Shia–Sunni relations

3260: 2561: 4788:, near the Medina, "the reputed resting place of the Prophet Muhammad’s daughter Fatima and four of the Twelve Imams". In 1943, a Saudi religious judge ordered the beheading of an Iranian pilgrim "for allegedly defiling the Great Mosque with excrement" smuggled into "the mosque in his pilgrim’s garment". Saudi public opinion considered the crime unsurprising and the punishment just, Iranian were furious and demanded payment of an indemnity. Tensions lowered again during the 1960s, when pious/tradionalist Muslims set aside differences in the face of the rising popularity of Nasser's leftist Arab nationalism. Pilgrims from Iran (mostly Shia) rose in number from 12,000 in 1961 to 57,000 in 1972. 3272: 2824: 5708:(28 October 1928 – 10 March 2010): "I think that anyone who believes that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his Messenger is definitely a Muslim. Therefore, we have been supporting, for a long time, through Al-Azhar, many calls for the reconciliation of Islamic schools of thought. Muslims should work on becoming united, and protecting themselves from denominational sectarian fragmentation. There are no Shiites and no Sunni. We are all Muslims. Regretfully; the passions and prejudices that some resort to, are the reason behind the fragmentation of the Islamic nation." 4418:...information indicates Sunnis, along with other religious minorities, are denied by law or practice access to such government positions as cabinet minister, ambassador, provincial governor, mayor and the like, Sunni schools and mosques have been destroyed, and Sunni leaders have been imprisoned, executed and assassinated. The report notes that while some of the information received may be difficult to corroborate there is a clear impression that the right of freedom of religion is not being respected with regard to the Sunni minority. 3987:

throughout the Muslim world to teach" what they had learned and "work at Saudi-funded universities, schools, mosques, and research institutions." Khomeini's attack was opposed not only by the Saudi royal family but by its many (Sunni) fundamentalist allies and benefactors throughout the Arab world. For them the House of Saud was very popular, a leader of Islamic revival. Saudi propaganda efforts proceeded to go after both Khomeini's Shia identity, and to "drive all possible wedges between Sunnism and Shiism".

5167:(JUI). The groups demand the expulsion of all Shia from Pakistan and have killed hundreds of Pakistani Shia between 1996 and 1999. As in Iraq they "targeted Shia in their holy places and mosques, especially during times of communal prayer." From January to May 1997, Sunni terror groups assassinated 75 Shia community leaders "in a systematic attempt to remove Shia from positions of authority." Lashkar-e-Jhangvi has declared Shia to be "American agents" and the "near enemy" in global jihad. 4799:" when demonstrating Shia Iranian pilgrims clashed with Saudi security forces and over four hundred were killed. The Saudis and their supporters claimed violent Iranian demonstrators crushed themselves to death in a stampede of their own making. The Iranians and their sympathizers claimed the Saudis had conspired to provoke and then shoot Iranian pilgrims. The pilgrimage to Mecca, where violence is forbidden, had itself become a point of confrontation between rival visions of Islam. 12877: 4002:), did not consider Shiism part of the diversity of Islam, but a heresy to be fought. This new strictness was spread among the thousands of students in Saudi funded schools and more importantly among the international Islamist volunteers who came to training camps in Peshawar Pakistan in the 1980s to learn to fight jihad against Marxist secularists in Afghanistan and went home to fight jihad in the 1990s. Both groups (especially in Iraq and Pakistan) saw Shia as the enemy. 13845: 13354: 3928:

their unity of purpose with Sunnis, but then declare that a major expression of Sunnism (in this case, Saudi Wahhabism) is a deviation from ecumenical Islam. Sunnis declare their acceptance of Shi‘ites as Muslims, but then declare that a major expression of Shi‘ism (in this case, Iran’s revolutionary activism) constitutes a deviation from ecumenical Islam. In this manner, sectarian prejudice is insinuated, even as the unity of Islam is openly professed.

1204: 4561:, though it started as a political conflict, developed into a struggle between the Alawite-dominated Army and government on the one hand, and the mainly Sunni rebels and former members of the regular army on the other. The casualty toll of the war's first three years has exceeded that of Iraq's decade-long conflict, and the fight has "amplified sectarian tensions to unprecedented levels". Rebel groups with 10,000s of Sunni Syrian fighters such as 3241:

development of Iran ... In fact, since the time of the leadership of Shaykh Mufid and Shaykh Tusi, Iraq had a central academic position for Shi'ism. This central position was transferred to Iran during the Safavid era for two-and-a-half centuries, after which it partly returned to Najaf. ... Before the Safavid era Shi'i manuscripts were mainly written in Iraq, with the establishment of the Safavid rule these manuscripts were transferred to Iran.

2945: 5545:. In June 2014, after ISIS had "seized vast territories" in western and northern Iraq, there were "frequent accounts of fighters’ capturing groups of people and releasing the Sunnis while the Shiites are singled out for execution", according to the New York Times. ISIS used a list of questions to "tell whether a person is a Sunni or a Shiite"—What is your name? Where do you live? How do you pray? What kind of music do you listen to? 3994:), was that however religious the Saudi regime was already, in the immediate wake of Iran's Revolution it was motivated to further shore up its "religious legitimacy" with more strictness in religion (and with jihad in Afghanistan) to compete with the grassroots enthusiasm for Iran's Islamism. But this also meant moving in a more anti-Shia religious direction because (as mentioned above) Saudi's own native Sunni school of Islam ( 12867: 5804: 3708: 1139: 654: 2090: 2893:

of Iran". However many of these Shia come from Sayyid families with origins in tribes from Iraq, Lebanon and Bahrain, one of said tribes being al-Musawi, and two prevalent families that are descended from it and lived in Iran for some time before settling in Iraq are the al-Qazwini and al-Shahristani families. Other Iraqi Shia are ethnic Arabs with roots in Iraq as deep as those of their Sunni counterparts.

1735: 721: 4267:

Iraq, Syria and Lebanon" to the Gulf kingdoms, but by attacking Shia in their "religious, political, and military depth" his jihadis would "drag" the Shia "into the arena of sectarian war", and leading them to "bare the teeth of the hidden rancor working in their breasts" and so "awaken the inattentive Sunnis as they feel imminent danger and annihilating death at the hands of theses Sabeans", i.e. Shia.

3198: 4006:(again, all Sunni) of Khomeini's contempt for them and the need to "contain" him: A delegation of Muslim heads of state that came to Tehran to mediate an end to the Iran-Iraq war was kept waiting for two hours before Khomeini appeared to make a ten minute untranslated statement seated while his visitors stood—and then leaving; a street in Tehran was named after the killer of the President of Egypt, 9471:

the degree and intensity of Sunni religious support for the Saudi regime ... on several occasions used the annual hajj to stage protests with the aim of fomenting trouble in the kingdom as well as spreading revolutionary messages among the faithful from around the world. On one such occasion, in July 1987, things got so out of hand that clashes between Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police left 402 dead.

4880:. others put the number of Shia somewhere between 800,000 to about two to three million. The Syrian Civil War has brought on an increase in anti-Shia rhetoric, and what Human Rights Watch states is "anti-Shia hate speech by Salafis". In 2013 a mob of several hundred attacked a house in the village of Abu Musallim near Cairo, dragging four Shia worshipers through the street before lynching them. 4569:, employ anti-Shia rhetoric and foreign Arab and Western Sunni fighters have joined the rebels. On the other side Shia from Hezbollah in Lebanon and from Asaib Ahl al-Haq and Kata'ib Hezbollah militias from Iraq have backed the Syrian government. "Even Afghan Shia refugees in Iran", driven from Afghanistan by Sunni extremism, have "reportedly been recruited by Tehran for the war in Syria". 6753: 2878:, the tomb of the third imam, Hussein ibn Ali in Karbala, was completely demolished, and Shia were sometimes beheaded in groups, buried alive, or even placed alive within the walls of government buildings still under construction. The Shia believe that their community continued to live for the most part in hiding and followed their religious life secretly without external manifestations. 5556:, who had been known as "pacifist" in his attitudes, issued a fatwa calling for jihad against ISIS and its Sunni allies, which was seen by the Shia militias as a "de facto legalization of the militias’ advance". In Qatari another Shiite preacher, Nazar al-Qatari, "put on military fatigues to rally worshipers after evening prayers," calling on them to fight against “the slayers of Imams 53: 3358: 5430:, the United States changed its policy in the Muslim world, shifting its support from the Shia to the Sunni, with the goal of "containing" Iran and as a by-product bolstering Sunni extremist groups. Richard Engel, who is an NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent, wrote an article in late 2011 alleging that the United States Government is pro-Sunni and anti-Shia. During the 3978:, Khomeini's government being the only Shi'i-led country at the time). Pro-American monarchies in particular were high on that list, and at the very top was the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, not only a Wahhabi state with a long tradition of anti-Shi'ism, but an "American lackey" and "unpopular and corrupt dictatorship" (in his view, especially after seeing the 1979 4932:, during which they shouted anti-US and anti-Israeli slogans, and criticised the government's close ties to America. These protests were led by ex-parliament member and Imam, Bader Eddine al-Houthi. In response the Yemeni government has implemented a campaign to crush to the Zaidi-Shia rebellion" and harass journalists. 4717:"less spontaneous" and even bloodier. Meanwhile, broadcasts from Iran in the name of the Islamic Revolutionary Organization attacked the monarchy, telling listeners, "Kings despoil a country when they enter it and make the noblest of its people its meanest ... This is the nature of monarchy, which is rejected by Islam." 4677:

Islamic religious establishments remained illegal. At least seven Shi'a religious leaders-Abd al-Latif Muhammad Ali, Habib al-Hamid, Abd al-Latif al-Samin, Abdallah Ramadan, Sa'id al-Bahaar, Muhammad Abd al-Khidair, and Habib Hamdah Sayid Hashim al-Sadah-reportedly remained in prison for violating these restrictions."

3645:. This was despite the fact that theologically Shia held that imams, not caliphs, were the successors to Muhammad, and that the caliphate was "the flagship institution" of Sunni, not Shia, authority. This has been described as unity of traditionalists in the face of the twin threats of "secularism and colonialism." 2651:—fixed-term temporary marriage. The practice is not allowed within the Sunni community, nor within the Ismaili Shia or the Zaidi Shia, who consider it planned and agreed fornication rather than marriage. These schools believe that mutah was permitted until Umar forbade it during his rule. (Mutah is not the same as 5599:– are just one of the targets of ISIS-K, (along with symbolic targets, foreigners, the ruling Taliban itself), they have been targeted, for example in September 2022, when an educational facility, in "a Shiite area" of the Afghan capital of Kabul, was suicide bombed, killing 53 teenage students and injuring 110. 4014:—a pious conservative Muslim seeking to Islamize Pakistan -- "what he had done to the Shah" if Zia mistreated the Shia in Pakistan, and on another occasion mockery of Zia's warning not to provoke a superpower by saying he, (Khomeini), had his own superpower – his being God while Zia's was the United States. 3476:, and destroyed its dome, seizing a large quantity of spoils, including gold, Persian carpets, money, pearls, and guns that had accumulated in the tomb, most of them donations. The attack lasted for eight hours, after which the Wahhabis left the city with more than 4,000 camels carrying their plunder. 4693:

As of 2006 four of the 150 members of Saudi Arabia's "handpicked" parliament were Shia, but no city had a Shia mayor or police chief, and none of the 300 girls schools for Shia in the Eastern Province had a Shia principal. According to scholar Vali Nasr, Saudi textbooks "characterize Shiism as a form

4323:

The violence shows little sign of getting opposite sides to back down. Iran's Shia leaders are said to become "more determined" the more violent the anti-Shia attacks in Iraq become. One Shia Grand Ayatollah, Yousef Saanei, who has been described as a moderate, reacted to the 2005 suicide bombings of

4017:

Following the Iranian Revolution, "avowedly Shia political movements", often getting funding from the IRI, and "pushing specifically Shia political agendas", emerged in to 2015, Shia groups in Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, supported by Iran. By 2015 they had won "important political victories" which

3927:

For most Muslims, it is no longer considered politic to dwell openly on the differences between Sunni and Shi‘ite Islam. Indeed, merely to cite these differences is regarded by many as part of an imperialist plot to foment division in Islam. The new sectarianism takes a subtler form: Shi‘ites profess

3878:

study for the American military which recommended "divide and rule" as a possible strategy whereby the US takes "the side of the conservative Sunni regimes ... working with them against all Shiite empowerment movements in the Muslim world". On the other hand, the Pakistani Sunni jihadist organization

2693:

differently. Some Sunni scholars emphasize covering of all body including the face in public whereas some scholars exclude the face from hijab. Shia believe that the hijab must cover around the perimeter of the face and up to the chin. Like Sunnis, some Shia women, such as those in Iran and Iraq, use

5192:

population was split between Sunnis and Shia. In September 1996 more than 200 people were killed when a gun battle between teenage Shia and Sunni escalated into a communal war that lasted five days. Women and children were kidnapped and gunmen even executed out-of-towners who were staying at a local

4992:

the largest Shia political society, won the largest number of seats in the elected chamber of the legislature. However, Shia discontent has resurfaced in recent years with street demonstrations and occasional low-level violence." Bahrain has many disaffected unemployed youths and many have protested

4769:

and sometimes linked to Al-Qaeda, have even advocated the persecution of the Shia as heretics. Such groups have been allegedly responsible for violent attacks and suicide bombings at Shi'a gatherings at mosques and shrines, most notably in Iraq during the Ashura mourning ceremonies where hundreds of

4728:

also relaxed some restrictions on the Shia. However, Shia continue to be arrested for commemorating Ashura as of 2006. In December 2006, amidst escalating tensions in Iraq, 38 high ranking Saudi clerics called on Sunni Muslims around the world to "mobilise against Shiites". A year later, Shia Grand

4477:

Following the 2005 elections, much of the leadership of Iran has been described as more "staunchly committed to core Shia values" and lacking Ayatollah Khomeini's commitment to Shia–Sunni unity. Polemics critical of Sunnis were reportedly being produced in Arabic for dissemination in the Arab Muslim

4327:

In addition to Iran, Iraq has emerged as a major Shia government when the Twelvers achieved political dominance in 2005 under American occupation. The two communities have often remained separate, mingling regularly only during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. In some countries like Iraq, Syria, Kuwait

3822:

was condemned as "a heathen spectacle" and an "affront to the memory" of the rightful caliphs; and Shi'i Imams as "un-Islamic historical figures" whom all Sunnis should "actively reject". In turn, Shia religious scholars have "mocked and cursed" the first three caliphs and Aisha (Mohammed's youngest

3041:

The Buyids, who were Zaidi and had a significant influence not only in the provinces of Persia but also in the capital of the caliphate in Baghdad, and even upon the caliph himself, provided a unique opportunity for the spread and diffusion of Shia thought. This spread of Shiism to the inner circles

2892:

Many Shia Iranians migrated to what is now Iraq in the 16th century. "It is said that when modern Iraq was formed, some of the population of Karbala was Iranian". In time, these immigrants adopted the Arabic language and Arab identity, but their origin has been used to "unfairly cast them as lackeys

9470:

It was Khomeini's direct challenge to Saudi Arabia that galvanized Sunni opposition to the Iranian revolution and the Shia awakening. Khomeini saw the Saudi monarchy as an American lackey, an unpopular and corrupt dictatorship that could be easily overthrown. ... More important, Khomeini underrated

7320:

according to a famous hadith... 'our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... The first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to

4783:

Every year, Muslims from all over the world attend the hajj pilgrimage in Mecca in Western Saudi Arabia. Shia had complained off and on of mistreatment by the Sunnis who ran Mecca and the hajj ceremonies. Following the advent of Saudi-Wahhabi rule over Mecca in 1924 tensions between Shia and Sunni

4426:

There has been a low level resistance in mainly Sunni Iranian Balouchistan against the regime for several years. Official media refers to the fighting as armed clashes between the police and "bandits," "drug-smugglers," and "thugs," to disguise what many believe is essentially a political-religious

4372:

Inside Iran there have been complaints by Sunni of discrimination, particularly in important government positions. In a joint appearance with former Iranian president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani calling for Shia-Sunni unity, Sunni Shiekh Yusuf al-Qaradawi complained that no ministers in Iran have been

4266:

Another explanation found in his February 2004 open letter to supporters is that by attack Shia he would provoke them to attack Sunnis and thus "awaken" Sunnis who previously had not wanted a sectarian war to join his side. The "cunning" Shia planned to build a state "stretching from Iran through

3575:

Sunni–Shia clashes also occurred occasionally in the 20th century in India, particularly between 1904 and 1908. These clashes revolved around the public cursing of the first three caliphs by Shia and the praising of them by Sunnis. To put a stop to the violence, public demonstrations were banned in

3240:

Immediately following the establishment of Safavid power the migration of scholars began and they were invited to Iran ... By the side of the immigration of scholars, Shi'i works and writings were also brought to Iran from Arabic-speaking lands, and they performed an important role in the religious

3235:

violently, putting to death those who opposed him. Under this pressure, Safavid subjects either converted or pretended to convert. However, it is speculated that the majority of the population was genuinely Shia by the end of the Safavid period in the 18th century, and most Iranians today are Shia,

3164:

and Sufi. More important in the long run than these sects were the Sufi orders which spread in Persia at this time and aided in the preparing the ground for the Shiite movement of Safavids. Two of these orders are of particular significance in this question of the relation of Shiism and Sufism: The

3147:

After the Mongol invasion Shiims and Sufism once again formed a close association in many ways. Some of the Ismailis whose power had been broken by the Mongols, went underground and appeared later within Sufi orders or as new branches of already existing orders. In Twelve-Imam Shiism, from the 13th

4422:

Members of the 'Balochistan Peoples Front' claim that Sunnis are systematically discriminated against educationally by denial of places at universities, politically by not allowing Sunnis to be army generals, ambassadors, ministers, prime minister, or president, religiously insulting Sunnis in the

3743:

Khomeini endeavored to bridge the gap between Shiites and Sunnis by declaring it permissible for Twelvers to pray behind Sunni imams and by forbidding criticizing the caliphs who preceded Ali—an issue that had caused much animosity between the two groups. He focused on issues that united Muslims —

7033:

Imam Ahmed Auzai and Ibn-e-Manzar have said that it is up to the worshipper to perform the prayer in the way he wants. Imam Malik said that a worshipper may fold his hands and place them on his chest and he may pray with unfolded hands, and that is what the Malikis got accustomed with, he further

4867:

to Islam, which by definition made the Shia victims "infidels whose murder was justified." Following the wake Shia mobs in Iraq attacked the Jordanian embassy on 20 March 2005. Ambassadors were withdrawn from both countries. All this resulted despite the strong filial bonds, ties of commerce, and

4716:

Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Shia in Hasa ignored the ban on mourning ceremonies commemorating Ashura. When police broke them up three days of rampage ensued—burned cars, attacked banks, looted shops—centered around Qatif. At least 17 Shia were killed. In February 1980 disturbances were

4584:

further claims that the current post-Arab Spring situation (encompassing ISIS, the Syrian civil war, Yemen, Iraq and others) represents a "qualitatively new" development in the history of Shi'a-Sunni dynamics. Historically, the inner rifts within Islamic ideology were to be hidden from the public

3940:

lost its appeal, religion filled its place. As religion became more important, so did a return to its fundamentals and a following of its finer points; differences once overlooked became deviations to be denouncing and fought, and there were many differences between Sunni and Shia. Fundamentalism

4030:

from power and instituted elected government, the Shia majority has dominated the parliament and its prime ministers have been Shia. In Syria, a Shia minority—the heterodox Alawi sect that makes up only about 13 percent of the population—dominate the upper reaches of the government, military and

3965:

The revolution changed the Shia–Sunni power equation in Muslim countries "from Lebanon to India". It aroused the traditionally subservient Shia, to the alarm of traditionally dominant and very non-revolutionary Sunni. "Where Iranian revolutionaries saw Islamic revolutionary stirrings, Sunnis saw

2078:

sect of Shi'i Islam. The Shia constitute around 30% of Kuwaiti citizens, 45% of the Muslim population in Lebanon, 10% of Saudi Arabia, 12% of Syria (mostly of the Alawite sect), and 10% of Pakistan. Around 10% of Afghanistan, less than 5% of the Muslims in Nigeria, and around 5% of population of

5442:

is the latest in a long history of US support to keep the Shiites in check. The United States fears that Shiite rule in the Persian Gulf will lead to anti-US and anti-Western sentiment as well as Iranian influence in the Arab majority states. One analyst told CNN that the US strategy on putting

4005:

Other Sunni Muslim states—Indonesia, Egypt—also "quickly moved" to bolster their Islamic credentials and inoculate themselves from the fate of the shah, aware of the plans the Iranian Islamist revolutionaries had for their downfall. A number of incidents convinced several Muslim heads of state

3969:

Notwithstanding the desire of Iran's leader, Khomeini, for Shia–Sunni unity, as an Islamist revolutionary flush with success that had surprised Iranians as well as the rest of the world, Khomeini now sought the overthrow of unworthy governments in Muslim-majority countries (which were all Sunni

3961:

An indirect way the Islamic revival led to discord between the two major schools of Islam was through the Iranian Islamic revolution. The revolution was a direct result of the Islamic revival, led by an Islamist, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who was very much in favor of Islamic unity, and "the

4676:

Shia Muslims, who constitute about eight percent of the Saudi population, faced discrimination in employment as well as limitations on religious practices. Shia jurisprudence books were banned, the traditional annual Shia mourning procession of Ashura was discouraged, and operating independent

4431:

have stationed several brigades in Balouchi cities, and have allegedly tracked down and assassinated Sunni leaders both inside Iran and in neighboring Pakistan. In 1996 a leading Sunni, Abdulmalek Mollahzadeh, was gunned down by hitmen, allegedly hired by Tehran, as he was leaving his house in

3986:

Islamic schools, scholarships, and fellowships, mosques around the Sunni world. "Thousands of aspiring preachers, Islamic scholars, and activists from Nigeria to Indonesia went to Saudi Arabia to study, and many more joined Saudi-funded think tanks and research institutions." They "then spread

4542:

How much of the conflict was sparked by Sunni versus Shia divisions and how much by Islamism versus secular-Arab-nationalism, is in question, but according to scholar Vali Nasr the failure of the Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic Republic of Iran to support the Muslim Brotherhood against the

3347:

Previously, in Mecca the populace greatly persecuted the Iranian pilgrims who were Shi‘ites, so they had to practice complete dissimulation. These days, because of the weakness of the Ottoman government and the European style civil law which is practiced there, and the strength of the Iranian

2930:

The majority of Iranians turned to Shi'ism from the Safawid period onwards. Of course, it cannot be denied that Iran's environment was more favourable to the flourishing of the Shi'ism as compared to all other parts of the Muslim world. Shi'ism did not penetrate any land to the extent that it

5307:

In Nigeria—the most populous country in Africa—until recently almost all Muslims were Sunni. As of 2017, estimates of the number of Nigeria's 90–95 million Muslims who are Shia vary from between 20 million (Shia estimate), to less than five million (Sunni estimate) but according to

5027:

Until recently Shia–Sunni relations have been cordial, and a majority of people of both sects participated in the creation the state of Pakistan in the 1940s. Despite the fact that Pakistan is a Sunni majority country, Shia have been elected to top offices and played an important part in the

5594:

According to military.com, as of May 2023, the Islamic State's Khorasan Province, (ISIS-K), has become "the new boogeyman in the Middle East". CNN also writes that "new data" shows that at least in Afghanistan, the "threat from ISIS is growing". Although the Shia – in particular the ethnic

4482:-aligned elements in the Iranian regime. Sunni mosques are not allowed in the capital city of Tehran, and a number of Sunni mosques in other cities have been demolished, Sunni literature and teachings are banned in public schools and construction of new Sunni mosques and schools are banned. 4059:

By destroying state institutions and establishing a sectarian-based political system, the 2003 US-led invasion polarized the country along Sunni-Shia lines and set the stage for a fierce, prolonged struggle driven by identity politics. Anger against the United States was also fueled by the

5265:

Assisting the Taliban in the murder of Iranian diplomatic and intelligence officials at the Iranian Consulate in Mazar were "several Pakistani militants of the anti-Shia, Sipah-e-Sahaba party." There were other pogroms of Shia as well in the first Taliban reign prior to the U.S. invasion.

3760:, and strife between the two sects took a major upturn, the "Shia awakening and its instrumentalisation by Iran" as leading to a "very violent Sunni reaction", starting first in Pakistan before spreading to "the rest of the Muslim world, without necessarily being as violent." As of 2008, " 4126:

Shia–Sunni discord in Iraq starts with disagreement over the relative population of the two groups. The governing regimes of Iraq were composed mainly of Sunnis for nearly a century until the 2003 Iraq War, but according to most sources, the majority of the population is Shia. The CIA's

2983:. Nevertheless, apart from this domination there existed, firstly, throughout these nine centuries, Shia inclinations among many Sunnis of this land and, secondly, Twelver and Zaidi Shiism had prevalence in some parts of Iran. During this period, the Shia in Iran were nourished from 3744:

anti-Imperialism, anti-Zionism, anti-Americanism, and "the battle against outsiders" — rather than "religious questions that were likely to divide them". In addition, Khomeini designated the period of Muhammad's birthday celebrations from 12th to the 17th of Rabi Al-Awwal as the

4404:, which is short for Shora-ye Markaz-e al Sunaat, to unite Sunnis and lobby for their rights. But six months after that they were closed down, bank accounts suspended and had their leaders arrested by the government on charges that they were backed by Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. 3962:

leadership position that went with it". At first the revolution inspired and energized Islamist Muslims (both Shia and Sunni) everywhere, but it was a revolution in a predominantly Shi'i Muslim country, led by Shi'i Muslims, and serious rifts with Sunni Muslims soon developed.

5392:. In general, the Muslim community can be categorized in terms of two orientations: "modernists," who closely adhere to orthodox theology while embracing modern learning; and "traditionalists," who tend to follow the interpretations of local religious leaders (predominantly in 3786:

against both Sunni and Shia began to be spread on satellite television and the internet starting in the mid-1990s. Fundamentalist Sunni clerics popularized slurs against Shia such as "Safawis" (from the Safavid Empire, thus implying their being Iranian agents), or even worse

2859:. The Shia also believe that he promised them that the caliphate, or at least religious authority, would be vested in the Shia imam. As-Saffah assumed both the temporal and religious mantle of caliph. He continued the Umayyad dynastic practice of succession, and his brother 5647:

meeting. They displayed mutual warmth with hugs and smiles for cameras and promised "a thaw in relations between the two regional powers but stopped short of agreeing on any concrete plans to tackle the escalating sectarian and political crises throughout the Middle East."

5929:, (then the president of Iran), proclaimed that “They are now propagandizing and claiming that this incident was a war between Shi‘ites and Sunnis. This is a lie! Of course there is a war; but a war between the American perception of Islam and true revolutionary Islam.” 4203:

in 1991 and were encouraged by Saddam's defeat in Kuwait and by simultaneous Kurdish uprising in the north. However, Shia opposition to the government was brutally suppressed, resulting in some 50,000 to 100,000 casualties and successive repression by Saddam's forces.

4543:

Baathists "earned the Brotherhood's lasting contempt." It proved to the satisfaction of the Brotherhood that sectarian loyalty trumped Islamist solidarity for Khomeini and eliminated whatever appeal Khomeini might have had to the MB movement as a pan-Islamic leader.

2931:

gradually could in Iran. With the passage of time, Iranians' readiness to practise Shi'ism grew day by day. Had Shi`ism not been deeply rooted in the Iranian spirit, the Safawids (907–1145/1501–1732) would not have succeeded in converting Iranians to the Shi'i creed

4657:, issued fatwa denouncing Shia as apostates, and according to Shia scholar Vali Nasr "Abdul-Rahman al-Jibrin, a member of the Higher Council of Ulama, even sanctioned the killing of Shia, a call that was reiterated by Wahhabi religious literature as late as 2002." 3531:, between the 15th and 19th centuries in 1548, 1585, 1635, 1686, 1719, 1741, 1762, 1801, 1830, 1872. During these raids, the Shia habitations of the Kashmir region of India were slaughtered and their libraries burnt, their sacred sites desecrated and plundered. 5222:

regime helped anti-Shia Pakistani groups and vice versa. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, have sent thousands of volunteers to fight with the Taliban regime and "in return the Taliban gave sanctuary to their leaders in the Afghan capital of Kabul."

4328:

and Bahrain, communities have mingled and intermarried. Some Shia have complained of mistreatment in countries dominated by Sunnis, especially in Saudi Arabia, while some Sunnis have complained of discrimination in the Twelver-dominated states of Iraq and Iran.

3259: 3584:

and Ali's death on 21 Ramadan. Intercommunal violence resurfaced in 1935–36 and again in 1939 when many thousands of Sunni and Shia defied the ban on public demonstrations and took to the streets. Shia are estimated to be 10–15% of the Muslim population in

3727:

saw the revolution as an Islamic, not a Shi'i Islamic revolution. His revolution was (he hoped) just the first and would spread throughout the Muslim world, with Iran serving as "the base for a global Islamic movement", and himself as the leader, just as

5342:

interpretation of Islam. According to Wikileaks, "Saudi cables" released in 2015 "reveal concern" about "Iran-driven Shiite expansion from Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso and Nigeria" to Shia Islam has taken place in Nigeria since the Iranian Revolution.

4306:

On the Shia side, in early February 2006 militia-dominated government death squads were reportedly "tortur to death or summarily" executing "hundreds" of Sunnis "every month in Baghdad alone," many arrested at random. According to the British television

5196:"Over 80,000 Pakistani Islamic militants have trained and fought with the Taliban since 1994. They form a hardcore of Islamic activists, ever-ready to carry out a similar Taliban-style Islamic revolution in Pakistan.", according to Pakistani journalist 4920:

Both Shia and Sunni dissidents in Yemen have similar complaints about the government—cooperation with the American government and an alleged failure to following Sharia law—but it's the Shia who have allegedly been singled out for government crackdown.

5001:", i.e. traditional elders and notables. Bahrain's 2002 election was widely boycotted by Shia. Mass demonstrations have been held in favor of full-fledged democracy in March and June 2005, against an alleged insult to Ayatollah Khamenei in July 2005. 5023:

Pakistan's citizens have had serious Shia-Sunni discord. Almost 90% of Pakistan's Muslim population is Sunni, with 10% being Shia, but this Shia minority forms the second largest Shia population of any country, larger than the Shia majority in Iraq.

4626:" influence. Saudi Arabia backed Iraq in the 1980–1988 war with Iran and sponsored militants in Pakistan and Afghanistan who—though primarily targeting the Soviet Union, which had invaded Afghanistan in 1979—also fought to suppress Shia movements. 4157:

as well as his then Defense Minister Shaalan is that Shia numbers in Iraq were inflated by Iranian Shia crossing the border. Shia scholar Vali Nasr believes the election turnout in summer and December 2005 confirmed a strong Shia majority in Iraq.

7729:

Richard F. Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah & Meccah (1893; reprint, New York: Dover, 1964), 2: 168, n. 1; John Lewis Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia (1829; reprint, London: Frank Cass, 1968), 168, 251-252; quoted in

5664:

The two leaders affirmed that the greatest danger presently threatening the Islamic nation is the attempt to fuel the fire of strife between Sunni and Shiite Muslims, and that efforts must concentrate on countering these attempts and closing

5335:, and fighting America as the enemy of Islam. According to a former U.S. State Department specialist on Nigeria, Matthew Page, the Islamic Movement receives "about $ 10,000 a month" in Iranian funding. Many of the converted are poor Muslims. 4274:-affiliated website posted a call for "a full-scale war on Shiites all over Iraq, whenever and wherever they are found." Suicide bombers continue to attack Iraqi Shia civilians, and the Shia ulama have in response declared suicide bombing as 3767:

Discord manifested itself in major and minor ways, from bombings that killed thousands, to cultural changes. Among the immediate causes of the violence were the Islamic revolution in Iran and the 2003 American military intervention in Iraq.

5434:, the United States feared that a Shiite-led, Iran-friendly Iraq could have major consequences for American national security. However, nothing can be done about this as Iraq's Shiite government were democratically elected. Shadi Bushra of 5260:

are not Muslims and now we have to kill Hazaras. You must either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan. Wherever you go, we will catch you. If you go up we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your

4459:. These Sunni groups have been involved in violent activities in Iran and have waged terrorist attacks against civilian centers, including an attack next to a girls' school according to government sources. The "shadowy Sunni militant group 5046:

However, from 1987 to 2007, "as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died" in Shia-Sunni sectarian fighting in Pakistan", another estimate is nearly 4,000 people have been killed and 6,800 injured from the beginning of 2000 to 2013.

5152:. The book, which "became the gospel of Deobandi militants" in the 1980s, attacked Khomeini and argued the excesses of the Islamic revolution were proof that Shiism was not the doctrine of misguided brothers, but beyond the Islamic pale. 4664:

inheritance practices. Nevertheless, Shia have been forbidden all but the most modest displays on their principal festivals, which are often occasions of sectarian strife in the Persian Gulf region, with its mixed Sunni–Shia populations.

2459:

is considered an enemy of Ali and according to Shia, only a Muslim for four years of his life before Muhammad's death. Although he accompanied Muhammad for only four years, he managed to record ten times as many hadiths as Abu Bakr and

2963:

The domination of the Sunni creed during the first nine Islamic centuries characterizes the religious history of Iran during this period. There were some exceptions to this general domination which emerged in the form of the Zaidis of

3391:

The general observations recorded by Muslim travellers passing through the Levant during the tenth and eleventh centuries, notably al-Maqdisi in his geographical works, “The best divisions in the knowledge of the regions”, as well as

2630:

hold their hands at their sides during prayer while Sunnis of other schools cross their arms (right over left) and clasp their hands; it is commonly held by Sunni scholars (especially of the Maliki school) that either is acceptable.

2403:

is the prophesied redeemer of Islam. While Shia and Sunnis differ on the nature of the Mahdi, many members of both groups believe that the Mahdi will appear at the end of the world to bring about a perfect and just Islamic society.

4834:. The Syrian war has affected Hezbollah, which was once lauded by both Sunnis and Shi'ites for its battles against Israel, but now has lost support from many Sunnis for its military assistance to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. 4754:

Another reflection of grassroots Wahhabi or Saudi antipathy to Shia was a statement by Saudi cleric Nasir al-Umar, who accused Iraqi Shia of close ties to the United States and argued that both were enemies of Muslims everywhere.

6007:

Within the Muslim community, the percentage of Sunnis is generally thought to be between 85 and 93.5 percent, with the Shia accounting for 6.6 to 15 percent. A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent and Shias at 10

5938:

Writing in 2016, Max Fisher argues "Sunni-Shia sectarianism is indeed tearing apart the Middle East, but is largely driven by the very modern and very political rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia", whose "real roots" are not

4774:

directed Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, not to attack civilian targets but to focus on the occupation troops. His call seems to have been ignored, or swept away in the increasing tensions of Iraq under occupation.

2419:, where he has been hidden by Allah since 874. Mainstream Sunnis' beliefs are somewhat different: The Mahdi forms an important component of Sunni eschatology, his appearance being considered the last of the minor signs of the 3396:, indicate that Shia Muslims made up the majority of the populations of the regions of the Levant during this era, notably in the cities of Damascus, Tiberias, Nablus, Tyre, Homs and Jabal Amel. In addition to the account of 4102:

became “a key weapon” to undermine unity among the anti-regime masses. Christians were pitted "against Muslims in Egypt, Jordanians against Palestinians in Jordan, and, above all, Sunnis against Shi’ites wherever possible.”

3143:, was among the first of the Mongols to convert to Shiaism, and his descendants ruled for many years in Persia and were instrumental in spreading Shī‘ī thought. Sufism played a major role in spread of Shiism in this time. 12357: 5097:, resulting in tit-for-tat attacks on each other. Pakistan has become a battleground between Saudi Arabia-funded Deobandi Sunni and Wahhabis and Iran-funded Shia resulting in the deaths of thousands of innocent Muslims. 3271: 12833: 11941: 4904:

Muslims in Yemen include the majority Shafi'i (Sunni) and the minority Zaidi (Shia). Zaidi are sometimes called "Fiver Shia" instead of Twelver Shia because they recognize the first four of the Twelve Imams but accept

5655:

Both Iran and Saudi Arabia are aware of the enemies' conspiracies. We decided to take measures to confront such plots. Hopefully, this will strengthen Muslim countries against oppressive pressure by the imperialist

3818:) ("Breaking taboos against honoring the caliphs who had persecuted and killed members of the Prophet’s family"; "Eulogies" for these two Umayyad caliphs "became an important part of the new anti-Shia discourse".) 4508:, a secular Arab nationalist party which had ruled Syria under a state of emergency from 1963 to 2011. Alawites are often considered a form of Shia Islam, that differs somewhat from the larger Twelver Shia sect. 3108:

suffered greatly. In addition to the destruction of the caliphate there was no official Sunni school of law. Many libraries and madrasahs were destroyed and Sunni scholars migrated to other Islamic areas such as

4689:

Members of the Shi‘a Muslim community (estimated at between 7 and 10 per cent of Saudi Arabia’s population of about 19 million) suffer systematic political, social, cultural as well as religious discrimination.

3193:

initiated a religious policy to recognize Shiism as the official religion of the Safavid Empire, and the fact that modern Iran and Azerbaijan remain majority-Shia states is a direct result of Ismail's actions.

3045:

Twelvers came to Iran from Arab regions in the course of four stages. First, through the Asharis at the end of the 7th and during the 8th century. Second through the pupils of Sabzevar, and especially those of

8079: 3779:

Ruhollah Khomeini, growth of sectarian militias, and the change in attitude of Sunni towards Shia from misguided brethren to heretics, a viewpoint spread not by "marginal extremists" but "senior Sunni Ulama".

5634:

Rafsanjani asked "more than once who started" the inter-Muslim killing in Iraq. Al-Qaradawi denied Rafsanjani's statement that he knew where "those arriving to Iraq to blow Shi’i shrines up are coming from."

2867:, the sixth Shia imam, died during al-Mansur's reign, and there were claims that he was murdered on the orders of the caliph. (However, Abbasid persecution of Islamic scholars was not restricted to the Shia. 2712:. In particular, the names Fatema, Zaynab, Ali, Abbas, Hassan and Hussain are disproportionately common among Shia; while Umar, Uthman, Abu Bakr, Aisha are very common among Sunnis but very rare among Shia. 3692:

as the fifth school of Islamic law. In 1959, al-Azhar University in Cairo, the most influential center of Sunni learning, authorized the teaching of courses of Shia jurisprudence as part of its curriculum.

3322:

with excrement, and Shia that Sunni considered the lives of Shi‘ite pilgrims to be "forfeit" in a holy shrine where in fact "all forms of strife and bloodshed are forbidden". According to English explorer

4068:

by the US occupiers deprived Iraq of "the officer class and administrative cadres that had ruled under Saddam Hussein, leaving the field to sectarian-based militias". Many of officers joined the anti-Shia

2447:

that are not attributed directly to Muhammad as hadiths. Shia do not accept many Sunni hadiths unless they are also recorded in Shia sources or the methodology of how they were recorded can be proven.

1948:

in the Middle East, along with shifts in politics and demographics in Lebanon, heightened concerns among Sunni nations about potential challenges to Sunni–Arab hegemony. Recent years have witnessed the

2476:

are said to share a number of hallmarks: Belief in an inner meaning to the Quran, special status for some mortals (saints for Sufi, Imams for Shia), as well as veneration of Ali and Muhammad's family.

7902: 5248:

where many Hazaras live. Some of the slaughter was indiscriminate, but many were Shia targeted by the Taliban. Taliban commander and governor Mullah Niazi banned prayer at Shia mosques and expressed

4585:

sphere, while the new violent outbreaks highlight said rift in an obvious manner and is nourished by the two extremes of their mutual rivalry which will strongly affect both globally and regionally.

2086:

has said that numbers and percentages of Sunni and Shia populations are not exact because "in much of the Middle East it is not convenient" to have exact numbers, "for ruling regimes in particular".

6151: 5414:

claims to be a tolerant Islamic state, however since 2010 it has banned the preaching of Shia Islam, with a "particular ferocity" and warns against Shiism with its, "evil and blasphemous beliefs".

7106:

If someone prays with unfolded arms, his prayer is valid, because putting the right hand on the left is neither part of prayer's pillars nor is a condition of prayer, nor it is wajib (obligatory).

5717:

Sheikh Abd al-Majid Salim stated in a letter he sent to Ayatollah Borujerdi: "The first thing that becomes obligatory to scholars, Shia or Sunni, is removing dissension from the minds of Muslims."

6184: 4389:

promised during his election campaign to build a Sunni mosque in Tehran, none was built during his eight years in office. The president explained the situation by saying Supreme Leader Ayatollah

11521: 7070:

There is no such proven tradition from Holy Prophet*P.B.U.H in regard of folding hands, therefore it is up to the worshipper (whether he offers the prayers with either folded or unfolded hands).

5288:“in every way, from slaughtering their necks to scattering their limbs… and the news of attacks…in the temples of the and their gatherings is not hidden from anyone, from Baghdad to Khorasan.” 4153:. Many Sunnis hotly dispute their minority status, (including ex-Iraqi Ambassador Faruq Ziada), and many believe Shia majority is "a myth spread by America". One Sunni belief shared by Jordan's 16206: 4851:

Although the country of Jordan is 95% Sunni and has not seen any Shia–Sunni fighting within, it has played a part in the recent Shia-Sunni strife. It is the home country of anti-Shia insurgent

4837:

The bombings are thought to be in retaliation for a large car bomb which detonated on 15 August 2013 and killed at least 24 and wounded hundreds in a part of Beirut controlled by the Hezbollah

4954:

movement claimed responsibility, issuing a statement saying: "Let the polytheist Houthis know that the soldiers of the Islamic State will not rest until we have uprooted them." Both the Sunni

5350:

accused Ibrahim El-Zakzaky of being a Shia. In December 2015 the Nigerian government alleged that the Islamic Movement attempted to kill Nigeria's army chief-of-staff. In retaliation, troops

4216:

has occurred following the start of the Iraq War, and continues at least as of 2016. The war has featured a cycle of Sunni–Shia revenge killing—Sunni often used car bombs, while Shia favored

5408:

holy day. The Shia community (which makes up approximately 1% of Indonesia's Muslims) has also been subject to hate campaigns and intimidation, with fears of this escalating into violence.

4357:, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, supported good Sunni–Shia relations. However tension developed between Sunnis and Shia as a result of clashes over Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police at the 12863: 3113:

and Egypt. In contrast, most Shia were largely unaffected as their center was not in Iran at this time. For the first time, the Shia could openly convert other Muslims to their movement.

1851:

tradition and the rest divided between other small groups. Sunnis are a majority in almost all Muslim communities around the world. Shia make up the majority of the citizen population in

7757:

Mirzâ Mohammad Hoseyn Farâhâni, A Shi‘ite Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1885-1886, eds. and trans. Hafez Farmayan and Elton L. Daniel (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), 228-29; quoted in

3915:(writing circa mid-1990s), argues that the focus on alleging "plots" by outsiders and/or claims by one side that the issue is only with an extremist group on the other side (for example 14846: 5370:, which also has a larger Muslim population than any other country in the world, with approximately 202.9 million identified as Muslim (88.2% of the total population) as of 2009. 3835:, upheaval, destruction and loss of power of Sunni caused by the US invasion of Iraq, and sectarianism generated by Arab regimes defending themselves against the mass uprisings of the 4161:

The British, having put down a Shia rebellion against their rule in the 1920s, "confirmed their reliance on a corps of Sunni ex-officers of the collapsed Ottoman empire". The British

5749:

and wrote: "I ask Almighty Allah to change ignorance, separation and distribution among different Islamic Schools to each other, to the actual knowledge and kindness and solidarity."

3034:(north-western Iran) and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126. After which from the 12th–13th centuries, the Zaidis of Daylaman, Gilan and Tabaristan then acknowledge the Zaidi 14658: 3831:

Among the explanations for the growth in sectarianism are conspiracies by outside forces to divide Muslims, the recent Islamic revival and increased religious purity and consequent

7923: 11781: 6498: 5702:(April 1893 – December 1963): In a Fatwa Sheikh Shaltut declared worship according to the doctrine of the Twelve Shia to be valid and recognized the Shiite as an Islamic School. 8498:

Khamene’i sermon, Radio Tehran, 6 August 1987, quoted in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts: The Middle East and Africa (hereafter cited as BBC Summary), 7 August 1987. quoted in

6302:

has the largest number of Sunni Muslims, while Iran has the largest number of Shia (Twelver) in the world. Pakistan has the second-largest Sunni population in the world, while

5338:

The Shia campaign has clashed with Saudi Arabian, which also funds religious centers, school, and trains students and clerics, but as part of an effort to spread its competing

4060:

humiliating disbandment of the Iraqi army and the de-Baathification law, which was first introduced as a provision and then turned into a permanent article of the constitution.

13389: 4539:, performed car bomb attacks in Damascus, as well as bomb attacks against the government and its officials, including Hafez al-Assad himself, and had killed several hundred. 4393:

would not agree to the proposal. As in other parts of the Muslim world, other issues may play a part in the conflict, since most Sunnis in Iran are also ethnic minorities.

15360: 5682: 3649: 5888: 4346:

Iran is unique in the Muslim world because its population is overwhelmingly more Shia than Sunni (Shia constitute 95% of the population) and because its constitution is

3740:

would be only the first communist revolution. The year of the revolution was "one of great ecumenical discourse" and shared enthusiasm by both Shia and Sunni Islamists.

12365: 8083: 4611:—by some estimates a majority—where much of the petroleum industry is based. Between 500,000 and a million Shia live there, concentrated especially around the oases of 11583: 10655: 10637: 5074:, with several hundreds of Shia killed in Balochistan killed since 2008. Shia have responded to attacks creating a classic vicious cycle of "outrages and vengeance". 3626:

as a time of relative unity and harmony between traditionalist Sunni and Shia Muslims. A unity brought on by a feeling of being under siege from a common threat, i.e.

14392: 14387: 14382: 12855: 12168: 9876: 9205:"Zarqawi Letter. February 2004 Coalition Provisional Authority English translation of terrorist Musab al Zarqawi letter obtained by United States Government in Iraq" 3891:

is being “egged on” by the US, and could be part of a wider covert strategy to “spur fragmentation in Iran allies and allow Israel to be surrounded by weak states”.

2805:

Even so, by the 13th to 14th century, Sunni and Shiite practices remained highly intertwined, and figures today commonly associated with Shia Islam, such as Ali and

2665:

in that the man does not have financial responsibility of the woman by her own free will. The man can divorce the woman whenever he wants to in a misyar marriage.)

16747: 16684: 9187: 4576:

has become "overtly sectarian" with the "sectarian lines fall most sharply" between Alawites and Sunnis. With the involvement of Lebanese Shia paramilitary group

1843:

The present demographic breakdown between the two denominations is difficult to assess and varies by source, with most approximations stating that roughly 90% of

16276: 15545: 14334: 4988:, with Sunni dominating the ruling class and military and disproportionately represented in the business and landownership. According to the CIA World Factbook, 4852: 12271: 11365: 5787:, prays and follow one of the Islamic Schools, a Muslim?", Sistani replied: "Every one who says Shahadah, acts as you describe and does not have enmity towards 3348:

government, this practice is completely abandoned. There is no harm done to the Iranians. No one would molest them, even if they did not practice dissimulation.

9050:"month-long investigation by The Independent, culling four Arabic-language newspapers, official Iraqi statistics, two Beirut news agencies and Western reports" 7512: 6937:

The Shiites – just as an introduction – are about 5 to 10 percent of the Muslim population worldwide, which makes them about 230 million to 390 million people.

11722: 4924:

During and after the US-led invasion of Iraq, members of the Zaidi-Shia community protested after Friday prayers every week outside mosques, particularly the

4649:

Muslims) were particularly hostile to the Shia and demanded that Abd al Aziz forcibly convert them. In response, Abd al Aziz sent Wahhabi missionaries to the

16699: 15305: 10199: 5273:

warned on a "surge in Islamic State Attacks on Shia" in Afghanistan "that amount to crimes against humanity". Attacks on the Hazara Shia community include

12824: 5327:. The movement has established "more than 300 schools, Islamic centers, a newspaper, guards and a `martyrs’ foundation`". Its network is similar to that of 2855:, recruited Shia support in his campaign against the Umayyads by emphasising his blood relationship to Muhammad's household through descent from his uncle, 15355: 15229: 14766: 14598: 13644: 13148: 6161: 4815:

emerged in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War as one of the strongest forces following the Israeli withdrawal in the year 2000, and the collapse of the

4079:

The US-led invasion also “tilted the regional balance of power decisively" in favor of Shia Iran, alarming Sunni and leading to talk of a “Shia Crescent”.

7229: 7171: 4580:, the fighting in Syria has reignited "long-simmering tensions between Sunnis and Shi’ites" spilling over into Lebanon and Iraq. Bulgaria's ex-Ambassador 4184:. It is said that every Shia clerical family of note in Iraq had tales of torture and murder to recount. In 1969 the son of Iraq's highest Shia Ayatollah 3404:

in the year 1045 AD and reported: "The population of Jerusalem is about 20,000, the populace being mostly Shi'a Muslims". However, with the advent of the

2066:(around 60% of the citizens, excluding expatriates). Shia communities are found in Yemen where a large minority of the population are Shia (mostly of the 14636: 12142: 5339: 5078: 3983: 2798:, the son of Ali and grandson of Muhammad, was killed alongside many of his supporters. Thus a political split became a far more personal one, marked by 2619:) praying five times per day but with a very small break in between the prayer, instead of five prayers with some gap between them as required by Sunni 2362: 6194: 3847:

Many in the Muslim world explain the bloodshed as the work of conspiracies by outside forces—"the forces of hegemony and Zionism which aim to weaken " (

3771:

These led to antipathy between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, who mobilized supporters against the other, between Sunni

16795: 16659: 16506: 15134: 14872: 13382: 6688: 6122: 5643:

In a milestone for the two countries' relations, on 3 March 2007 King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad held an extraordinary

4581: 10599: 10546: 6527: 6329: 15275: 13520: 13031: 5238: 4505: 3232: 5105:

Some see a precursor of Pakistani Shia–Sunni strife in the April 1979 execution of deposed President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on questionable charges by

16757: 5623:, "stressed the impermissibility of the fighting between the Sunnis and the Shi’is" and the need to "be aware of the conspiracies of the forces of 3669: 12076: 9170: 15591: 15396: 15159: 13686: 13542: 13190: 13048: 12225: 11248: 9059:

over half of the 20,000 fatalities worldwide from terrorism in 2006 occurred in Iraq according to the American National Counter-terrorism Center

8593:

Ibn Taimiya's Struggle Against Popular Religion: With an Annotated Translation of His Kitab iqtida as-sirat al-mustaqim mukhalafat ashab al-jahim

7712: 6274: 3423:

in the coastal mountains of Lebanon. This campaign forced most of the Shiites to disperse, with some fleeing south to Jabal Amel and some to the

1836:. The outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community, albeit disproportionately, into the Sunni and the Shia. This is known today as the 12029: 15003: 10617: 9405: 9302: 7551:(Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites), 2005 Referencing: Iranian Influence on Moslem Literature 5518:), but by December 2017, it controlled just 2% of the territory it had at the peak of its expansion, and had been driven underground in Iraq. 4855:, who died perpetrating one of Iraq's worst suicide bombings in the city of Al-Hillah. Al-Banna killed 125 Shia and wounded another 150 in the 4629:

Relations between the Shia and the Wahhabis are inherently strained because the Wahhabis consider the rituals of the Shia to be the epitome of

10562: 7211: 6715: 6540:

The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10%.

5755:(May 1900 – June 1989): "We are oneness with Sunni Muslims. We are their brothers" and "It is obligatory for all Muslims that maintain unity." 4423:

media, economic discrimination by not giving import or export licenses for Sunni businesses while the majority of Sunnis are left unemployed.

3982:), ripe for revolution, like "a ripe apple ready to fall into" their hands. But Saudi Arabia was also spending billions of dollars every year 15239: 13848: 13510: 13375: 13021: 12848: 10387: 10171: 5843: 5724:(Mufti from 1996-2002): "We ask Allah to create unity among Muslims and remove any enmity, disagreement and contention in the ancillaries of 3157: 2918:

and a large minority of Twelvers were present all over Persia. The Sunni hegemony did not undercut the Shia presence in Iran. The writers of

2071: 6270: 4324:

Shia targets in Iraq by saying the bombers were "wolves without pity" and that "sooner rather than later, Iran will have to put them down".

3883:

has declared that it is the Shia of Pakistan and Iraq who are "'American agents' and the 'near enemy' in the global jihad against America".

16762: 15570: 15412: 14836: 14744: 14407: 13806: 13791: 13315: 13300: 7034:

said that hands should be unfolded in obligatory prayers and should be folded in Nafl prayers and Lais bin Sa'ad also said the same thing.

16664: 15078: 14734: 14473: 13581: 13515: 13085: 13026: 12902: 12892: 10126: 9779: 9247: 9017: 6880: 6770: 4188:

was arrested and allegedly tortured. From 1979 to 1983 Saddam's regime executed 48 major Shia clerics in Iraq. They included Shia leader

14544: 12339: 4770:

Shia were killed in coordinated suicide bombings, but also in Pakistan and Afghanistan. However, in a video message, Al-Qaeda deputy Dr

16004: 15979: 15959: 15929: 15310: 15214: 14978: 13796: 13466: 13325: 13305: 12977: 6049: 4192:

and his sister. Tens of thousands of Iranians and Arabs of Iranian origin were expelled in 1979 and 1980 and a further 75,000 in 1989.

11637: 10369: 9675: 7159: 2589:

There are five salat prayers at different times of the day, but unlike Sunni, some Shia combine two sets of the prayers, (1+2+2, i.e.

2492:: أركان الإسلام) is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim and are held by both Sunni and Shia. These duties are 16742: 16669: 15894: 15219: 13681: 13185: 12007: 11173: 9063: 2564:

A Sunni Muslim (left) beside a Shia Muslim (right) showing different ways of holding arms during 16 March 2018 Tehran Friday prayer,

2274: 1986: 10414: 9756: 9539: 16689: 16674: 15934: 15058: 14569: 14564: 14468: 13357: 12841: 10030: 9267: 6101: 5873: 5587:

By 2019, the group resorted increasingly to terror bombings and insurgency operations, using its scattered underground networks of

5486:

militant group led by Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria, developed an insurgency that by March 2015 had control over territory in

12805: 11863: 11338:"Zaria Massacre: Army deliberately targets reproductive organs of IMN's women; They shouted 'there will never be Shia in Nigeria'" 7686: 7659: 5050:

Amongst the culprits blamed for the killing are Al-Qaeda working "with local sectarian groups" to kill what they perceive as Shia

16931: 16475: 15008: 14739: 13880: 13748: 13603: 13252: 13107: 4319:...who are almost exclusively Shia Muslims—have been implicated in rounding up and killing thousands of ordinary Sunni civilians. 2355: 427: 11942:"Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East" 9398: 7577: 4830:

increased between the Shia-affiliated Alawites and Sunnis of Tripoli, erupting twice into deadly violence—in June 2011, and the

3331:“that man is happy who gets over it without a beating, in no part of Al-Hijaz are they for a moment safe from abuse and blows.” 2560: 16709: 16150: 15774: 15018: 13779: 13288: 13268: 12796:

Don't Fear the Shiites: The Idea of a Teheran-Controlled "Shiite Crescent" over the Greater Middle East is at Odds with Reality

12406: 11464: 11222: 10275: 6910: 2407:

In Shia Islam, "the Mahdi symbol has developed into a powerful and central religious idea." Twelvers believe the Mahdi will be

12296: 11412: 16752: 16652: 15484: 15290: 15088: 15043: 14932: 14907: 14653: 14432: 14422: 14041: 13666: 13525: 13170: 13036: 12790: 12773: 12720: 12661: 12613: 12587: 12556: 12531: 12248: 11587: 8563: 8108: 7886: 7564:(Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites), 2005 Referencing: Encyclopedia Iranica 7144: 6972: 6608: 6563: 6390: 5993: 4827: 3432: 1167: 314: 14559: 12379: 10653: 10634: 9098: 4231:, shrines, wedding and funeral processions, markets, hospitals, offices, and streets. Sunni insurgent organizations include 16802: 16737: 16597: 16450: 16201: 15844: 15586: 15505: 15345: 15199: 14442: 14397: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 13911: 13656: 13629: 13398: 13160: 13133: 12928: 9627: 5439: 5256:

Last year you rebelled against us and killed us. From all your homes you shot at us. Now we are here to deal with you. The

4951: 3612: 1966: 1950: 1763: 17: 14579: 14529: 12176: 11694: 10250: 9523: 8389: 4220:. As part of its rivalry with Iran, Saudi Arabia spent "tens of billions of dollars" helping Saddam Hussein's war effort. 3775:(president of Pakistan, the country with the second largest Muslim population in the world and neighbor to Iran) and Shia 2423:

before its major signs. They believe the Mahdi will be a descendant of Muhammad named Muhammad and will revive the faith.

16455: 16231: 16196: 16135: 16055: 15984: 15759: 15673: 14882: 14756: 14719: 14478: 14457: 13801: 13576: 13310: 13080: 12811: 8769: 7052:

Ibn-e-Qasim has reported the unfolding of hands from Imam Malik, and that is what is practised by the Imamia sect (Shia).

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writes that both Sunni and Shia spread "farfetched" libelous rumours about the other sect — Sunnis that Shia defiled the

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marriage, which has no date of expiration and is permitted by some Sunnis. A misyar marriage differs from a conventional

11666: 9693: 7578:"A Study of the Migration of Shi'i Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era. – Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" 4935:

These latest measures come as the government faces a Sunni rebellion with a similar motivation to the Zaidi discontent.

16783: 16445: 16176: 16115: 14831: 14801: 14702: 14697: 14584: 14539: 14447: 14437: 14036: 13764: 13701: 13273: 13205: 12701: 12492: 11103:

Canfield, Robert (June 2004). "New Trends Among the Hazaras: From 'Amity of Wolves' to 'the Practice of Brotherhood'".

8513: 7422: 4654: 3420: 2348: 15510: 14554: 12249:"'No one feels safe': The Taliban promised to provide security to Afghans. New data shows threat from ISIS is growing" 11959: 11378: 11072:

Human Rights Watch Report: "Afghanistan: The Massacre in Mazar-i Sharif" 10, 7 (November 1998); quoted in Nasr, Vali,

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Saudi officials had no comment about Ahmadinejad's statements, but the Saudi official government news agency did say:

5136:

Shia formed student associations and a Shia party, Sunni began to form sectarian militias recruited from Deobandi and

4373:

Sunni for a long time, that Sunni officials are scarce even in the regions with majority of Sunni population (such as

1944:

further influenced regional power dynamics, solidifying Shi'ites as the predominant force in Iraq. Iran's ascent as a

16967: 16732: 16694: 16551: 16363: 16085: 15949: 15560: 15244: 14648: 14574: 14534: 14076: 14031: 13586: 13488: 13090: 12999: 12814:, Nebil Husayn, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization, Cambridge University Press ISBN ebook ebook: 9781108966061 12746: 12636: 12471: 11891: 10864: 10509: 9463: 9343: 8876: 8779: 8745: 8600: 8501: 8053: 7830: 7796: 7696: 7669: 7364: 4831: 4428: 4022:, the Lebanese Shia militia and political movement is the "strongest political actor" in the country. Since the 2003 3597:, although the total number is difficult to estimate due to the intermingling between the two groups and practice of 2223: 2054:(Persia), an officially Shia country since 1501, Shia make up the majority (around 90%). They are also a majority in 1010: 492: 11920: 11753: 11619: 7299: 4653:, but he did not carry through with attempts at forced conversion. In recent decades the late leading Saudi cleric, 4051:

Among those blaming the US invasion of Iraq for the growth in sectarianism are Fawaz Gerges, who writes in his book

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Four days after al-Qaeda in Iraq declared all-out war on the Shiite majority, more than 250 people have been killed

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Shia Muslims protest that they have been persecuted by the Nigerian government. In 1998 Nigerian President General

4532: 4284:حتی كسانی كه با انتحار می‌آيند و می‌زنند عده‌ای را می‌كشند، آن هم به عنوان عملیات انتحاری، این‌ها در قعر جهنم هستند 4173: 3042:

of the government enabled the Shia to withstand those who opposed them by relying upon the power of the caliphate.

2708:

Muslim are often named after famous early Muslims, so that given names of Shia are often derived from the names of

1954: 1370: 1228: 742: 92: 16191: 11730: 10142: 8170: 7321:

the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom.'

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that followed was resisted by Shia who saw it as "Sunnification" as the laws and regulations were based on Sunni

4463:" has reportedly been receiving weaponry from the United States for these attacks according to the semi-official 4378: 1982: 1970: 684: 12198: 11808: 10818: 8735: 16790: 16297: 16271: 16251: 16009: 15874: 15834: 15824: 15779: 15641: 15616: 15295: 15265: 15209: 15154: 15083: 14942: 14922: 14851: 14791: 14293: 13927: 13774: 13769: 13691: 13283: 13278: 13195: 7403: 5878: 5670: 5612: 5133:. Further exacerbating the situation was the dislike between Shia leader Imam Khomeini and General Zia ul-Haq. 5010: 4863:, al-Banna's home town, saw a three-day wake for al-Banna who Jordanian newspapers and celebrants proclaimed a 4650: 4622:

The Saudi conflict of Shia and Sunni extends beyond the borders of the kingdom because of international Saudi "

4608: 4607:

While Shia make up roughly 10% of Saudi Arabia's population, they form a large portion of the residents of the

2213: 629: 15879: 15448: 11438: 9659: 6961:

Martin, Richard C., ed. (2004), "Mahdi", Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world, Thomson Gale, p. 421

4263:, especially his infamous statement urging followers to kill the Shia of Iraq, and calling the Shia "snakes". 3500:(in present-day Azerbaijan), massacred between 4,000 and 5,000 of its Shia population and ransacked the city. 2143: 16778: 16647: 16637: 16632: 16572: 16384: 15974: 15739: 15631: 15422: 15391: 15330: 15285: 15149: 15068: 15013: 14729: 13906: 13816: 11547: 10302: 9935:"The country's minority Shia populations form a majority in the country's oil rich eastern province of Hasa" 9889:

Mihaylov, Dimitar (2015). "Cracks in the Crescent: The Looming Sectarian Clash between Khilafah and Imamah".

9557: 9237:, 19 September 2005, Sabrina Tavernise and Robert F. Worth, "Relentless Rebel Attacks Test Shiite Endurance", 7333: 5898: 4228: 363: 11367:

Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population

8529: 8307:

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1998). "Sectarianism in Pakistan: The Radicalization of Shi'i and Sunni Identities".

7788:

Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics

6692: 6672:"Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion" 6622: 6523: 6321: 5226:

Shia–Sunni strife inside of Afghanistan has been between the Sunni Taliban and Shia Afghans, primarily the

3941:

blossomed and conflicts reasserted, in particular when Sunni followed the strict teachings of Sunni scholar

16642: 16353: 16338: 16307: 16292: 16261: 16256: 16155: 16065: 15954: 15819: 15621: 15606: 15280: 15139: 15114: 15028: 15023: 14988: 14714: 14285: 13424: 12946: 12828: 12765: 11642: 11337: 10596: 10543: 10164: 5758: 5116: 4709:

is said to have been "powerfully influenced" by the works of Sunni Islamists of the Muslim Brotherhood and

3552: 2172: 1564: 395: 8364: 7760: 7733: 7261: 6097: 4223:

According to one estimate, as of early 2008, 1121 suicide bombers have blown themselves up in Iraq. Sunni

3265:

The declaration of Shi'ism as the state religion of the realm by Shah Ismail – 1501 Tabriz central mosque.

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has accused government-backed Shia militias of kidnapping and killing scores of Sunni civilians in 2014.

4341: 4232: 4169: 2731: 2228: 2198: 1978: 1380: 1248: 1243: 944: 442: 269: 16727: 16501: 16414: 16399: 16105: 15849: 15829: 15814: 15804: 15708: 15646: 15370: 15179: 15124: 14749: 14680: 14549: 14217: 13898: 13831: 13728: 13676: 13671: 13564: 13340: 13232: 13180: 13175: 13068: 12757: 10328: 9968: 9167: 7716: 6816: 5324: 5054:, and "foreign powers ... trying to sow discord." Most violence takes place in the largest province of 4598: 4260: 4040: 3560: 3431:

until the Ottomans came in 1517. Many Shia in the Levant were killed for their faith. One of these was

2291: 2033: 1583: 1385: 1049: 482: 12795: 10236: 5358:. Hundreds of El-Zakzaky's followers were also arrested. As of 2019, El-Zakzaky was still imprisoned. 5277:

suicide bombings that killed at least 72 people at the Sayed Abad mosque in Kunduz on October 8, 2021,

4094:, argues that as old regimes or political forces sought to control "the revolutionary upsurge" of the 16972: 16878: 16577: 16531: 16394: 16389: 16211: 16090: 16035: 15869: 15864: 15839: 15515: 15340: 15315: 15033: 14512: 14500: 14489: 14066: 14061: 13733: 13706: 13639: 13419: 13237: 13210: 13143: 12941: 11562: 8453: 7118: 6747: 5893: 5230:

ethnic group—a function of the puritanical religious character of the Taliban and their "traditional

5218:

Shia–Sunni strife in Pakistan is strongly intertwined with that in Afghanistan. The anti-Shia Afghan

5209: 5094: 4925: 4512: 4311:, from 2005 through early 2006, commandos of the Ministry of the Interior which is controlled by the 4244: 3764:

is probably the only country where there are still mixed mosques and Shia and Sunnis pray together."

2640: 2153: 2123: 2074:. Sources put the numbers of Shia in Yemen at 25–30%. About 10% of Turkey's population belong to the 1484: 1253: 1160: 772: 730: 577: 289: 10614: 9711: 9402: 9310: 6793: 6045: 5714:(1917–1996): "It is the duty of all Muslims to unite against enemies of Islam and their propaganda". 4720:

By 1993, Saudi Shia had abandoned uncompromising demands and some of al-Saffar's followers met with

3799:

or crypto Persian). Militant Sunnis began naming their sons after historic enemies of Shi'i heroes (

3622:

At least one scholar sees the period from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire through the decline of

3066:

residing in that region, or in Iraq, during the 16th and 17th centuries who later migrated to Iran.

16823: 16704: 16480: 16145: 16070: 15999: 15989: 15939: 15859: 15417: 15365: 15270: 15204: 15189: 15184: 15119: 15093: 14816: 14506: 14483: 14452: 13811: 13743: 13719: 13591: 13559: 13478: 13320: 13247: 13223: 13095: 13063: 12989: 10566: 9284: 6479: 6075: 5780: 5738: 5616: 5608: 5280:

a bombing that killed at least 63 people at the Bibi Fatima mosque in Kandahar on October 15, 2021.

4994: 4820: 4725: 4710: 4642: 4515:

occurred with sectarian religious overtones between the Alawite-dominated Assad government and the

3848: 3804: 3689: 3665: 3446: 2540: 2517: 2330: 2193: 1756: 1711: 1303: 1238: 509: 309: 16602: 15904: 11039: 10168: 5677:

The two parties have agreed to stop any attempt aimed at spreading sectarian strife in the region.

16848: 16607: 16485: 16343: 16302: 16246: 16216: 16181: 16050: 16045: 15909: 15469: 15144: 14993: 14968: 14841: 14196: 13932: 13738: 13471: 13242: 12982: 12782: 11178: 8968:, translated from the French by Zinab Mohammad, United States Publishing Company, 1986, pp. 42–43 6278: 5705: 5552:

by ISIS in June 2014, the "most senior" Shia spiritual leader based in Iraq, the Grand Ayatollah

5160: 4985: 3637:

which swept South Asia following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the seat of the caliphate, in

3465: 3461: 2576:

Shia place their forehead onto a piece of naturally-occurring material—most often a clay tablet (

2158: 1681: 767: 104: 3641:. Shia scholars "came to the caliphate's defence" by attending the 1931 Caliphate Conference in 16679: 16536: 16511: 16130: 16120: 16040: 15964: 15899: 15884: 15789: 15713: 15565: 15335: 15325: 15174: 15129: 15073: 14998: 14902: 14811: 14427: 14151: 14141: 14101: 14056: 13942: 13866: 13500: 13483: 13459: 13011: 12994: 12970: 9129: 6025: 5565: 5332: 5106: 5014: 4856: 4196: 4189: 3776: 3672:(community for reforming unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims). Another example of unity was a 3544: 3324: 3314:(one of the pillars of Islam), tensions between Shia and Sunni have waxed and waned. Historian 2823: 2779: 2689:. Some Shia religious leaders also wear a black robe. Mainstream Shia and Sunni women wear the 2385: 2148: 1907:. Today there are differences in religious practice, traditions, and customs, often related to 1785: 1646: 1260: 1233: 1067: 752: 558: 324: 10123: 9455: 9021: 8992: 8045: 6553: 2443:

and the basis of divine law and religious practice. In addition, they consider the sayings of

1290: 16858: 16833: 16828: 16526: 16404: 16328: 16266: 16171: 16080: 16075: 15854: 15794: 15754: 15531: 15438: 15098: 14724: 14311: 14243: 14191: 14156: 14091: 13624: 13493: 13128: 13004: 12752: 12649: 11975: 11671: 11342: 10854: 9356: 7820: 7786: 7472: 7450: 5883: 5530: 5472: 5302: 5090: 5033: 4895: 4730: 4682: 4594: 4470: 4435:

Members of Sunni groups in Iran however have been active in what the authorities describe as

4154: 4065: 3999: 3942: 3748:, (there being a gap in the dates of when Shiites and Sunnis celebrate Muhammad's birthday). 2485: 2269: 2244: 2115: 2005: 1474: 1375: 1365: 1358: 1335: 785: 553: 378: 162: 117: 11601: 10706: 9864: 9610: 9325: 5443:

pressure on Iran by arming its Sunni neighbors is not a new strategy for the United States.

1469: 16982: 16612: 16592: 16440: 16430: 16409: 16110: 15994: 15969: 15914: 15889: 15744: 15734: 15729: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15224: 15164: 15038: 14222: 14212: 14206: 14146: 14136: 14026: 13952: 12432: 11699: 9679: 9571: 7391: 7285: 7088:

Ibn-e-Sayd al-Naas narrated from Awzai that it is optional to fold or unfold arms in prayer

6671: 5411: 5400:). In Indonesia, in 2015, Sunni clerics denounced the Shia as "heretics", and the mayor of 5213: 5164: 4721: 4256: 3979: 3884: 3819: 3336: 3166: 2775: 2531: 2306: 1661: 1518: 1405: 1340: 1270: 1153: 703: 16226: 12226:"Military News The New ISIS: How a Branch of the Terrorist Group Is Becoming a Top Threat" 9816: 9146: 9060: 5985: 3327:, a non-Muslim who journeyed to Mecca in disguise in 1853, when a Shi‘ite performs hajj, 2456: 2452: 8: 16977: 16888: 16868: 16100: 16095: 15809: 15764: 15749: 15651: 15169: 14892: 14796: 14786: 14232: 14131: 14116: 14046: 13962: 13619: 13434: 13123: 12956: 11868: 11374: 10034: 9764: 9630:

Reza Hossein Borr, leadership consultant and author of "New Vision for the Islamic World"

9191: 8857: 8588: 6920: 6775: 6744: 5746: 5711: 5435: 5351: 5309: 5245: 5110: 5028:

country's politics. Several top Pakistani military and political figures such as General

4816: 4796: 4528: 4031:

security services in Syria, and are the "backbone" of the forces fighting to protect the

3907:) lay the blame for the strife at a very different source, the unintended effects of the 3860: 3856: 3772: 3681: 3657: 3594: 3361: 3278: 3250: 3245:

This led to a wide gap between Iran and its Sunni neighbors, particularly its rival, the

3209: 3058:

and resided in those cities. Third, through the school of Hillah under the leadership of

2956: 2868: 2416: 2301: 2279: 2259: 2163: 2132: 2021: 1828:

and some of his close partisans, including members and children of Muhammad's household (

1809: 1749: 1696: 1676: 1613: 1285: 1265: 1186: 1102: 762: 677: 563: 197: 97: 10480: 9521:

Rafsanjani & Al-Qaradawi call upon nation to unite & reject fighting, 2007-02-15

9264: 8482: 6440: 6242: 5451:

In Europe Shia-Sunni acrimony is part of life for tens of millions of European Muslims.

2730:, is one of the pillars of Islam for both Sunnis and Shi‘ites, but Shia have many other 16883: 16358: 16348: 15703: 15601: 15453: 14271: 14260: 14186: 14161: 13821: 13661: 13530: 13414: 13330: 13165: 13041: 12936: 12690: 11541: 11120: 10120: 9906: 9163: 9047: 8324: 8149:"The real roots of Sunni-Shia conflict: beyond the myth of "ancient religious hatreds"" 7370: 6888: 6189: 6156: 6070: 5925:

After 200 mostly Shia Iranians were killed during hajj by a stampede and Saudi gunfire

5576: 5320: 5270: 5185: 5063: 4808: 4792: 4669: 4524: 4520: 4213: 4129: 4117: 3757: 3737: 3720: 3216: 3047: 2887: 2864: 2674: 2311: 1933: 1848: 1223: 747: 587: 544: 514: 497: 472: 417: 373: 85: 15636: 15053: 14912: 12102: 11993: 10754: 10671: 6862: 5959: 4385:

churches, as a prominent example of this discrimination. Although reformist President

4039:

rebels have expanded their territory south of Saudi Arabia, and become the country's "

3335:

But in "the late Ottoman years" toleration had reached a level were Shi‘ites observed

16582: 16546: 16521: 16460: 16379: 16221: 14877: 14201: 14181: 14121: 14081: 13997: 13957: 13937: 13571: 13554: 13454: 13075: 13058: 12965: 12786: 12769: 12742: 12716: 12697: 12657: 12632: 12609: 12583: 12552: 12527: 12467: 11183: 11124: 10860: 10579: 10226:"Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, vowed to wage an 'all-out war' on the country's Shia majority" 10211: 10091: 9910: 9551: 9459: 9448: 8775: 8741: 8596: 8543: 8509: 8104: 8049: 8038: 7882: 7826: 7792: 7692: 7665: 7585: 7399: 7374: 7360: 7327: 7307: 7140: 6924: 6604: 6559: 6386: 5989: 5833: 5752: 5620: 5534: 5483: 5156: 5051: 5018: 4981: 4914: 4910: 4899: 4771: 4397: 4374: 4312: 4286:

Even those who kill people with suicide bombing, these shall meet the flames of hell.

3946: 3880: 3852: 3724: 3702: 3677: 3634: 3590: 3473: 3082: 2923: 2907: 2848: 2844: 2791: 2783: 2662: 2408: 2284: 2264: 2249: 2218: 2203: 1821: 1777: 1739: 1706: 1671: 1603: 1430: 1400: 1044: 1022: 882: 638: 624: 592: 539: 452: 412: 274: 13972: 12741:, by Graham E. Fuller and Rend Rahim Francke. New York: Saint Martin's Press, 1999, 11952: 10800: 9433: 8913:

Robin Wright and Peter Baker, "Iraq: Jordan Sees Threat to the Election from Iran",

8682: 8328: 8018: 8016: 8014: 6217: 4811:, the Shia–Sunni relations were not the main conflict of the war. The Shia party of 3567:

in subsequent years had to pass through the most atrocious period of their history.

1965:. Tensions between communities have intensified during power struggles, such as the 16893: 16873: 16853: 16843: 16516: 15350: 15234: 15194: 14867: 14665: 14643: 14299: 14071: 14013: 13696: 13505: 13367: 13200: 13016: 12597: 12410: 11925: 11416: 11112: 9898: 9589: 8316: 8148: 7983: 7352: 6840: 6378: 6012: 5863: 5644: 5526: 5298: 5148:, a senior Indian cleric with close ties to Saudi Arabia published a book entitled 5040: 4971: 4967: 4785: 4784:

increased. To the fury of Shia Muslims, the Wahhabi Sunnis demolished domes in the

4706: 4660:

Government policy has been to allow Shia their own mosques and to exempt Shia from

4573: 4558: 4552: 4464: 4460: 4386: 4354: 4236: 4023: 3937: 3875: 3623: 3485: 3381: 3377: 3059: 2769: 2741: 2647: 2552:

Many distinctions can be made between Sunnis and Shiaīs through observation alone:

2412: 1974: 1844: 1813: 1716: 1691: 1608: 1017: 437: 432: 383: 368: 353: 262: 141: 15663: 14317: 9902: 9611:"UN Commission on Human Rights – Visit by the Special Rapporteur to Iran (Feb 96)" 9204: 8233: 8220: 6740: 4467:. The United Nations and several countries worldwide have condemned the bombings. 2685:. Devout women of the Shia traditionally wear black as do some Sunni women in the 2079:

Tajikistan are Shia. India has as many Shia ("potentially") as there are in Iraq.

16567: 16333: 15474: 15443: 15320: 15300: 14983: 14952: 14947: 14917: 14826: 14238: 14171: 14166: 12577: 11786: 11308: 10659: 10641: 10621: 10603: 10550: 10276:"Al Qaeda: Hezbollah To Blame For Lebanon Bombings That Killed Dozens In Tripoli" 10223: 10175: 10130: 9663: 9527: 9409: 9271: 9174: 9067: 9048:

March 14, 2008 The Independent/UK "The Cult of the Suicide Bomber" by Robert Fisk

8098: 8011: 5978: 5823: 5480: 5316: 4846: 4496:

Syria is approximately three quarters Sunni, but its government is predominantly

4444: 4185: 4177: 4032: 3908: 3867: 3493: 3090: 2911: 2809:, played an almost universal role for Muslim believers to understand the unseen ( 2790:

should succeed. The concept of Shi'ism further crystallized around events at the

2489: 2025: 2017: 2013: 1808:. This dispute spread across various parts of the Muslim world, which led to the 1656: 1501: 1410: 1118: 1108: 1027: 757: 619: 572: 388: 348: 337: 319: 222: 167: 80: 11864:"ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World" 11116: 10652:

Amnesty: Ratification without implementation:the state of human rights in Yemen

6375:

The Sunna and Shi’a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East

5741:(March 1875 – March 1961) sent a letter to Sheikh Abd al-Majid Salim, the Grand 5521:

In the few years of its success, it was responsible for human rights abuses and

4396:

Soon after the 1979 revolution, Sunni leaders from Kurdistan, Balouchistan, and

3527:, virtually devastated the Shi'i community. History records 10 such Taarajs, or 2042:

make up approximately 10% of the Muslim population. In Shia Islam about 85% are

1957:

from Pakistan to Yemen, which became a major element of friction throughout the

1423: 16926: 16910: 14781: 14254: 14227: 14086: 13982: 13429: 12951: 12654:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1

11892:"Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross" 11695:"Sectarian tensions underlying conflict in Syria erupt in Sydney and Melbourne" 11567: 11439:"Indonesia Shia group accuse extremist Sunni leaders of violating constitution" 10018: 9834: 9725: 9520: 9344:

Iraq militias' wave of death, Sectarian killings now surpass terrorist bombings

8397: 7436: 6127: 6123:"Ahmadinejad on way, NSA says India to be impacted if Iran 'wronged by others'" 5699: 5561: 5553: 5476: 5241: 5189: 5145: 5043:

was a Shia. There are many intermarriages between Shia and Sunnis in Pakistan.

4889: 4566: 4562: 4501: 4491: 4408: 4240: 4224: 4181: 4150: 4146: 4027: 3815: 3729: 3685: 3661: 3586: 3469: 3380:

rule, which commenced in the start of the 10th century. It was followed by the

3285: 3246: 3220: 3031: 2919: 2828: 2806: 2795: 2534:

has two concepts that define religion as a whole. There are Roots of Religion (

2009: 1945: 1825: 1721: 1623: 1559: 1491: 959: 887: 670: 532: 519: 477: 422: 36: 11089:(new Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), pp.62-64, 74; quoted in Nasr, Vali, 8390:"Rafsanjani & Al-Qaradawi call upon nation to unite & reject fighting" 8320: 5463:

have spread to the Australian Muslim community and within Australian schools.

4938:

A March 2015 suicide bombing of two mosques (used mainly by supporters of the

3343:(65 km from Mecca) openly. An Iranian Shi‘ite on hajj in 1885 reported: 3148:

to the 16th century, Sufism began to grow within official Shiite circles. The

16961: 16587: 14897: 14887: 14709: 14606: 14323: 14266: 14096: 13992: 13987: 13889: 13549: 13053: 11827: 11497: 11187: 9697: 8771:

The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism

6757: 5848: 5818: 5596: 5557: 5423: 5405: 5323:

who lived in Iran for some years and converted to Shia Islam—established the

5257: 5227: 5177: 5137: 5055: 5029: 4877: 4616: 4455: 4440: 4337: 4292: 4121: 3912: 3900: 3800: 3577: 3540: 3518: 3514: 3397: 3315: 3129: 2969: 2915: 2902: 2875: 2836: 2787: 2627: 2420: 2316: 2254: 2177: 1618: 1479: 1464: 969: 902: 877: 872: 597: 502: 462: 12625: 12496: 11401:

Religious clash in Indonesia kills up to six, Straits Times, 6 February 2011

10415:"Egypt's Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil" 8737:

The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East

7924:

An introduction to Shi'i Islam: the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism

7026: 6382: 6351: 3412:, the population of Shia dwindled greatly due to conversion and migrations. 14176: 12876: 12761: 12383: 11782:"Islamic State grooming Aussie teens as young as 14 for terror army online" 11638:"'This is a warning': Members of Sydney's Shia community fear IS beheading" 7530: 6423: 6247: 6030: 5926: 5809: 5681:

Effort to bring unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims had been attempted by

5588: 5569: 5541:

Iraq, and 670 Shia prisoners at the detention facility on the outskirts of

5537:, in 2014 ISIS forces killed over 1,700 Shia civilians at Camp Speicher in 5197: 5172: 5126: 5071: 4977: 4906: 4860: 4859:

of a police recruiting station and adjacent open air market. In March 2005

4695: 4411: 4390: 4382: 4255:

motivation for many of these killings may come from Sunni insurgent leader

4134: 4099: 3991: 3871: 3733: 3712: 3289: 3205: 3178: 3121: 2976: 2874:

Shia sources further claim that by the orders of the tenth Abbasid caliph,

2686: 2653: 2335: 1997: 1876: 1817: 1666: 1496: 1395: 1143: 1123: 1037: 951: 658: 604: 341: 73: 62: 12600:(1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In 11967: 9867:| By Joe Sterling, Saad Abedine and Salma Abdelaziz, CNN| 20 December 2012 9639: 9507: 8537:

US Army Training and Doctrine Command's Army Capability Integration Center

7936: 7356: 6370: 4527:. An estimated 10,000 to 40,000 Syrians, mostly civilians, were killed by 14111: 13967: 12918: 12601: 11916: 11492: 9923: 5788: 5765:

about creating dissension: "In addition to dissension is contrary to the

5460: 5347: 5141: 5067: 4876:

According to Pew, roughly 99% of Egyptian Muslims regarded themselves as

4623: 4366: 4217: 4162: 4142: 4095: 4007: 3971: 3836: 3796: 3783: 3638: 3581: 2932: 2910:

Sunnism was the dominant form of Islam in most of Iran until rise of the

2709: 2620: 2444: 1958: 1936:, which reconfigured Iran into a theocratic Islamic republic governed by 1892: 1829: 1781: 1596: 1511: 1506: 1457: 1390: 1345: 1330: 1325: 1315: 1280: 720: 711: 400: 358: 282: 12732:

The Shia Revival : How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future

12673:

The Shia Revival : How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future

7188: 6649: 4823:

between Shia dominated and Sunni dominated political alliances in 2008.

14494: 14462: 14248: 14126: 14002: 7463: 7415: 5591:

across regions in the Middle East and various offshoots and adherents.

5438:

wrote that the United States’ support of the Sunni monarchy during the

5378: 5036: 4634: 4087: 4011: 3920: 3761: 3627: 3468:, killed between 2,000 and 5,000 inhabitants and plundered the tomb of 3393: 3372:, not to assault the minor territories under the control of their sect. 3319: 3170: 3161: 3140: 3063: 3019: 2965: 2799: 2055: 2039: 2029: 1962: 1864: 1801: 1800:, whereas a second group of Muslims (who would come to be known as the 1651: 1194: 955: 405: 12806:

Here Are Some of the Day-To-Day Differences Between Sunnis and Shiites

12127:

Pelham, Nicolas (4 June 2015). "ISIS & the Shia Revival in Iraq".

8964:

according to pro-Khomeini author Abdel-Majid Trab Zemzem, in his book

6369:

Bengio, Ofra; Litvak, Meir (2011), Bengio, Ofra; Litvak, Meir (eds.),

16946: 16916: 14106: 14051: 13947: 12049: 11249:"Nigerian Muslims: We love Imam Khamenei, we fight to death for Iran" 8350:(Norton), 2006), p.163-4, quotes Herald (Karachi), May 1994, page 46. 7607: 7467: 7395: 6915: 6299: 5853: 5766: 5522: 5495: 5397: 5367: 5328: 5130: 4947: 4939: 4929: 4812: 4807:

Though sectarian tensions in Lebanon were at their height during the

4577: 4479: 4436: 4347: 4308: 4019: 3995: 3933: 3916: 3904: 3642: 3454: 3416: 3401: 3051: 2996: 2980: 2860: 2852: 2083: 2067: 1937: 1847:

are Sunni and 10% are Shia; with about 85% of Shias belonging to the

1789: 1686: 1571: 1445: 1203: 1084: 1032: 909: 304: 12322:"The New York Times – Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos" 11921:"ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'" 11270: 10975:

Soldiers of Allah: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan

10795: 10793: 10791: 10064:, 45, International Crisis Group, 2005, p. 3. Quoted in Nasr, Vali, 9130:"Ansar al-Islam is listed as a terrorist group by the US State Dept" 8100:

The International Politics of the Persian Gulf: A Cultural Genealogy

6881:"The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future" 6794:"The New Middle East, Turkey, and the Search for Regional Stability" 6046:"India – Iran relations: Converging Interests or Drifting Equations" 3439:, one of the great figures in Shia jurisprudence, who was killed in 2944: 16921: 14690: 14611: 12247:

Mackintosh, Eliza; Jarne, Antonio; Robinson, Lou; Popalzai, Ehsan.

9676:"Zahedan bombings intended to foment Sunni-Shia conflict: governor" 9656: 9652: 5784: 5624: 5494:

occupied by ten million people. It proclaimed itself a worldwide

5431: 5237:

In 1998 more than 8,000 noncombatants were killed when the Taliban

5231: 5082: 4989: 4955: 4516: 4500:, a Shia sect that makes up less than 13% of the population. Under 4362: 4271: 4200: 3630:—first of the European colonial variety and then Arab nationalist. 3497: 3460:

On 21 April 1802, about 12,000 Wahhabi Sunnis under the command of

3440: 3409: 3201: 3190: 3153: 3110: 3055: 3027: 3012: 2952: 2811: 2615: 2389: 1941: 1868: 1797: 1576: 1549: 1535: 1275: 965: 832: 825: 614: 582: 296: 230: 14474:

Central Africa Province (DR Congo, Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania)

12812:

Opposing the Imam: The Legacy of the Nawasib in Islamic Literature

12692:

After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam

12461: 11835:"Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State" 10534:

Yemen Facing Insurgency on Two Fronts, By Stephen Ulph (see above)

9450:

The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future

6623:"Removal of the heart: How Islam became a matter of state in Iran" 5783:(born August 1930), in answer to the question "is anyone who says 5611:

on 14 February 2007, former Iranian president and chairman of the

5575:

Shia militias fighting ISIS have also been accused of atrocities.

4980:

island state of Bahrain has a Shia majority but is ruled by Sunni

3673: 3120:

and Sarbadars were established during this time. The kings of the

3015:. In many other areas the population of Shia and Sunni was mixed. 2506: 1932:, have been increasingly marked by conflict. The aftermath of the 16838: 12551:. Institute for Publication of Imam Khomeini. pp. 166, 210. 12034: 11839: 10788: 7531:"Four Centuries of Influence of Iraqi Shiism on Pre-Safavid Iran" 6756:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6691:. UN High Commissioner for Refugees. 24 July 2008. Archived from 5628: 5389: 5381: 5219: 5086: 5059: 4998: 4997:'s efforts to create a parliament as merely a "cooptation of the 4765: 4699: 4661: 4646: 4619:. The Majority of Saudi Shia belong to the sect of the Twelvers. 4497: 4138: 4070: 4036: 3811: 3599: 3564: 3489: 3405: 3369: 3197: 3117: 3098: 3062:

and his son Fakhr al-Muhaqqiqin. Fourth, through the scholars of

3023: 2988: 2948: 2832: 2757: 2749: 2736: 2609: 2494: 2381: 2208: 2063: 2043: 2001: 1888: 1872: 1860: 1833: 1452: 1440: 1435: 861: 792: 447: 124: 13858: 11754:"Sectarian tensions running high, say Australian Muslim leaders" 7027:

Nawawi; translated by Maulana Waheed-uz-Zaman Knan. "Volume 2".

5548:

After the collapse of the Iraqi army and capture of the city of

4172:

under post-colonial Iraqi governments since 1932, erupting into

3707: 16863: 12407:"Talking Politics Dr. Mohammed Sayed Tantawi – Sheikh Al-Azhar" 11465:"Attacks Planned Against Indonesia's Shia Community, Govt Says" 11087:

Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia

10917: 10915: 9248:

Sectarian violence kills 36 during climax of Shia holy festival

5868: 5770: 5538: 5249: 4943: 4864: 4742: 4713:

and by their call for Islamic revolution and an Islamic state.

4638: 4536: 4531:

in the city. During the uprising, the Sunni Muslim Brotherhood

4300: 4276: 4251: 3950: 3832: 3450: 3428: 3385: 3365: 3307: 3231:

However, most of Ismail's subjects were Sunni. As a result, he

3149: 3133: 3125: 3094: 3086: 3004: 2973: 2696: 2582: 2473: 2439: 2433: 2089: 1917: 1904: 1900: 1701: 1641: 1544: 1525: 1320: 1310: 1218: 1079: 1054: 988: 930: 923: 916: 842: 737: 467: 457: 246: 214: 206: 191: 185: 69: 10563:"Yemeni President: al-Houthi is an ill man, mentally abnormal" 10412: 9694:"No casualties in renewed bombing in south-east Iran 02/16/07" 8993:"'Chemical Ali' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising" 7513:"Islam and Iran: A Historical Study of Mutual Services Part 2" 6496: 5773:, this weakens Muslims. So, creating dissension is forbidden ( 4868:

traditional friendship between the two neighboring countries.

1780:

in 632, a group of Muslims (who would come to be known as the

1734: 12523: 12030:"Islamic State completely 'evicted' from Iraq, Iraqi PM says" 11174:"With Iran-Backed Conversions, Shiites Gain Ground in Africa" 10752: 9879:| By Tim Arango and Anne Barnard| New York Times| 2 June 2013 9080: 6303: 5774: 5762: 5742: 5721: 5549: 5542: 5499: 5491: 5401: 5374: 5355: 5312:, less than 5% of the Muslim population in Nigeria are Shia. 5140:

madrasahs. Preaching against the Shia in Pakistan was cleric

5093:. Whereas Iran has been funding Shia militant groups such as 4738: 4612: 4449: 3656:

for the purpose of rebuilding/strengthening Islamic unity at

3653: 3427:, while a very small portion of them took on the practice of 3424: 3340: 3303: 3282: 3105: 3070: 3026:; it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the 2992: 2745: 2721: 2681: 2597: 2527: 2500: 2400: 2102: 2094: 2075: 2047: 1940:, had far-reaching consequences across the Muslim world. The 1912: 1884: 1880: 1820:

based on this historic dispute intensified greatly after the

1793: 1554: 1530: 1074: 996: 979: 802: 797: 609: 487: 178: 136: 129: 52: 44: 11602:"Supporting Bahraini Apartheid Is Not in America's Interest" 10912: 8209: 8207: 12866: 12321: 12297:"Suicide bomber targets Kabul education center, killing 19" 12272:"Death toll in last week's Kabul school blast climbs to 52" 12246: 12015: 10388:"Pilgrimage to Karbala Sunni and Shia: The Worlds of Islam" 10351: 10349: 9628:

Shia equality or Shia supremacy? Balochistan People's Front

5889:

The World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought

5725: 5487: 5393: 5385: 5121: 4358: 4092:

The New Arab Wars: Uprisings and Anarchy in the Middle East

4073: 3975: 3311: 3224: 3213: 3035: 3030:

in 928. Roughly forty years later the state was revived in

3008: 2984: 2726: 2591: 2565: 2522: 2512: 2098: 2059: 2051: 2046:, and in Twelver Shia the overwhelming majority are of the 1908: 1896: 1856: 1852: 992: 865: 837: 812: 807: 238: 146: 12008:"ISIS has lost 98 percent of its territory, officials say" 7858: 6973:"Abu Hurayra and the Falsification of Traditions (Hadith)" 6818:

Religious Composition of the Persian Gulf States (summary)

5498:, with religious, political, and military authority over 5252:

of the Shia in a declaration from Mazar's central mosque:

5062:. There have also been conflagrations in the provinces of 4958:

and "Islamic State" consider Shia Muslims to be heretics.

3966:

mostly Shia mischief and a threat to Sunni predominance."

3660:. His efforts, including connecting with scholars such as 3376:

The Shia faith in the Levant started spreading during the

3357: 3104:

After the Mongols and the fall of the Abbasids, the Sunni

2951:

who delivered a devastating blow to the Shia Safavids and

2871:, for example, was imprisoned by al-Mansur and tortured.) 12517: 12240: 11758: 11522:"Shia Ideologies In Malaysia – Being Wary Of Its Threats" 11313: 10672:"Yemen crisis: Islamic State claims Sanaa mosque attacks" 10583: 10224:

Latest Iraq blast targets Shia mosque, September 16, 2005

9947: 9945: 9260: 8813: 8811: 8658: 8656: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8564:"The Pentagon plan to 'divide and rule' the Muslim world" 8204: 8193: 8191: 7846: 6458: 6456: 6454: 5568:

of Shia history) and for Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah

3807: 3539:

Shia in India faced persecution by some Sunni rulers and

3464:, the second ruler of the First Saudi State attacked and 3000: 2753: 2603: 2461: 1805: 847: 14469:

West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger)

12217: 12103:"Iraq conflict: Shia cleric Sistani issues call to arms" 11145: 11143: 11141: 11139: 10346: 8669: 8124: 8122: 8120: 7658:́Goston, Ga ́bor A.; Masters, Bruce Alan (21 May 2010). 7045: 7009: 7007: 6326:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

4950:, killed at least 137 people and wounded 300. The Sunni 3870:

strategy through the escalation of Sunni-Shia conflict.

3384:

in the 11th century, with both the emirates centered at

2922:

were Iranian, as were many other scholars. According to

1915:

to be divine, Sunni and Shia have different opinions on

16277:

Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland

12579:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

12493:"Opinions and Fatwas of Muslim Scholar About proximity" 10510:"Egypt: Lynching of Shia Follows Months of Hate Speech" 9780:"Mullahs Increase Persecution of Sunni Muslims in Iran" 9434:

Information on sectarian violence against Sunni Muslims

7685:

Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976).

6955: 6497:

Arango, Tim; Anne Barnard; Duraid Adnan (1 June 2013).

6152:"India, Iraq to make common cause over terror from Pak" 4176:

in 1935 and 1936. Shia were also persecuted during the

4165:

rule ended after the Sunni and Shia united against it.

3866:

Some Western analysts assert that the US is practicing

3859:), or "oppressive pressure by the imperialist front." ( 2109: 14479:

Greater Sahara Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso)

12169:"ISIS far from defeated in Syria: 2019 outlook (maps)" 11855: 10212:

Blasts target Iraq's Shia Muslims on the eve of Ashura

9942: 8824: 8808: 8795: 8653: 8635: 8188: 7212:"Hijab, The Muslim Womens Dress, Islamic or Cultural?" 6451: 5396:) and religious teachers at Islamic boarding schools ( 3990:

Another indirect effect (noted by political scientist

12546: 11809:"Kurds accused of "ethnic cleansing" by Syria rebels" 11151:"Afghanistan: Surge in Islamic State Attacks on Shia" 11136: 10481:"Egypt mob attack kills four Shia Muslims near Cairo" 9519:

Al-Jazeera discussion between Qardawi and Rafsanjani

9099:"Iraqi funeral procession bombed; at least 26 killed" 9081:"Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera" 8117: 7004: 6689:"Yemen: The conflict in Saada Governorate – analysis" 5466: 4303:

thinking and may spread Sunni–Shia strife elsewhere.

3543:

which resulted in the killings of Shia scholars like

3085:

to Persia. When the Ismailis divided into two sects,

14463:

Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali)

13645:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

13397: 13149:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

12068: 12050:"ISIS Crimes against Humanity For Immediate release" 10413:

Col. (ret.) Dr. Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012).

10303:"Car bomb kills 20 in Hezbollah's Beirut stronghold" 10251:"Bombs kill 42 outside mosques in Lebanon's Tripoli" 9197: 8595:(reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 361. 7218:. Ja‘fari Islamic Centre (Tabligh Committee) Canada. 6640: 6638: 6636: 6499:"As Syrians Fight, Sectarian Strife Infects Mideast" 5799: 5651:

On his return to Tehran, Ahmadinejad declared that:

5513: 5058:

and the country's commercial and financial capital,

4737:

The Wahhabis ignore the occupation of Islam's first

4018:

have boosted Iran's regional influence. In Lebanon,

4010:; a threat by Khomeini to do to Pakistani President 2451:

Some Sunni-accepted hadiths—for example by Aisha or

11692: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8378: 7230:"How can Sunnis and Shiites tell each other apart?" 4227:have targeted not only thousands of civilians, but 2455:—are less favored by Shia (Aisha's opposed Ali and 16507:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing 12689: 12624: 12495:. Data base of Ayatollah Borujerdi. Archived from 11960:"What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean?" 10819:"Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists" 10248: 9963: 9961: 9447: 8037: 6714:Merrick, Jane; Sengupta, Kim (20 September 2009). 6377:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 1–16, 5977: 5284:In a statement ISIS declared it would target Shia 4705:Forced into exile in the 1970s, Saudi Shia leader 4106: 10753:The Christian Science Monitor (2 February 2007). 10748: 10746: 10635:The Rule of Law Sidelined in the Name of Security 10090:BBC monitoring service from March 1980 quoted in 9757:"Shi'ite supremacists emerge from Iran's shadows" 9546:. Archived from the original on 22 December 2002. 8727: 8711: 8425: 8423: 8409: 8407: 8358: 8356: 6771:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2012" 6633: 6306:has the second-largest Shia (Twelver) population. 5631:which aim to weaken and tear it apart in Iraq." 3923:), distracts from the seriousness of the problem: 16959: 16758:Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media 12077:"Questions Rebels Use to Tell Sunni From Shiite" 11779: 11335: 10811: 9303:"Iraq's death squads: On the brink of civil war" 8447: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8375: 7895: 7466:. vol. II, p. 224; Abu'l-Fida', vol. I, p. 192; 7349:Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia 3523:Sunni razzias (raids) which came to be known as 3488:took place on 18 August 1721, when 15,000 Sunni 13687:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 13191:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 12808:. Azadeh Moaveni. Huffington Post, 25 June 2014 12340:"Naharnet – Lebanon's leading news destination" 12316: 12314: 12289: 12122: 12120: 11309:"Mass graves for '300 Shia Nigerians' in Zaria" 10453:"Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time" 10249:Holmes, Oliver; Nazih Siddiq (23 August 2013). 10004:Toby Jones, `The Iraq Effect in Saudi Arabia,` 9973: 9958: 9877:As Syria fights, sectarian wave rises in region 9865:Syrian fight now 'overtly sectarian,' U.N. says 9726:"UNSC condemns terrorist act in Iran's Zahedan" 8761: 8695: 7688:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey 7440:, vol. XII, on the life of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq 6713: 6555:Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism 5533:), particularly of Shia Muslims. According to 5422:In late 2006 or early 2007, in what journalist 4724:with promises made for reform. In 2005 the new 4572:According to some reports, as of mid-2013, the 4141:37%. However, Sunni are split ethnically among 4082: 3160:grew directly out of a background that is both 2763: 27:Relations between the two largest Islamic sects 14540:Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir) 14535:Hind Province (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) 12443:(1). Thought of proximity: 121–135. April 1384 12135: 11664: 11563:"Annals of National Security: The Redirection" 10743: 10186:Jones, Toby "The Iraq Effect in Saudi Arabia, 9323: 8420: 8404: 8353: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8096: 7657: 7562:At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen 7549:At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen 6646:"The Origins of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam" 5984:. Marshall Cavendish Reference. 2019. p. 5582: 4909:as their "Fifth Imām" rather than his brother 3696: 3492:of the Safavid Empire attacked the capital of 3097:in 1090. Nizaris used this fortress until the 3073:("missionary institution") sent missionaries ( 2700:in order to cover their faces when in public. 16763:Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party 13874: 13383: 12849: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12143:"The war against jihadists. Unsavoury allies" 11720: 11581: 11487: 11485: 11268: 9393:Robert Baer, "The Devil You Think You Know," 8436: 6435: 6433: 6316: 6314: 6312: 5844:International Islamic Unity Conference (Iran) 4064:Malise Ruthven writes that the post invasion 3956: 3936:, as the Muslim world was decolonialised and 3756:Sunni–Shia unity did not last long after the 3633:An example of Sunni–Shia cooperation was the 3253:. This gap continued until the 20th century. 3022:and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864 by the 2847:were overthrown in 750 by a new dynasty, the 2356: 1757: 1161: 678: 14585:Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium) 14560:Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain) 14423:Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan) 13807:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 13316:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 12311: 12117: 12095: 11773: 11528:. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015 11223:"As Trump Makes Threats, Iran Makes Friends" 10977:, New York: Vintage Departures, 2001, p. 242 10450: 10239:" San Diego Union Tribune, 18 September 2005 9642:The Iran Brief, Issue Number 35, 2 June 1997 9503: 9501: 8679:, Norton, (2006), pp. 143–44, 147–48, 150–51 8528:Pernin, Christopher G.; et al. (2008). 8097:Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin (27 September 2006). 7903:"Shia of Kashmir – Socio Political Dilemmas" 7572: 7570: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7099: 6979:. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project 6716:"Yemen: The land with more guns than people" 6474: 6472: 6368: 5507: 5150:Iranian Revolution: Imam Khomeini and Shiism 4913:. Shia–Sunni conflict in Yemen involves the 4361:. Millions of Saudi adhere to the school of 4259:. Before his death Zarqawi was one to quote 3421:grand campaign to erase the Shiite dominance 3139:Muhammad Khudabandah, the famous builder of 1832:), were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph 14580:Muzambiq Province (Mozambique and Tanzania) 12648: 12608:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. 12604:; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). 12466:. Shapoor khast Publications. p. 117. 12263: 11986: 10427: 9771: 9640:Interview with Molavi Ali Akbar Mollahzadeh 9508:Interview with Molavi Ali Akbar Mollahzadeh 8868: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8135: 7864: 7310:. Archived from the original on 3 June 2002 7210:Rizvi, Sayyid Muhammad (29 December 2012). 6921:The Pew Forum on religion & public life 6588:God's rule: the politics of world religions 6182: 5113:. Ali Bhutto was Shia, Zia ul-Haq a Sunni. 4826:With the eruption of the Syrian Civil War, 3751: 3089:established their base in northern Persia. 3038:of Yemen or rival Zaidi Imams within Iran. 14433:Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia) 13881: 13867: 13797:Opposition to military action against Iran 13390: 13376: 13306:Opposition to military action against Iran 12856: 12842: 12596: 12480: 11973: 11482: 10765: 10664: 9564: 9285:"Iraq 101: Aftermath – Long-Term Thinking" 8362: 8132:, Columbia University Press, 2008. p. 105 7852: 7560:Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, 7547:Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali al-Zaidi, 7388:The March of Islam: Time Frame, AD 600–800 7351:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 7046:Maulana Waheed-uz-Zaman Knan. "Volume 1". 6970: 6430: 6309: 6185:"Aspiring powers and a new old friendship" 6098:"Imperialism and Divide & Rule Policy" 6050:Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses 5125:. In July 1980, 25,000 Shia protested the 4946:rebel movement), in the Yemeni capital of 4741:by Israel, and instead focus on declaring 4299:Some believe the war has strengthened the 3236:although there is still a Sunni minority. 2437:of Muhammad used by Sunnis as part of the 2363: 2349: 1911:. Although all Muslim groups consider the 1764: 1750: 1168: 1154: 685: 671: 16743:Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State 14453:Abnaa ul-Calipha (Somalia and Somaliland) 13849:Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 13682:International Maritime Security Construct 13186:International Maritime Security Construct 12372: 12199:"US-Led Allies Finishing Off 'Caliphate'" 11751: 11723:"Syria's Civil War Spills Over in Sydney" 11519: 11404: 11246: 10755:"Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan" 10444: 10320: 9790: 9498: 9326:"US: Iraq failing to tackle death squads" 9259:Ayatollah Yousef Saanei's interview with 8966:The Iraq-Iran War, Islam and Nationalisms 8483:"Saudi king meets with Iranian president" 8476: 7818: 7567: 7505: 7240: 6469: 5960:"Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism" 5459:Conflict between religious groups in the 5155:Anti-Shia groups in Pakistan include the 4350:republic based on rule by a Shia jurist. 3855:), unspecified "enemies" (Iran president 3826: 3593:and less than 1% of Muslim population in 3310:, where Muslims, including Shia, perform 3136:. In Egypt the Fatimid government ruled. 3101:finally seized and destroyed it in 1256. 3018:The first Zaidi state was established in 2645:The Twelver branch of Shia Islam permits 2586:)—instead of directly onto a prayer rug. 2375: 12575: 12462:Alavi Tabatabayi, Seyed Mohamad Hosein. 12425: 12404: 12398: 12223: 11979: 11939: 11933: 11861: 11357: 11220: 11171: 11102: 10774:"WHO'S KILLING PAKISTAN'S SHIA AND WHY?" 10432:. Cairo. Inter Press Service News Agency 10421: 10098:, Brookings Institution, 1981, pp. 39–40 9888: 9439: 9424:, Simon and Schuster, (2001), pp. 149–58 9194:, 3 June 2006, Accessed 7 February 2007. 8733: 8340: 8246: 8130:The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East 7978: 7976: 7684: 7599: 7597: 7595: 6763: 6149: 5980:Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures 5874:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam 5077:Arab states especially Saudi Arabia and 3949:and who is held in high regard by Sunni 3706: 3559:, the fourth Martyr) who are two of the 3364:the Grand Master of the Ismaili Shia at 3356: 3196: 2943: 2822: 2559: 2088: 1804:) believed that his successor should be 16932:Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency 16476:Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul 13326:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 12511: 11889: 10852: 10624:, By Stephen Ulph, Jamestown Foundation 10504: 10502: 10475: 10473: 10294: 10268: 10060:"The Shiite Question in Saudi Arabia", 9403:Mangan's "The Devil You Think You Know" 9147:"We're sorry, that page can't be found" 8500:Kramer, Martin S. (30 September 1996), 8451: 8300: 8029: 7346: 7340: 7297: 7048:Tafseer-al-Baari Sharh-e-SAahih Bukhari 6601:What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam 6551: 6516: 6410: 6408: 5039:were Shia, as well as Former President 4819:in the South. The tensions blew into a 4035:regime in Syria's civil war. In Yemen, 3842: 3576:1909 on the three most sensitive days: 3449:was another eminent scholar, killed in 2914:although a significant undercurrent of 14: 16960: 13467:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict 12978:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict 12464:Memoirs of life of Ayatollah Borujerdi 12455: 12409:. The Majalla Magazine. Archived from 12270:FAIZI, FAZEL RAHMAN (3 October 2022). 12126: 11915: 11363: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11204: 10326: 10300: 10242: 10019:Human Rights Developments Saudi Arabia 9796: 8767: 8530:"Unfolding the Future of the Long War" 8527: 8499: 8146: 7812: 7784: 7778: 7758: 7731: 7291: 7259: 6971:al-Jibouri, Yasin (19 February 2014). 6911:"The Revival of Shia Islam (Archived)" 6788: 6786: 6524:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population" 6322:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population" 6183:Jahanbegloo, Ramin (1 February 2009). 5331:in Lebanon, with a focus on Iran, its 4168:The Shia suffered indirect and direct 4137:as making up 60% of Iraqis, and Sunni 4046: 3814:—held responsible by Shia for killing 3116:Several local Shia dynasties like the 2959:, a battle of historical significance. 2802:, and a cause for further divergence. 16753:Name changes due to the Islamic State 16005:Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin 14513:East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) 14042:Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi 13862: 13371: 12837: 12269: 12074: 12042: 11560: 11153:. Human Rights Watch. 25 October 2021 10696:, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 145 10615:Yemen Facing Insurgency on Two Fronts 10200:Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia 9882: 9777: 9387: 9168:Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia 8990: 8874: 8587: 8306: 7973: 7970:, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 277 7957:, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 276 7876: 7592: 7209: 7203: 6681: 6620: 6530:from the original on 14 December 2015 6332:from the original on 14 December 2015 6215: 6150:Parashar, Sachin (10 November 2009). 6011:See further citations in the article 5688: 5619:and highly influential Sunni scholar 5475:and overthrow of Iraqi government of 4791:In 1987, about seven years after the 4763:Some Wahabi groups, often labeled as 2935:sheerly by capturing political power. 16738:United Kingdom and the Islamic State 15587:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 14318:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 13657:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 13358:Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 13161:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 12739:The Arab Shia: The Forgotten Muslims 12729: 12670: 12652:, ed. (2011). "Russo-Iranian Wars". 12643:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. 11890:Nebehay, Stephanie (13 March 2015). 11862:Zavadski, Katie (23 November 2014). 11584:"Post-US Iraq: Welcome to Shia-stan" 11336:Elbinawi, Haruni (24 January 2016). 10771: 10499: 10470: 10380: 10081:, Simon and Schuster, (2001), p. 150 9924:Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights 9454:. W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 9445: 9324:Peter Beaumont (29 September 2006). 8877:"Is There a Sunni Majority in Iraq?" 8163: 8080:"Frequently Asked Questions on Iran" 8044:. Harvard University Press. p. 7819:Vassiliev, Alexei (September 2013). 7630:, vol. II, p. 63 and vol. III, p. 50 6416:"Ishtiaq Ahmed on Pakistan movement" 6405: 6271:"Connecting India with its Diaspora" 5970: 5638: 5607:In a special interview broadcast on 4952:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 4645:fighting force of converted Wahhabi 4565:, the Islamic Front, and al-Qaeda's 2999:. Shia were dominant in Tabaristan, 2786:or a more experienced member of the 2634: 2626:Shia and the followers of the Sunni 2110:Differences in beliefs and practices 16685:Persecution of gay and bisexual men 15845:Jableh & Tartous bombings (May) 13802:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 13311:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 12903:Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran 12893:Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia 12627:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam 11693:Meldrum-Hanna, Caro (4 June 2013). 11667:"Home front opens in a foreign war" 11364:Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009), 11201: 10597:Harassment of journalists must stop 9797:Graham, David A. (6 January 2016). 9188:Zarqawi rails against Shia 'snakes' 8171:"Muslim Population by Country 2023" 8035: 7286:Karbala and Najaf: Shia holy cities 7135:(Second ed.). Washington, DC: 6903: 6783: 6648:. IslamForToday.com. Archived from 6621:Smyth, Gareth (29 September 2016). 5907:– One of the Christian counterparts 5905:Catholic-Eastern Orthodox relations 5901:– One of the Christian counterparts 5859:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 5745:of Sunnis and former Chancellor of 5508: 5081:states have been funding extremist 4603:Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia 2679:Both Sunni and Shia women wear the 2479: 24: 15895:Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum 14037:Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 13780:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 13765:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 13702:Abha International Airport attacks 13289:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 13274:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 13269:Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry 13206:Abha International Airport attacks 12800:International Politics and Society 12681: 12549:Unity in the view of Imam Khomeini 12299:. PBS News Hour. 30 September 2022 11582:Richard Engel (14 December 2011). 11561:Hersh, Seymour M. (5 March 2007). 11172:Trofimov, Yaroslav (12 May 2016). 10821:. Human Rights Watch. 30 June 2014 10772:FAIR, C. CHRISTINE (20 May 2014). 10516:. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2013 10370:"Religious Identity Among Muslims" 9835:"Define Alawite at Dictionary.com" 9763:. 9 September 2005. Archived from 9061:Report on Terrorist Incidents 2006 8506:Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival 7759:Kramer, Martin (11 October 2010). 7732:Kramer, Martin (11 October 2010). 7661:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 7260:Kramer, Martin (11 October 2010). 7050:. Karachi, Pakistan. p. 389. 6734: 5739:Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi 5467:ISIL and the 2013–2017 war in Iraq 5366:Islam is the dominant religion in 5361: 5170:An example of an early Shia–Sunni 4655:Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz 4546: 3894: 3479: 3472:, grandson of Muhammad and son of 3093:conquered fortresses and captured 2668: 25: 16994: 16733:Philippines and the Islamic State 16552:Mindanao State University bombing 15935:Shchelkovo Highway police station 15561:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 14659:Opposition–Islamic State conflict 14507:Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) 14032:Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 13888: 13667:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 13489:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 13171:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 13000:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 12818: 12224:Lawrence, Drew F. (12 May 2023). 12075:RUBIN, ALISSA J. (24 June 2014). 11780:Auerbach, Taylor (2 April 2015). 11721:Jopson, Debra (30 October 2012). 11269:Ajagbe, Kunle (20 January 2016). 10580:Clashes 'leave 118 dead' in Yemen 9891:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 9346:," The Boston Globe, 2 April 2006 8875:Ziada, Faruq (28 December 2006). 8489:by Hassan M. Fattah, 4 March 2007 8067:one of great ecumenical discourse 7881:. University of Minnesota Press. 7187:. lexicorient.com. Archived from 7160:Allah Calls Mut’ah “A Good Thing” 6887:. 18 October 2006. Archived from 6603:, Oxford University Press, 2002. 6216:Mehta, Vinod (2 September 2004). 3606: 3437:Shahid-i Awwal (the First Martyr) 2431:The Shia accept some of the same 1867:, as well as being a minority in 16942:Slavery in 21st-century jihadism 16700:Destruction of cultural heritage 15571:Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming 14730:Military intervention against IS 14686:Islamist insurgency in the Sahel 14676:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 14530:Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan) 14490:Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza) 14484:Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) 13844: 13843: 13792:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 13650:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 13635:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 13630:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 13399:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 13353: 13352: 13301:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 13154:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 13139:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 13134:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 12875: 12865: 12540: 12350: 12332: 12191: 12175:. 1 January 2019. Archived from 12161: 12022: 12000: 11909: 11883: 11801: 11745: 11714: 11686: 11658: 11630: 11612: 11594: 11575: 11554: 11513: 11457: 11431: 11410: 11395: 11329: 11301: 11288: 11262: 11240: 11221:Abu-Nasr, Donna (8 March 2017). 11165: 11096: 11079: 11066: 11053: 11040:"The Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif" 11032: 11019: 11006: 10993: 10980: 10967: 10954: 10941: 10928: 10899: 10886: 10873: 10846: 10833: 10730: 10717: 10699: 10686: 10646: 10627: 10608: 10589: 10573: 10555: 10537: 10528: 10406: 10394:. PBS, Wide Angle. 26 March 2007 10362: 10327:Murphy, Caryle (21 March 2005). 10301:Bassam, Laila (15 August 2013). 10229: 10217: 10205: 10202:aljazeera.net, 14 September 2005 10193: 10180: 10157: 10135: 10114: 10101: 10084: 10071: 10054: 10041: 10023: 10011: 9998: 9929: 9917: 9870: 9858: 9845: 9827: 9809: 9749: 9736: 9718: 9704: 9686: 9668: 9645: 9633: 9621: 9603: 9582: 9532: 9513: 9476: 9427: 9414: 9397:, 15 August 2005. Originally on 9374: 9349: 9336: 9317: 9295: 9277: 9253: 9240: 9228: 9180: 9157: 9139: 9122: 9109: 9091: 9073: 9053: 9041: 9028: 9010: 8984: 8971: 8958: 8945: 8933: 8920: 8907: 8894: 8850: 8837: 8740:. Nortia Media Ltd. p. 78. 8622: 8609: 8581: 8556: 8521: 8502:"Khomeini's Messengers in Mecca" 8492: 8452:Ruthven, Malise (23 June 2016). 8287: 7765:Martin Kramer on the Middle East 7761:"Khomeini's Messengers in Mecca" 7738:Martin Kramer on the Middle East 7734:"Khomeini's Messengers in Mecca" 7266:Martin Kramer on the Middle East 7262:"Khomeini's Messengers in Mecca" 6751: 6558:. Scarecrow Press. p. 319. 5932: 5919: 5802: 5602: 5417: 4447:continue to declare the Shia as 3613:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 3534: 3270: 3258: 1951:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 1733: 1202: 1137: 719: 652: 51: 16598:Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing 16451:Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings 14720:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 13582:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 13086:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 12898:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran 12622: 12518:Bi Azar Shirazi, Abd al-Karim. 12380:"Al-Azhar Verdict on the Shi'a" 11940:Withnall, Adam (29 June 2014). 11665:Olding, Rachel (30 June 2013). 11413:"Shia Muslims Around the World" 9446:Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (2006). 9018:"The Rise of Shia Death Squads" 8717: 8701: 8090: 8072: 7998: 7960: 7947: 7929: 7917: 7870: 7751: 7723: 7705: 7678: 7651: 7642: 7633: 7621: 7554: 7541: 7523: 7492: 7479: 7457: 7443: 7429: 7408: 7390:, p. 48. Pub. Robert H. Smith. 7381: 7279: 7222: 7177: 7165: 7153: 7125: 7111: 7093: 7075: 7057: 7039: 7020: 6991: 6964: 6942: 6873: 6855: 6833: 6809: 6707: 6664: 6614: 6593: 6581: 6572: 6545: 6490: 6362: 6344: 6293: 6277:. 22 April 2008. Archived from 6263: 6235: 6209: 5839:Index of Islam-related articles 5829:Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam 5720:Vasel Nasr, the Grand Mufti of 5377:Muslim tradition mainly of the 4733:is reported to have responded: 4588: 4280:(against God, or "forbidden"): 4107:Relations by country and region 3570: 3281:, which was fought between the 3185: 3069:On the other hand, the Ismaili 1983:Islamic State of Iraq and Syria 1981:, during which the self-styled 15835:Yemen police bombings (15 May) 15825:Real Madrid fan club massacres 15775:Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb) 14698:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 14550:Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan) 13928:Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 13692:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 13196:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 12582:. Princeton University Press. 12576:Gerhard Böwering, ed. (2013). 11996:. BBC News. 26 September 2014. 11974:Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. " 11966:. 30 June 2014. Archived from 10801:"Pakistan's Shia-Sunni divide" 10430:"Spring Brings Worse for Shia" 10111:, Norton, (2006), pp. 238, 240 8275:. Council on Foreign Relations 8147:Fisher, Max (5 January 2016). 8040:The Failure of Political Islam 7968:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 7955:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 7691:. Cambridge University Press. 7100:Ahmed al-Duwaish. "Volume 6". 6952:, Altamira Press, 2001, p. 280 6923:. 24 July 2006. Archived from 6176: 6143: 6115: 6090: 6063: 6038: 6018: 5952: 5879:Shia Muslims in the Arab world 5671:Saud bin Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz 5669:Saudi Foreign Minister Prince 5613:Expediency Discernment Council 5388:, who are concentrated around 5203: 5011:Sectarian violence in Pakistan 4400:, set up a new party known as 4381:) and despite the presence of 3823:wife who fought against Ali). 3791:(rejecters of the faith), and 2939: 2818: 2715: 2703: 2516:(fasting, specifically during 2004:in most Muslim communities in 13: 1: 16446:Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing 15306:Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17) 14745:Russian intervention in Syria 14438:Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt) 13785:Warsaw Middle East conference 13587:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 13294:Warsaw Middle East conference 13091:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 12606:The Cambridge History of Iran 11752:Hume, Tim (6 November 2014). 11271:"A new fault line in Nigeria" 10859:. Columbia University Press. 10759:The Christian Science Monitor 10451:Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). 10428:Cam McGrath (26 April 2013). 10329:"Iraq-Jordan Dispute Deepens" 10124:Saudi Arabia – Events of 2006 9937:Neighbours eye Iraq elections 9903:10.1080/23739770.2015.1003455 9712:"londonontario.indymedia.org" 9651:Source quoting the newspaper 8991:Black, Ian (22 August 2007). 7298:Escobar, Pepe (24 May 2002). 6950:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 6867:World Shia Muslims Population 6841:"Background Note: Tajikistan" 6590:, p. 146, Jacob Neusner, 2003 5899:Catholic-Protestant relations 5100: 4668:According to a report by the 2694:their hand to hold the black 16237:Mastung & Bannu bombings 14979:Egyptian airstrikes in Libya 14715:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 14545:Pakistan Province (Pakistan) 14458:Bengal Province (Bangladesh) 13543:Iranian intervention in Iraq 13425:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 13049:Iranian intervention in Iraq 12947:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 12829:Council on Foreign Relations 12779:Saudi Clerics and Shia Islam 12631:. Harvard University Press. 10896:, Norton, (2006), pp. 161–62 10853:Hussain, Zahid (July 2008). 10727:, Norton, (2006), pp. 234–35 10165:Iranian Students News Agency 9985:Council on Foreign Relations 9778:Stone, Pooya (26 May 2020). 9265:Ayatollah Yousef Sanei fatwa 9177:," Accessed 20 February 2008 8632:, Norton, (2006), pp. 143–44 8487:International Herald Tribune 8433:, Norton, (2006), pp. 148–50 7984:"Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi" 7119:"Shia Islam's Holiest Sites" 5946: 5761:(born April 1939) said in a 5759:Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei 5454: 5373:The majority adheres to the 4832:second time in February 2012 4523:, culminating with the 1982 4511:During the 20th century, an 4083:Counter-revolutionary tactic 3617: 3553:Mirza Muhammad Kamil Dehlavi 2851:. The first Abbasid caliph, 2764:Early and pre-modern history 2547: 2538:) and Branches of Religion ( 2214:Pre-Islamic Arabian religion 2034:Muslims in the United States 1565:Bektashism and folk religion 7: 16819:A Second Message to America 16471:August Kabul mosque bombing 16177:Save The Children Jalalabad 16056:St Petersburg Metro bombing 16026:Istanbul nightclub shooting 15627:Qatif & Dammam bombings 15592:Beheading of Copts in Libya 14622:Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) 14501:Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) 14294:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 13978:Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani 12872:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 12547:Khomeini, Saayed Ruhollah. 11247:Bloomberg (10 March 2017). 11117:10.1080/0021086042000268192 10694:Introduction to Shi'i Islam 9799:"Iran's Beleaguered Sunnis" 8363:Dilip Hiro (6 March 2007). 7822:The History of Saudi Arabia 7791:. Oxford University Press. 7300:"Knocking on heaven's door" 6802:Strategic Studies Institute 5795: 5753:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 5583:Reduced to terror campaigns 5514: 5325:Islamic Movement of Nigeria 5319:—a Nigerian admirer of the 5004: 4758: 4506:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 4342:Freedom of religion in Iran 4207: 3697:Post-Iranian Revolution era 3277:Monument commemorating the 3128:with a domain extending to 2857:‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib 2827:Destruction of the Tomb of 226:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 16999: 16784:Terrorist cell in Brussels 16728:Iran and the Islamic State 14565:Lebanon Province (Lebanon) 14443:Algeria Province (Algeria) 14218:Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi 13899:Names of the Islamic State 13832:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 13817:People's Mujahedin of Iran 13775:Arab League–Iran relations 13770:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 13677:2018 Riyadh missile strike 13565:Operation Blow to the Head 13341:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 13284:Arab League–Iran relations 13279:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 13181:2018 Riyadh missile strike 13069:Operation Blow to the Head 12802:, 3 /2008, pp. 60–75. 12798:, by Michael Bröning. In: 12758:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 12568: 10359:(Norton, 2006), pp. 227–28 10174:December 22, 2007, at the 8508:, Transaction Publishers, 8417:, Norton, 2006, pp. 106–07 8217:, Norton, (2006), pp.161–2 7937:"Muhammad Hussain Najafi, 7879:Russia and Iran, 1780–1828 7639:Hossein Nasr (1972) p. 115 7174:Retrieved 10 December 2017 7172:Mutah (Temporary Marriage) 7162:Retrieved 10 December 2017 6885:Vali Nasr, Joanne J. Myers 5712:Sheikh Mohammed al-Ghazali 5683:Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi 5404:proposed banning the Shia 5296: 5292: 5207: 5008: 4965: 4961: 4893: 4887: 4844: 4802: 4599:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 4592: 4550: 4535:at an artillery school in 4489: 4335: 4261:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 4115: 3957:Iranian Islamic revolution 3803:—enemy of the first Shi'i 3721:Islamic revolution in Iran 3700: 3650:Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi 3610: 3561:five martyrs of Shia Islam 3512: 3508: 3457:teachings and philosophy. 3453:on charges of cultivating 3227:and rebuilt Sunni shrines. 2900: 2885: 2767: 2672: 2638: 2379: 2113: 1992: 16902: 16811: 16771: 16720: 16626:Politics and organization 16625: 16560: 16494: 16456:Bourasso and Namissiguima 16423: 16372: 16316: 16298:Sri Lanka Easter bombings 16285: 16164: 16018: 15840:Baghdad bombings (17 May) 15820:Baghdad bombings (11 May) 15722: 15579: 15553: 15544: 15524: 15493: 15462: 15431: 15405: 15379: 15253: 15107: 15004:Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr) 14961: 14860: 14774: 14765: 14710:Moro conflict (1968–2019) 14637:Insurgency (2017–present) 14597: 14522: 14415: 14406: 14333: 14284: 14067:Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi 14062:Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi 14011: 13920: 13905: 13896: 13840: 13757: 13715: 13640:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 13612: 13447: 13420:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 13405: 13349: 13261: 13219: 13144:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 13116: 12942:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 12927: 12911: 12885: 12734:. Norton. pp. 59–60. 12688:Hazleton, Lesley (2009). 12526:of science. p. 154. 11546:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11520:Lina, Nur (9 June 2015). 11014:Afghanistan's Endless War 10674:. BBC News. 20 March 2015 10282:. Reuters. 24 August 2013 10096:Saudi Arabia in the 1980s 10008:, 237, Winter 2005, p. 24 9556:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9526:29 September 2007 at the 8834:, Norton, (2006), pp. 143 8821:, Norton, (2006), pp. 141 8805:, Norton, (2006), pp. 149 8774:. Routledge. p. 97. 8734:Gonzalez, Nathan (2009). 8692:, Norton, (2006), pp. 157 8666:, Norton, (2006), pp. 155 8650:, Norton, (2006), pp. 150 8321:10.1017/S0026749X98003217 8297:(Norton), 2006), p.163-64 8201:, Norton, (2006), pp. 138 7470:, vol. III, p. 81', also 7332:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7001:, Norton, 2006, pp. 59–60 6863:"Shia Muslims Population" 6805:. April 2008. p. 87. 6748:Federal Research Division 6552:Guidère, Mathieu (2012). 5732: 5446: 5384:. Around one million are 5210:Shia Islam in Afghanistan 5117:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization 5095:Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan 4840: 4694:of heresy ... worse than 4637:. In the late 1920s, the 4513:Islamic uprising in Syria 4504:, Alawites dominated the 4245:Black Banner Organization 4235:. Radical groups include 4111: 3668:, led to the founding of 3352: 2896: 2778:arose in response to the 2641:Islamic marital practices 2467: 2426: 2000:are the vast majority of 1938:high-ranking Shia clerics 945:Sunni schools of theology 16573:Istanbul church shooting 16385:January Baghdad bombings 16071:Manchester Arena bombing 16031:Baghdad bombings (2 Jan) 15950:Baghdad bombings (9 Sep) 15860:Pulse nightclub shooting 15361:NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18) 15135:Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar) 14847:Tell Hamis and Tell Brak 14740:US intervention in Syria 14570:Tunis Province (Tunisia) 14555:Turkey Province (Turkey) 14495:Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) 14428:Libyan Provinces (Libya) 14306:Mujahideen Shura Council 13812:Gulf Cooperation Council 13592:Houthi takeover in Yemen 13560:Operation Scorched Earth 13479:2011 Egyptian revolution 13321:Gulf Cooperation Council 13096:Houthi takeover in Yemen 13064:Operation Scorched Earth 12990:2011 Egyptian revolution 12129:New York Review of Books 12105:. BBC News. 13 June 2014 11994:"What is Islamic State?" 11493:"The sword and the word" 11298:, Norton, (2006), p. 156 11133:, Norton, (2006), p. 158 11129:; quoted in Nasr, Vali, 11093:, Norton, (2006), p. 158 11076:, Norton, (2006), p. 158 11003:, Norton, (2006), p. 157 10964:, Norton, (2006), p. 168 10951:, Norton, (2006), p. 167 10938:, Norton, (2006), p. 166 10909:, Norton, (2006), p. 164 10549:17 February 2007 at the 10487:. BBC News. 24 June 2013 10190:237 (Winter 2005), p. 24 10129:25 February 2007 at the 10068:, Norton, (2006), p. 117 10051:, Norton, (2006), p. 237 9955:, Norton, (2006), p. 236 9855:, Norton, (2006), p. 154 9746:, Norton, (2006), p. 225 9662:13 February 2009 at the 9657:varedi-st.persianblog.ir 9576:U.S. Department of State 9221:, quoted in Nasr, Vali, 9209:U.S. Department of State 9119:, (Norton, 2006), p. 203 8981:, Norton, (2006), p. 110 8955:, (Norton, 2006), p. 187 8930:, Norton, (2006), p. 201 8904:, Norton, (2006), p. 200 8619:, Norton, (2006), p. 138 8539:– via RAND Arroyo. 8458:New York Review of Books 8454:"How to Understand ISIS" 8333:, quoted in Nasr, Vali, 7713:"Shah Ismail I, 1501–26" 7347:Peacock, A.C.S. (2019). 7139:. 2008. pp. 80–81. 7133:Atlas of the Middle East 7102:Fatawa al-Lajna al-Daema 6578:Tabataba'i (1979), p. 76 6218:"India's Polite Refusal" 5912: 5781:Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani 5693: 5617:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 5564:” (the second and third 5473:2003 US invasion of Iraq 4995:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 4883: 4871: 4797:of unprecedented carnage 4533:attacked military cadets 4485: 3849:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 3752:Outbreak of sectarianism 3666:Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi 3551:, the third Martyr) and 3503: 3447:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi 3382:Mirdasid Shi'ite emirate 3297: 3233:enforced official Shiism 2572:When prostrating during 2555: 2394: 2070:sect), according to the 1712:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim 315:Medieval Islamic science 16608:Crocus City Hall attack 16303:Sainthamaruthu shootout 16293:Jolo Cathedral bombings 16232:Jalalabad bombing (Jul) 16202:Kabul bombings (30 Apr) 16192:Carcasonne & Trèbes 16182:Kizlyar church shooting 15925:Qamishli bombings (Jul) 15850:Yemen bombings (23 May) 15815:Gaziantep bombing (May) 15642:Saint-Quentin-Fallavier 15311:Syrian Desert (May–Jul) 14735:US intervention in Iraq 14671:Second Libyan Civil War 14632:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 14197:Abu Muhammad al-Shimali 13933:Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari 13599:Second Libyan civil war 13538:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 13472:Qatar diplomatic crisis 13103:Second Libyan civil war 12983:Qatar diplomatic crisis 12825:"The Sunni-Shia Divide" 12783:Oxford University Press 11586:. MSNBC. Archived from 11179:The Wall Street Journal 10883:, Norton, (2006), p. 89 10658:2 December 2006 at the 10640:1 December 2006 at the 10602:2 December 2006 at the 9981:"The Sunni-Shia Divide" 9939:By Sam Sasan Shoamanesh 9590:"Human Rights Internet" 9408:8 February 2006 at the 9225:(Norton 2006), p. 205-6 9038:, Norton, (2006), p.156 8365:"The enemy of my enemy" 8273:"The Shia-Sunni Divide" 8243:, Norton, (2006), p.164 8230:, Norton, (2006), p.162 8175:World Population Review 8026:, Norton, (2006), p.137 6383:10.1057/9781137495068_1 6352:"The Sunni-Shia Divide" 5706:Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy 5529:on a "historic scale" ( 5525:(United Nations), and 5354:Shiites in the city of 5234:biases against Shias". 5161:Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan 5089:in Pakistan, since the 4986:constitutional monarchy 4795:, Mecca became a site " 4778: 4331: 4197:revolted against Saddam 4180:rule, especially under 3462:Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad 3208:destroyed the tombs of 2979:(r. 1304–1316) and the 2881: 2734:they make pilgrimages ( 2498:(profession of faith), 1934:1979 Iranian Revolution 743:Prophets and Messengers 16665:Genocide of Christians 16466:5 August Kabul bombing 16324:Kabul shooting (6 Mar) 16308:Kabul bombing (17 Aug) 16197:Kabul bombing (22 Apr) 16151:Kabul bombing (28 Dec) 16106:Pakistan attacks (Jun) 16010:Baghdad bombings (Dec) 15965:Hamam al-Alil massacre 15955:Baghdad bombings (Oct) 15945:Syria bombings (5 Sep) 15785:Istanbul bombing (Mar) 15780:Baghdad bombings (Feb) 15740:Istanbul bombing (Jan) 15659:Khan Bani Saad bombing 15566:Camp Speicher massacre 15150:Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr) 14627:Insurgency (2011–2013) 14617:Insurgency (2003–2011) 14448:Yemen Province (Yemen) 14416:International branches 14152:Abu Muhammad al-Furqan 14142:Abu Mohammad al-Adnani 14102:Abu Muslim al-Turkmani 14057:Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi 13943:Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi 13672:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 13501:First Libyan civil war 13484:2011 Bahraini uprising 13460:Action of June 5, 1984 13176:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 13012:First Libyan civil war 12995:2011 Bahraini uprising 12971:Action of June 5, 1984 12711:Nasr, Hossein (1972). 12650:Mikaberidze, Alexander 12623:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 10843:(Norton), 2006, p. 166 10740:(Norton), 2006, p. 160 9926:retrieved 19 July 2012 9395:Newsweek International 8847:(Norton), 2006), p.139 8768:Murphy, Eamon (2013). 8553:(Norton), 2006, p. 168 8337:(Norton), 2006), p.164 8008:, Norton, 2006, p. 107 7926:By Moojan Momen, #121. 7877:Atkin, Muriel (1980). 7785:Khatab, Sayed (2011). 7502:, Norton, 2006, p. 110 7489:, Norton, 2006, p. 108 6741:Country profile: Yemen 6466:, Norton, 2006, p. 106 5700:Sheikh Mahmoud Shaltut 5679: 5667: 5658: 5515:ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah 5290: 5263: 5107:Islamic fundamentalist 5015:Shia Islam in Pakistan 4857:2005 Al Hillah bombing 4747: 4691: 4679: 4420: 4321: 4297: 4190:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 4062: 3945:, who considered Shia 3930: 3827:Growth in sectarianism 3777:Iranian supreme leader 3716: 3711:Damage to a mosque in 3545:Qazi Nurullah Shustari 3373: 3368:successfully deterred 3350: 3333: 3325:Richard Francis Burton 3302:In the holy cities of 3243: 3228: 3183: 2960: 2937: 2863:succeeded him in 754. 2840: 2780:succession to Muhammad 2569: 2386:Succession to Muhammad 2376:Successors of Muhammad 2106: 1928:, commonly termed the 1647:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 1234:Succession to Muhammad 1011:Contemporary movements 826:Rightly-Guided Caliphs 753:Succession to Muhammad 325:Succession to Muhammad 16859:Dawlat al-Islam Qamat 16834:Al-Hayat Media Center 16829:Al-Furat Media Center 16527:Arras school stabbing 16502:Kabul airport bombing 16262:Ahvaz military parade 16061:Egypt church bombings 15960:Quetta police college 15805:Baghdad bombing (Apr) 15760:Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan) 15709:San Bernardino attack 15669:Baghdad bombing (Aug) 15647:Kuwait mosque bombing 15622:Curtis Culwell Center 15607:Bardo National Museum 15276:Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb) 14725:Boko Haram insurgency 14703:Conflict with Taliban 14575:Misr Province (Egypt) 14312:Islamic State of Iraq 14244:Jamal Udeen Al-Harith 14192:Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir 14157:Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti 14092:Abu Khattab al-Tunisi 13707:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 13625:Khobar Towers bombing 13511:Hezbollah involvement 13494:insurgency in Bahrain 13211:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 13129:Khobar Towers bombing 13022:Hezbollah involvement 13005:insurgency in Bahrain 11672:Sydney Morning Herald 11343:AhlulBayt News Agency 10569:on 30 September 2007. 9967:Library of Congress: 9700:on 27 September 2007. 9384:(Norton 2006), p. 223 9066:26 March 2009 at the 8400:on 29 September 2007. 8036:Roy, Olivier (1994). 7357:10.1017/9781108582124 7017:, Norton, 2006, p. 43 6480:"Iraq 101: Civil War" 5894:Sufi–Salafi relations 5884:Sunni fatwas on Shias 5675: 5662: 5653: 5531:Amnesty International 5303:Shia Islam in Nigeria 5286: 5254: 5176:shootout occurred in 4896:Human rights in Yemen 4853:Raed Mansour al-Banna 4735: 4731:Naser Makarem Shirazi 4687: 4683:Amnesty International 4674: 4595:Islam in Saudi Arabia 4473:for more information) 4471:2007 Zahedan bombings 4416: 4365:which is a branch of 4317: 4282: 4174:full-scale rebellions 4057: 3932:According to scholar 3925: 3710: 3360: 3345: 3329: 3249:, in the wake of the 3238: 3200: 3145: 2947: 2928: 2826: 2768:Further information: 2740:) to. Among them are 2563: 2486:Five Pillars of Islam 2380:Further information: 2116:Sufi-Salafi relations 2092: 1979:2013–2017 War in Iraq 1824:. During the battle, 1740:Shia Islam portal 1366:Verse of purification 1213:Beliefs and practices 16968:Shia–Sunni relations 16937:Shia–Sunni relations 16670:Persecution of Shias 16613:2024 Bamyan shooting 16578:Balochistan bombings 16532:Pul-i-Khumri bombing 16390:Kabul school bombing 16212:Mako Brimob standoff 16136:Afghanistan (20 Oct) 16116:Quetta bombing (Aug) 15980:Hillah bombing (Nov) 15865:Magnanville stabbing 15730:Zliten truck bombing 15689:Metrojet Flight 9268 15612:Sanaa bombings (Mar) 15397:As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov) 15200:Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun) 14654:Spillover in Lebanon 14326: (2014–present) 14223:Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi 14213:Abu Yasser al-Issawi 14207:Abdul Nasser Qardash 14147:Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi 14137:Abu Omar al-Shishani 14027:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 13953:Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi 13827:Shia–Sunni relations 13749:United Arab Emirates 13604:Western Iran clashes 13526:Spillover in Lebanon 13336:Shia–Sunni relations 13253:United Arab Emirates 13108:Western Iran clashes 13037:Spillover in Lebanon 12781:, by Raihan Ismail, 12433:"flag man of reform" 12368:on 3 September 2009. 12083:. The New York Times 11590:on 12 February 2012. 10707:"The World Factbook" 10143:"Your Right To Know" 10037:on 25 February 2007. 9817:"The World Factbook" 9767:on 13 November 2005. 9682:on 22 December 2007. 9166:17 September 2005, " 8858:"The World Factbook" 8589:Memon, Muhammad Umar 8309:Modern Asian Studies 6919:. Washington, D.C.: 6891:on 14 September 2012 6441:"Sunnis and Shiites" 6243:"India Iran Culture" 5502:. and dubbed itself 5352:killed more than 300 5214:Islam in Afghanistan 5165:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam 5129:laws in the capital 5034:Pakistan's President 4745:fatwas against Shia. 4429:Revolutionary Guards 4414:report states that: 4257:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 3980:Grand Mosque seizure 3885:Christopher Davidson 3843:Outside conspiracies 3738:Bolshevik Revolution 2977:Muhammad Khudabandah 2776:origin of Shia Islam 2302:Religious conversion 1926:Sunni–Shia relations 1786:Muhammad's successor 1662:Umm Kulthum bint Ali 1341:Mourning of Muharram 1271:Mourning of Muharram 793:Declaration of Faith 364:Association football 18:Sunni-Shia relations 16796:al-Barakah district 16710:Executions in Mosul 16705:Occupation of Mosul 16695:Beheading incidents 16690:Killing of captives 16680:Genocide of Turkmen 16675:Genocide of Yazidis 16542:Kabul bombing (Nov) 16187:Kabul bombing (Mar) 16141:New York City truck 15985:Aden bombings (Dec) 15910:Kabul bombing (Jul) 15800:Iskandariya bombing 15770:Homs bombings (Feb) 15674:Sanaa bombing (Sep) 15346:Deir ez-Zor (17–19) 14233:Abu Omar al-Muhajir 14132:Ali Aswad al-Jiburi 14117:Abu Nabil al-Anbari 14047:Abu Ahmad al-Alwani 13963:Abu Jandal al-Masri 13620:1987 Mecca incident 13516:Iranian involvement 13435:1979 Qatif Uprising 13124:1987 Mecca incident 13027:Iranian involvement 12957:1979 Qatif Uprising 12730:Nasr, Vali (2006). 12671:Nasr, Vali (2006). 12038:. 10 December 2017. 12018:. 26 December 2017. 11970:on 19 January 2019. 11375:Pew Research Center 10620:9 June 2007 at the 10374:Pew Research Center 9192:The Daily Telegraph 8086:on 7 November 2009. 7537:. 27 February 2013. 7304:Central Asia/Russia 7236:. 28 February 2006. 7191:on 28 February 2021 7137:National Geographic 6776:US State Department 6745:Library of Congress 6695:on 20 November 2012 6071:"Obama's Overtures" 5747:Al-Azhar University 5615:of Iran, Ayatollah 5471:Growing out of the 5436:Stanford University 5310:Pew research center 5163:, offshoots of the 5111:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 4917:in northern Yemen. 4817:South Lebanese Army 4786:cemetery of Al-Baqi 4353:The founder of the 4237:Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad 4047:US invasion of Iraq 3970:regimes except for 3861:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 3857:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 3773:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 3682:Al-Azhar University 3658:Al-Azhar University 3415:In 1305, the Sunni 3362:Rashid ad-Din Sinan 3279:Battle of Chaldiran 3251:Battle of Chaldiran 2957:Battle of Chaldiran 2920:the Shia Four Books 2134:Abrahamic religions 2126:and other religions 2032:, Turkey and among 1987:persecution of Shia 1845:the world's Muslims 1810:Battle of the Camel 1677:Ruqayya bint Husayn 1584:Extinct Shi'a sects 1304:Days of remembrance 1291:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage 1286:The Four Companions 125:Profession of Faith 98:Day of Resurrection 16791:Territorial claims 16272:Melbourne stabbing 16156:Saint Menas church 16036:Azaz bombing (Jan) 15940:Aden bombing (Aug) 15930:Charleroi stabbing 15602:Al Qubbah bombings 15281:E Aleppo (Jan–Apr) 15230:W al-Bab (Oct–Nov) 15190:Fallujah (May–Jun) 15160:N Aleppo (Mar–Jun) 15120:Fallujah (Feb–May) 14335:Timeline of events 14272:Abdelhamid Abaaoud 14261:El Shafee Elsheikh 14187:Abu Osama al-Masri 14162:Abu Bilal al-Harbi 13822:Iran International 13662:2015 Mina stampede 13531:Axis of Resistance 13415:Iranian Revolution 13331:Iran International 13166:2015 Mina stampede 13042:Axis of Resistance 12937:Iranian Revolution 12386:. 12 November 2013 12149:. 6 September 2014 12081:The New York Times 11843:. 18 November 2014 11733:on 31 October 2012 11384:on 10 October 2009 11317:. 23 December 2015 10856:Frontline Pakistan 10776:. War on the Rocks 10188:Middle East Report 10121:Human Rights Watch 10062:Middle East Report 10006:Middle East Report 9823:. 10 January 2022. 9313:on 1 October 2007. 9270:2007-02-08 at the 9211:. 12 February 2004 9173:2007-03-19 at the 8864:. 12 January 2022. 7905:. Kashmir Observer 7648:Nasr (1972) p. 116 7588:on 8 October 2007. 6652:on 26 January 2007 6526:. 7 October 2009. 6503:The New York Times 6328:. 7 October 2009. 6197:on 5 November 2012 6190:The Times of India 6164:on 5 November 2012 6157:The Times of India 6034:. 12 January 2022. 5689:Scholarly opinions 5577:Human Rights Watch 5321:Iranian Revolution 5317:Ibrahim El-Zakzaky 5271:Human Rights Watch 5186:Northwest Pakistan 5064:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4809:Lebanese Civil War 4793:Iranian Revolution 4670:Human Rights Watch 4521:Muslim Brotherhood 4212:Some of the worst 4133:, estimates Shia 4118:Shia Islam in Iraq 4066:de-Ba'athification 3913:Martin Seth Kramer 3901:Martin Seth Kramer 3758:Iranian Revolution 3746:Islamic Unity Week 3719:The leader of the 3717: 3433:Muhammad Ibn Makki 3374: 3229: 3219:in 1508. In 1533, 3217:Abdul Qadir Gilani 3048:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 2972:, the rule of the 2961: 2949:Yavuz Sultan Selim 2888:Shia Islam in Iraq 2841: 2720:The pilgrimage to 2675:Islam and clothing 2570: 2510:(giving of alms), 2107: 2024:, Southeast Asia, 2020:and the Balkans), 1955:sectarian violence 1497:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 1424:Branches and sects 1371:Two weighty things 1050:Neo-traditionalism 16955: 16954: 16621: 16620: 16537:Brussels shooting 16461:Kuje prison break 16364:Afghanistan (Dec) 16339:Afghanistan (May) 16252:Tajikistan attack 16222:Surabaya bombings 15990:Botroseya bombing 15975:Samarinda bombing 15830:Baghdad gas plant 15790:Brussels bombings 15714:Qamishli bombings 15617:Jalalabad bombing 15540: 15539: 15449:Mocímboa da Praia 15356:E Syria (Sep–Dec) 15115:Deir ez-Zor (Jan) 15059:Palmyra (Jul–Aug) 14822:Sidi Ali Ben Aoun 14750:Turkish operation 14593: 14592: 14523:Unorganized cells 14320: (2013–2014) 14314: (2006–2013) 14302: (2004–2006) 14296: (1999–2004) 14280: 14279: 14202:Gulmurod Khalimov 14182:Lavdrim Muhaxheri 14122:Abu Ali al-Anbari 14082:Ali Awni al-Harzi 13998:Hayat Boumeddiene 13958:Abu Habib al-Libi 13938:Abdul Qadir Mumin 13856: 13855: 13716:Iranian relations 13572:Yemeni revolution 13555:Houthi insurgency 13521:Saudi involvement 13365: 13364: 13220:Iranian relations 13076:Yemeni revolution 13059:Houthi insurgency 13032:Saudi involvement 12791:978-0-19-023331-0 12774:978-0-87395-272-9 12722:978-0-87395-389-4 12663:978-1-59884-336-1 12615:978-0-521-20095-0 12598:Kazemzadeh, Firuz 12589:978-0-691-13484-0 12558:978-964-335-042-0 12533:978-964-6753-20-4 12056:. 28 October 2014 12054:Shia Rights Watch 11976:Caliph, caliphate 11646:. 3 November 2013 11445:. 31 October 2015 10713:. 6 January 2022. 10163:Press release by 10092:William B. Quandt 9761:Asia Times Online 9615:hrlibrary.umn.edu 9484:"Modern Tensions" 9085:www.aljazeera.com 8917:, 8 December 2004 8110:978-0-415-38559-6 7888:978-0-8166-5697-4 7719:on 27 April 2006. 7426:, vol. I, p. 212. 7420:, pp. 91–96, and 7308:Asia Times Online 7185:"Misyar marriage" 7146:978-1-4262-0221-6 6609:978-0-19-515713-0 6565:978-0-8108-7965-2 6426:on 18 March 2009. 6392:978-1-137-49506-8 5995:978-0-7614-7926-0 5966:. 4 January 2016. 5834:Glossary of Islam 5639:Saudi–Iran summit 5621:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 5535:Shia rights watch 5500:Muslims worldwide 5440:Bahraini uprising 5157:Lashkar-e-Jhangvi 5019:Islam in Pakistan 4982:Al Khalifa family 4915:Houthi insurgency 4911:Muhammad al-Baqir 4900:Religion in Yemen 4772:Ayman al-Zawahiri 4313:Badr Organization 3881:Lashkar-e-Jhangvi 3853:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 3725:Ruhollah Khomeini 3635:Khilafat Movement 3549:Shaheed-e-Thaalis 3474:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3124:dynasty ruled in 3083:Fatimid Caliphate 2924:Morteza Motahhari 2835:, condemned in a 2792:Battle of Karbala 2784:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2635:Mut'ah and Misyar 2530:). In addition, 2409:Muhammad al-Mahdi 2373: 2372: 2062:(around 55%) and 1977:, as well as the 1967:Bahraini uprising 1930:Sunni–Shia divide 1924:In recent years, 1822:Battle of Karbala 1806:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1794:Islamic community 1778:death of Muhammad 1774: 1773: 1707:Fatimah bint Asad 1672:Fatima bint Hasan 1401:Battle of Karbala 1178: 1177: 1023:Deobandi movement 695: 694: 625:Deobandi jihadism 16:(Redirected from 16990: 16973:History of Islam 16894:Salil al-Sawarim 16869:I'lam foundation 16844:Amaq News Agency 16748:Foreign fighters 16653:Armoured warfare 16603:Tillabéri attack 16410:Kampala bombings 16405:Kandahar bombing 16354:Kabul University 16344:Jalalabad prison 16172:Baghdad bombings 16086:Al-Faqma bombing 16076:Jakarta bombings 15855:Aktobe shootings 15551: 15550: 15387:As-Suwayda (Jun) 15089:E Aleppo (15–16) 15044:Sarrin (Jun–Jul) 15009:Sarrin (Mar–Apr) 14772: 14771: 14666:Sinai insurgency 14644:Syrian civil war 14413: 14412: 14300:Al-Qaeda in Iraq 14072:Abdul Rauf Aliza 14018: 13918: 13917: 13883: 13876: 13869: 13860: 13859: 13847: 13846: 13697:2019 Afif attack 13577:Yemeni civil war 13506:Syrian civil war 13392: 13385: 13378: 13369: 13368: 13356: 13355: 13201:2019 Afif attack 13081:Yemeni civil war 13017:Syrian civil war 12886:Diplomatic posts 12880: 12879: 12870: 12869: 12858: 12851: 12844: 12835: 12834: 12735: 12726: 12707: 12695: 12676: 12667: 12645: 12630: 12619: 12593: 12563: 12562: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12515: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12489: 12478: 12477: 12459: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12413:on 5 August 2021 12402: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12364:. Archived from 12354: 12348: 12347: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12318: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12293: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12244: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12233: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12195: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12139: 12133: 12132: 12124: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12072: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12004: 11998: 11997: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11971: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11937: 11931: 11930: 11926:Long War Journal 11919:(29 June 2014). 11913: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11805: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11794: 11777: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11729:. Archived from 11718: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11707: 11690: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11662: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11579: 11573: 11572: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11545: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11526:Malaysian Digest 11517: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11489: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11475: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11435: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11415:. Archived from 11408: 11402: 11399: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11383: 11377:, archived from 11372: 11361: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11333: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11305: 11299: 11296:The Shia Revival 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11218: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11169: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11147: 11134: 11131:The Shia Revival 11128: 11100: 11094: 11091:The Shia Revival 11083: 11077: 11074:The Shia Revival 11070: 11064: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11036: 11030: 11023: 11017: 11010: 11004: 11001:The Shia Revival 10997: 10991: 10984: 10978: 10973:Kaplan, Robert, 10971: 10965: 10962:The Shia Revival 10958: 10952: 10949:The Shia Revival 10945: 10939: 10936:The Shia Revival 10932: 10926: 10919: 10910: 10907:The Shia Revival 10903: 10897: 10894:The Shia Revival 10890: 10884: 10881:The Shia Revival 10877: 10871: 10870: 10850: 10844: 10841:The Shia Revival 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10797: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10750: 10741: 10738:The Shia Revival 10734: 10728: 10725:The Shia Revival 10721: 10715: 10714: 10703: 10697: 10690: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10668: 10662: 10650: 10644: 10633:Amnesty: Yemen: 10631: 10625: 10612: 10606: 10593: 10587: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10565:. Archived from 10559: 10553: 10541: 10535: 10532: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10506: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10477: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10410: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10376:. 9 August 2012. 10366: 10360: 10357:The Shia Revival 10353: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10246: 10240: 10233: 10227: 10221: 10215: 10214:18 February 2005 10209: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10184: 10178: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10139: 10133: 10118: 10112: 10109:The Shia Revival 10105: 10099: 10088: 10082: 10075: 10069: 10066:The Shia Revival 10058: 10052: 10049:The Shia Revival 10045: 10039: 10038: 10033:. Archived from 10031:"Amnesty report" 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9956: 9953:The Shia Revival 9949: 9940: 9933: 9927: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9886: 9880: 9874: 9868: 9862: 9856: 9853:The Shia Revival 9849: 9843: 9842: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9753: 9747: 9744:The Shia Revival 9740: 9734: 9733: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9696:. Archived from 9690: 9684: 9683: 9678:. Archived from 9672: 9666: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9631: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9555: 9547: 9536: 9530: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9453: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9418: 9412: 9391: 9385: 9382:The Shia Revival 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9353: 9347: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9309:. Archived from 9299: 9293: 9292: 9281: 9275: 9257: 9251: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9226: 9223:The Shia Revival 9220: 9218: 9216: 9201: 9195: 9184: 9178: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9126: 9120: 9117:The Shia Revival 9113: 9107: 9106: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9077: 9071: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9036:The Shia Revival 9032: 9026: 9025: 9024:on 11 July 2007. 9020:. Archived from 9014: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8988: 8982: 8979:The Shia Revival 8975: 8969: 8962: 8956: 8953:The Shia Revival 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8928:The Shia Revival 8924: 8918: 8911: 8905: 8902:The Shia Revival 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8854: 8848: 8845:The Shia Revival 8841: 8835: 8832:The Shia Revival 8828: 8822: 8819:The Shia Revival 8815: 8806: 8803:The Shia Revival 8799: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8731: 8725: 8715: 8709: 8699: 8693: 8690:The Shia Revival 8686: 8680: 8677:The Shia Revival 8673: 8667: 8664:The Shia Revival 8660: 8651: 8648:The Shia Revival 8644: 8633: 8630:The Shia Revival 8626: 8620: 8617:The Shia Revival 8613: 8607: 8606: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8560: 8554: 8551:The Shia Revival 8547: 8541: 8540: 8534: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8496: 8490: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8449: 8434: 8431:The Shia Revival 8427: 8418: 8415:The Shia Revival 8411: 8402: 8401: 8396:. Archived from 8386: 8373: 8372: 8360: 8351: 8348:The Shia Revival 8344: 8338: 8335:The Shia Revival 8332: 8304: 8298: 8295:The Shia Revival 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8269: 8244: 8241:The Shia Revival 8237: 8231: 8228:The Shia Revival 8224: 8218: 8215:The Shia Revival 8211: 8202: 8199:The Shia Revival 8195: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8144: 8133: 8126: 8115: 8114: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8082:. Archived from 8076: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8043: 8033: 8027: 8024:The Shia Revival 8020: 8009: 8006:The Shia Revival 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7986:. Imam Reza. net 7980: 7971: 7964: 7958: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7874: 7868: 7865:Mikaberidze 2011 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7715:. Archived from 7709: 7703: 7702: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7612:Raudat al-safa' 7601: 7590: 7589: 7584:. Archived from 7574: 7565: 7558: 7552: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7519:. 13 March 2013. 7509: 7503: 7500:The Shia Revival 7496: 7490: 7487:The Shia Revival 7483: 7477: 7461: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7433: 7427: 7423:Tarikh Abul Fida 7412: 7406: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7331: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7257: 7238: 7237: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7121:. 25 April 2017. 7115: 7109: 7108: 7104:. Saudi Arabia. 7097: 7091: 7090: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7024: 7018: 7015:The Shia Revival 7011: 7002: 6999:The Shia Revival 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6968: 6962: 6959: 6953: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6798: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6642: 6631: 6630: 6618: 6612: 6599:Esposito, John. 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6535: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6476: 6467: 6464:The Shia Revival 6460: 6449: 6448: 6437: 6428: 6427: 6422:. Archived from 6412: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6318: 6307: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6193:. Archived from 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6160:. Archived from 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6022: 6016: 6013:Islam by country 6010: 6004: 6002: 5983: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5956: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5923: 5864:Outline of Islam 5812: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5527:ethnic cleansing 5517: 5511: 5510: 5509:الدولة الإسلامية 5299:Islam in Nigeria 5041:Asif Ali Zardari 4972:Islam in Bahrain 4968:Al Bandar report 4707:Hassan al-Saffar 4651:Eastern Province 4609:Eastern Province 4582:Dimitar Mihaylov 4574:Syrian Civil War 4559:Syrian Civil War 4553:Syrian Civil War 4465:Fars News Agency 4387:Mohammad Khatami 4355:Islamic Republic 4295: 4214:sectarian strife 4195:The Shia openly 4024:invasion of Iraq 3938:Arab nationalism 3887:argues that the 3876:RAND Corporation 3690:Shia Islamic law 3624:Arab nationalism 3557:Shaheed-e- Rabay 3494:Shirvan province 3486:sack of Shamakhi 3274: 3262: 3181: 3050:, who were from 2770:History of Islam 2742:Al-Baqi Cemetery 2663:Islamic marriage 2480:Pillars of faith 2413:the twelfth Imam 2365: 2358: 2351: 2135: 2120: 2119: 2093:Distribution of 1975:Syrian Civil War 1814:Battle of Siffin 1784:) believed that 1766: 1759: 1752: 1738: 1737: 1717:Ruqayya bint Ali 1692:Fatima bint Musa 1206: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1180: 1179: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1144:Islam portal 1142: 1141: 1140: 1018:Barelvi movement 984: 983: 897: 896: 723: 714: 708: 707: 697: 696: 687: 680: 673: 659:Islam portal 657: 656: 655: 55: 32: 31: 21: 16998: 16997: 16993: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16988: 16987: 16958: 16957: 16956: 16951: 16898: 16807: 16767: 16716: 16617: 16593:Karabulak clash 16568:Kerman bombings 16556: 16490: 16441:Hadera shooting 16436:Peshawar mosque 16431:Diyala massacre 16419: 16368: 16312: 16281: 16160: 16066:Mastung bombing 16014: 15970:Khuzdar bombing 15920:Normandy church 15915:Ansbach bombing 15890:Karrada bombing 15880:Atatürk Airport 15718: 15694:Beirut bombings 15684:Saihat shooting 15679:Ankara bombings 15637:Kobanî massacre 15597:Corinthia Hotel 15575: 15536: 15520: 15489: 15458: 15427: 15401: 15375: 15249: 15103: 15034:Al-Hasakah city 14957: 14856: 14761: 14589: 14518: 14402: 14329: 14276: 14239:Othman al-Nazih 14172:Turki al-Binali 14167:Ahmad Abousamra 14112:Mohammed Emwazi 14014: 14007: 13912:List of leaders 13909: 13901: 13892: 13887: 13857: 13852: 13836: 13753: 13717: 13711: 13608: 13443: 13401: 13396: 13366: 13361: 13345: 13257: 13221: 13215: 13112: 12923: 12907: 12881: 12874: 12864: 12862: 12821: 12723: 12710: 12704: 12687: 12684: 12682:Further reading 12679: 12664: 12639: 12616: 12590: 12571: 12566: 12559: 12545: 12541: 12534: 12516: 12512: 12502: 12500: 12491: 12490: 12481: 12474: 12460: 12456: 12446: 12444: 12431: 12430: 12426: 12416: 12414: 12403: 12399: 12389: 12387: 12378: 12377: 12373: 12356: 12355: 12351: 12338: 12337: 12333: 12326:www.nytimes.com 12320: 12319: 12312: 12302: 12300: 12295: 12294: 12290: 12280: 12278: 12268: 12264: 12254: 12252: 12245: 12241: 12231: 12229: 12222: 12218: 12208: 12206: 12197: 12196: 12192: 12182: 12180: 12179:on 7 April 2020 12167: 12166: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12141: 12140: 12136: 12125: 12118: 12108: 12106: 12101: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12084: 12073: 12069: 12059: 12057: 12048: 12047: 12043: 12028: 12027: 12023: 12006: 12005: 12001: 11992: 11991: 11987: 11980:Bowering (2013) 11958: 11957: 11953: 11946:The Independent 11938: 11934: 11914: 11910: 11900: 11898: 11888: 11884: 11874: 11872: 11860: 11856: 11846: 11844: 11833: 11832: 11828: 11818: 11816: 11807: 11806: 11802: 11792: 11790: 11787:Daily Telegraph 11778: 11774: 11764: 11762: 11750: 11746: 11736: 11734: 11727:The Global Mail 11719: 11715: 11705: 11703: 11691: 11687: 11677: 11675: 11663: 11659: 11649: 11647: 11636: 11635: 11631: 11618: 11617: 11613: 11600: 11599: 11595: 11580: 11576: 11559: 11555: 11539: 11538: 11531: 11529: 11518: 11514: 11504: 11502: 11491: 11490: 11483: 11473: 11471: 11463: 11462: 11458: 11448: 11446: 11437: 11436: 11432: 11422: 11420: 11409: 11405: 11400: 11396: 11387: 11385: 11381: 11370: 11362: 11358: 11348: 11346: 11334: 11330: 11320: 11318: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11267: 11263: 11253: 11251: 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11219: 11202: 11192: 11190: 11170: 11166: 11156: 11154: 11149: 11148: 11137: 11105:Iranian Studies 11101: 11097: 11084: 11080: 11071: 11067: 11058: 11054: 11044: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11024: 11020: 11016:, (2001), p. 79 11011: 11007: 10998: 10994: 10985: 10981: 10972: 10968: 10959: 10955: 10946: 10942: 10933: 10929: 10920: 10913: 10904: 10900: 10891: 10887: 10878: 10874: 10867: 10851: 10847: 10838: 10834: 10824: 10822: 10817: 10816: 10812: 10799: 10798: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10770: 10766: 10751: 10744: 10735: 10731: 10722: 10718: 10705: 10704: 10700: 10692:Momen, Moojan, 10691: 10687: 10677: 10675: 10670: 10669: 10665: 10660:Wayback Machine 10651: 10647: 10642:Wayback Machine 10632: 10628: 10622:Wayback Machine 10613: 10609: 10604:Wayback Machine 10594: 10590: 10578: 10574: 10561: 10560: 10556: 10551:Wayback Machine 10542: 10538: 10533: 10529: 10519: 10517: 10508: 10507: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10479: 10478: 10471: 10461: 10459: 10449: 10445: 10435: 10433: 10426: 10422: 10411: 10407: 10397: 10395: 10386: 10385: 10381: 10368: 10367: 10363: 10354: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10333:Washington Post 10325: 10321: 10311: 10309: 10299: 10295: 10285: 10283: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10259: 10257: 10247: 10243: 10234: 10230: 10222: 10218: 10210: 10206: 10198: 10194: 10185: 10181: 10176:Wayback Machine 10162: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10141: 10140: 10136: 10131:Wayback Machine 10119: 10115: 10106: 10102: 10089: 10085: 10077:Wright, Robin, 10076: 10072: 10059: 10055: 10046: 10042: 10029: 10028: 10024: 10016: 10012: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9979: 9978: 9974: 9966: 9959: 9950: 9943: 9934: 9930: 9922: 9918: 9887: 9883: 9875: 9871: 9863: 9859: 9850: 9846: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9815: 9814: 9810: 9795: 9791: 9776: 9772: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9741: 9737: 9724: 9723: 9719: 9710: 9709: 9705: 9692: 9691: 9687: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9664:Wayback Machine 9650: 9646: 9638: 9634: 9626: 9622: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9583: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9549: 9548: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9528:Wayback Machine 9518: 9514: 9510:The Iran Brief, 9506: 9499: 9489: 9487: 9482: 9481: 9477: 9466: 9444: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9420:Wright, Robin, 9419: 9415: 9410:Wayback Machine 9392: 9388: 9379: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9341: 9337: 9322: 9318: 9307:The Independent 9301: 9300: 9296: 9283: 9282: 9278: 9272:Wayback Machine 9263:, Feb 6, 2007: 9258: 9254: 9245: 9241: 9233: 9229: 9214: 9212: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9185: 9181: 9175:Wayback Machine 9162: 9158: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9123: 9114: 9110: 9097: 9096: 9092: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9068:Wayback Machine 9058: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9033: 9029: 9016: 9015: 9011: 9001: 8999: 8989: 8985: 8976: 8972: 8963: 8959: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8925: 8921: 8915:Washington Post 8912: 8908: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8873: 8869: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8842: 8838: 8829: 8825: 8816: 8809: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8766: 8762: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8716: 8712: 8700: 8696: 8687: 8683: 8674: 8670: 8661: 8654: 8645: 8636: 8627: 8623: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8586: 8582: 8572: 8570: 8568:Middle East Eye 8562: 8561: 8557: 8548: 8544: 8532: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8497: 8493: 8481: 8477: 8467: 8465: 8450: 8437: 8428: 8421: 8412: 8405: 8394:Mideastwire.com 8388: 8387: 8376: 8361: 8354: 8345: 8341: 8305: 8301: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8247: 8238: 8234: 8225: 8221: 8212: 8205: 8196: 8189: 8179: 8177: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8145: 8136: 8127: 8118: 8111: 8095: 8091: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8034: 8030: 8021: 8012: 8003: 7999: 7989: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7974: 7966:Momen, Moojan, 7965: 7961: 7953:Momen, Moojan, 7952: 7948: 7939:Ahsan ul-Fawaid 7935: 7934: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7908: 7906: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7889: 7875: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7853:Kazemzadeh 1991 7851: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7817: 7813: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7783: 7779: 7769: 7767: 7756: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7728: 7724: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7610:, Cairo, 1348; 7602: 7593: 7576: 7575: 7568: 7559: 7555: 7546: 7542: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7497: 7493: 7484: 7480: 7462: 7458: 7448: 7444: 7434: 7430: 7413: 7409: 7386: 7382: 7367: 7345: 7341: 7325: 7324: 7313: 7311: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7268: 7258: 7241: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7192: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7098: 7094: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7068:. p. 203. 7063: 7062: 7058: 7044: 7040: 7025: 7021: 7012: 7005: 6996: 6992: 6982: 6980: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6948:Glasse, Cyril, 6947: 6943: 6930: 6928: 6927:on 6 March 2008 6909: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6784: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6752: 6750:(August 2008). 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6720:The Independent 6712: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6644: 6643: 6634: 6619: 6615: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6550: 6546: 6533: 6531: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6507: 6505: 6495: 6491: 6478: 6477: 6470: 6461: 6452: 6439: 6438: 6431: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6367: 6363: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6320: 6319: 6310: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6275:Overseas Indian 6269: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6251:. 23 April 2008 6241: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6131:. 21 April 2008 6121: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5735: 5696: 5691: 5641: 5605: 5585: 5506:Islamic State ( 5469: 5457: 5449: 5428:The Redirection 5420: 5364: 5362:South East Asia 5305: 5297:Main articles: 5295: 5216: 5208:Main articles: 5206: 5182:tribal agencies 5103: 5021: 5009:Main articles: 5007: 4974: 4966:Main articles: 4964: 4902: 4892: 4886: 4874: 4849: 4847:Islam in Jordan 4843: 4821:limited warfare 4805: 4781: 4761: 4711:Jamaat-e-Islami 4605: 4593:Main articles: 4591: 4555: 4549: 4547:Syria Civil War 4529:Syrian military 4494: 4488: 4445:Abdolmalek Rigi 4344: 4336:Main articles: 4334: 4296: 4290: 4285: 4225:suicide bombers 4210: 4186:Muhsin al-Hakim 4124: 4116:Main articles: 4114: 4109: 4085: 4053:ISIS: A History 4049: 4033:Bashar al-Assad 3998:, like that of 3959: 3909:Islamic revival 3897: 3895:Islamic revival 3889:crisis in Yemen 3868:divide and rule 3845: 3829: 3754: 3705: 3699: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3573: 3547:(also known as 3541:Mughal Emperors 3537: 3521: 3513:Main articles: 3511: 3506: 3482: 3480:Caucasus region 3355: 3300: 3293: 3275: 3266: 3263: 3188: 3182: 3177: 3150:extremist sects 3091:Hassan-i Sabbah 2991:and later from 2942: 2905: 2899: 2890: 2884: 2865:Ja'far al-Sadiq 2839:era manuscript. 2821: 2794:(680 CE) where 2772: 2766: 2752:, in Iraq, and 2718: 2706: 2677: 2671: 2669:Hijab and dress 2643: 2637: 2558: 2550: 2526:(pilgrimage to 2482: 2470: 2429: 2421:Day of Judgment 2417:the occultation 2397: 2392: 2378: 2369: 2340: 2209:Pagan Sabianism 2186:Other religions 2133: 2125: 2118: 2112: 1995: 1971:Iraqi Civil War 1770: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1657:Zaynab bint Ali 1637: 1629: 1628: 1599: 1589: 1588: 1502:Sulaymani Bohra 1426: 1416: 1415: 1386:Fatimah's house 1361: 1351: 1350: 1306: 1296: 1295: 1214: 1193: 1192: 1184: 1183: 1174: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1109:Kutub al-Sittah 1098: 1090: 1089: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1013: 1003: 1002: 977: 976: 947: 937: 936: 894: 893: 868: 853: 852: 828: 818: 817: 788: 778: 777: 733: 710: 709: 701: 700: 691: 653: 651: 644: 643: 620:Salafi jihadism 578:Other religions 573:Arabic language 535: 525: 524: 453:Moral teachings 344: 330: 329: 320:Spread of Islam 265: 255: 254: 242:(jurisprudence) 224:Qisas al-Anbiya 173: 172: 152: 151: 120: 110: 109: 65: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16996: 16986: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16953: 16952: 16950: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16927:Millenarianism 16924: 16919: 16914: 16911:Defeating ISIS 16906: 16904: 16903:Related topics 16900: 16899: 16897: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16879:Konstantiniyye 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16815: 16813: 16809: 16808: 16806: 16805: 16800: 16799: 16798: 16788: 16787: 16786: 16775: 16773: 16769: 16768: 16766: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16724: 16722: 16718: 16717: 16715: 16714: 16713: 16712: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16629: 16627: 16623: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16564: 16562: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16498: 16496: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16427: 16425: 16421: 16420: 16418: 16417: 16415:Kabul hospital 16412: 16407: 16402: 16400:Kunduz bombing 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16376: 16374: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16329:Kabul gurdwara 16326: 16320: 16318: 16314: 16313: 16311: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16289: 16287: 16283: 16282: 16280: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16242:Quetta bombing 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16126:Brussels (Aug) 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16096:Brighton siege 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16041:Sehwan bombing 16038: 16033: 16028: 16022: 16020: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15905:Würzburg train 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15810:Samawa bombing 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15765:Mosul massacre 15762: 15757: 15755:Mahasin mosque 15752: 15750:Ramadi bombing 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15726: 15724: 15720: 15719: 15717: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15583: 15581: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15557: 15555: 15548: 15542: 15541: 15538: 15537: 15535: 15534: 15528: 15526: 15522: 15521: 15519: 15518: 15513: 15511:Andéramboukane 15508: 15503: 15497: 15495: 15491: 15490: 15488: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15466: 15464: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15435: 15433: 15429: 15428: 15426: 15425: 15420: 15418:Baghuz Fawqani 15415: 15409: 15407: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15383: 15381: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15257: 15255: 15251: 15250: 15248: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15220:W al-Bab (Sep) 15217: 15215:N al-Bab (Sep) 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15111: 15109: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15101: 15096: 15094:Niveneh Plains 15091: 15086: 15081: 15079:Homs (Nov–Dec) 15076: 15071: 15066: 15064:Ramadi (15–16) 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14965: 14963: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14864: 14862: 14858: 14857: 14855: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14778: 14776: 14769: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14759: 14754: 14753: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14706: 14705: 14695: 14694: 14693: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14662: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14641: 14640: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14609: 14603: 14601: 14595: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14526: 14524: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14516: 14510: 14504: 14498: 14492: 14487: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14419: 14417: 14410: 14404: 14403: 14401: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14339: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14327: 14321: 14315: 14309: 14303: 14297: 14290: 14288: 14282: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14258: 14255:Alexanda Kotey 14252: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14230: 14228:Yusuf al-Hindi 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14087:Tariq al-Harzi 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14023: 14021: 14009: 14008: 14006: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13983:Fatiha Mejjati 13980: 13975: 13973:Bajro Ikanović 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13924: 13922: 13915: 13903: 13902: 13897: 13894: 13893: 13886: 13885: 13878: 13871: 13863: 13854: 13853: 13841: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13788: 13787: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13761: 13759: 13758:Related topics 13755: 13754: 13752: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13725: 13723: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13653: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13627: 13622: 13616: 13614: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13595: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13562: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13535: 13534: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13503: 13498: 13497: 13496: 13491: 13481: 13476: 13475: 13474: 13464: 13463: 13462: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13430:Qatif conflict 13427: 13422: 13411: 13409: 13403: 13402: 13395: 13394: 13387: 13380: 13372: 13363: 13362: 13350: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13297: 13296: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13265: 13263: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13229: 13227: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13157: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13131: 13126: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13066: 13051: 13046: 13045: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13014: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13002: 12992: 12987: 12986: 12985: 12975: 12974: 12973: 12963: 12962: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12952:Qatif conflict 12949: 12944: 12933: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12921: 12915: 12913: 12909: 12908: 12906: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12889: 12887: 12883: 12882: 12861: 12860: 12853: 12846: 12838: 12832: 12831: 12820: 12819:External links 12817: 12816: 12815: 12809: 12803: 12793: 12776: 12749: 12736: 12727: 12721: 12715:. Suny press. 12708: 12703:978-0385523936 12702: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12677: 12668: 12662: 12646: 12637: 12620: 12614: 12594: 12588: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12557: 12539: 12532: 12520:Torch of Unity 12510: 12499:on 14 May 2015 12479: 12472: 12454: 12424: 12405:Ahmed, Ayoub. 12397: 12371: 12362:thestar.com.my 12349: 12331: 12310: 12288: 12262: 12239: 12228:. military.com 12216: 12205:. 1 March 2019 12190: 12173:Al-Masdar News 12160: 12134: 12116: 12094: 12067: 12041: 12021: 11999: 11985: 11951: 11932: 11908: 11882: 11854: 11826: 11815:. 15 June 2015 11800: 11772: 11744: 11713: 11685: 11657: 11629: 11611: 11593: 11574: 11568:The New Yorker 11553: 11512: 11481: 11456: 11430: 11419:on 22 May 2009 11403: 11394: 11356: 11328: 11300: 11287: 11261: 11239: 11200: 11164: 11135: 11095: 11085:Ahmed Rashid, 11078: 11065: 11052: 11031: 11018: 11005: 10992: 10990:(2000), p. 263 10979: 10966: 10953: 10940: 10927: 10925:(2000), p. 194 10911: 10898: 10885: 10872: 10865: 10845: 10832: 10810: 10807:. 1 June 2004. 10787: 10764: 10742: 10729: 10716: 10698: 10685: 10663: 10645: 10626: 10607: 10588: 10572: 10554: 10544:Amnesty Report 10536: 10527: 10498: 10469: 10443: 10420: 10405: 10392:March 26, 2007 10379: 10361: 10345: 10319: 10293: 10267: 10241: 10228: 10216: 10204: 10192: 10179: 10156: 10134: 10113: 10100: 10083: 10070: 10053: 10040: 10022: 10010: 9997: 9972: 9957: 9941: 9928: 9916: 9881: 9869: 9857: 9844: 9839:Dictionary.com 9826: 9808: 9789: 9770: 9748: 9735: 9717: 9703: 9685: 9667: 9644: 9632: 9620: 9602: 9581: 9563: 9531: 9512: 9497: 9475: 9464: 9438: 9426: 9413: 9386: 9373: 9348: 9335: 9316: 9294: 9276: 9252: 9239: 9235:New York Times 9227: 9196: 9179: 9156: 9153:. 18 May 2006. 9138: 9121: 9108: 9105:. 24 May 2007. 9090: 9072: 9052: 9040: 9027: 9009: 8983: 8970: 8957: 8944: 8932: 8919: 8906: 8893: 8867: 8849: 8836: 8823: 8807: 8794: 8780: 8760: 8746: 8726: 8710: 8694: 8681: 8668: 8652: 8634: 8621: 8608: 8601: 8591:, ed. (1976). 8580: 8555: 8542: 8520: 8515:978-1560002727 8514: 8491: 8475: 8435: 8419: 8403: 8374: 8352: 8339: 8315:(3): 687–716. 8299: 8286: 8245: 8232: 8219: 8203: 8187: 8162: 8134: 8128:Roy, Olivier, 8116: 8109: 8089: 8071: 8054: 8028: 8010: 7997: 7972: 7959: 7946: 7928: 7916: 7894: 7887: 7869: 7867:, p. 761. 7857: 7855:, p. 316. 7845: 7831: 7811: 7797: 7777: 7750: 7722: 7704: 7697: 7677: 7670: 7650: 7641: 7632: 7620: 7616:Habib as-Siyar 7591: 7566: 7553: 7540: 7522: 7504: 7491: 7478: 7456: 7442: 7437:Bihar al-Anwar 7428: 7407: 7380: 7365: 7339: 7290: 7278: 7239: 7234:Slate Magazine 7221: 7202: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7145: 7124: 7110: 7092: 7074: 7056: 7038: 7031:. p. 28. 7029:Sharh-e-Muslim 7019: 7003: 6990: 6963: 6954: 6941: 6902: 6872: 6854: 6832: 6808: 6782: 6762: 6733: 6706: 6680: 6663: 6632: 6613: 6592: 6580: 6571: 6564: 6544: 6515: 6489: 6468: 6450: 6429: 6404: 6391: 6371:"Introduction" 6361: 6343: 6308: 6292: 6281:on 8 July 2018 6262: 6234: 6208: 6175: 6142: 6128:Indian Express 6114: 6089: 6062: 6037: 6017: 5994: 5969: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5931: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5778: 5756: 5750: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5728:between them." 5718: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5640: 5637: 5604: 5601: 5584: 5581: 5554:Ali al-Sistani 5477:Saddam Hussein 5468: 5465: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5419: 5416: 5363: 5360: 5333:Supreme Leader 5315:In the 1980s, 5294: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5242:Mazar-i-Sharif 5205: 5202: 5146:Manzoor Nomani 5102: 5099: 5006: 5003: 4963: 4960: 4890:Islam in Yemen 4888:Main article: 4885: 4882: 4873: 4870: 4845:Main article: 4842: 4839: 4804: 4801: 4780: 4777: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4590: 4587: 4567:al-Nusra Front 4563:Ahrar ash-Sham 4551:Main article: 4548: 4545: 4502:Hafez al-Assad 4492:Islam in Syria 4490:Main article: 4487: 4484: 4333: 4330: 4288: 4241:Jeish Muhammad 4233:Ansar al-Islam 4209: 4206: 4199:following the 4182:Saddam Hussein 4130:World Factbook 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4084: 4081: 4048: 4045: 4041:dominant power 4028:Saddam Hussein 3958: 3955: 3896: 3893: 3844: 3841: 3828: 3825: 3816:Husayn ibn Ali 3753: 3750: 3736:had hoped the 3698: 3695: 3688:, recognizing 3686:Mahmud Shaltut 3676:issued by the 3670:Dar-al-Taghrib 3662:Mahmud Shaltut 3619: 3616: 3608: 3607:Modern history 3605: 3572: 3569: 3555:(also known as 3536: 3533: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3481: 3478: 3470:Husayn ibn Ali 3466:sacked Karbala 3419:carried out a 3354: 3351: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3290:Safavid Empire 3286:Ottoman Empire 3276: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3257: 3247:Ottoman Empire 3206:Safavid Empire 3187: 3184: 3175: 2941: 2938: 2912:Safavid Empire 2901:Main article: 2898: 2895: 2886:Main article: 2883: 2880: 2829:Husayn ibn Ali 2820: 2817: 2807:Jafar al-Sadiq 2796:Husayn ibn Ali 2765: 2762: 2717: 2714: 2705: 2702: 2670: 2667: 2636: 2633: 2621:schools of law 2557: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2481: 2478: 2469: 2466: 2428: 2425: 2415:returned from 2396: 2393: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2229:Zoroastrianism 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2156: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2111: 2108: 2058:(around 65%), 1994: 1991: 1946:regional power 1838:Islamic schism 1826:Husayn ibn Ali 1772: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1722:Sayyida Nafisa 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1697:Hakimah Khātūn 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1492:Hebtiahs Bohra 1489: 1488: 1487: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1199: 1198: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1020: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 974: 973: 963: 948: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 891: 890: 885: 880: 875: 869: 859: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 845: 840: 835: 829: 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 789: 784: 783: 780: 779: 776: 775: 770: 768:Predestination 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 734: 729: 728: 725: 724: 716: 715: 693: 692: 690: 689: 682: 675: 667: 664: 663: 662: 661: 646: 645: 642: 641: 635: 634: 633: 632: 627: 622: 617: 607: 602: 601: 600: 595: 585: 580: 575: 569: 568: 567: 566: 561: 556: 548: 547: 542: 536: 533:Related topics 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 517: 515:Social welfare 512: 507: 506: 505: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 409: 408: 403: 393: 392: 391: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 345: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 301: 300: 293: 286: 278: 277: 272: 266: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 244: 235: 234: 228: 220: 212: 203: 202: 182: 174: 171: 170: 165: 159: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 133: 132: 127: 121: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 105:Predestination 101: 100: 95: 89: 88: 86:Revealed Books 83: 77: 76: 66: 61: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16995: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16965: 16963: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16912: 16908: 16907: 16905: 16901: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16810: 16804: 16803:Collaboration 16801: 16797: 16794: 16793: 16792: 16789: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16770: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16725: 16723: 16719: 16711: 16708: 16707: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16654: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16624: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16588:Mucojo attack 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16559: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16499: 16497: 16493: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16428: 16426: 16422: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16395:Kabul airport 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16377: 16375: 16371: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16349:Jolo bombings 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16315: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16290: 16288: 16284: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16163: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16091:London Bridge 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16017: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15870:Mukalla (Jun) 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15721: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15704:Tunis bombing 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15664:Suruç bombing 15662: 15660: 15657: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15634: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15584: 15582: 15578: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15558: 15556: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15543: 15533: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15523: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15496: 15492: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15467: 15465: 15461: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15430: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15410: 15408: 15404: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15378: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15266:Raqqa (16–17) 15264: 15262: 15261:Mosul (16–17) 15259: 15258: 15256: 15252: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15155:Palmyra (Mar) 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15106: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15024:Palmyra (May) 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14960: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14938:Baiji (14–15) 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14859: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14842:Al-Yaarubiyah 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14764: 14758: 14755: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14732: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14699: 14696: 14692: 14689: 14688: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14607:War on terror 14605: 14604: 14602: 14600: 14596: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14527: 14525: 14521: 14514: 14511: 14508: 14505: 14502: 14499: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14418: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14405: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14336: 14332: 14325: 14324:Islamic State 14322: 14319: 14316: 14313: 14310: 14307: 14304: 14301: 14298: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14287: 14283: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14267:Denis Cuspert 14265: 14262: 14259: 14256: 14253: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14097:Maher Meshaal 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14010: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13993:Issam Abuanza 13991: 13989: 13988:Ahlam al-Nasr 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13919: 13916: 13913: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13895: 13891: 13890:Islamic State 13884: 13879: 13877: 13872: 13870: 13865: 13864: 13861: 13851: 13850: 13839: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13786: 13783: 13782: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13762: 13760: 13756: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13722:member states 13721: 13714: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13632: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13611: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13557: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13550:Yemeni crisis 13548: 13544: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13536: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13465: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13455:Iran–Iraq War 13453: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13416: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13393: 13388: 13386: 13381: 13379: 13374: 13373: 13370: 13360: 13359: 13348: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13260: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13226:member states 13225: 13218: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13054:Yemeni crisis 13052: 13050: 13047: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12976: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12967: 12966:Iran–Iraq War 12964: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12914: 12910: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12859: 12854: 12852: 12847: 12845: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12813: 12810: 12807: 12804: 12801: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12771: 12768:Press, 1979. 12767: 12763: 12759: 12755: 12754: 12750: 12748: 12747:0-312-23956-4 12744: 12740: 12737: 12733: 12728: 12724: 12718: 12714: 12709: 12705: 12699: 12696:. Doubleday. 12694: 12693: 12686: 12685: 12674: 12669: 12665: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12638:9780674010901 12634: 12629: 12628: 12621: 12617: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12585: 12581: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12560: 12554: 12550: 12543: 12535: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12514: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12475: 12473:9786002601025 12469: 12465: 12458: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12428: 12412: 12408: 12401: 12385: 12381: 12375: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12315: 12298: 12292: 12277: 12273: 12266: 12250: 12243: 12227: 12220: 12204: 12200: 12194: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12148: 12147:The Economist 12144: 12138: 12130: 12123: 12121: 12104: 12098: 12082: 12078: 12071: 12055: 12051: 12045: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12025: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12003: 11995: 11989: 11981: 11977: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11955: 11947: 11943: 11936: 11928: 11927: 11922: 11918: 11912: 11897: 11893: 11886: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11858: 11842: 11841: 11836: 11830: 11814: 11810: 11804: 11789: 11788: 11783: 11776: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11748: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11717: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11689: 11674: 11673: 11668: 11661: 11645: 11644: 11639: 11633: 11625: 11621: 11615: 11607: 11603: 11597: 11589: 11585: 11578: 11570: 11569: 11564: 11557: 11549: 11543: 11527: 11523: 11516: 11501:. 10 May 2012 11500: 11499: 11498:The Economist 11494: 11488: 11486: 11470: 11469:Jakarta Globe 11466: 11460: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11418: 11414: 11407: 11398: 11380: 11376: 11369: 11368: 11360: 11345: 11344: 11339: 11332: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11304: 11297: 11291: 11276: 11275:GateWay House 11272: 11265: 11250: 11243: 11228: 11227:Bloomberg.com 11224: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11168: 11152: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11132: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11111:(2): 241–62. 11110: 11106: 11099: 11092: 11088: 11082: 11075: 11069: 11063:(2000), p. 74 11062: 11056: 11041: 11035: 11029:(2000), p. 73 11028: 11022: 11015: 11009: 11002: 10996: 10989: 10983: 10976: 10970: 10963: 10957: 10950: 10944: 10937: 10931: 10924: 10918: 10916: 10908: 10902: 10895: 10889: 10882: 10876: 10868: 10866:9780231142250 10862: 10858: 10857: 10849: 10842: 10836: 10820: 10814: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10775: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10749: 10747: 10739: 10733: 10726: 10720: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10695: 10689: 10673: 10667: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10649: 10643: 10639: 10636: 10630: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10611: 10605: 10601: 10598: 10592: 10585: 10581: 10576: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10540: 10531: 10515: 10514:June 27, 2013 10511: 10505: 10503: 10486: 10482: 10476: 10474: 10458: 10454: 10447: 10431: 10424: 10416: 10409: 10393: 10389: 10383: 10375: 10371: 10365: 10358: 10352: 10350: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10308: 10304: 10297: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10256: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10232: 10225: 10220: 10213: 10208: 10201: 10196: 10189: 10183: 10177: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10160: 10145:. Daily Times 10144: 10138: 10132: 10128: 10125: 10122: 10117: 10110: 10104: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10080: 10074: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10050: 10044: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10007: 10001: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9962: 9954: 9948: 9946: 9938: 9932: 9925: 9920: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9885: 9878: 9873: 9866: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9822: 9818: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9774: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9745: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9721: 9713: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9641: 9636: 9629: 9624: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9591: 9585: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9559: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9516: 9509: 9504: 9502: 9485: 9479: 9472: 9467: 9465:9780393329681 9461: 9457: 9452: 9451: 9442: 9435: 9430: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9383: 9377: 9362: 9358: 9352: 9345: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9280: 9273: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9249: 9243: 9236: 9231: 9224: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9193: 9189: 9183: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9152: 9151:www.state.gov 9148: 9142: 9131: 9125: 9118: 9112: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9076: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9056: 9049: 9044: 9037: 9031: 9023: 9019: 9013: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8980: 8974: 8967: 8961: 8954: 8948: 8941: 8940:The Arab Shia 8936: 8929: 8923: 8916: 8910: 8903: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8846: 8840: 8833: 8827: 8820: 8814: 8812: 8804: 8798: 8783: 8781:9780415565264 8777: 8773: 8772: 8764: 8749: 8747:9780984225217 8743: 8739: 8738: 8730: 8723: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8685: 8678: 8672: 8665: 8659: 8657: 8649: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8631: 8625: 8618: 8612: 8604: 8602:9783111662381 8598: 8594: 8590: 8584: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8552: 8546: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8488: 8484: 8479: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8416: 8410: 8408: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8357: 8349: 8343: 8336: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8290: 8274: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8242: 8236: 8229: 8223: 8216: 8210: 8208: 8200: 8194: 8192: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8150: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8112: 8106: 8103:. Routledge. 8102: 8101: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8068: 8057: 8055:9780674291416 8051: 8047: 8042: 8041: 8032: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8007: 8001: 7985: 7979: 7977: 7969: 7963: 7956: 7950: 7942: 7940: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7904: 7898: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7861: 7854: 7849: 7834: 7832:9780863567797 7828: 7824: 7823: 7815: 7800: 7798:9789774164996 7794: 7790: 7789: 7781: 7766: 7762: 7754: 7739: 7735: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7700: 7698:9780521291637 7694: 7690: 7689: 7681: 7673: 7671:9781438110257 7667: 7663: 7662: 7654: 7645: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7618:of Khwand Mir 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7563: 7557: 7550: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7501: 7495: 7488: 7482: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7453: 7452: 7446: 7439: 7438: 7432: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7366:9781108582124 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7335: 7329: 7322: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7161: 7156: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7120: 7114: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7085: 7084:Nail al-Awtar 7078: 7071: 7067: 7066:Nail-al-Awtar 7060: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6938: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6906: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6842: 6836: 6820: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6803: 6795: 6789: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6759: 6758:public domain 6749: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6673: 6667: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6589: 6584: 6575: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6548: 6541: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6014: 6009: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5951: 5935: 5928: 5927:Ali Khamene’i 5922: 5918: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849:Islam in Iran 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5819:Amman Message 5817: 5816: 5811: 5800: 5791:, is Muslim." 5790: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5636: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5603:Unity efforts 5600: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5589:sleeper cells 5580: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5516: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5481:Salafi jihadi 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5452: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5424:Seymour Hersh 5418:United States 5415: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5180:, one of the 5179: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5138:Ahl al-Hadith 5134: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5030:Muhammad Musa 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4878:Sunni Muslims 4869: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4756: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4726:King Abdullah 4723: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4525:Hama massacre 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4338:Islam in Iran 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4293:Yousef Saanei 4287: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4155:King Abdullah 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4123: 4122:Islam in Iraq 4119: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4001: 4000:Ibn Taymiyyah 3997: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3943:Ibn Taymiyyah 3939: 3935: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3874:cites a 2008 3873: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3703:Iran–Iraq War 3694: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652:travelled to 3651: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535:Mughal Empire 3532: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3519:Taraaj-e Shia 3516: 3515:Islam in Asia 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398:Nasir Khusraw 3395: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3316:Martin Kramer 3313: 3309: 3305: 3291: 3288:and the Shia 3287: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3081:) during the 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2903:Islam in Iran 2894: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2876:al-Mutawakkil 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:Quraysh tribe 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744:near Medina, 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2632: 2629: 2628:Maliki school 2624: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2562: 2553: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2532:Shia theology 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2255:No Compulsion 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2159:Protestantism 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998:Sunni Muslims 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953:, as well as 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1909:jurisprudence 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1480:Dawoodi Bohra 1478: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1336:Eid al-Ghadir 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1135: 1134: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1006: 998: 994: 990: 987: 986: 985: 981: 971: 970:Ahl al-Hadith 967: 964: 961: 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Retrieved 5979: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5939:theological. 5934: 5921: 5824:Anti-Shi'ism 5810:Islam portal 5680: 5676: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5633: 5606: 5593: 5586: 5574: 5570:Ali Khamenei 5547: 5520: 5503: 5470: 5458: 5450: 5427: 5421: 5410: 5372: 5365: 5345: 5337: 5314: 5306: 5287: 5283: 5268: 5264: 5255: 5236: 5225: 5217: 5198:Ahmed Rashid 5195: 5188:, where the 5171: 5169: 5154: 5149: 5135: 5127:Islamization 5120: 5115: 5104: 5091:Afghan Jihad 5076: 5072:Azad Kashmir 5049: 5045: 5026: 5022: 4978:Persian Gulf 4975: 4937: 4934: 4926:Grand Mosque 4923: 4919: 4907:Zayd ibn Ali 4903: 4875: 4850: 4836: 4825: 4806: 4790: 4782: 4764: 4762: 4753: 4736: 4719: 4715: 4704: 4696:Christianity 4692: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4630: 4628: 4621: 4606: 4589:Saudi Arabia 4571: 4556: 4541: 4510: 4495: 4476: 4468: 4454: 4448: 4439:activities. 4434: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4412:human rights 4406: 4401: 4395: 4391:Ali Khamenei 4371: 4352: 4345: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4305: 4298: 4283: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4250: 4249: 4222: 4218:death squads 4211: 4194: 4178:Ba'ath Party 4167: 4160: 4135:Arab Muslims 4128: 4125: 4100:sectarianism 4091: 4090:in his book 4086: 4078: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4016: 4004: 3992:Gilles Kepel 3989: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3931: 3926: 3911:. Historian 3898: 3872:Nafeez Ahmed 3865: 3846: 3830: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3770: 3766: 3755: 3745: 3742: 3723:, Ayatollah 3718: 3713:Khorramshahr 3647: 3632: 3621: 3598: 3574: 3571:20th century 3556: 3548: 3538: 3529:Taraj-e-Shia 3528: 3524: 3522: 3483: 3459: 3445: 3436: 3414: 3400:who visited 3390: 3375: 3346: 3334: 3330: 3301: 3244: 3239: 3230: 3223:reconquered 3189: 3186:Post-Safavid 3179:Hossein Nasr 3146: 3138: 3122:Kara Koyunlu 3115: 3103: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3044: 3040: 3017: 2962: 2929: 2906: 2891: 2873: 2842: 2810: 2804: 2782:and whether 2773: 2760:, in Iran. 2735: 2725: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2690: 2687:Persian Gulf 2680: 2678: 2658: 2657:marriage or 2652: 2648:Nikah mut‘ah 2646: 2644: 2625: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2595:on its own, 2590: 2588: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2551: 2539: 2535: 2521: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2483: 2471: 2457:Abu Hurairah 2453:Abu Hurairah 2450: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2406: 2398: 2296: 2245:Antisemitism 2237:Islam and... 2149:Christianity 2144:Baháʼí Faith 2081: 2040:Shia Muslims 2038: 2006:Central Asia 1996: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1916: 1877:Saudi Arabia 1842: 1837: 1834:Yazid I 1818:Sectarianism 1775: 1667:Umm al-Banin 1396:Second Fitna 1276:Intercession 1266:Judgment Day 1107: 1038:Ahl-i Hadith 978:In terms of 975: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 892: 786:Five Pillars 605:Islamophobia 384:Demographics 379:Circumcision 295: 288: 281: 247: 239: 223: 215: 207: 196: 190: 184: 177: 29: 16983:Sunni Islam 16486:Kabul hotel 16257:Kabul (Sep) 16217:Paris knife 16051:Westminster 16046:Kabul (Mar) 15885:Dhaka (Jul) 15699:Paris (Nov) 15532:Falagountou 15439:Chinagodrar 15140:Al-Shaddadi 15099:Tishrin Dam 14933:Deir ez-Zor 14898:Baiji (Jun) 14515:(2014–2022) 14509:(2016–2018) 14503:(2014–2021) 14497:(1991–2024) 14486:(2016–2018) 14465:(2015–2016) 13968:Zulfi Hoxha 12919:Safari Club 12753:Shi'a Islam 12713:Sufi Essays 11875:25 November 11847:19 November 10825:17 December 10338:10 November 10169:www.isna.ir 10079:Sacred Rage 9730:payvand.com 9422:Sacred Rage 9246:CBC News: " 7473:Shi'a Islam 7451:Shi'a Islam 7314:12 November 7288:April, 2003 6843:. State.gov 6534:10 December 6356:www.cfr.org 6076:The Tribune 6001:30 November 5789:Ahl al-Bayt 5461:Middle East 5348:Sani Abacha 5204:Afghanistan 5142:Israr Ahmed 5085:Sunnis and 5068:Balochistan 4750:Saudi Sunni 4624:Petro-Islam 4379:Balochistan 4367:Sunni Islam 4170:persecution 4096:Arab Spring 4008:Anwar Sadat 3837:Arab Spring 3797:Zoroastrian 3784:Hate speech 3639:World War I 3167:Nimatullahi 2940:Pre-Safavid 2933:Ahl al-Bayt 2819:Abbasid era 2724:, known as 2716:Pilgrimages 2710:Ahl al-Bayt 2704:Given names 2580:) or soil ( 2541:Furu al Din 2536:Usūl al-Dīn 2504:(prayers), 2472:Shiism and 2445:Ahl al-Bayt 2154:Catholicism 2050:school. In 2016:(including 2008:(including 1985:launched a 1959:Middle East 1893:Afghanistan 1830:Ahl al-Bayt 1597:Ahl al-Kisa 1512:Qutbi Bohra 1507:Alavi Bohra 1485:Progressive 1411:Persecution 1391:First Fitna 1346:Omar Koshan 1331:Eid al-Adha 1326:Eid al-Fitr 1229:Prophethood 1124:Persecution 960:Ahl al-Ra'y 712:Sunni Islam 283:Ahl al-Bayt 168:Foundations 16978:Shia Islam 16962:Categories 16889:Al-Fatihin 16512:Al-Sukhnah 16247:As-Suwayda 15900:Nice truck 15875:Movida Bar 15501:Al-Hasakah 15049:Al-Hasakah 15039:Tell Abyad 14984:Niger raid 14893:Salahuddin 14807:Tell Abyad 14802:Ras al-Ayn 14681:Mozambique 14263:(captured) 14257:(captured) 14251:(captured) 14249:Aine Davis 14235:(captured) 14209:(captured) 14127:Abu Waheeb 14077:Abu Sayyaf 14003:Kim Anh Vo 13407:Background 12358:"Archives" 12153:11 October 11972:See also: 11793:14 January 11765:15 January 11737:14 January 11706:14 January 11678:14 January 11650:14 January 11532:14 January 11505:14 January 11474:15 January 11449:15 January 11349:23 January 11321:23 January 11280:23 January 10280:08/24/2013 10017:HRW Link: 9784:Iran Focus 9544:atimes.com 9164:Al Jazeera 7418:; vol. III 7404:0809464217 7392:Alexandria 6825:20 October 6656:29 January 6445:scribd.com 5609:Al Jazeera 5523:war crimes 5101:Background 5037:Yahya Khan 4976:The small 4894:See also: 4729:Ayatollah 4643:Ibn Saud's 4635:polytheism 4427:conflict. 4348:theocratic 4291:Ayatollah 4088:Marc Lynch 4012:Zia ul-Haq 3921:Khomeinism 3762:Azerbaijan 3701:See also: 3648:In 1938, 3628:secularism 3611:See also: 3595:Bangladesh 3563:. 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Norton. 11964:Al Akhbar 11948:. 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