contains an extensive description of Suero's power and wealth. Cf. also Reilly (1982), 294.
51:
670:
of Laciana. Suero therefore renounced his right to the toll. In 1132 Suero again judged a lawsuits involving Corias.
456:
43:
179:, a jurisdictional fief held directly from the crown and at royal pleasure. According to a charter copied into the
1269:
622:
in the east. Another indication of Suero's wealth is the size of his household, since in 1119 he was employing a
1384:
685:
himself supported the re-conquest of Sigüenza with the presence of his chaplain, Bonetus, in the crusading army.
372:. Along with Cornellana itself they donated a block of properties "acquired by inheritance or by own efforts" (
1266:
El conde Suero Vermúdez, su parentela y su entorno social: la aristocracia asturleonesa en los siglos XI y XII
524:
69:
47:
639:
532:, who was later made count by him ." Suero then joined up with the king's ally from across the Pyrenees,
449:
437:
147:. Suero is commonly referred to in contemporary documents simply and unambiguously as "Count Suero" (
892:
There are charters respectively for 3 December 1119, 12 May 1127, and 15 February 1130: Barton, 300.
433:
368:
on 7 March 1122, in the presence of the royal court, Suero and Enderquina donated Cornellana to the
296:
522:
on 11 March 1126, three days after the death of the queen. He is the first magnate named when the
472:
1354:
Jaime de Salazar y Acha. "Una familia de la alta Edad Media: Los Velas y su realidad histórica".
578:
and a long salient, north of León and south of Oviedo, running eastward almost to the borders of
441:
54:. He never took part in any revolt, but fought in many wars against rebels, against rivals, and
579:
328:) on 27 April 1120 from Urraca. On 26 March 1128 they received a second gift from Alfonso VII.
63:
169:). There is no other mention of this appointment, although a certain Suero Núñez who was his
106:
and Aldonza (Eldoncia) Ordóñez. Suero was related—it is not known how—to Rodrigo Vermúdez, a
38:
nobleman, territorial governor, and military leader. His career was marked by loyalty to the
645:
In 1128 Suero twice got into a dispute with the monastery of Corias over a piece of land at
131:
120:
1400:
599:
650:
127:
8:
1297:
518:
After Alfonso VII succeeded Urraca, Suero immediately pledged loyalty to the new king at
484:
352:
272:
116:
638:
In 1114 Suero had to judge the first of three lawsuits he judged involving the monks of
595:
144:
540:, to take the city of León, which was being held against the king by supporters of the
160:
1312:
Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela
547:
95:
537:
480:
464:
444:, and a "curious mixture of Galicians and Asturians". The charter was drawn up by a
654:
642:. He is known to have exchanged some estates with the monastery at an unknown date.
288:
682:
603:
340:
39:
307:
268:
229:
284:
591:
533:
468:
445:
369:
264:
257:
245:
224:
79:
551:
195:, an important fief in Galicia, under Count Raymond. By 1 April 1101 he was a
1394:
698:
575:
541:
529:
519:
211:, where he is known to have been ruling between 23 January and 5 March 1104.
19:
1342:
412:). These were all proprietary churches he owned, but the difference between
1365:
Alfonso Sánchez Candeira. "La reina Velasquita de León y su descendencia."
619:
607:
496:
477:
467:
on 19 May 1118 on the condition that the cathedral canons should perform a
428:). The donation was confirmed by Urraca, Alfonso VII, the queen's daughter
75:
567:
355:. This charter survives in its original in the archives of the cathedral.
1332:
321:
287:
were the main defenders of the former, while the latter was supported by
55:
690:
554:
in the Bierzo, a region dominated by Suero in the early twelfth century.
155:
653:
made exchange of properties. Later that year Suero and fellow Asturian
192:
139:
1143:
658:
276:
165:
184:
107:
241:
208:
1315:
1305:
563:
175:
1387:
at Treasures of Columbia University Libraries Special Collections.
1138:("We give and concede all our hereditary properties, monasteries,
777:
Sánchez Candeira (1950), 494–95, gives his mother the name María.
694:
331:
On 29 May 1117 Suero and Enderquina exchanged the monasteries of
312:
253:
112:
35:
1349:
The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157.
623:
615:
512:
504:
381:
348:
302:
61:
The primary sources for the life of Suero are the contemporary
678:
586:
is corroborated by the charters and suggests that the various
1385:
Grant of the monastery of San Salvador de Cornellana to Cluny
1339:
The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109
611:
500:
196:
1302:
The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century
495:
Suero was one of the leading magnates of Asturias. He ruled
1139:
365:
263:
After the marriage of Alfonso VI's heiress, Urraca, to the
1329:
The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126
689:
In the fall of 1124 Suero took part in the reconquest of
1285:
Estructura social de la ciudad de León (siglos XI–XIII)
598:. The majority of Suero's territory lay in the western
717:(Tineo, Oviedo, Vadabia) by his nephew Pedro Alfonso.
1351:
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
400:), another three and a half churches plus a portion (
1245:
The Aristocracy in Twelfth-century León and Castile
452:who had probably followed the royal court to Lugo.
102:and Elvira Suárez, and Jimena Peláez, daughter of
738:vir in consilio strenuus, veritatisque inquisitor
463:Suero also made a generous pious donation to the
1392:
693:. By 11 November he was with the royal court at
1341:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
1331:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
1247:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
998:
996:
582:." The description of Suero's lordship in the
507:. He was described as count "in Asturias" and
374:de parentibus nostris vel de nostris ganantiis
191:on 28 August 1099. He may also have governed
1292:La iglesia en Asturias en la alta Edad Media
1172:
1170:
1055:
1053:
918:
916:
870:
868:
602:, but he also had considerable lands in the
1111:
1109:
993:
858:
856:
854:
835:
833:
805:
803:
801:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
420:is not clear. Cluny also received estates (
316:of Luna and Suero's most enduring lordship.
358:
1314:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
1304:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
1167:
1050:
913:
865:
740:) and §16. Cf. also Fletcher (1978), 162.
1106:
851:
830:
798:
743:
677:
606:in León. His southernmost estate was at
546:
301:
18:
633:
630:) named Juan to draw up his documents.
1393:
673:
490:
404:) in another he had inherited (called
214:
94:Suero Vermúdez was the eldest son of
432:, Diego Gelmírez, Pelayo of Oviedo,
293:Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela
151:), without reference to his father.
1268:. KRK Ediciones, 2001. (There is a
1142:with their families, acquisitions,
697:and by 30 November it had moved to
388:)." Suero had received one church (
187:) of Lourenzá, Suero was governing
89:
13:
1356:Estudios Genealógicos y Heráldicos
396:) from Queen Urraca "by charter" (
14:
1417:
1378:
392:) and three or four monasteries (
1322:Estudios de historia de Asturias
1077:Barton (1997), 126, quoting the
499:from at least 14 April 1117 and
440:, the prior of the monastery of
1274:Edad Media: revista de historia
1236:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1158:
1149:
1127:
1118:
1097:
1088:
1071:
1062:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
925:
904:
895:
886:
877:
842:
558:At that time, according to the
163:as armiger or standard-bearer (
34:) (died 12 August 1138) was an
1320:Antonio C. Floriano Cumbreño.
1272:by Pascual Martínez Sopena in
821:
812:
789:
780:
771:
726:
666:(tolls on cartage) within the
424:) and male and female slaves (
1:
525:Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris
70:Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris
283:, Suero and fellow Asturian
7:
1252:Nottingham Medieval Studies
640:San Juan Bautista de Corias
515:and into western Asturias.
10:
1422:
874:Barton (1997), 80 and 209.
1406:People of the Reconquista
1185:Reilly (1998), 16 and 34.
657:were sent by the king to
457:Cathedral of San Salvador
931:Barton (1997), 300 n14:
720:
1290:F. J. Fernández Conde.
1264:Miguel Calleja Puerta.
1133:Barton (1997), 69 n12:
1002:Fletcher (1978), 162–63
732:Barton (2000), quoting
408:) or purchased (called
359:Donations of Cornellana
333:San Salvador de Perlora
1221:Barton (1997), 114–15.
1203:Reilly (1982), 177–79.
1068:Reilly (1982), 365–66.
953:Barton (1997), 189–90.
839:Reilly (1982), 219–20.
809:Barton (1997), 215–16.
686:
580:Asturias de Santillana
555:
317:
297:Pedro Fróilaz de Traba
281:Historia compostellana
64:Historia compostellana
24:
1310:Richard A. Fletcher.
1038:Barton (1997), 207–8.
944:Fletcher (1984), 145.
933:Comes Suarius de Luna
768:Barton (1997), 300–1.
681:
550:
380:, six churches and a
343:for the monastery of
305:
42:during the reigns of
40:crown of León-Castile
22:
1373::40 (1950), 449–505.
1283:Carlos Estepa Díez.
634:Disputes with Corias
600:Cantabrian Mountains
442:San Zoilo de Carrión
337:San Andrés de Pravia
310:, the centre of the
1347:Bernard F. Reilly.
1337:Bernard F. Reilly.
1327:Bernard F. Reilly.
1298:Richard A. Fletcher
1212:Barton (1997), 130.
1194:Barton (1997), 101.
1176:Barton (1997), 140.
1124:Reilly (1982), 294.
1103:Reilly (1998), 167.
1094:Barton (1997), 126.
1059:Reilly (1998), 177.
1047:Barton (1997), 132.
1020:Barton (1997), 202.
1011:Reilly (1982), 164.
971:Reilly (1982), 155.
962:Reilly (1982), 123.
922:Reilly (1982), 114.
883:Reilly (1982), 293.
827:Reilly (1988), 277.
674:Military activities
618:in the west to the
491:Control of Asturias
485:Peter the Venerable
353:Cathedral of Burgos
345:San Juan de Teverga
279:. According to the
273:Alfonso the Battler
252:, and, in 1131, in
215:Supporter of Urraca
1280:(2003–4), 263–69.)
1230:Barton (1997), 46.
1164:Barton (1997), 90.
1029:Reilly (1998), 27.
980:Barton (1997), 41.
910:Reilly (1982), 56.
901:Reilly (1982), 48.
862:Barton (1997), 69.
795:Reilly (1982), 58.
687:
556:
426:servos et ancillas
318:
306:The region around
238:legionensium comes
161:Raymond of Galicia
132:Bermudo II of León
121:Ramiro III of León
25:
538:Count of Toulouse
481:Uberto Lanfranchi
465:Cathedral of Lugo
450:Cathedral of León
438:Peter III of Lugo
398:per incartationes
326:propter servicium
128:Cristina Bermúdez
56:against the Moors
16:Asturian nobleman
1413:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
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1201:
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787:
784:
778:
775:
769:
766:
741:
730:
683:Pope Calixtus II
604:Tierra de Campos
341:Pelayo of Oviedo
234:imperiale culmen
145:Suero Gundemáriz
90:Under Alfonso VI
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1376:
1324:. Oviedo: 1962.
1294:. Oviedo: 1972.
1260:De Re Militari.
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
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1123:
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926:
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1258:(2000). At
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52:Alfonso VII
1395:Categories
418:monasteria
394:monasteria
378:monasteria
232:, the old
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140:Cornellana
44:Alfonso VI
1343:At LIBRO.
1333:At LIBRO.
1316:At LIBRO.
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1081:, I, §2:
736:, I, §2 (
715:tenencias
711:tenencias
647:Peñaullán
588:tenencias
568:Cabruñana
414:ecclesiae
402:portionem
390:ecclesiam
386:castellum
221:comitissa
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185:cartulary
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98:, son of
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84:Chronica
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473:Carrión
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351:to the
313:comarca
277:Sahagún
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258:Paredes
254:Laciana
250:Cordove
246:Astorga
171:alférez
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125:infanta
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1270:review
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624:notary
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594:, and
576:Biscay
536:, the
520:Zamora
513:Bierzo
505:Oviedo
422:villas
382:castle
349:Burgos
295:, and
242:Gordón
209:Rábade
123:, and
82:. The
50:, and
48:Urraca
1140:vills
1136:Deuam
721:Notes
612:Duero
501:Tineo
497:Babia
446:canon
201:comes
197:count
181:tumbo
990:164.
620:Deva
608:Toro
596:León
469:Mass
416:and
366:Lugo
335:and
322:Luna
267:and
256:and
230:León
67:and
30:(or
734:CAI
570:" (
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