506:
3454:, but none have so far been detected. The only gravitational wave events so far detected are from mergers of black holes and neutron stars, probable remnants of supernovae. Like the neutrino emissions, the gravitational waves produced by a core-collapse supernova are expected to arrive without the delay that affects light. Consequently, they may provide information about the core-collapse process that is unavailable by other means. Most gravitational-wave signals predicted by supernova models are short in duration, lasting less than a second, and thus difficult to detect. Using the arrival of a neutrino signal may provide a trigger that can identify the time window in which to seek the gravitational wave, helping to distinguish the latter from background noise.
3553:. There is a smaller chance that the next core collapse supernova will be produced by a different type of massive star such as a yellow hypergiant, luminous blue variable, or WolfâRayet. The chances of the next supernova being a type Ia produced by a white dwarf are calculated to be about a third of those for a core collapse supernova. Again it should be observable wherever it occurs, but it is less likely that the progenitor will ever have been observed. It is not even known exactly what a type Ia progenitor system looks like, and it is difficult to detect them beyond a few parsecs. The total supernova rate in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 2 and 12 per century, although one has not actually been observed for several centuries.
23773:
1575:
963:
2252:). In the most extreme cases, ultra-stripped supernovae can occur in naked metal cores, barely above the Chandrasekhar mass limit. SN 2005ek might be the first observational example of an ultra-stripped supernova, giving rise to a relatively dim and fast decaying light curve. The nature of ultra-stripped supernovae can be both iron core-collapse and electron capture supernovae, depending on the mass of the collapsing core. Ultra-stripped supernovae are believed to be associated with the second supernova explosion in a binary system, producing for example a tight double neutron star system.
23797:
2378:
3231:
3138:
2330:
16650:
19495:
2043:. These thermal neutrinos are several times more abundant than the electron-capture neutrinos. About 10 joules, approximately 10% of the star's rest mass, is converted into a ten-second burst of neutrinos, which is the main output of the event. The suddenly halted core collapse rebounds and produces a shock wave that stalls in the outer core within milliseconds as energy is lost through the dissociation of heavy elements. A process that is not clearly understood is necessary to allow the outer layers of the core to reabsorb around 10 joules (1
3146:
23785:
1478:
3295:
3557:
most-massive red supergiants shed their atmospheres and evolve to WolfâRayet stars before their cores collapse. All WolfâRayet stars end their lives from the WolfâRayet phase within a million years or so, but again it is difficult to identify those that are closest to core collapse. One class that is expected to have no more than a few thousand years before exploding are the WO WolfâRayet stars, which are known to have exhausted their core helium. Only eight of them are known, and only four of those are in the Milky Way.
2972:
1728:
2427:
of hydrogen in the ejecta from the atmosphere of the supergiant progenitor star. In the initial destruction this hydrogen becomes heated and ionised. The majority of type II supernovae show a prolonged plateau in their light curves as this hydrogen recombines, emitting visible light and becoming more transparent. This is then followed by a declining light curve driven by radioactive decay although slower than in type I supernovae, due to the efficiency of conversion into light by all the hydrogen.
1651:-56. The peak luminosity of the light curve is extremely consistent across normal type Ia supernovae, having a maximum absolute magnitude of about â19.3. This is because typical type Ia supernovae arise from a consistent type of progenitor star by gradual mass acquisition, and explode when they acquire a consistent typical mass, giving rise to very similar supernova conditions and behaviour. This allows them to be used as a secondary standard candle to measure the distance to their host galaxies.
2215:, and they occur at moderate to high metallicity where continuum driven winds cause sufficiently high mass-loss rates. Observations of type Ib/c supernova do not match the observed or expected occurrence of WolfâRayet stars. Alternate explanations for this type of core collapse supernova involve stars stripped of their hydrogen by binary interactions. Binary models provide a better match for the observed supernovae, with the proviso that no suitable binary helium stars have ever been observed.
881:
954:(JWST) has significantly advanced our understanding of supernovae by identifying around 80 new instances through its JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. This includes the most distant spectroscopically confirmed supernova at a redshift of 3.6, indicating its explosion occurred when the universe was merely 1.8 billion years old. These findings offer crucial insights into the early universe's stellar evolution and the frequency of supernovae during its formative years.
1510:
20984:
1979:
2730:, and black holes presumably do as well, although they are far harder to observe in isolation. The initial impetus can be substantial, propelling an object of more than a solar mass at a velocity of 500 km/s or greater. This indicates an expansion asymmetry, but the mechanism by which momentum is transferred to the compact object remains a puzzle. Proposed explanations for this kick include convection in the collapsing star, asymmetric ejection of matter during
23821:
1149:, for SuperNova, is a standard prefix. Until 1987, two-letter designations were rarely needed; since 1988, they have been needed every year. Since 2016, the increasing number of discoveries has regularly led to the additional use of three-letter designations. After zz comes aaa, then aab, aac, and so on. For example, the last supernova retained in the Asiago Supernova Catalogue when it was terminated on 31 December 2017 bears the designation SN 2017jzp.
1020:
20837:
20325:
18776:
17249:
3616:
3012:. The progenitors of type IIn supernovae also have high rates of mass loss in the period just prior to their explosions. Type Ic supernovae have been observed to occur in regions that are more metal-rich and have higher star-formation rates than average for their host galaxies. The table shows the progenitor for the main types of core collapse supernova, and the approximate proportions that have been observed in the local neighbourhood.
1072:
2195:
3357:
480:
2707:
20847:
20335:
17259:
23761:
2102:, the fusion of oxygen and heavier elements is so energetic that the entire star is disrupted, causing a supernova. At the upper end of the mass range, the supernova is unusually luminous and extremely long-lived due to many solar masses of ejected Ni. For even larger core masses, the core temperature becomes high enough to allow photodisintegration and the core collapses completely into a black hole.
1376:
3530:
23809:
2963:
comparable to other core collapse supernovae but neutrino production is thought to be very low, hence the kinetic and electromagnetic energy released is very high. The cores of these stars are much larger than any white dwarf and the amount of radioactive nickel and other heavy elements ejected from their cores can be orders of magnitude higher, with consequently high visual luminosity.
21490:
19358:
18787:
1322:
40:
1632:. At this point, it becomes a white dwarf star, composed primarily of carbon and oxygen. Eventually, the secondary star also evolves off the main sequence to form a red giant. Matter from the giant is accreted by the white dwarf, causing the latter to increase in mass. The exact details of initiation and of the heavy elements produced in the catastrophic event remain unclear.
3263:
clearly imaged. Population modelling shows that the observed type Ib/c supernovae could be reproduced by a mixture of single massive stars and stripped-envelope stars from interacting binary systems. The continued lack of unambiguous detection of progenitors for normal type Ib and Ic supernovae may be due to most massive stars collapsing directly to a black hole
2117:
2339:
each type of supernovae is delivered promptly, the light curves are dominated by subsequent radioactive heating of the rapidly expanding ejecta. The intensely radioactive nature of the ejecta gases was first calculated on sound nucleosynthesis grounds in the late 1960s, and this has since been demonstrated as correct for most supernovae. It was not until
3380:, while all heavier elements are synthesised in stars, supernovae, and collisions between neutron stars (thus being indirectly due to supernovae). Supernovae tend to enrich the surrounding interstellar medium with elements other than hydrogen and helium, which usually astronomers refer to as "metals". These ejected elements ultimately enrich the
2168:. Extremely luminous stars at near solar metallicity will lose all their hydrogen before they reach core collapse and so will not form a supernova of type II. At low metallicity, all stars will reach core collapse with a hydrogen envelope but sufficiently massive stars collapse directly to a black hole without producing a visible supernova.
2148:) evolve in a complex fashion, progressively burning heavier elements at hotter temperatures in their cores. The star becomes layered like an onion, with the burning of more easily fused elements occurring in larger shells. Although popularly described as an onion with an iron core, the least massive supernova progenitors only have oxygen-
2410:
decline at a rate slightly greater than the decay rate of the radioactive cobalt (which has the longer half-life and controls the later curve), because the ejected material becomes more diffuse and less able to convert the high energy radiation into visual radiation. After several months, the light curve changes its decline rate again as
9889:
Hodapp, K. W.; Howell, D. A.; Huber, M.; Kaiser, N.; Leloudas, G.; Magill, L.; Magnier, E. A.; McCrum, M. G.; Metcalfe, N.; Price, P. A.; Rest, A.; Sollerman, J.; Sweeney, W.; Taddia, F.; Taubenberger, S.; Tonry, J. L.; Wainscoat, R. J.; Waters, C.; Young, D. (2013). "Super-luminous Type Ic
Supernovae: Catching a Magnetar by the Tail".
2975:
2974:
2979:
2978:
2973:
1809:(including LBVs). The narrow spectral lines for which they are named occur because the supernova is expanding into a small dense cloud of circumstellar material. It appears that a significant proportion of supposed type IIn supernovae are supernova impostors, massive eruptions of LBV-like stars similar to the Great Eruption of
2980:
2435:
by the highly efficient conversion of kinetic energy of the ejecta into electromagnetic radiation by interaction with the dense shell of material. This only occurs when the material is sufficiently dense and compact, indicating that it has been produced by the progenitor star itself only shortly before the supernova occurs.
2294:, about 31 million light-years from Earth) appeared to be the first observation of an electron-capture supernova. The 1054 supernova explosion that created the Crab Nebula in our galaxy had been thought to be the best candidate for an electron-capture supernova, and the 2021 paper makes it more likely that this was correct.
2350:, such as SN 1987A, is explained by those predicted radioactive decays. Although the luminous emission consists of optical photons, it is the radioactive power absorbed by the ejected gases that keeps the remnant hot enough to radiate light. The radioactive decay of Ni through its daughters Co to Fe produces gamma-ray
1495:: the type number is based on the light observed from the supernova, not necessarily its cause. For example, type Ia supernovae are produced by runaway fusion ignited on degenerate white dwarf progenitors, while the spectrally similar type Ib/c are produced from massive stripped progenitor stars by core collapse.
1047:); on average, more-distant objects recede with greater velocity than those nearby, and so have a higher redshift. Thus the search is split between high redshift and low redshift, with the boundary falling around a redshift range of z=0.1â0.3, where z is a dimensionless measure of the spectrum's frequency shift.
1997:), resulting in a rapid increase in temperature and density. What follows depends on the mass and structure of the collapsing core, with low-mass degenerate cores forming neutron stars, higher-mass degenerate cores mostly collapsing completely to black holes, and non-degenerate cores undergoing runaway fusion.
2389:
material. The light curves can be significantly different at other wavelengths. For example, at ultraviolet wavelengths there is an early extremely luminous peak lasting only a few hours corresponding to the breakout of the shock launched by the initial event, but that breakout is hardly detectable optically.
2977:
3239:
supernova without progressing to a different evolutionary stage. One study has shown a possible route for low-luminosity post-red supergiant luminous blue variables to collapse, most likely as a type IIn supernova. Several examples of hot luminous progenitors of type IIn supernovae have been detected:
8259:
Foley, R. J.; Challis, P. J.; Chornock, R.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Li, W.; Marion, G. H.; Morrell, N. I.; Pignata, G.; Stritzinger, M. D.; Silverman, J. M.; Wang, X.; Anderson, J. P.; Filippenko, A. V.; Freedman, W. L.; Hamuy, M.; Jha, S. W.; Kirshner, R. P.; McCully, C.; Persson, S. E.; Phillips, M. M.;
6642:
Foley, Ryan J.; Chornock, Ryan; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Ganeshalingam, Mohan; Kirshner, Robert P.; Li, Weidong; Cenko, S. Bradley; Challis, Peter J.; Friedman, Andrew S.; Modjaz, Maryam; Silverman, Jeffrey M.; Wood-Vasey, W. Michael (2009). "SN 2008ha: an extremely low luminosity and exceptionally low
3238:
Blue supergiants form an unexpectedly high proportion of confirmed supernova progenitors, partly due to their high luminosity and easy detection, while not a single WolfâRayet progenitor has yet been clearly identified. Models have had difficulty showing how blue supergiants lose enough mass to reach
2426:
The light curves for type II supernovae are characterised by a much slower decline than type I, on the order of 0.05 magnitudes per day, excluding the plateau phase. The visual light output is dominated by kinetic energy rather than radioactive decay for several months, due primarily to the existence
2417:
Type Ib and Ic light curves are similar to type Ia although with a lower average peak luminosity. The visual light output is again due to radioactive decay being converted into visual radiation, but there is a much lower mass of the created nickel-56. The peak luminosity varies considerably and there
2392:
The light curves for type Ia are mostly very uniform, with a consistent maximum absolute magnitude and a relatively steep decline in luminosity. Their optical energy output is driven by radioactive decay of ejected nickel-56 (half-life 6 days), which then decays to radioactive cobalt-56 (half-life 77
1982:
Within a massive, evolved star (a) the onion-layered shells of elements undergo fusion, forming an iron core (b) that reaches
Chandrasekhar-mass and starts to collapse. The inner part of the core is compressed into neutrons (c), causing infalling material to bounce (d) and form an outward-propagating
1735:
Very massive stars can undergo core collapse when nuclear fusion becomes unable to sustain the core against its own gravity; passing this threshold is the cause of all types of supernova except type Ia. The collapse may cause violent expulsion of the outer layers of the star resulting in a supernova.
1566:
and would begin to collapse. However, the current view is that this limit is not normally attained; increasing temperature and density inside the core ignite carbon fusion as the star approaches the limit (to within about 1%) before collapse is initiated. In contrast, for a core primarily composed of
1336:
absorption line. Type I supernovae without this strong line are classified as type Ib and Ic, with type Ib showing strong neutral helium lines and type Ic lacking them. Historically, the light curves of type I supernovae were seen as all broadly similar, too much so to make useful distinctions. While
10248:
De, K.; Kasliwal, M. M.; Ofek, E. O.; Moriya, T. J.; Burke, J.; Cao, Y.; Cenko, S. B.; Doran, G. B.; Duggan, G. E.; Fender, R. P.; Fransson, C.; Gal-Yam, A.; Horesh, A.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Laher, R. R.; Lunnan, R.; Manulis, I.; Masci, F.; Mazzali, P. A.; Nugent, P. E.; Perley, D. A.; Petrushevska, T.;
8379:
Silverman, J. M.; Nugent, P. E.; Gal-Yam, A.; Sullivan, M.; Howell, D. A.; Filippenko, A. V.; Arcavi, I.; Ben-Ami, S.; Bloom, J. S.; Cenko, S. B.; Cao, Y.; Chornock, R.; Clubb, K. I.; Coil, A. L.; Foley, R. J.; Graham, M. L.; Griffith, C. V.; Horesh, A.; Kasliwal, M. M.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Leonard, D.
3607:
Identification of candidates for a type Ia supernova is much more speculative. Any binary with an accreting white dwarf might produce a supernova although the exact mechanism and timescale is still debated. These systems are faint and difficult to identify, but the novae and recurrent novae are such
3503:
Type Ia supernovae are thought to be potentially the most dangerous if they occur close enough to the Earth. Because these supernovae arise from dim, common white dwarf stars in binary systems, it is likely that a supernova that can affect the Earth will occur unpredictably and in a star system that
3153:
There are a number of difficulties reconciling modelled and observed stellar evolution leading up to core collapse supernovae. Red supergiants are the progenitors for the vast majority of core collapse supernovae, and these have been observed but only at relatively low masses and luminosities, below
3007:
Type Ib and Ic supernovae are hypothesised to have been produced by core collapse of massive stars that have lost their outer layer of hydrogen and helium, either via strong stellar winds or mass transfer to a companion. They normally occur in regions of new star formation, and are extremely rare in
1062:
As survey programmes rapidly increase the number of detected supernovae, collated collections of observations (light decay curves, astrometry, pre-supernova observations, spectroscopy) have been assembled. The
Pantheon data set, assembled in 2018, detailed 1048 supernovae. In 2021, this data set was
976:
Because supernovae are relatively rare events within a galaxy, occurring about three times a century in the Milky Way, obtaining a good sample of supernovae to study requires regular monitoring of many galaxies. Today, amateur and professional astronomers are finding several hundred every year, some
10326:
Gal-Yam, A.; Bruch, R.; Schulze, S.; Yang, Y.; Perley, D. A.; Irani, I.; Sollerman, J.; Kool, E. C.; Soumagnac, M. T.; Yaron, O.; Strotjohann, N. L.; Zimmerman, E.; Barbarino, C.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Kasliwal, M. M.; De, K.; Yao, Y.; Fremling, C.; Yan, L.; Ofek, E. O.; Fransson, C.; Filippenko, A. V.;
10126:
Drout, M. R.; Soderberg, A. M.; Mazzali, P. A.; Parrent, J. T.; Margutti, R.; Milisavljevic, D.; Sanders, N. E.; Chornock, R.; Foley, R. J.; Kirshner, R. P.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Brown, P. J.; Cenko, S. B.; Chakraborti, S.; Challis, P.; Friedman, A.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Hicken, M.; Jensen, C.;
9888:
Inserra, C.; Smartt, S. J.; Jerkstrand, A.; Valenti, S.; Fraser, M.; Wright, D.; Smith, K.; Chen, T.-W.; Kotak, R.; Pastorello, A.; Nicholl, M.; Bresolin, S. F.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Benetti, S.; Botticella, M. T.; Burgett, W. S.; Chambers, K. C.; Ergon, M.; Flewelling, H.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Geier, S.;
9572:
Malesani, D.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Hjorth, J.; Leloudas, G.; Sollerman, J.; Stritzinger, M. D.; Vreeswijk, P. M.; Watson, D. J.; Gorosabel, J.; MichaĆowski, M. J.; Thöne, C. C.; Augusteijn, T.; Bersier, D.; Jakobsson, P.; Jaunsen, A. O.; Ledoux, C.; Levan, A. J.; Milvang-Jensen, B.; Rol, E.; Tanvir, N.
8462:
Merle, Thibault; Hamers, Adrian S.; Van Eck, Sophie; Jorissen, Alain; Van der
Swaelmen, Mathieu; Pollard, Karen; Smiljanic, Rodolfo; Pourbaix, Dimitri; Zwitter, TomaĆŸ; Traven, Gregor; Gilmore, Gerry; Randich, Sofia; Gonneau, AnaĂŻs; Hourihane, Anna; Sacco, Germano; Worley, C. Clare (12 May 2022). "A
5960:
Perlmutter, S. A.; Gabi, S.; Goldhaber, G.; Goobar, A.; Groom, D. E.; Hook, I. M.; Kim, A. G.; Kim, M. Y.; Lee, J. C.; Pain, R.; Pennypacker, C. R.; Small, I. A.; Ellis, R. S.; McMahon, R. G.; Boyle, B. J.; Bunclark, P. S.; Carter, D.; Irwin, M. J.; Glazebrook, K.; Newberg, H. J. M.; Filippenko, A.
2794:
Standard type Ia supernovae derive their energy from a runaway nuclear fusion of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf. The details of the energetics are still not fully understood, but the result is the ejection of the entire mass of the original star at high kinetic energy. Around half a solar mass of that
2754:
Initial asymmetries have also been confirmed in type Ia supernovae through observation. This result may mean that the initial luminosity of this type of supernova depends on the viewing angle. However, the expansion becomes more symmetrical with the passage of time. Early asymmetries are detectable
2434:
Type IIn supernovae are characterised by additional narrow spectral lines produced in a dense shell of circumstellar material. Their light curves are generally very broad and extended, occasionally also extremely luminous and referred to as a superluminous supernova. These light curves are produced
2430:
In type II-L the plateau is absent because the progenitor had relatively little hydrogen left in its atmosphere, sufficient to appear in the spectrum but insufficient to produce a noticeable plateau in the light output. In type IIb supernovae the hydrogen atmosphere of the progenitor is so depleted
2338:
The ejecta gases would dim quickly without some energy input to keep them hot. The source of this energyâwhich can maintain the optical supernova glow for monthsâwas, at first, a puzzle. Some considered rotational energy from the central pulsar as a source. Although the energy that initially powers
1663:
Abnormally bright type Ia supernovae occur when the white dwarf already has a mass higher than the
Chandrasekhar limit, possibly enhanced further by asymmetry, but the ejected material will have less than normal kinetic energy. This super-Chandrasekhar-mass scenario can occur, for example, when the
9942:
Nicholl, M.; Smartt, S. J.; Jerkstrand, A.; Inserra, C.; McCrum, M.; Kotak, R.; Fraser, M.; Wright, D.; Chen, T. W.; Smith, K.; Young, D. R.; Sim, S. A.; Valenti, S.; Howell, D. A.; Bresolin, F.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Tonry, J. L.; Huber, M. E.; Rest, A.; Pastorello, A.; Tomasella, L.; Cappellaro, E.;
3307:
such as oxygen and neon, and elements heavier than zinc. The latter is especially true with electron capture supernovae. The bulk of the material ejected by type II supernovae is hydrogen and helium. The heavy elements are produced by: nuclear fusion for nuclei up to S; silicon photodisintegration
3205:, respectively. The former is consistent with the expected upper mass limits for white dwarf progenitors to form, but the latter is not consistent with massive star populations in the Local Group. The upper limit for red supergiants that produce a visible supernova explosion has been calculated at
2954:
which may produce a brief energetic and directional burst of gamma rays and also transfers substantial further energy into the ejected material. This is one scenario for producing high-luminosity supernovae and is thought to be the cause of type Ic hypernovae and long-duration gamma-ray bursts. If
2388:
The late-time decay phase of visual light curves for different supernova types all depend on radioactive heating, but they vary in shape and amplitude because of the underlying mechanisms, the way that visible radiation is produced, the epoch of its observation, and the transparency of the ejected
3384:
that are the sites of star formation. Thus, each stellar generation has a slightly different composition, going from an almost pure mixture of hydrogen and helium to a more metal-rich composition. Supernovae are the dominant mechanism for distributing these heavier elements, which are formed in a
1413:
Type II supernovae with normal spectra dominated by broad hydrogen lines that remain for the life of the decline are classified on the basis of their light curves. The most common type shows a distinctive "plateau" in the light curve shortly after peak brightness where the visual luminosity stays
6867:
Perets, H. B.; Gal-Yam, A.; Mazzali, P. A.; Arnett, D.; Kagan, D.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Arcavi, I.; Cenko, S. B.; Fox, D. B.; Leonard, D. C.; Moon, D.-S.; Sand, D. J.; Soderberg, A. M.; Anderson, J. P.; James, P. A.; Foley, R. J.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Ofek, E. O.; Bildsten, L.; Nelemans, G.;
5107:
Dong, Subo; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W. -S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; Basu, U.; Beacom, J. F.; Bersier, D.; Brimacombe, J.; Brown, J. S.; Bufano, F.; Chen, Ping; Conseil, E.; Danilet, A. B.; Falco, E.; Grupe, D.;
2750:
that drives highly directional jets, propelling matter at a high velocity out of the star, and driving transverse shocks that completely disrupt the star. These jets might play a crucial role in the resulting supernova. (A similar model is used for explaining long gamma-ray bursts.) The dominant
2958:
When a supernova occurs inside a small dense cloud of circumstellar material, it will produce a shock wave that can efficiently convert a high fraction of the kinetic energy into electromagnetic radiation. Even though the initial energy was entirely normal the resulting supernova will have high
2308:
The core collapse of some massive stars may not result in a visible supernova. This happens if the initial core collapse cannot be reversed by the mechanism that produces an explosion, usually because the core is too massive. These events are difficult to detect, but large surveys have detected
1654:
A second model for the formation of type Ia supernovae involves the merger of two white dwarf stars, with the combined mass momentarily exceeding the
Chandrasekhar limit. This is sometimes referred to as the double-degenerate model, as both stars are degenerate white dwarfs. Due to the possible
12356:
Hayden, B. T.; Garnavich, P. M.; Kessler, R.; Frieman, J. A.; Jha, S. W.; Bassett, B.; Cinabro, D.; Dilday, B.; Kasen, D.; Marriner, J.; Nichol, R. C.; Riess, A. G.; Sako, M.; Schneider, D. P.; Smith, M.; Sollerman, J. (2010). "The Rise and Fall of Type Ia
Supernova Light Curves in the SDSS-II
3556:
Statistically, the most common variety of core-collapse supernova is type II-P, and the progenitors of this type are red supergiants. It is difficult to identify which of those supergiants are in the final stages of heavy element fusion in their cores and which have millions of years left. The
3491:
of life on the planet. Geological records suggest that nearby supernova events have led to an increase in cosmic rays, which in turn produced a cooler climate. A greater temperature difference between the poles and the equator created stronger winds, increased ocean mixing, and resulted in the
3262:
are extremely rare and visually relatively faint, so it is difficult to say whether such progenitors are missing or just yet to be observed. Very luminous progenitors have not been securely identified, despite numerous supernovae being observed near enough that such progenitors would have been
2409:
while it may show a small shoulder in the visual at about 40 days, but this is only a hint of a secondary maximum that occurs in the infra-red as certain ionised heavy elements recombine to produce infra-red radiation and the ejecta become transparent to it. The visual light curve continues to
2171:
Stars with an initial mass up to about 90 times the Sun, or a little less at high metallicity, result in a type II-P supernova, which is the most commonly observed type. At moderate to high metallicity, stars near the upper end of that mass range will have lost most of their hydrogen when core
7772:
Theoretical models of SNIa have remained limited because of uncertainties in the explosion mechanisms. SNIa explosions are driven by fast thermonuclear burning in C/O white dwarf (WD) stars with a mass close to, or below, the
Chandrasekhar mass limit of â1.4 solar masses Beyond this general
5345:
Bersten, M. C.; Folatelli, G.; GarcĂa, F.; Van Dyk, S. D.; Benvenuto, O. G.; Orellana, M.; Buso, V.; SĂĄnchez, J. L.; Tanaka, M.; Maeda, K.; Filippenko, A. V.; Zheng, W.; Brink, T. G.; Cenko, S. B.; De Jaeger, T.; Kumar, S.; Moriya, T. J.; Nomoto, K.; Perley, D. A.; Shivvers, I.; Smith, N. (21
144:
of more recent supernovae have been found, and observations of supernovae in other galaxies suggest they occur in the Milky Way on average about three times every century. A supernova in the Milky Way would almost certainly be observable through modern astronomical telescopes. The most recent
6020:
Copin, Y.; Blanc, N.; Bongard, S.; Gangler, E.; Saugé, L.; Smadja, G.; Antilogus, P.; Garavini, G.; Gilles, S.; Pain, R.; Aldering, G.; Bailey, S.; Lee, B.C.; Loken, S.; Nugent, P. E.; Perlmutter, S. A.; Scalzo, R.; Thomas, R.C.; Wang, L.; Weaver, B.A.; Pécontal, E.; Kessler, R.; Baltay, C.;
3302:
Supernovae are a major source of elements in the interstellar medium from oxygen through to rubidium, though the theoretical abundances of the elements produced or seen in the spectra varies significantly depending on the various supernova types. Type Ia supernovae produce mainly silicon and
3226:
It is thought that higher mass red supergiants do not explode as supernovae, but instead evolve back towards hotter temperatures. Several progenitors of type IIb supernovae have been confirmed, and these were K and G supergiants, plus one A supergiant. Yellow hypergiants or LBVs are proposed
2962:
Although pair-instability supernovae are core collapse supernovae with spectra and light curves similar to type II-P, the nature after core collapse is more like that of a giant type Ia with runaway fusion of carbon, oxygen and silicon. The total energy released by the highest-mass events is
1532:
of material from a companion, the collision of two white dwarfs, or accretion that causes ignition in a shell that then ignites the core. The dominant mechanism by which type Ia supernovae are produced remains unclear. Despite this uncertainty in how type Ia supernovae are produced, type Ia
9095:
Barwick, S. W; Beacom, J. F; Cianciolo, V.; Dodelson, S.; Feng, J. L; Fuller, G. M; Kaplinghat, M.; McKay, D. W; Meszaros, P.; Mezzacappa, A.; Murayama, H.; Olive, K. A; Stanev, T.; Walker, T. P (2004). "APS Neutrino Study: Report of the
Neutrino Astrophysics and Cosmology Working Group".
1133:
designates the third supernova reported in the year 2003. The last supernova of 2005, SN 2005nc, was the 367th (14 Ă 26 + 3 = 367). Since 2000, professional and amateur astronomers have been finding several hundred supernovae each year (572 in 2007, 261 in 2008, 390 in 2009; 231 in 2013).
3267:. Most of these supernovae are then produced from lower-mass low-luminosity helium stars in binary systems. A small number would be from rapidly rotating massive stars, likely corresponding to the highly energetic type Ic-BL events that are associated with long-duration gamma-ray bursts.
2988:
The supernova classification type is closely tied to the type of progenitor star at the time of the collapse. The occurrence of each type of supernova depends on the star's metallicity, since this affects the strength of the stellar wind and thereby the rate at which the star loses mass.
3548:
The next supernova in the Milky Way will likely be detectable even if it occurs on the far side of the galaxy. It is likely to be produced by the collapse of an unremarkable red supergiant, and it is very probable that it will already have been catalogued in infrared surveys such as
8094:
Tanaka, M.; Kawabata, K. S.; Yamanaka, M.; Maeda, K.; Hattori, T.; Aoki, K.; Nomoto, K. I.; Iye, M.; Sasaki, T.; Mazzali, P. A.; Pian, E. (2010). "Spectropolarimetry of
Extremely Luminous Type Ia Supernova 2009dc: Nearly Spherical Explosion of Super-Chandrasekhar Mass White Dwarf".
8030:
Howell, D. A.; Sullivan, M.; Nugent, P. E.; Ellis, R. S.; Conley, A. J.; Le Borgne, D.; Carlberg, R. G.; Guy, J.; Balam, D.; Basa, S.; Fouchez, D.; Hook, I. M.; Hsiao, E. Y.; Neill, J. D.; Pain, R.; Perrett, K. M.; Pritchet, C. J. (2006). "The type Ia supernova SNLS-03D3bb from a
10553:
In 1980, Ken'ichi Nomoto of the University of Tokyo predicted a third type called an electron capture supernova. ... In an electron capture supernova, as the core runs out of fuel, gravity forces electrons in the core into their atomic nuclei, causing the star to collapse in on
2745:
above the core. The convection can create variations in the local abundances of elements, resulting in uneven nuclear burning during the collapse, bounce and resulting expansion. Another possible explanation is that accretion of gas onto the central neutron star can create a
2764:
1537:
over intergalactic distances. Some calibrations are required to compensate for the gradual change in properties or different frequencies of abnormal luminosity supernovae at high redshift, and for small variations in brightness identified by light curve shape or spectrum.
14199:
Rho, Jeonghee; Milisavljevic, Danny; Sarangi, Arkaprabha; Margutti, Raffaella; Chornock, Ryan; Rest, Armin; Graham, Melissa; Craig Wheeler, J.; DePoy, Darren; Wang, Lifan; Marshall, Jennifer; Williams, Grant; Street, Rachel; Skidmore, Warren; Haojing, Yan; Bloom, Joshua;
1414:
relatively constant for several months before the decline resumes. These are called type II-P referring to the plateau. Less common are type II-L supernovae that lack a distinct plateau. The "L" signifies "linear" although the light curve is not actually a straight line.
14204:; Lee, Chien-Hsiu; Cowperthwaite, Philip S.; Stringfellow, Guy S.; Coppejans, Deanne; Terreran, Giacomo; Sravan, Niharika; Geballe, Thomas R.; Evans, Aneurin; Marion, Howie (2019). "Astro2020 Science White Paper: Are Supernovae the Dust Producer in the Early Universe?".
2393:
days). These radioisotopes excite the surrounding material to incandescence. Modern studies of cosmology rely on Ni radioactivity providing the energy for the optical brightness of supernovae of type Ia, which are the "standard candles" of cosmology but whose diagnostic
2233:(GRB), though it is also believed that any hydrogen-stripped type Ib or Ic supernova could produce a GRB, depending on the circumstances of the geometry. The mechanism for producing this type of GRB is the jets produced by the magnetic field of the rapidly spinning
8734:
Smith, N.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Chornock, R.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Silverman, J. M.; Steele, T. N.; Griffith, C. V.; Joubert, N.; Lee, N. Y.; Lowe, T. B.; Mobberley, M. P.; Winslow, D. M. (2009). "Sn 2008S: A Cool Super-Eddington Wind in a Supernova Impostor".
2823:) path with a half life of 77 days into stable Fe. These two processes are responsible for the electromagnetic radiation from type Ia supernovae. In combination with the changing transparency of the ejected material, they produce the rapidly declining light curve.
16043:
Van Boekel, R.; Kervella, P.; Schöller, M.; Herbst, T.; Brandner, W.; De Koter, A.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Hillier, D. J.; Paresce, F.; Lenzen, R.; Lagrange, A.-M. (2003). "Direct measurement of the size and shape of the present-day stellar wind of eta Carinae".
1796:
is the proportion of elements other than hydrogen or helium, as compared to the Sun. The initial mass is the mass of the star prior to the supernova event, given in multiples of the Sun's mass, although the mass at the time of the supernova may be much lower.
13184:
Galbany, L.; Anderson, J. P.; SĂĄnchez, S. F.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Pedraz, S.; GonzĂĄlez-GaitĂĄn, S.; Stanishev, V.; DomĂnguez, I.; Moreno-Raya, M. E.; Wood-Vasey, W. M.; MourĂŁo, A. M.; Ponder, K. A.; Badenes, C.; MollĂĄ, M.; LĂłpez-SĂĄnchez, A. R. (13 March 2018).
2996:. Core collapse supernovae are only found in galaxies undergoing current or very recent star formation, since they result from short-lived massive stars. They are most commonly found in type Sc spirals, but also in the arms of other spiral galaxies and in
2373:
decaying to Fe. Later measurements by space gamma-ray telescopes of the small fraction of the Co and Co gamma rays that escaped the SN 1987A remnant without absorption confirmed earlier predictions that those two radioactive nuclei were the power sources.
2279:
O+Ne+Mg core, imploded after its core ran out of nuclear fuel, causing gravity to compress the electrons in the star's core into their atomic nuclei, leading to a supernova explosion and leaving behind a neutron star. In June 2021, a paper in the journal
1800:
Type IIn supernovae are not listed in the table. They can be produced by various types of core collapse in different progenitor stars, possibly even by type Ia white dwarf ignitions, although it seems that most will be from iron core collapse in luminous
13976:
Eichler, M.; Nakamura, K.; Takiwaki, T.; Kuroda, T.; Kotake, K.; Hempel, M.; CabezĂłn, R.; Liebendörfer, M.; Thielemann, F-K (2018). "Nucleosynthesis in 2D core-collapse supernovae of 11.2 and 17.0 Mâ progenitors: Implications for Mo and Ru production".
3396:
The kinetic energy of an expanding supernova remnant can trigger star formation by compressing nearby, dense molecular clouds in space. The increase in turbulent pressure can also prevent star formation if the cloud is unable to lose the excess energy.
6696:
Bianco, F. B.; Modjaz, M.; Hicken, M.; Friedman, A.; Kirshner, R. P.; Bloom, J. S.; Challis, P.; Marion, G. H.; Wood-Vasey, W. M.; Rest, A. (2014). "Multi-color Optical and Near-infrared Light Curves of 64 Stripped-envelope Core-Collapse Supernovae".
1340:
A small number of type Ia supernovae exhibit unusual features, such as non-standard luminosity or broadened light curves, and these are typically categorised by referring to the earliest example showing similar features. For example, the sub-luminous
1655:
combinations of mass and chemical composition of the pair there is much variation in this type of event, and, in many cases, there may be no supernova at all, in which case they will have a less luminous light curve than the more normal SN type Ia.
2206:
These supernovae, like those of type II, are massive stars that undergo core collapse. Unlike the progenitors of type II supernovae, the stars which become types Ib and Ic supernovae have lost most of their outer (hydrogen) envelopes due to strong
3484:. In 2009, elevated levels of nitrate ions were found in Antarctic ice, which coincided with the 1006 and 1054 supernovae. Gamma rays from these supernovae could have boosted atmospheric levels of nitrogen oxides, which became trapped in the ice.
977:
when near maximum brightness, others on old astronomical photographs or plates. Supernovae in other galaxies cannot be predicted with any meaningful accuracy. Normally, when they are discovered, they are already in progress. To use supernovae as
12099:
Wang, L.; Baade, D.; Höflich, P. A.; Khokhlov, A. M.; Wheeler, J. C.; Kasen, D.; Nugent, P. E.; Perlmutter, S. A.; Fransson, C.; Lundqvist, P. (2003). "Spectropolarimetry of SN 2001el in NGC 1448: Asphericity of a Normal Type Ia Supernova".
3275:
Supernovae events generate heavier elements that are scattered throughout the surrounding interstellar medium. The expanding shock wave from a supernova can trigger star formation. Galactic cosmic rays are generated by supernova explosions.
348:
Compared to a star's entire history, the visual appearance of a supernova is very brief, sometimes spanning several months, so that the chances of observing one with the naked eye are roughly once in a lifetime. Only a tiny fraction of the
2422:
and tend to have broadened light curves in addition to the increased peak luminosity. The source of the extra energy is thought to be relativistic jets driven by the formation of a rotating black hole, which also produce gamma-ray bursts.
8150:
Fink, M.; Kromer, M.; Hillebrandt, W.; Röpke, F. K.; Pakmor, R.; Seitenzahl, I. R.; Sim, S. A. (October 2018). "Thermonuclear explosions of rapidly differentially rotating white dwarfs: Candidates for superluminous Type Ia supernovae?".
10180:
Tauris, T. M.; Kramer, M.; Freire, P. C. C.; Wex, N.; Janka, H.-T.; Langer, N.; Podsiadlowski, Ph.; Bozzo, E.; Chaty, S.; Kruckow, M. U.; Heuvel, E. P. J. van den; Antoniadis, J.; Breton, R. P.; Champion, D. J. (13 September 2017).
2365:, that are absorbed and dominate the heating and thus the luminosity of the ejecta at intermediate times (several weeks) to late times (several months). Energy for the peak of the light curve of SN1987A was provided by the decay of
2333:
Typical light curves for several types of supernovae; in practice, magnitude and duration varies within each type. See Karttunen et al. for types Ia, Ib, II-L and II-P; Modjaz et al. for types Ic and IIb; and Nyholm et al. for type
1054:
and make cosmological predictions. Supernova spectroscopy, used to study the physics and environments of supernovae, is more practical at low than at high redshift. Low redshift observations also anchor the low-distance end of the
15091:
Al Kharusi, S.; BenZvi, S. Y.; Bobowski, J. S.; Bonivento, W.; Brdar, V.; Brunner, T.; Caden, E.; Clark, M.; Coleiro, A.; Colomer-Molla, M.; Crespo-AnadĂłn, J. I.; Depoian, A.; Dornic, D.; Fischer, V.; et al. (1 March 2021).
12898:
Prochaska, J. X.; Bloom, J. S.; Chen, H.-W.; Foley, R. J.; Perley, D. A.; Ramirez-Ruiz, E.; Granot, J.; Lee, W. H.; Pooley, D.; Alatalo, K.; Hurley, K.; Cooper, M. C.; Dupree, A. K.; Gerke, B. F.; Hansen, B. M. S. (10 May 2006).
11589:
de Jaeger, T.; Galbany, L.; Gonzålez-Gaitån, S.; Kessler, R.; Filippenko, A. V.; Förster, F.; Hamuy, M.; Brown, P. J.; Davis, T. M.; Gutiérrez, C. P.; Inserra, C.; Lewis, G. F.; Möller, A.; Scolnic, D.; Smith, M. (11 July 2020).
3472:. Depending upon the type and energy of the supernova, it could be as far as 3,000 light-years away. In 1996 it was theorised that traces of past supernovae might be detectable on Earth in the form of metal isotope signatures in
2179:
will reach core collapse by pair instability while they still have a hydrogen atmosphere and an oxygen core and the result will be a supernova with type II characteristics but a very large mass of ejected Ni and high luminosity.
5036:
Iyudin, A. F.; Schönfelder, V.; Bennett, K.; Bloemen, H.; Diehl, R.; Hermsen, W.; Lichti, G. G.; Van Der Meulen, R. D.; Ryan, J.; Winkler, C. (1998). "Emission from Ti associated with a previously unknown Galactic supernova".
3172:. It was first described in 2009 by Stephen Smartt, who also coined the term. After performing a volume-limited search for supernovae, Smartt et al. found the lower and upper mass limits for type II-P supernovae to form to be
884:
Jades Deep Field. A team of astronomers studying JADES data identified about 80 objects (circled in green) that changed in brightness over time. Most of these objects, known as transients, are the result of exploding stars or
2244:
Ultra-stripped supernovae occur when the exploding star has been stripped (almost) all the way to the metal core, via mass transfer in a close binary. As a result, very little material is ejected from the exploding star (c.
5253:
Yaron, O.; Perley, D. A.; Gal-Yam, A.; Groh, J. H.; Horesh, A.; Ofek, E. O.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Sollerman, J.; Fransson, C. (13 February 2017). "Confined dense circumstellar material surrounding a regular type II supernova".
443:
began observing SN 1604 at its peak on 17 October 1604, and continued to make estimates of its brightness until it faded from naked eye view a year later. It was the second supernova to be observed in a generation, after
1352:
A small proportion of type Ic supernovae show highly broadened and blended emission lines which are taken to indicate very high expansion velocities for the ejecta. These have been classified as type Ic-BL or Ic-bl.
21721:
21653:
21643:
21633:
21602:
21592:
11244:
Churazov, E.; Sunyaev, R.; Isern, J.; Knödlseder, J.; Jean, P.; Lebrun, F.; Chugai, N.; Grebenev, S.; Bravo, E.; Sazonov, S.; Renaud, M. (2014). "Cobalt-56 γ-ray emission lines from the Type Ia supernova 2014J".
1671:
There is no formal sub-classification for non-standard type Ia supernovae. It has been proposed that a group of sub-luminous supernovae that occur when helium accretes onto a white dwarf should be classified as
8315:
McCully, C.; Jha, S. W.; Foley, R. J.; Bildsten, L.; Fong, W.-F.; Kirshner, R. P.; Marion, G. H.; Riess, A. G.; Stritzinger, M. D. (2014). "A luminous, blue progenitor system for the type Iax supernova 2012Z".
2976:
1683:
One specific type of supernova originates from exploding white dwarfs, like type Ia, but contains hydrogen lines in their spectra, possibly because the white dwarf is surrounded by an envelope of hydrogen-rich
1189:. In each of these two types there are subdivisions according to the presence of lines from other elements or the shape of the light curve (a graph of the supernova's apparent magnitude as a function of time).
505:
1464:
These types would now all be treated as peculiar type II supernovae (IIpec), of which many more examples have been discovered, although it is still debated whether SN 1961V was a true supernova following an
8380:
C.; Li, W.; Matheson, T.; Miller, A. A.; Modjaz, M.; Ofek, E. O.; Pan, Y.-C.; Perley, D. A.; Poznanski, D.; Quimby, R. M. (2013). "Type Ia Supernovae strongly interaction with their circumstellar medium".
3508:(HR 8210), about 150 light-years away, but observations suggest it could be as long as 1.9 billion years before the white dwarf can accrete the critical mass required to become a type Ia supernova.
3385:
star during its period of nuclear fusion. The different abundances of elements in the material that forms a star have important influences on the star's life, and may influence the possibility of having
2775:
they release is almost a minor side-effect. Particularly in the case of core collapse supernovae, the emitted electromagnetic radiation is a tiny fraction of the total energy released during the event.
2163:
If core collapse occurs during a supergiant phase when the star still has a hydrogen envelope, the result is a type II supernova. The rate of mass loss for luminous stars depends on the metallicity and
5586:
Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.-D.; Treffers, R. R.; Modjaz, M. (2001). "The Lick Observatory Supernova Search with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope". In Paczynski, B.; Chen, W.-P.; Lemme, C. (eds.).
10327:
Zheng, W.; Brink, T. G.; Copperwheat, C. M.; Foley, R. J.; Brown, J.; Siebert, M.; Leloudas, G.; Cabrera-Lavers, A. L. (2022). "A WC/WO star exploding within an expanding carbonâoxygenâneon nebula".
920:. This is among the earliest supernovae caught after detonation, and it is the earliest for which spectra have been obtained, beginning six hours after the actual explosion. The star is located in a
8591:
Renzo, M.; Farmer, R.; Justham, S.; Götberg, Y.; De Mink, S. E.; Zapartas, E.; Marchant, P.; Smith, N. (2020). "Predictions for the hydrogen-free ejecta of pulsational pair-instability supernovae".
2061:, there is sufficient fallback to form a black hole. This fallback will reduce the kinetic energy created and the mass of expelled radioactive material, but in some situations, it may also generate
1781:
Electron-positron pair production in a large post-helium burning core removes thermodynamic support and causes initial collapse followed by runaway fusion, resulting in a pair-instability supernova.
16006:
Lobel, A.; Stefanik, R. P.; Torres, G.; Davis, R. J.; Ilyin, I.; Rosenbush, A. E. (2004). "Spectroscopy of the Millennium Outburst and Recent Variability of the Yellow Hypergiant Rho Cassiopeiae".
9943:
Benetti, S.; Mattila, S.; Kankare, E.; Kangas, T.; Leloudas, G.; Sollerman, J.; Taddia, F.; Berger, E. (2013). "Slowly fading super-luminous supernovae that are not pair-instability explosions".
2275:, called an electron-capture supernova. It would arise when a star "in the transitional range (~8 to 10 solar masses) between white dwarf formation and iron core-collapse supernovae", and with a
861:. Techniques were developed for reconstructing supernovae events that have no written records of being observed. The date of the Cassiopeia A supernova event was determined from light echoes off
1433:
was the prototype and only member of the type III supernova class, noted for its broad light curve maximum and broad hydrogen Balmer lines that were slow to develop in the spectrum. SN 1961f in
1145:). Since 1885 the additional letter notation has been used, even if there was only one supernova discovered that year (for example, SN 1885A, SN 1907A, etc.); this last happened with SN 1947A.
2024:
tries to halt the collapse. If the core mass is more than about 15 solar masses then neutron degeneracy is insufficient to stop the collapse and a black hole forms directly with no supernova.
21664:
21659:
3600:, each contain blue stars with sufficient masses to explode as supernovae. Others have gained notoriety as possible, although not very likely, progenitors for a gamma-ray burst; for example
21674:
9573:
R.; Wiersema, K.; Xu, D.; Albert, L.; Bayliss, M. B.; Gall, C.; Grove, L. F.; Koester, B. P.; Leitet, E.; Pursimo, T.; Skillen, I. (2009). "Early Spectroscopic Identification of SN 2008D".
5108:
Kiyota, S.; Masi, G.; Nicholls, B.; Olivares E., F.; Pignata, G.; Pojmanski, G.; Simonian, G. V.; Szczygiel, D. M.; WoĆșniak, P. R. (2016). "ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova".
13870:
Maeda, K.; Röpke, F.K.; Fink, M.; Hillebrandt, W.; Travaglio, C.; Thielemann, F.-K. (2010). "Nucleosynthesis in Two-Dimensional Delayed Detonation Models of Type Ia Supernova Explosions".
3853:
5231:
7785:
Macri, L. M.; Stanek, K. Z.; Bersier, D.; Greenhill, L. J.; Reid, M. J. (2006). "A New Cepheid Distance to the Maser-Host Galaxy NGC 4258 and Its Implications for the Hubble Constant".
3303:
iron-peak elements, metals such as nickel and iron. Core collapse supernovae eject much smaller quantities of the iron-peak elements than type Ia supernovae, but larger masses of light
2255:
In 2022 a team of astronomers led by researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science reported the first supernova explosion showing direct evidence for a Wolf-Rayet progenitor star.
13714:
François, P.; Matteucci, F.; Cayrel, R.; Spite, M.; Spite, F.; Chiappini, C. (2004). "The evolution of the Milky Way from its earliest phases: Constraints on stellar nucleosynthesis".
2779:
There is a fundamental difference between the balance of energy production in the different types of supernova. In type Ia white dwarf detonations, most of the energy is directed into
2431:(thought to be due to tidal stripping by a companion star) that the light curve is closer to a type I supernova and the hydrogen even disappears from the spectrum after several weeks.
6868:
Shen, K. J.; Weinberg, N. N.; Metzger, B. D.; Piro, A. L.; Quataert, E.; Kiewe, M.; Poznanski, D. (2010). "A faint type of supernova from a white dwarf with a helium-rich companion".
910:
of any other known supernova. The nature of this supernova is debated and several alternative explanations, such as tidal disruption of a star by a black hole, have been suggested.
3168:, respectively. Most progenitors of type II supernovae are not detected and must be considerably fainter, and presumably less massive. This discrepancy has been referred to as the
1792:
The table below lists the known reasons for core collapse in massive stars, the types of stars in which they occur, their associated supernova type, and the remnant produced. The
939:, Argentina, on 20 September 2016. It was the first time that the initial "shock breakout" from an optical supernova had been observed. The progenitor star has been identified in
857:, hence indicators of astronomical distances. Some of the most distant supernovae observed in 2003 appeared dimmer than expected. This supports the view that the expansion of the
18627:
2791:
emission, and while some of this apparently powers the observed destruction, 99%+ of the neutrinos escape the star in the first few minutes following the start of the collapse.
318:, which refers to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix "super-" distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous. The word
15210:
Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Faestermann, T.; Dorfi, E.; Rugel, G.; Wallner, A. (2004). "Fe Anomaly in a Deep-Sea Manganese Crust and Implications for a Nearby Supernova Source".
10249:
Piro, A. L.; Rumsey, C.; Sollerman, J.; Sullivan, M.; Taddia, F. (12 October 2018). "A hot and fast ultra-stripped supernova that likely formed a compact neutron star binary".
5634:; Schwendener, M.; Sinnott, R. W.; Stacey, B.; Suzuki, Y.; Tafirout, R.; Vigorito, C.; Viren, B.; Virtue, C.; Zichichi, A. (2004). "SNEWS: The SuperNova Early Warning System".
4546:
Ritter, Andreas; Parker, Quentin A.; Lykou, Foteini; Zijlstra, Albert A.; Guerrero, MartĂn A. (1 September 2021), "The Remnant and Origin of the Historical Supernova 1181 AD",
1628:. The two stars now share a common envelope, causing their mutual orbit to shrink. The giant star then sheds most of its envelope, losing mass until it can no longer continue
1813:. In these events, material previously ejected from the star creates the narrow absorption lines and causes a shock wave through interaction with the newly ejected material.
9470:
Faran, T.; Poznanski, D.; Filippenko, A. V.; Chornock, R.; Foley, R. J.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Leonard, D. C.; Li, W.; Modjaz, M.; Serduke, F. J. D.; Silverman, J. M. (2014).
3316:
and that rapidly beta decay into more stable forms. In supernovae, r-process reactions are responsible for about half of all the isotopes of elements beyond iron, although
2955:
the relativistic jets are too brief and fail to penetrate the stellar envelope then a low-luminosity gamma-ray burst may be produced and the supernova may be sub-luminous.
21987:
12958:
Petrosian, Artashes; Navasardyan, Hripsime; Cappellaro, Enrico; McLean, Brian; Allen, Ron; Panagia, Nino; Leitherer, Claus; MacKenty, John; Turatto, Massimo (March 2005).
20220:
10962:
830:
was performed during the 1920s. These were variously called "upper-class Novae", "Hauptnovae", or "giant novae". The name "supernovae" is thought to have been coined by
853:
developed the modern supernova classification scheme beginning in 1941. During the 1960s, astronomers found that the maximum intensities of supernovae could be used as
3584:; the luminous blue variable Eta Carinae that has already produced a supernova impostor; and both components, a blue supergiant and a WolfâRayet star, of the Regor or
467:
from dust along the plane of the galactic disk could have dimmed the event sufficiently for it to go unnoticed. The situation for Cassiopeia A is less clear; infrared
5323:
3234:
Approximate stellar evolution pathways of supernova progenitor stars (and lower mass stars) with circle size reflecting relative size and color related to temperature
985:, who greatly outnumber professional astronomers, have played an important role in finding supernovae, typically by looking at some of the closer galaxies through an
11708:
Richardson, D.; Branch, D.; Casebeer, D.; Millard, J.; Thomas, R. C.; Baron, E. (2002). "A Comparative Study of the Absolute Magnitude Distributions of Supernovae".
10987:
Matz, S. M.; Share, G. H.; Leising, M. D.; Chupp, E. L.; Vestrand, W. T.; Purcell, W.R.; Strickman, M.S.; Reppin, C. (1988). "Gamma-ray line emission from SN1987A".
203:
will undergo sudden collapse once it is unable to produce sufficient energy from fusion to counteract the star's own gravity, which must happen once the star begins
10006:
Tauris, T. M.; Langer, N.; Moriya, T. J.; Podsiadlowski, P.; Yoon, S.-C.; Blinnikov, S. I. (2013). "Ultra-stripped Type Ic supernovae from close binary evolution".
21946:
12471:
Smartt, Stephen J.; Nomoto, Ken'ichi; Cappellaro, Enrico; Nakamura, Takayoshi; Umeda, Hideyuki; Iwamoto, Koichi (2009). "Progenitors of core-collapse supernovae".
7260:
Howell, D. A.; Sullivan, M.; Conley, A. J.; Carlberg, R. G. (2007). "Predicted and Observed Evolution in the Mean Properties of Type Ia Supernovae with Redshift".
2826:
Core collapse supernovae are on average visually fainter than type Ia supernovae, but the total energy released is far higher, as outlined in the following table.
7564:
Röpke, F. K.; Hillebrandt, W. (2004). "The case against the progenitor's carbon-to-oxygen ratio as a source of peak luminosity variations in type Ia supernovae".
1113:, followed by the year of discovery, suffixed with a one or two-letter designation. The first 26 supernovae of the year are designated with a capital letter from
21234:
20746:
16984:
15474:
14977:
Ott, C. D.; O'Connor, E. P.; Gossan, S. E.; Abdikamalov, E.; Gamma, U. C. T.; Drasco, S. (2012). "Core-Collapse Supernovae, Neutrinos, and Gravitational Waves".
12160:"Can Differences in the Nickel Abundance in Chandrasekhar-Mass Models Explain the Relation between the Brightness and Decline Rate of Normal Type Ia Supernovae?"
3662:
1050:
High redshift searches for supernovae usually involve the observation of supernova light curves. These are useful for standard or calibrated candles to generate
21750:
12046:
Khokhlov, A. M.; Höflich, P. A.; Oran, E. S.; Wheeler, J. Craig; Wang, L.; Chtchelkanova, A. Yu. (1999). "Jet-induced Explosions of Core Collapse Supernovae".
11471:
Pastorello, A.; Turatto, M.; Benetti, S.; Cappellaro, E.; Danziger, I. J.; Mazzali, P. A.; Patat, F.; Filippenko, A. V.; Schlegel, D. J.; Matheson, T. (2002).
22373:
16284:
Thoroughgood, T. D.; Dhillon, V. S.; Littlefair, S. P.; Marsh, T. R.; Smith, D. A. (2002). "The recurrent nova U Scorpii â A type Ia supernova progenitor".
11651:"Nearby supernova rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search â II. The observed luminosity functions and fractions of supernovae in a complete sample"
21859:
2984:
Occasional supernovae appear in this sped-up artist's impression of distant galaxies. Each exploding star briefly rivals the brightness of its host galaxy.
2418:
are even occasional type Ib/c supernovae orders of magnitude more and less luminous than the norm. The most luminous type Ic supernovae are referred to as
1635:
Type Ia supernovae produce a characteristic light curveâthe graph of luminosity as a function of timeâafter the event. This luminosity is generated by the
1586:
Within a few seconds of the collapse process, a substantial fraction of the matter in the white dwarf undergoes nuclear fusion, releasing enough energy (1â
1406:, appear to change types: they show lines of hydrogen at early times, but, over a period of weeks to months, become dominated by lines of helium. The term
981:
for measuring distance, observation of their peak luminosity is required. It is therefore important to discover them well before they reach their maximum.
3414:(FRBs) are intense, transient pulses of radio waves that typically last no more than milliseconds. Many explanations for these events have been proposed;
8206:
13068:"Core-collapse, superluminous, and gamma-ray burst supernova host galaxy populations at low redshift: the importance of dwarf and starbursting galaxies"
1359:
are a rare type of very fast supernova with unusually strong calcium lines in their spectra. Models suggest they occur when material is accreted from a
13007:
Shao, X.; Liang, Y. C.; Dennefeld, M.; Chen, X. Y.; Zhong, G. H.; Hammer, F.; Deng, L. C.; Flores, H.; Zhang, B.; Shi, W. B.; Zhou, L. (25 July 2014).
10540:
6100:"The Complete Light-curve Sample of Spectroscopically Confirmed SNe Ia from Pan-STARRS1 and Cosmological Constraints from the Combined Pantheon Sample"
14354:; Van Loon, J. Th.; Smith, J. D. T. (2009). "Measuring Dust Production in the Small Magellanic Cloud Core-Collapse Supernova Remnant 1E 0102.2â7219".
11649:
Li, W.; Leaman, J.; Chornock, R.; Filippenko, A. V.; Poznanski, D.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Wang, X.; Modjaz, M.; Jha, S.; Foley, R. J.; Smith, N. (2011).
13304:
9833:
9721:
7910:
7150:
5630:
Antonioli, P.; Fienberg, R. T.; Fleurot, F.; Fukuda, Y.; Fulgione, W.; Habig, A.; Heise, J.; McDonald, A. B.; Mills, C.; Namba, T.; Robinson, L. J.;
3345:
Remnants of many supernovae consist of a compact object and a rapidly expanding shock wave of material. This cloud of material sweeps up surrounding
1016:
that are produced in great quantities by a supernova, and they are not significantly absorbed by the interstellar gas and dust of the galactic disk.
6289:
2442:
and test models. Average characteristics vary somewhat with distance and type of host galaxy, but can broadly be specified for each supernova type.
21875:
16231:
Tuthill, P. G.; Monnier, J. D.; Lawrance, N.; Danchi, W. C.; Owocki, S. P.; Gayley, K. G. (2008). "The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104".
15157:
Fields, B. D.; Hochmuth, K. A.; Ellis, J. (2005). "Deep-Ocean Crusts as Telescopes: Using Live Radioisotopes to Probe Supernova Nucleosynthesis".
13546:
Yoon, S.-C.; GrÀfener, G.; Vink, J. S.; Kozyreva, A.; Izzard, R. G. (2012). "On the nature and detectability of Type Ib/c supernova progenitors".
5459:
Reynolds, S. P.; Borkowski, K. J.; Green, D. A.; Hwang, U.; Harrus, I. M.; Petre, R. (2008). "The Youngest Galactic Supernova Remnant: G1.9+0.3".
3254:
The progenitors of type Ib/c supernovae are not observed at all, and constraints on their possible luminosity are often lower than those of known
2160:
may form the majority of core collapse supernovae, although less luminous and so less commonly observed than those from more massive progenitors.
1425:
Zwicky defined additional supernovae types based on a very few examples that did not cleanly fit the parameters for type I or type II supernovae.
22707:
20883:
16381:
Takahashi, K.; Sato, K.; Burrows, A.; Thompson, T. A. (2003). "Supernova Neutrinos, Neutrino Oscillations, and the Mass of the Progenitor Star".
13817:
Nomoto, Ken'Ichi; Leung, Shing-Chi (2018). "Single Degenerate Models for Type Ia Supernovae: Progenitor's Evolution and Nucleosynthesis Yields".
4727:
3939:
Winkler, P. F.; Gupta, G.; Long, K. S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum".
2679:
These magnitudes are measured in the R band. Measurements in V or B bands are common and will be around half a magnitude brighter for supernovae.
11761:
Frail, D. A.; Giacani, E. B.; Goss, W. Miller; Dubner, G. M. (1996). "The Pulsar Wind Nebula Around PSR B1853+01 in the Supernova Remnant W44".
6073:
3842:
1367:-rich star. Because of helium lines in their spectra, they can resemble type Ib supernovae, but are thought to have very different progenitors.
947:
noted: "Observations of stars in the first moments they begin exploding provide information that cannot be directly obtained in any other way."
23645:
22525:
18824:
5223:
2095:, the collapse halts and the star remains intact, but collapse will occur again when a larger core has formed. For cores of around 60â130
164:
Theoretical studies indicate that most supernovae are triggered by one of two basic mechanisms: the sudden re-ignition of nuclear fusion in a
23275:
21735:
21731:
21613:
21527:
19576:
12416:
4694:
2722:
A long-standing puzzle surrounding type II supernovae is why the remaining compact object receives a large velocity away from the epicentre;
2346:
It is now known by direct observation that much of the light curve (the graph of luminosity as a function of time) after the occurrence of a
7437:
Canal, R.; Gutiérrez, J. L. (1997). "The possible white dwarf-neutron star connection". In Isern, J.; Hernanz, M.; Gracia-Berro, E. (eds.).
3619:
Map showing some of the closest core-collapse supernova candidates to Earth within one kiloparsec, most of which are K-type red supergiants.
2959:
luminosity and extended duration since it does not rely on exponential radioactive decay. This type of event may cause type IIn hypernovae.
2134:
never develop a core large enough to collapse and they eventually lose their atmospheres to become white dwarfs. Stars with at least 9
22434:
19581:
17199:
13378:
5961:
V.; Matheson, T.; Dopita, M.; Couch, W. J. (1997). "Measurements of the Cosmological Parameters Ω and Πfrom the First Seven Supernovae at
2256:
12260:
Nomoto, Ken'Ichi; Iwamoto, Koichi; Kishimoto, Nobuhiro (1997). "Type Ia Supernovae: Their Origin and Possible Applications in Cosmology".
1461:
Great Outburst was noted. Supernovae in M101 (1909) and M83 (1923 and 1957) were also suggested as possible type IV or type V supernovae.
22119:
21838:
12473:
11436:
8382:
7628:
3240:
2222:
which still have helium in their atmospheres. For a narrow range of masses, stars evolve further before reaching core collapse to become
1288:
1279:
1272:
10501:
10127:
Modjaz, M.; Perets, H. B.; Silverman, J. M.; Wong, D. S. (2013). "The Fast and Furious Decay of the Peculiar Type Ic Supernova 2005ek".
5572:
5409:
4492:
Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, G. (2003), "The SN 1006 Reminant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum",
22500:
22099:
21629:
21588:
20300:
19957:
15566:
Gehrels, N.; Laird, C. M.; Jackman, C. H.; Cannizzo, J. K.; Mattson, B. J.; Chen, W. (2003). "Ozone Depletion from Nearby Supernovae".
14979:
15782:
Tramper, F.; GrÀfener, G.; Hartoog, O. E.; Sana, H.; De Koter, A.; Vink, J. S.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; Langer, N.; Garcia, M.; Kaper, L.;
7877:
Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Blinnikov, S.; Canal, R.; Mendez, J.; Sorokina, E.; Visco, A.; Walton, N. (2000). "Type IA supernova progenitors".
511:
A 1414 text cites a 1055 report: since "the baleful star appeared, a full year has passed and until now its brilliance has not faded".
330:, who began using it in astrophysics lectures in 1931. Its first use in a journal article came the following year in a publication by
23651:
22366:
21669:
10388:
7535:
Khokhlov, A. M.; Mueller, E.; Höflich, P. A. (1993). "Light curves of Type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms".
1991:
When a stellar core is no longer supported against gravity, it collapses in on itself with velocities reaching 70,000 km/s (0.23
1616:
The model for the formation of this category of supernova is a close binary star system. The larger of the two stars is the first to
1337:
variations in light curves have been studied, classification continues to be made on spectral grounds rather than light-curve shape.
1106:
15621:
Van Der Sluys, M. V.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2003). "The dynamics of the nebula M1-67 around the run-away Wolf-Rayet star WR 124".
13599:
Groh, J. H.; Meynet, G.; Ekström, S. (2013). "Massive star evolution: Luminous blue variables as unexpected supernova progenitors".
13125:
Moriya, Takashi J.; Maeda, Keiichi; Taddia, Francesco; Sollerman, Jesper; Blinnikov, Sergei I.; Sorokina, Elena I. (11 April 2014).
3560:
A number of close or well-known stars have been identified as possible core collapse supernova candidates: the high-mass blue stars
1788:
may generate gamma-rays energetic enough to initiate photodisintegration directly, which will cause a complete collapse of the core.
22047:
21090:
20586:
19895:
19721:
19621:
6322:
2088:
pairs, thereby reducing the radiation pressure) oxygen fusion begins and the collapse may be halted. For core masses of 40â60
2027:
In lower mass cores the collapse is stopped and the newly formed neutron core has an initial temperature of about 100 billion
1457:
with a slow rise to brightness, a maximum lasting many months, and an unusual emission spectrum. The similarity of SN 1961V to the
1031:
Supernova searches fall into two classes: those focused on relatively nearby events and those looking farther away. Because of the
13923:
Wanajo, Shinya; Janka, Hans-Thomas; MĂŒller, Bernhard (2011). "Electron-Capture Supernovae as the Origin of Elements Beyond Iron".
3312:) during the supernova's collapse for elements heavier than iron. The r-process produces highly unstable nuclei that are rich in
23424:
22382:
22042:
21726:
17179:
7710:"A unified mechanism for unconfined deflagration-to-detonation transition in terrestrial chemical systems and type Ia supernovae"
4026:
Supernovae: A survey of current research; Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute, Cambridge, England, 29 June â 10 July 1981
3515:(26 light-years) to destroy half of the Earth's ozone layer, and there are no such candidates closer than about 500 light-years.
10464:
5169:
Leloudas, G.; et al. (2016). "The superluminous transient ASASSN-15lh as a tidal disruption event from a Kerr black hole".
2401:
gamma rays were first detected only in 2014. The initial phases of the light curve decline steeply as the effective size of the
431:, the latest Milky Way supernovae to be observed with the naked eye, had a notable influence on the development of astronomy in
23179:
20371:
16787:
14820:
10934:
2369:
to Co (half-life 6 days) while energy for the later light curve in particular fit very closely with the 77.3-day half-life of
23200:
22950:
20810:
19398:
18659:
16371:
16352:
16132:
15903:
15354:
14828:
13801:
10754:
9400:
9076:
8204:
Wang, B.; Liu, D.; Jia, S.; Han, Z. (2014). "Helium double-detonation explosions for the progenitors of type Ia supernovae".
7515:
7476:
6562:
6490:
5611:
5566:
4801:
4422:
4093:
4008:
10687:
Adams, S. M.; Kochanek, C. S.; Beacom, J. F.; Vagins, M. R.; Stanek, K. Z. (2013). "Observing the Next Galactic Supernova".
7521:
3227:
progenitors for type IIb supernovae, and almost all type IIb supernovae near enough to observe have shown such progenitors.
1763:
When a massive star develops an iron core larger than the Chandrasekhar mass it will no longer be able to support itself by
996:
for hunting supernovae. While such systems are popular with amateurs, there are also professional installations such as the
22359:
16576:
15674:
Cristofari, P; Marcowith, A; Renaud, M; Dwarkadas, V V; Tatischeff, V; Giacinti, G; Peretti, E; Sol, H (18 February 2022).
10882:
Michel, F. Curtis; Kennel, C. F.; Fowler, William A. (13 November 1987). "When Will a Pulsar in Supernova 1987a Be Seen?".
5434:
2237:
formed at the collapsing core of the star. The jets would also transfer energy into the expanding outer shell, producing a
357:
have the capacity to become a supernova, the ability being restricted to those having high mass and those in rare kinds of
21571:
17209:
13490:
Georgy, C. (2012). "Yellow supergiants as supernova progenitors: An indication of strong mass loss for red supergiants?".
7318:
Mazzali, P. A.; Röpke, F. K.; Benetti, S.; Hillebrandt, W. (2007). "A Common Explosion Mechanism for Type Ia Supernovae".
6352:
5313:
5082:
1528:
nuclear fusion, completely disrupting it. There are three avenues by which this detonation is theorised to happen: stable
23725:
22904:
21639:
21358:
20876:
17194:
16289:
7122:
5595:
3251:
had a highly luminous progenitor likely to have been an LBV, but is a peculiar supernova whose exact nature is disputed.
2993:
997:
842:
in 1933, and in a 1934 paper by Baade and Zwicky. By 1938, the hyphen was no longer used and the modern name was in use.
14687:"The Host Galaxies and Progenitors of Fast Radio Bursts Localised with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder"
8531:
Heger, A.; Fryer, C. L.; Woosley, S. E.; Langer, N.; Hartmann, D. H. (2003). "How Massive Single Stars End Their Life".
7412:
23694:
23087:
22849:
22186:
21925:
21811:
20820:
19937:
18817:
18634:
17953:
10829:
Nyholm, A.; et al. (2020). "Type IIn supernova light-curve properties measured from an untargeted survey sample".
9225:
Kasen, D.; Woosley, S. E.; Heger, A. (2011). "Pair Instability Supernovae: Light Curves, Spectra, and Shock Breakout".
7566:
3899:
3825:
3308:
rearrangement and quasiequilibrium during silicon burning for nuclei between Ar and Ni; and rapid capture of neutrons (
1546:
There are several means by which a supernova of this type can form, but they share a common underlying mechanism. If a
1517:
A white dwarf star may accumulate sufficient material from a stellar companion to raise its core temperature enough to
23021:
10773:
Modjaz, M.; Gutiérrez, C. P.; Arcavi, I. (August 2019). "New regimes in the observation of core-collapse supernovae".
810:, observation and discovery of fainter and more distant supernovae became possible. The first such observation was of
21982:
21520:
21353:
20026:
19296:
14691:
14085:
Siegel, Daniel M.; Barnes, Jennifer; Metzger, Brian D. (2019). "Collapsars as a major source of r-process elements".
9829:"Modulations in the radio light curve of the Type IIb supernova 2001ig: evidence for a Wolf-Rayet binary progenitor?"
9575:
8795:
Janka, H.-T.; Langanke, K.; Marek, A.; MartĂnez-Pinedo, G.; MĂŒller, B. (2007). "Theory of core-collapse supernovae".
6385:
5461:
4676:
3349:
during a free expansion phase, which can last for up to two centuries. The wave then gradually undergoes a period of
3331:
elements. However, in the early universe, before AGB stars formed, supernovae may have been the main source of dust.
373:
The earliest record of a possible supernova, known as HB9, was likely viewed by an unknown prehistoric people of the
14586:
Preibisch, T.; Zinnecker, H. (2001). "Triggered Star Formation in the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association (Sco OB2)".
12725:"Recycling of neutron stars in common envelopes and hypernova explosions: Recycling of neutron stars and hypernovae"
4235:
Pankenier, David W. (2006). "Notes on translations of the East Asian records relating to the supernova of AD 1054".
2172:
collapse occurs and the result will be a type II-L supernova. At very low metallicity, stars of around 140â250
1063:
expanded to 1701 light curves for 1550 supernovae taken from 18 different surveys, a 50% increase in under 3 years.
23051:
23041:
20021:
16979:
16540:
16501:
15729:; Kaper, L. (2015). "Massive stars on the verge of exploding: The properties of oxygen sequence Wolf-Rayet stars".
13777:
13376:
Smartt, Stephen J.; Thompson, Todd A.; Kochanek, Christopher S. (2009). "Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae".
6750:
Lyman, J. D.; Levan, A. J.; James, P. A.; Angus, C. R.; Church, R. P.; Davies, M. B.; Tanvir, N. R. (11 May 2016).
6348:
6318:
4079:
3430:, but direct evidence for cosmic ray production has only been found in a small number of remnants. Gamma rays from
2672:
Faint types may be a distinct sub-class. Bright types may be a continuum from slightly over-luminous to hypernovae.
1102:
343:
231:, sweeping up an expanding shell of gas and dust observed as a supernova remnant. Supernovae are a major source of
23772:
19906:
2689:
kinetic energy. Total electromagnetic radiated energy is usually lower, (theoretical) neutrino energy much higher.
1437:
was the prototype and only member of the type IV class, with a light curve similar to a type II-P supernova, with
1399:, have relatively narrow features in their spectra. These are called type IIn, where the "n" stands for "narrow".
22140:
20769:
19942:
19738:
18346:
17015:
14914:
Ackermann, M.; et al. (2013). "Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants".
2414:
from the remaining cobalt-56 becomes dominant, although this portion of the light curve has been little-studied.
2072:
The collapse of a massive non-degenerate core will ignite further fusion. When the core collapse is initiated by
12528:"The Proto-Neutron Star Phase of the Collapsar Model and the Route to Long-Soft Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae"
1736:
However, if the release of gravitational potential energy is insufficient, the star may instead collapse into a
23871:
22909:
22844:
21562:
21552:
20869:
20850:
20164:
19845:
19484:
18639:
18276:
18260:
17295:
17224:
16956:
16639:
4819:
1676:. This type of supernova may not always completely destroy the white dwarf progenitor and could leave behind a
1001:
412:. This event was described by observers in China, Japan, Iraq, Egypt and Europe. The widely observed supernova
14623:
Krebs, J.; Hillebrandt, W. (1983). "The interaction of supernova shockfronts and nearby interstellar clouds".
11030:
Kasen, D.; Woosley, S. E. (2009). "Type Ii Supernovae: Model Light Curves and Standard Candle Relationships".
7906:"How the merger of two white dwarfs depends on their mass ratio: Orbital stability and detonations at contact"
5849:
Perlmutter, S. A. (1997). "Scheduled discovery of 7+ high-redshift SNe: First cosmology results and bounds on
22960:
22244:
21796:
20951:
20795:
20774:
19932:
19807:
19259:
19114:
18945:
18810:
18686:
18553:
13249:"'On the red supergiant problem': A rebuttal, and a consensus on the upper mass cut-off for II-P progenitors"
11763:
11083:
Nagy, A. P.; VinkĂł, J. (2016). "A two-component model for fitting light curves of core-collapse supernovae".
7708:
Poludnenko, Alexei Y.; Chambers, Jessica; Ahmed, Kareem; Gamezo, Vadim N.; Taylor, Brian D. (November 2019).
7262:
6165:
3353:, and will slowly cool and mix with the surrounding interstellar medium over a period of about 10,000 years.
11138:"Properties of Type II Plateau Supernova SNLS-04D2dc: Multicolor Light Curves of Shock Breakout and Plateau"
10528:
9283:
Poelarends, A. J. T.; Herwig, F.; Langer, N.; Heger, A. (2008). "The Supernova Channel of Super-AGB Stars".
3998:
1137:
Historical supernovae are known simply by the year they occurred: SN 185, SN 1006, SN 1054, SN 1572 (called
1109:, which sends out a circular with the name it assigns to that supernova. The name is formed from the prefix
23846:
23077:
22985:
22864:
21977:
21536:
21513:
21318:
20338:
19850:
19753:
19541:
18935:
18669:
18620:
18595:
17888:
17214:
17189:
17000:
16699:
11993:
Gilkis, A.; Soker, N. (2014). "Implications of turbulence for jets in core-collapse supernova explosions".
8856:
5794:
Frieman, J. A.; et al. (2008). "The Sloan Digital Sky Survey-Ii Supernova Survey: Technical Summary".
5558:
3524:
2054:
Some material from the outer envelope falls back onto the neutron star, and, for cores beyond about 8
1764:
1598:
1563:
378:
22449:
22207:
19860:
19280:
16097:
Thielemann, F.-K.; Hirschi, R.; Liebendörfer, M.; Diehl, R. (2011). "Massive Stars and Their Supernovae".
9778:"Towards a better understanding of the evolution of WolfâRayet stars and Type Ib/Ic supernova progenitors"
9683:
Pols, O. (1997). "Close Binary Progenitors of Type Ib/Ic and IIb/II-L Supernovae". In Leung, K.-C. (ed.).
1485:
a supernova (the bright dot slightly above the galactic center) rapidly brightens, then fades more slowly.
992:
Toward the end of the 20th century, astronomers increasingly turned to computer-controlled telescopes and
23640:
23519:
23393:
22439:
22299:
22181:
22144:
20764:
20607:
20154:
20119:
20109:
19076:
18902:
18610:
18590:
17262:
17219:
16727:
14146:
Gonzalez, G.; Brownlee, D.; Ward, P. (2001). "The Galactic Habitable Zone: Galactic Chemical Evolution".
13716:
8644:
Nomoto, K.; Tanaka, M.; Tominaga, N.; Maeda, K. (2010). "Hypernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and first stars".
6246:
2405:
decreases and trapped electromagnetic radiation is depleted. The light curve continues to decline in the
1574:
1306:
1297:
745:
568:
20715:
17973:
7966:
23866:
23861:
23751:
22894:
22884:
22505:
22395:
21329:
21123:
20561:
20364:
19840:
19792:
19775:
19474:
19338:
19135:
18866:
18674:
18605:
18575:
17020:
17010:
16629:
15725:
Tramper, F.; Straal, S. M.; Sanyal, D.; Sana, H.; De Koter, A.; GrÀfener, G.; Langer, N.; Vink, J. S.;
11824:
7537:
7507:
7442:
6456:
6254:
5861:
5694:
4789:
3887:
3640:
2073:
1840:
1752:
1609:, or roughly 3% of the speed of light. There is also a significant increase in luminosity, reaching an
951:
724:
681:
660:
184:
nuclear fusion, completely disrupting the star. Possible causes are an accumulation of material from a
31:
17:
22515:
13300:"The death of massive stars â I. Observational constraints on the progenitors of Type II-P supernovae"
9717:"The death of massive stars â II. Observational constraints on the progenitors of Type Ibc supernovae"
6752:"Hubble Space Telescope observations of the host galaxies and environments of calcium-rich supernovae"
2051:, producing the visible brightness, although there are other theories that could power the explosion.
23856:
23789:
23161:
22742:
22626:
21323:
21113:
21023:
20956:
20779:
20295:
19797:
19711:
19459:
19391:
19167:
19159:
19109:
18968:
18955:
18681:
18558:
18535:
18117:
17566:
17561:
17556:
17551:
17546:
17541:
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14351:
10689:
9630:
9285:
9227:
8737:
8681:
8262:
8097:
7842:
7787:
7773:
statement, however, the exact mechanisms of SNIa remain unclear, with a number of possible scenarios.
7387:
7207:
7000:
6104:
6022:
5967:
5516:
4494:
3783:
3289:
2772:
2189:
1228:
1170:
1032:
917:
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11862:
9827:
Ryder, S. D.; Sadler, E. M.; Subrahmanyan, R.; Weiler, K. W.; Panagia, N.; Stockdale, C. J. (2004).
9523:"Mind the Gap: The Location of the Lower Edge of the Pair-instability Supernova Black Hole Mass Gap"
9024:
7205:
Chen, W.-C.; Li, X.-D. (2009). "On the Progenitors of Super-Chandrasekhar Mass Type Ia Supernovae".
6545:
6060:
5726:
22975:
22869:
22747:
22510:
22470:
21190:
21030:
20576:
20546:
20435:
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19972:
19343:
19104:
17824:
17698:
17333:
17204:
16569:
11819:
Höflich, P. A.; Kumar, P.; Wheeler, J. Craig (2004). "Neutron star kicks and supernova asymmetry".
11367:
11136:
Tominaga, N.; Blinnikov, S.; Baklanov, P.; Morokuma, T.; Nomoto, K.; Suzuki, T. (1 November 2009).
8260:
Reichart, D. E.; Soderberg, A. M. (2013). "Type Iax Supernovae: A New Class of Stellar Explosion".
7065:
6605:
6526:
5796:
2238:
2012:
is cut off as they become trapped in the core. The inner core eventually reaches typically 30
1529:
1438:
200:
189:
22965:
9421:"The red supergiant and supernova rate problems: Implications for core-collapse supernova physics"
7681:
PaczyĆski, B. (1976). "Common Envelope Binaries". In Eggleton, P.; Mitton, S.; Whelan, J. (eds.).
3648: â Hypothetical violent explosion resulting from conversion of a neutron star to a quark star
3468:
A near-Earth supernova is a supernova close enough to the Earth to have noticeable effects on its
2343:
that direct observation of gamma-ray lines unambiguously identified the major radioactive nuclei.
962:
22980:
22929:
22591:
22581:
22520:
22284:
21365:
21279:
21008:
20971:
20493:
20149:
19685:
19648:
19551:
19546:
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19140:
18994:
18973:
18600:
18351:
18150:
18060:
18020:
18002:
17928:
17499:
17425:
17229:
16634:
16624:
15265:
15212:
14650:
Cameron, A.G.W.; Truran, J.W. (1977). "The supernova trigger for formation of the solar system".
14030:
Qian, Y.-Z.; Vogel, P.; Wasserburg, G. J. (1998). "Diverse Supernova Sources for the r-Process".
12839:
Ganss, R; Pledger, J L; Sansom, A E; James, P A; Puls, J; Habergham-Mawson, S M (22 March 2022).
3788:
3651:
3324:
3285:
2800:
6413:
2223:
2219:
23851:
23398:
23358:
23172:
23113:
23072:
22899:
22879:
22798:
22676:
21423:
21375:
21080:
20895:
20840:
20425:
20179:
20067:
20052:
19911:
19604:
19418:
19367:
19071:
19024:
19020:
18989:
18940:
18761:
18741:
18513:
18508:
18406:
18301:
18250:
18055:
18045:
17718:
17516:
17484:
17375:
17358:
17234:
17138:
16974:
16847:
16827:
16459:
10496:
9019:
6540:
6451:
Cappellaro, E.; Turatto, M. (2001). "The Influence of Binaries on Stellar Population Studies".
6055:
5721:
5636:
4692:
Osterbrock, D. E. (2001). "Who Coined the Word Supernova? Who First Predicted Neutron Stars?".
4443:"A search for the modern counterparts of the Far Eastern guest stars 369 CE, 386 CE and 393 CE"
3925:
3361:
3098:
2992:
Type Ia supernovae are produced from white dwarf stars in binary star systems and occur in all
2731:
2406:
1775:
1579:
1534:
1521:
1466:
1442:
1356:
970:
940:
785:
639:
464:
169:
154:
17184:
16536:
15263:
Fields, B. D.; Ellis, J. (1999). "On Deep-Ocean Fe-60 as a Fossil of a Near-Earth Supernova".
15093:
12774:
Wright, Warren P.; Gilmer, Matthew S.; Fröhlich, Carla; Kneller, James P. (13 November 2017).
4666:
4412:
2767:
The radioactive decays of nickel-56 and cobalt-56 that produce a supernova visible light curve
1562:(for a non-rotating star), it would no longer be able to support the bulk of its mass through
1417:
Supernovae that do not fit into the normal classifications are designated peculiar, or "pec".
1387:
can also be sub-divided based on their spectra. While most type II supernovae show very broad
1332:
Type I supernovae are subdivided on the basis of their spectra, with type Ia showing a strong
23665:
23459:
23373:
23046:
22859:
22828:
22773:
22561:
21370:
20815:
20471:
20357:
20057:
19870:
19614:
19469:
19215:
18999:
18907:
18615:
18585:
18580:
18570:
18498:
18286:
17452:
17078:
17025:
16679:
15949:"Presupernova neutrinos: directional sensitivity and prospects for progenitor identification"
15786:(2013). "On the nature of WO stars: A quantitative analysis of the WO3 star DR1 in IC 1613".
15568:
14032:
13127:"Mass-loss histories of Type IIn supernova progenitors within decades before their explosion"
11940:
9688:
9685:
Proceedings of the Third Pacific Rim Conference on Recent Development on Binary Star Research
9123:
9060:
8926:"Comprehensive analytic formulae for stellar evolution as a function of mass and metallicity"
8533:
5591:
5552:
3941:
3796:
3657:
3534:
2787:
of the ejecta. In core collapse supernovae, the vast majority of the energy is directed into
1665:
1606:
1392:
993:
907:
858:
696:
610:
409:
129:
19320:
17733:
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15809:
15752:
15675:
15644:
15528:
15454:
14876:
14636:
14556:
13739:
13622:
13569:
13513:
13401:
12496:
12158:
Mazzali, P. A.; Nomoto, K. I.; Cappellaro, E.; Nakamura, T.; Umeda, H.; Iwamoto, K. (2001).
11449:
11106:
10852:
8614:
8174:
7992:
7651:
7589:
7550:
7081:
7037:
Zwicky, F. (1962). "New Observations of Importance to Cosmology". In McVittie, G. C. (ed.).
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4832:
2259:
was a type Icn supernova and is also the first in which the element neon has been detected.
23684:
23658:
23499:
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22874:
22854:
22545:
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18870:
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18035:
17348:
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16674:
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16250:
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16063:
16025:
15970:
15852:
15805:
15748:
15640:
15587:
15524:
15483:
15450:
15395:
15327:
15284:
15221:
15176:
15115:
15094:"SNEWS 2.0: a next-generation supernova early warning system for multi-messenger astronomy"
15055:
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14497:
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13889:
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13781:
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13454:
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12797:
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12673:
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12492:
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12376:
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12279:
12181:
12119:
12065:
12012:
11959:
11902:
11838:
11782:
11727:
11672:
11613:
11592:"Studying Type II supernovae as cosmological standard candles using the Dark Energy Survey"
11553:
11494:
11445:
11416:
11376:
11329:
11264:
11208:
11159:
11102:
11049:
10996:
10946:
10891:
10848:
10792:
10708:
10648:
10589:
10440:
10346:
10268:
10204:
10146:
10082:
10025:
9964:
9908:
9852:
9799:
9740:
9692:
9649:
9594:
9544:
9493:
9442:
9304:
9246:
9186:
9132:
9064:
9011:
8947:
8875:
8816:
8756:
8700:
8653:
8610:
8552:
8482:
8463:
spectroscopic quadruple as a possible progenitor of sub-Chandrasekhar type Ia supernovae".
8444:
8401:
8337:
8281:
8225:
8170:
8116:
8052:
7988:
7929:
7886:
7851:
7806:
7731:
7690:
7647:
7585:
7546:
7456:
7396:
7339:
7281:
7226:
7169:
7077:
7046:
7009:
6968:
6941:
6932:
Barbon, R.; Ciatti, F.; Rosino, L. (1979). "Photometric properties of type II supernovae".
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6814:
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5986:
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4828:
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4703:
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4193:
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3758:
3708:
3463:
2212:
2036:
765:
150:
133:
22351:
16649:
12841:"Metallicity estimation of core-collapse Supernova H ii regions in galaxies within 30 Mpc"
2329:
1410:
is used to describe the combination of features normally associated with types II and Ib.
826:
a decade later. Early work on what was originally believed to be simply a new category of
180:
In the re-ignition of a white dwarf, the object's temperature is raised enough to trigger
8:
23841:
23625:
23464:
23444:
23378:
23363:
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20159:
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20016:
19653:
19519:
19514:
19444:
19333:
19306:
19145:
18886:
18216:
18199:
17870:
17772:
17595:
17252:
16869:
16859:
16842:
16777:
16706:
16562:
11308:"Late-time supernova light curves: The effect of internal conversion and Auger electrons"
10491:
8435:
Gilmore, Gerry; Randich, Sofia (March 2012). "The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey".
4110:
3538:
3497:
3401:
3346:
3317:
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3036:
2272:
2048:
2021:
2009:
1984:
1756:
1744:
1555:
374:
228:
22540:
18356:
16455:
16406:
16336:
16307:
16254:
16116:
16029:
15974:
15856:
15591:
15487:
15416:
15399:
15383:
15331:
15288:
15225:
15180:
15119:
15059:
15002:
14939:
14773:
14714:
14663:
14609:
14564:
14501:
14434:
14377:
14302:
14258:
14227:
14169:
14108:
14055:
14000:
13946:
13893:
13840:
13785:
13674:
13458:
13409:
13327:
13274:
13212:
13152:
13093:
13034:
12975:
12926:
12866:
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12677:
12612:
12553:
12504:
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12380:
12334:
12283:
12185:
12123:
12069:
12016:
11963:
11906:
11842:
11786:
11731:
11676:
11617:
11557:
11498:
11420:
11380:
11333:
11268:
11212:
11163:
11053:
11000:
10950:
10895:
10796:
10712:
10652:
10593:
10444:
10350:
10272:
10208:
10150:
10086:
10029:
9968:
9912:
9856:
9803:
9744:
9696:
9653:
9628:
Svirski, G.; Nakar, E. (2014). "Sn 2008D: A Wolf-Rayet Explosion Through a Thick Wind".
9598:
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9250:
9190:
9136:
9068:
9015:
8951:
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6666:
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6474:
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6188:
6127:
6051:
5990:
5930:
5879:
5819:
5780:
5717:
5659:
5603:
5529:
5484:
5371:
5277:
5192:
5131:
5052:
5006:
4922:
4881:
4740:
4707:
4633:
4569:
4517:
4468:
4379:
4317:
4248:
4197:
4140:
4064:
4037:
3964:
3762:
3746:
3712:
2377:
2226:
with very little helium remaining, and these are the progenitors of type Ic supernovae.
1571:. In this case, only a fraction of the star's mass will be ejected during the collapse.
23813:
23689:
23630:
23308:
23260:
23118:
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21992:
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17853:
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16441:
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16138:
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16079:
16053:
16015:
15960:
15821:
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15738:
15687:
15656:
15630:
15603:
15577:
15548:
15441:
15339:
15300:
15274:
15245:
15192:
15166:
15139:
15105:
15073:
15045:
15014:
14988:
14959:
14925:
14896:
14862:
14801:
14759:
14728:
14700:
14595:
14568:
14542:
14515:
14461:
14420:
14408:
14389:
14385:
14363:
14332:
14213:
14181:
14155:
14128:
14094:
14067:
14041:
14012:
13986:
13958:
13932:
13905:
13879:
13852:
13826:
13751:
13725:
13696:
13634:
13608:
13581:
13555:
13525:
13499:
13472:
13444:
13413:
13387:
13349:
13313:
13260:
13198:
13138:
13079:
13020:
12912:
12852:
12821:
12787:
12736:
12705:
12663:
12632:
12598:
12539:
12508:
12482:
12453:
12448:
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12411:
12392:
12366:
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12269:
12242:
12199:
12171:
12135:
12109:
12081:
12055:
12028:
12002:
11975:
11949:
11892:
11850:
11828:
11798:
11772:
11743:
11717:
11690:
11662:
11603:
11543:
11512:
11484:
11406:
11347:
11319:
11288:
11254:
11149:
11118:
11092:
11065:
11061:
11039:
11012:
10915:
10864:
10838:
10808:
10782:
10724:
10698:
10666:
10638:
10627:"The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: first candidates"
10607:
10579:
10456:
10430:
10370:
10336:
10308:
10284:
10258:
10230:
10222:
10194:
10162:
10136:
10100:
10072:
10041:
10015:
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9954:
9924:
9898:
9870:
9842:
9789:
9758:
9730:
9665:
9639:
9610:
9584:
9534:
9483:
9432:
9365:
9320:
9294:
9262:
9236:
9204:
9176:
9097:
9037:
9001:
8937:
8898:
8865:
8851:
8832:
8806:
8772:
8746:
8716:
8690:
8626:
8600:
8568:
8542:
8498:
8472:
8417:
8391:
8361:
8327:
8297:
8271:
8241:
8215:
8186:
8160:
8132:
8128:
8106:
8076:
8042:
8012:
7978:
7947:
7919:
7822:
7796:
7763:
7721:
7663:
7637:
7601:
7575:
7482:
7446:
7363:
7329:
7297:
7271:
7242:
7216:
7187:
7159:
6911:
6877:
6846:
6763:
6732:
6706:
6678:
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6174:
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5805:
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5703:
5671:
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5470:
5391:
5357:
5289:
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5204:
5178:
5151:
5117:
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5018:
4973:
4844:
4793:
4783:
4759:
4722:
4647:
4599:
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4503:
4454:
4337:
4260:
4217:
4183:
4154:
4126:
3976:
3950:
3919:
3915:
3891:
3635:
3451:
2788:
2686:
2455:
2370:
2366:
2268:
1716:
1685:
1610:
1491:
1454:
1407:
1013:
490:
358:
252:
15296:
15010:
13954:
13901:
12775:
12586:
12388:
11197:"Characterizing Mid-Ultraviolet to Optical Light Curves of Nearby Type IIn Supernovae"
11172:
11137:
10720:
10037:
9920:
9661:
9606:
9258:
8768:
8712:
7709:
7238:
6674:
5827:
4256:
3817:
3811:
3408:
4.5 billion years ago, and may even have triggered the formation of this system.
1983:
shock front (red). The shock starts to stall (e), but it is re-invigorated, likely by
471:
have been detected showing that it was not in a region of especially high extinction.
23720:
23715:
23589:
23449:
22990:
22924:
22919:
22636:
21941:
21400:
21385:
21348:
21340:
21143:
21118:
21108:
21045:
20921:
20916:
20800:
20639:
20566:
20139:
20129:
20124:
19824:
19812:
19765:
19706:
19675:
19665:
19599:
19177:
19088:
19032:
18897:
18890:
18841:
18702:
18127:
18100:
18080:
17880:
17664:
17652:
17479:
17459:
17413:
17395:
17363:
17041:
16885:
16815:
16752:
16664:
16614:
16599:
16505:
16481:
16422:
16383:
16367:
16348:
16270:
16142:
16128:
15988:
15947:
Mukhopadhyay, Mainak; Lunardini, Cecilia; Timmes, F. X.; Zuber, Kai (1 August 2020).
15899:
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15864:
15825:
15707:
15552:
15540:
15512:
15421:
15237:
15143:
15131:
15077:
14951:
14916:
14900:
14888:
14805:
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14785:
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14671:
14572:
14519:
14466:
14448:
14324:
14316:
14201:
14120:
14016:
13962:
13909:
13856:
13797:
13688:
13638:
13585:
13476:
13467:
13433:"Circumstellar dust as a solution to the red supergiant supernova progenitor problem"
13432:
13341:
13336:
13299:
13226:
13166:
13107:
13048:
13043:
13008:
12989:
12940:
12880:
12825:
12813:
12759:
12724:
12697:
12689:
12624:
12567:
12457:
12396:
12295:
12234:
12032:
12024:
11920:
11821:
Cosmic explosions in three dimensions: Asymmetries in supernovae and gamma-ray bursts
11802:
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7355:
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6486:
6391:
6381:
6206:
6006:
5907:
5675:
5607:
5562:
5383:
5143:
4977:
4965:
4948:
4848:
4797:
4764:
4672:
4651:
4603:
4591:
4418:
4393:
4329:
4209:
4174:
4158:
4149:
4115:"Young Remnants of type Ia Supernovae and Their Progenitors: A Study Of SNR G1.9+0.3"
4114:
4089:
4004:
3895:
3821:
3724:
3511:
According to a 2003 estimate, a type II supernova would have to be closer than eight
3350:
3340:
3009:
2727:
2411:
2347:
2276:
2111:
2040:
2005:
1771:
1636:
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1384:
1265:
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1203:
1091:
1036:
1005:
986:
982:
966:
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625:
401:
141:
82:
47:
18187:
16083:
15768:
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14747:
14336:
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13755:
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12636:
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12085:
11694:
11351:
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11069:
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10312:
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9874:
9715:
Eldridge, J. J.; Fraser, M.; Smartt, S. J.; Maund, J. R.; Crockett, R. Mark (2013).
9324:
9208:
8836:
8776:
8572:
8421:
8413:
8136:
8016:
7826:
7667:
7367:
7301:
7246:
7191:
7146:"Reconciling 56Ni production in Type Ia supernovae with double degenerate scenarios"
6682:
6572:
6314:
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6145:
5835:
5667:
5500:
5293:
5208:
5155:
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4221:
4053:
Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory / Carnegie Institution of Washington
3696:
1023:"A star set to explode", the SBW1 nebula surrounds a massive blue supergiant in the
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23574:
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20514:
20290:
20250:
19998:
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19802:
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19509:
19479:
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18483:
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17908:
17802:
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16071:
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15491:
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15063:
15006:
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14777:
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14505:
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14393:
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14262:
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12805:
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11910:
11790:
11747:
11735:
11680:
11621:
11561:
11502:
11457:
11453:
11365:
Tsvetkov, D. Yu. (1987). "Light curves of type Ib supernova: SN 1984l in NGC 991".
11337:
11272:
11216:
11167:
11110:
11057:
11016:
11004:
10954:
10899:
10856:
10800:
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8661:
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8365:
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8178:
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8080:
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7996:
7937:
7859:
7814:
7739:
7659:
7655:
7605:
7593:
7486:
7464:
7404:
7347:
7289:
7234:
7177:
7089:
7085:
7017:
6976:
6959:
Filippenko, A. V. (1988). "Supernova 1987K: Type II in Youth, Type Ib in Old Age".
6915:
6895:
6822:
6773:
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6670:
6622:
6550:
6478:
6279:
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5281:
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5135:
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5039:
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5010:
4993:
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4583:
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4533:
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4388:
4383:
4363:
4341:
4321:
4252:
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4144:
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3716:
3411:
3264:
3145:
3001:
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2951:
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2282:
2062:
1748:
1477:
1166:
898:
854:
815:
278:
232:
158:
16206:
15817:
15760:
15233:
14533:
Zhu, Wei; Dong, Subo (2021). "Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications".
13630:
13577:
13521:
12291:
11292:
11114:
10860:
8828:
8622:
8182:
6802:
3426:
Supernova remnants are thought to accelerate a large fraction of galactic primary
2202:(left) and visible light (right), with the brighter SN 2007uy closer to the centre
1987:. The surrounding material is blasted away (f), leaving only a degenerate remnant.
1292:
Displays a "linear" decrease in its light curve (linear in magnitude versus time)
23635:
23569:
23333:
23288:
22818:
22692:
22661:
22611:
22596:
22424:
21303:
21212:
21054:
21034:
20946:
20936:
20531:
20521:
20483:
20310:
20260:
20235:
20031:
19875:
19782:
19748:
19660:
19043:
18877:
18717:
18520:
18389:
18233:
18204:
18145:
18140:
18015:
17743:
17708:
17642:
17588:
17583:
17528:
17338:
16832:
16737:
16181:
16156:
16075:
15919:
15895:
15652:
13793:
13747:
12652:"Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae"
11195:
de la Rosa, Janie; Roming, Pete; Pritchard, Tyler; Fryer, Chris (22 March 2016).
10903:
8797:
7597:
7501:
7042:
6482:
5887:
3581:
3381:
3294:
3126:
2812:
2780:
2439:
2317:
underwent a modest outburst in March 2009, before fading from view. Only a faint
2230:
2066:
1911:
1613:
of â19.3 (or 5 billion times brighter than the Sun), with little variation.
1525:
1162:
1088:
978:
944:
866:
440:
181:
22651:
16430:
Woosley, S. E.; Janka, H.-T. (2005). "The Physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae".
16124:
15840:
9392:
8990:
Woosley, S. E.; Janka, H.-T. (2005). "The Physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae".
8665:
7468:
6069:
23825:
23777:
23479:
23454:
23240:
23103:
22757:
22732:
22717:
22702:
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22535:
22223:
21896:
21505:
21438:
20998:
20911:
20551:
20541:
20225:
20210:
19977:
19916:
19760:
19434:
19328:
19226:
19037:
18861:
18779:
18545:
18384:
18211:
18182:
18157:
18090:
17779:
17647:
17533:
17435:
17325:
17315:
16864:
16820:
16794:
16432:
16414:
15983:
15948:
15127:
15068:
15033:
14884:
14723:
14686:
14008:
13221:
13186:
12809:
12620:
11915:
11880:
10958:
10452:
10358:
10217:
10182:
9557:
9522:
9199:
9164:
8992:
8494:
7626:
Hillebrandt, W.; Niemeyer, J. C. (2000). "Type IA Supernova Explosion Models".
7503:
Cosmic Catastrophes: Supernovae, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Adventures in Hyperspace
6344:
6197:
6160:
6136:
6099:
5938:
5689:
5631:
4578:
4302:"Identification of the guest star of AD 185 as a comet rather than a supernova"
3880:
3816:. New York, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp.
2784:
2747:
2157:
2017:
1992:
1629:
1578:
The blue spot at the centre of the red ring is an isolated neutron star in the
1051:
494:
463:
from around 1680. Neither was noted at the time. In the case of G1.9+0.3, high
297:
244:
220:
193:
110:
94:
20581:
16521:
16344:
15886:
Inglis, M. (2015). "Star Death: Supernovae, Neutron Stars & Black Holes".
15536:
14781:
14116:
13848:
12901:"The Galaxy Hosts and Large-Scale Environments of Short-Hard Gamma-Ray Bursts"
12651:
11879:
Janka, Hans-Thomas; Wongwathanarat, Annop; Kramer, Michael (1 February 2022).
10804:
10745:
Karttunen, H.; Kröger, P.; Oja, H.; Poutanen, M.; Donner, K. J., eds. (2016).
8237:
7114:
2696:
Probably a heterogeneous group, any of the other types embedded in nebulosity.
1731:
The layers of a massive, evolved star just before core collapse (not to scale)
439:
idea that the universe beyond the Moon and planets was static and unchanging.
23835:
23599:
23509:
23383:
23253:
23246:
22945:
22813:
22727:
22333:
22154:
22008:
21390:
21064:
20741:
20736:
20705:
20466:
20451:
20285:
20205:
19733:
19728:
18963:
18833:
18731:
18525:
18488:
18456:
18331:
18040:
17863:
17834:
17812:
17430:
17403:
17380:
17281:
17068:
15992:
15872:
15783:
15726:
15711:
15676:"The first days of Type II-P core collapse supernovae in the gamma-ray range"
15544:
15135:
14892:
14850:
14789:
14452:
14320:
13345:
13283:
13248:
13230:
13170:
13111:
13052:
12993:
12944:
12884:
12817:
12693:
12628:
12571:
11924:
11635:
11626:
11591:
11575:
11230:
11181:
10296:
10288:
10226:
10112:
10104:
8969:
8008:
7751:
7382:
7102:
SN 1961V in NGC 1058 (Type V) had the most bizarre light curve ever recorded.
7097:
6834:
6787:
5318:
4595:
4477:
4442:
4397:
4333:
3728:
3720:
3589:
3585:
3481:
3304:
2032:
1727:
1621:
1567:
oxygen, neon and magnesium, the collapsing white dwarf will typically form a
1388:
1326:
1178:
1040:
1024:
921:
916:
was recorded three hours after the supernova event on 6 October 2013, by the
880:
839:
392:
331:
204:
22788:
15702:
15032:
Morozova, Viktoriya; Radice, David; Burrows, Adam; Vartanyan, David (2018).
14947:
14311:
14286:
13772:
Truran, J. W. (1977). "Supernova Nucleosynthesis". In Schramm, D. N. (ed.).
13683:
13658:
13102:
13067:
12875:
12840:
12587:"Choked jets and low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts as hidden neutrino sources"
12230:
11881:"Supernova Fallback as Origin of Neutron Star Spins and Spin-kick Alignment"
11566:
11531:
10602:
10568:"Gone without a bang: an archival HST survey for disappearing massive stars"
10567:
10280:
9812:
9777:
9753:
9716:
9506:
9471:
9455:
9420:
9353:
7743:
7351:
7182:
7145:
6826:
6554:
6395:
5200:
5139:
4961:
4205:
3654: â Supernova at least ten times more luminous than a standard supernova
3298:
Periodic table showing the source of each element in the interstellar medium
23801:
23429:
23323:
23036:
22970:
22823:
22566:
22530:
22294:
21494:
21459:
21428:
21418:
21170:
21160:
21059:
20966:
20926:
20892:
20617:
20591:
20461:
20456:
20380:
20240:
20114:
20082:
19690:
19609:
19187:
19050:
18791:
18466:
18416:
18411:
18311:
18194:
18177:
18135:
18105:
18095:
18030:
17913:
17858:
17839:
17819:
17797:
17789:
17632:
17625:
17464:
17385:
17368:
17046:
16946:
16919:
16897:
15425:
15384:"A persistent influence of supernovae on biodiversity over the Phanerozoic"
15241:
14955:
14821:"Astronomers detect a radio "heartbeat" billions of light-years from Earth"
14797:
14470:
14328:
14177:
14124:
13692:
13161:
13126:
12701:
12238:
11284:
10911:
10661:
10626:
10366:
10304:
10095:
10060:
10059:
Tauris, Thomas M.; Langer, Norbert; Podsiadlowski, Philipp (11 June 2015).
9984:
9361:
8907:
8357:
8072:
7759:
7359:
6907:
6778:
6751:
5387:
5147:
4969:
4768:
4213:
3488:
3405:
3390:
3360:
Supernova remnant N 63A lies within a clumpy region of gas and dust in the
2438:
Large numbers of supernovae have been catalogued and classified to provide
2357:
2218:
Type Ib supernovae are the more common and result from WolfâRayet stars of
2208:
1785:
1743:
Core collapse can be caused by several different mechanisms: exceeding the
1605:
is generated, with matter reaching velocities on the order of 5,000â20,000
1568:
1056:
850:
831:
717:
460:
449:
327:
323:
173:
102:
86:
13298:
Smartt, S. J.; Eldridge, J. J.; Crockett, R. M.; Maund, J. R. (May 2009).
13009:"Comparing the Host Galaxies of Type Ia, Type II, and Type Ibc Supernovae"
12299:
11397:
Filippenko, A.V. (2004). "Supernovae and Their Massive Star Progenitors".
5858:
Thermonuclear Supernovae, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute
4931:
4906:
4749:
4301:
3747:"Who Really Coined the Word Supernova? Who First Predicted Neutron Stars?"
3230:
1774:
O/Ne/Mg core (8â10 solar mass progenitor star) removes support and causes
1509:
23604:
23594:
23559:
23368:
23348:
23227:
23067:
22803:
22752:
22712:
22480:
21380:
21294:
21219:
21197:
20983:
20961:
20931:
20676:
20661:
20627:
20556:
20280:
20230:
20184:
20087:
19962:
19901:
19626:
19534:
19362:
18707:
18379:
18371:
18361:
18341:
18316:
18245:
18167:
17923:
17898:
17893:
17807:
17767:
17728:
17693:
17676:
17671:
17343:
17148:
17056:
16951:
16941:
16929:
16854:
16767:
16446:
16298:
16058:
16020:
15635:
15582:
15279:
15171:
14600:
14160:
14046:
13730:
12917:
12274:
12176:
12114:
12060:
11954:
11833:
11777:
11722:
11489:
11473:"The type IIn supernova 1995G: interaction with the circumstellar medium"
11411:
9847:
9521:
Farmer, R.; Renzo, M.; de Mink, S. E.; Marchant, P.; Justham, S. (2019).
9419:
Horiuchi, S.; Nakamura, K.; Takiwaki, T.; Kotake, K.; Tanaka, M. (2014).
9102:
9006:
8942:
8811:
8547:
8047:
7801:
7642:
7580:
7451:
7334:
7276:
6535:
6465:
6375:
6284:
6042:
5981:
5921:
5870:
5708:
5650:
4508:
4085:
3955:
3473:
3040:
2804:
2715:
2402:
1978:
1810:
1793:
1677:
1458:
1158:
890:
874:
486:
445:
417:
362:
208:
185:
165:
90:
20861:
14443:
12685:
11276:
9976:
8888:
8349:
8064:
7840:
Colgate, S. A. (1979). "Supernovae as a standard candle for cosmology".
7383:"A rigorous examination of the Chandrasekhar theory of stellar collapse"
6899:
5379:
4991:
Aschenbach, B. (1998). "Discovery of a young nearby supernova remnant".
4668:
Classifying the Cosmos: How We Can Make Sense of the Celestial Landscape
4587:
3777:
1019:
838:
in 1931. It was used, as "super-Novae", in a journal paper published by
455:
There is some evidence that the youngest known supernova in our galaxy,
23549:
23539:
23529:
23434:
23414:
23338:
23006:
22955:
22793:
22783:
22621:
22616:
22601:
22260:
22232:
22018:
21474:
21433:
21413:
21408:
21224:
21133:
21018:
20805:
20720:
20700:
20671:
20622:
20571:
20270:
20200:
20169:
20144:
20097:
20092:
20077:
19743:
19680:
19670:
19571:
19407:
19172:
19130:
18291:
17988:
17961:
17938:
17918:
17903:
17755:
17659:
17637:
17615:
17610:
17474:
17163:
17158:
17153:
17133:
16934:
16810:
16772:
16669:
16397:
8679:
Moriya, T. J. (2012). "Progenitors of Recombining Supernova Remnants".
7439:
White Dwarfs: Proceedings of the 10th European Workshop on White Dwarfs
6435:
5860:. NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series C. Vol. 486. Dordrecth:
5771:
4840:
3645:
3615:
3569:
3542:
3427:
3247:
were both apparently massive luminous stars, but are very distant; and
3112:
3094:
3080:
3067:
2841:
2742:
2461:
2381:
2165:
2044:
2001:
1826:
1806:
1802:
1737:
1602:
1559:
1208:
932:
894:
468:
248:
224:
216:
114:
106:
23820:
21843:
15407:
14588:
From Darkness to Light: Origin and Evolution of Young Stellar Clusters
12342:
11588:
8870:
6842:
5735:
5285:
4278:
3404:
shows that a nearby supernova helped determine the composition of the
23524:
23303:
23082:
23026:
22697:
22631:
22606:
22490:
22212:
21782:
21715:
21711:
21679:
21608:
21454:
21207:
21128:
21013:
20651:
20305:
19952:
19855:
19643:
19207:
18478:
18326:
18110:
18075:
18070:
18065:
18025:
17978:
17968:
17762:
17738:
17713:
17620:
17571:
17504:
17469:
17442:
17418:
17353:
17143:
17123:
17118:
17113:
17108:
17063:
16757:
16694:
16689:
16619:
16473:
11008:
10389:"Astronomers discover first supernova explosion of a Wolf-Rayet star"
9033:
7686:
5757:
Beacom, J. F. (1999). "Supernova neutrinos and the neutrino masses".
4618:"The Peak Brightness of SN 1895B in NGC 5253 and the Hubble Constant"
4325:
4029:
4024:
Clark, D. H.; Stephenson, F. R. (1982). "The Historical Supernovae".
3677: â Supernova that ejects a large mass at unusually high velocity
3674:
3668:
3609:
3577:
3505:
3493:
3469:
3328:
3309:
3248:
3244:
2816:
2808:
2796:
2419:
2310:
2287:
2153:
2013:
1907:
1625:
1396:
1379:
Light curves are used to classify type II-P and type II-L supernovae.
1346:
1342:
1215:
928:, 160 million light-years away in the constellation of Pegasus.
913:
870:
807:
739:
702:
547:
459:, occurred in the late 19th century, considerably more recently than
456:
436:
137:
125:
74:
16496:
Tsvetkov, D. Yu.; Pavlyuk, N. N.; Bartunov, O. S.; Pskovskii, Y. P.
15513:"The past, present and future supernova threat to Earth's biosphere"
14349:
12957:
12650:
Woosley, S. E.; Blinnikov, S.; Heger, Alexander (15 November 2007).
11938:
Fryer, C. L. (2004). "Neutron Star Kicks from Asymmetric Collapse".
8733:
7441:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 214. Dordrecht:
6641:
6455:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 264. Dordrecht:
6275:
3477:
3327:(AGB) stars are the dominant source of dust from oxides, carbon and
2950:
In some core collapse supernovae, fallback onto a black hole drives
2211:
or else from interaction with a companion. These stars are known as
2004:, photodisintegration and electron capture, which causes a burst of
1071:
1059:, which is a plot of distance versus redshift for visible galaxies.
897:. It was first detected in June 2015 and peaked at 570 billion
23609:
23579:
23544:
23534:
23474:
23293:
22808:
22778:
22722:
22656:
22646:
22571:
22485:
22217:
22191:
22093:
22087:
22082:
22072:
22067:
22062:
22057:
22052:
21833:
21828:
21272:
21267:
21185:
20656:
20415:
20215:
20174:
20072:
18471:
18172:
17846:
17605:
17578:
17128:
17093:
17088:
17083:
16907:
16747:
16262:
15965:
15743:
15692:
15599:
15496:
15469:
15188:
15110:
15050:
14867:
14764:
14705:
14547:
14510:
14485:
14425:
14267:
14242:
14218:
14099:
14063:
13991:
13831:
13265:
13203:
13084:
12984:
12959:
12935:
12900:
12857:
12792:
12603:
12562:
12527:
12526:
Dessart, L.; Burrows, A.; Livne, E.; Ott, C. D. (20 January 2008).
12194:
12159:
12131:
12077:
11971:
11897:
11794:
11739:
11608:
11548:
11097:
10843:
10787:
10584:
10532:
10435:
10341:
10263:
10199:
10077:
9794:
9539:
9316:
9181:
9145:
9118:
8605:
8564:
8477:
8165:
7863:
7818:
7726:
7408:
7293:
7039:
Problems of Extra-Galactic Research, Proceedings from IAU Symposium
7022:
6995:
6980:
6768:
6627:
6600:
6179:
6118:
5998:
5537:
5492:
5362:
5268:
5183:
5122:
4890:
4863:
4642:
4617:
4560:
4525:
4459:
4131:
4051:
Baade, W. (1943). "No. 675. Nova Ophiuchi of 1604 as a supernova".
3972:
3665: â Chronological list of developments in knowledge and records
3629:
3415:
3369:
2820:
2735:
2340:
2318:
2314:
2291:
2234:
2121:
2085:
2081:
1917:
Black hole after fallback of material onto an initial neutron star
1876:
Black hole after fallback of material onto an initial neutron star
1708:
1482:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1403:
1364:
1174:
1080:
1044:
1009:
925:
823:
819:
811:
780:
760:
589:
240:
146:
51:
43:
16497:
16283:
16245:
16107:
16096:
15890:. The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. pp. 203â223.
15800:
15673:
15470:"The hot white-dwarf companions of HR 1608, HR 8210, and HD 15638"
14993:
14930:
14368:
13937:
13884:
13613:
13560:
13504:
13449:
13392:
13318:
13183:
13143:
13025:
12741:
12668:
12544:
12487:
12430:
12371:
12007:
11667:
11470:
11324:
11259:
11154:
11044:
10703:
10643:
10141:
10020:
9959:
9903:
9735:
9644:
9589:
9488:
9437:
9299:
9241:
8751:
8695:
8396:
8332:
8276:
8220:
8111:
7983:
7924:
7221:
7164:
6882:
6711:
6657:
6161:"The Pantheon+ Analysis: The Full Dataset and Light-Curve Release"
5810:
5475:
5435:"NASA's Webb Opens New Window on Supernova Science - NASA Science"
5083:"NASA's Webb Opens New Window on Supernova Science - NASA Science"
5060:
5014:
4279:"SNRcat â High Energy Observations of Galactic Supernova Remnants"
4188:
2194:
23514:
23504:
23439:
23388:
23328:
23318:
23283:
22641:
21951:
21262:
20509:
20255:
18802:
18746:
18221:
17983:
17750:
17703:
17686:
17681:
17600:
17103:
17073:
17051:
15090:
13187:"PISCO: The PMAS/PPak Integral-field Supernova Hosts Compilation"
12321:
Iwamoto, K. (2006). "Neutrino Emission from Type Ia Supernovae".
11135:
9338:
Gilmore, G. (2004). "The Short Spectacular Life of a Superstar".
8794:
8258:
7876:
6221:"What Kinds of Discovered Objects to Report for IAUC Publication"
4172:
Krause, O. (2008). "The Cassiopeia A Supernova was of type IIb".
3573:
3377:
3320:
may be the main astrophysical source for many of these elements.
3313:
3259:
3255:
1719:, has been predicted to become a non-standard type Ia supernova.
1712:
1333:
1211:
1095:
1084:
936:
835:
675:
654:
633:
604:
428:
424:
413:
405:
382:
350:
16042:
15946:
14976:
14849:
Petroff, E.; Hessels, J. W. T.; Lorimer, D. R. (29 March 2022).
14287:"Populating the periodic table: Nucleosynthesis of the elements"
13659:"Populating the periodic table: Nucleosynthesis of the elements"
12585:
Senno, Nicholas; Murase, Kohta; MĂ©szĂĄros, Peter (8 April 2016).
11532:"A cosmology-independent calibration of Type Ia supernovae data"
9469:
8443:(147). Garching, Germany: European Southern Observatory: 25â31.
7903:
5901:
Linder, E. V.; Huterer, D. (2003). "Importance of supernovae at
5514:
Colgate, S. A.; McKee, C. (1969). "Early Supernova Luminosity".
5346:
February 2018). "A surge of light at the birth of a supernova".
3356:
2819:
of six days) and gamma rays. Co itself decays by the beta plus (
2771:
Although supernovae are primarily known as luminous events, the
2384:
with supernova SN2020jfo, taken by an amateur astronomer in 2020
199:
In the case of a massive star's sudden implosion, the core of a
23489:
23484:
22239:
21787:
21598:
21257:
21180:
21175:
21138:
20399:
20349:
20275:
20265:
20245:
19967:
19566:
19556:
19301:
18736:
18724:
17943:
17829:
17098:
16902:
16526:
14198:
12157:
11707:
10005:
9119:"Neutrinos from type II supernovae- The first 100 milliseconds"
7965:
Maoz, Dan; Mannucci, Filippo; Nelemans, Gijs (18 August 2014).
7904:
Dan, M.; Rosswog, S.; Guillochon, J.; Ramirez-Ruiz, E. (2012).
5035:
4817:
da Silva, L. A. L. (1993). "The Classification of Supernovae".
3608:
systems that conveniently advertise themselves. One example is
3601:
3512:
3439:
3435:
3386:
3373:
2723:
2711:
2706:
2351:
2077:
2028:
1778:
followed by explosive oxygen fusion, with very similar results.
1644:
1640:
1551:
1547:
1360:
1238:
862:
583:
562:
541:
432:
397:
354:
268:
236:
118:
19376:
15209:
15031:
14913:
12470:
11243:
11194:
10982:
10980:
10052:
9941:
9887:
9418:
9163:
Piran, Tsvi; Nakar, Ehud; Mazzali, Paolo; Pian, Elena (2019).
9094:
8378:
7967:"Observational Clues to the Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae"
7317:
5629:
5224:"Massive supernova visible millions of light-years from Earth"
3529:
2198:
Type Ib SN 2008D at the far upper end of the galaxy, shown in
1008:
to give early warning of a supernova in the Milky Way galaxy.
479:
296:
and is often abbreviated as SN or SNe. It is derived from the
284:
23554:
23419:
23343:
22013:
21802:
21771:
21649:
16554:
16532:
An open-access catalog of supernova light curves and spectra.
16101:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 812. pp. 153â231.
15034:"The Gravitational Wave Signal from Core-collapse Supernovae"
13975:
12355:
10486:
10484:
10482:
9826:
9383:
Faure, G.; Mensing, T. M. (2007). "Life and Death of Stars".
7707:
5959:
5344:
5168:
4362:
Zhao, Fu-Yuan; Strom, R. G.; Jiang, Shi-Yang (October 2006).
3593:
3565:
3561:
3550:
3418:
produced by core-collapse supernovae are leading candidates.
2199:
1593:
1076:
16230:
13713:
10125:
7259:
2763:
2229:
A few percent of the type Ic supernovae are associated with
1489:
Supernova type codes, as summarised in the table above, are
1375:
22381:
21792:
21777:
21767:
21003:
20903:
19182:
18085:
17304:
16762:
16324:
15565:
13297:
12773:
11434:
Filippenko, A. V. (1997). "Optical Spectra of Supernovae".
10977:
9571:
9282:
8093:
7784:
5458:
3597:
3596:, two bright star systems in the southern constellation of
3431:
2751:
mechanism may depend upon the mass of the progenitor star.
2741:
One possible explanation for this asymmetry is large-scale
2149:
2116:
2000:
The initial collapse of degenerate cores is accelerated by
1648:
1321:
827:
303:
78:
21489:
19357:
18786:
15781:
13253:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
13124:
12045:
11648:
10744:
10479:
10417:
Hiramatsu D; Howell D; Van S; et al. (28 June 2021).
9520:
9425:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
8461:
8149:
6866:
6695:
5585:
4108:
2035:. At this temperature, neutrino-antineutrino pairs of all
1767:
and will collapse further to a neutron star or black hole.
243:. The expanding shock waves of supernovae can trigger the
39:
23212:
18451:
13869:
12723:
Barkov, Maxim V.; Komissarov, Serguei S. (21 July 2011).
11878:
11305:
10686:
10058:
9714:
8643:
8590:
8029:
4545:
3016:
Fraction of core collapse supernovae types by progenitor
1391:
which indicate expansion velocities of many thousands of
17273:
16286:
The Physics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects
16005:
14409:"Chemical element transport in stellar evolution models"
13776:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 66.
13545:
12098:
11306:
Seitenzahl, I. R.; Taubenberger, S.; Sim, S. A. (2009).
10416:
6019:
5793:
5410:"James Webb Telescope Revolutionizes Supernova Research"
5311:
3850:
PurÄtattva: Journal of the Indian Archaeological Society
3487:
Historically, nearby supernovae may have influenced the
1181:
in the visual portion of the spectrum) it is classified
408:, which was observed in AD 1006 in the constellation of
20747:
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
16985:
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
15724:
15475:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
15355:"Did Supernovae Help Push Life to Become More Diverse?"
12960:"Active and Star-forming Galaxies and Their Supernovae"
12897:
12838:
12217:
Janka, H.-Th. (2002). "The Secrets Behind Supernovae".
11530:
Hauret, C; Magain, P; Biernaux, J (21 September 2018).
10325:
10173:
9414:
9412:
8924:
Hurley, J. R.; Pols, O. R.; Tout, C. A. (1 July 2000).
8530:
8314:
3663:
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
1533:
supernovae have very uniform properties and are useful
16498:"Sternberg Astronomical Institute Supernova Catalogue"
13375:
13006:
12525:
12259:
11760:
10412:
10410:
7534:
7144:
Piro, A. L.; Thompson, T. A.; Kochanek, C. S. (2014).
5856:". In Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (eds.).
5252:
3671: â Star that has undergone gravitational collapse
3541:
WR124, which is located at a distance of about 21,000
3480:
enrichment was later reported in deep-sea rock of the
3450:
Supernovae are potentially strong galactic sources of
3434:-decay have been detected from the supernova remnants
3115:
with highly depleted hydrogen (stripped by companion?)
2267:
In 1980, a "third type" of supernova was predicted by
117:
of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire
23749:
15467:
14848:
12649:
10986:
10932:
10772:
10625:
Gerke, J. R.; Kochanek, C. S.; Stanek, K. Z. (2015).
10565:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10179:
9162:
9057:
Stardust: Supernovae and Life â The Cosmic Connection
6409:
5692:(2000). "SNEWS: The supernova early warning system".
5314:"Amateur astronomer makes once-in-lifetime discovery"
3843:"Oldest sky-chart with Supernova record (in Kashmir)"
14145:
11529:
10933:
Bodansky, D.; Clayton, D. D.; Fowler, W. A. (1968).
10247:
9409:
7964:
7143:
6749:
6521:
Turatto, M. (2003). "Classification of Supernovae".
5106:
4441:
Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Vogt, Nikolaus (1 July 2020).
4364:"The Guest Star of AD185 must have been a Supernova"
3504:
is not well studied. The closest-known candidate is
2755:
by measuring the polarisation of the emitted light.
2726:, and thus neutron stars, are observed to have high
2016:
in diameter with a density comparable to that of an
935:
was detected by amateur astronomer Victor Buso from
869:
was estimated from temperature measurements and the
670:
likely type Iax SN associated with the remnant Pa30
281:
15620:
15156:
14084:
14029:
13652:
13650:
13648:
12584:
11818:
10624:
10407:
10241:
8207:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
7625:
6453:
Influence of Binaries on Stellar Population Studies
4907:"A cosmological surprise: The universe accelerates"
3775:
1157:Astronomers classify supernovae according to their
219:of material at speeds up to several percent of the
14585:
13979:Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
12776:"Neutrino signal from pair-instability supernovae"
12412:"Explosion Mechanisms of Core-Collapse Supernovae"
10881:
10516:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7615:
6931:
4671:. Springer International Publishing. p. 191.
3879:
3776:
3442:from the remnant impact on interstellar material.
15680:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
14407:Salaris, Maurizio; Cassisi, Santi (August 2017).
13922:
13598:
13437:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
13430:
13305:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
13131:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
13072:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
12845:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
12729:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11655:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11596:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11536:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11477:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11312:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11299:
10740:
10738:
10631:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
10572:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
10566:Reynolds, T. M.; Fraser, M.; Gilmore, G. (2015).
10419:"The electron-capture origin of supernova 2018zd"
10065:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
10061:"Ultra-stripped supernovae: progenitors and fate"
9834:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9782:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9722:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9476:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9224:
8930:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
8852:"Gravitational Waves from Gravitational Collapse"
7911:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
7151:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6756:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6450:
6380:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1â5, 60, 82.
5625:
5623:
4447:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3840:
2718:is travelling at 375 km/s relative to the nebula.
2127:Stars with initial masses less than about 8
23833:
21535:
14684:
14622:
13645:
12722:
11814:
11812:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8979:
7563:
6374:Stephenson, F. Richard; Green, David A. (2002).
6158:
6097:
4436:
4434:
3938:
1817:Core collapse scenarios by mass and metallicity
1601:the star in a supernova. An outwardly expanding
1554:white dwarf accreted enough matter to reach the
404:in 185 AD. The brightest recorded supernova was
14907:
14280:
14278:
11464:
11427:
10824:
10822:
10768:
10766:
9165:"Relativistic Jets in Core-collapse Supernovae"
8919:
8917:
7683:Structure and Evolution of Close Binary Systems
7612:
6601:"A comparative study of supernova light curves"
6373:
6098:Scolnic, D. M.; Jones, D. O.; Rest, A. (2018).
5550:
4946:Fabian, A. C. (2008). "A Blast from the Past".
4728:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4023:
3751:American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts
3400:Evidence from daughter products of short-lived
3097:in a dense cloud of expelled material (such as
1035:, the distance to a remote object with a known
734:SNR known, unclear whether the SN was observed
16541:IAU: Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
15468:Landsman, W.; Simon, T.; Bergeron, P. (1999).
14748:"The physical mechanisms of fast radio bursts"
14483:
14406:
14243:"Cooling and Evolution of a Supernova Remnant"
13242:
13240:
11874:
11872:
10735:
9054:
8923:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8434:
7436:
7313:
7311:
6862:
6860:
5620:
4361:
2262:
1173:. If a supernova's spectrum contains lines of
1121:. Next, pairs of lower-case letters are used:
22367:
22090:(first-ever possible light from bh-bh merger)
21521:
20877:
20365:
19392:
18818:
17289:
16570:
15439:Gorelick, M. (2007). "The Supernova Menace".
14678:
14649:
14206:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
13379:Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics
13065:
12417:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
11809:
9158:
9156:
8976:
8203:
7374:
6927:
6925:
6598:
6319:IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
5900:
5312:Astronomy Now journalist (23 February 2018).
4695:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
4431:
4368:Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
3841:Joglekar, H.; Vahia, M. N.; Sule, A. (2011).
3438:and W44. These are produced when accelerated
1841:Electron capture in a degenerate O+Ne+Mg core
1740:or neutron star with little radiated energy.
889:The most luminous supernova ever recorded is
17200:Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey
16325:Athem W. Alsabti; Paul Murdin, eds. (2017).
15841:"Observation of 23 Supernovae That Exploded"
14851:"Fast radio bursts at the dawn of the 2020s"
14275:
13246:
11029:
10819:
10763:
10529:"Astronomers discover new type of supernova"
9710:
9708:
9706:
9627:
9382:
9278:
9276:
8989:
8914:
8031:super-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf star".
7432:
7430:
6159:Scolnic, D. M.; Brout, D.; Carr, A. (2021).
5513:
4781:
4609:
4491:
4440:
4300:Chin, Y.-N.; Huang, Y.-L. (September 1994).
4237:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
3877:
3809:
3334:
943:images from before its collapse. Astronomer
435:because they were used to argue against the
207:, but may happen during an earlier stage of
124:The last supernova directly observed in the
121:before fading over several weeks or months.
15353:Petersen, Carolyn Collins (22 March 2023).
15262:
14535:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
13816:
13810:
13291:
13237:
12474:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
12153:
12151:
12149:
11992:
11869:
11701:
11437:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
9331:
9116:
9090:
9088:
8843:
8783:
8579:
8428:
8383:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
7971:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
7629:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
7308:
7070:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
6857:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6502:
4720:
4685:
4102:
3279:
3141:Supernova types by initial mass-metallicity
1964:None (or luminous supernova?), possible GRB
989:and comparing them to earlier photographs.
301:
136:in 1572, both of which were visible to the
22374:
22360:
21528:
21514:
20884:
20870:
20372:
20358:
19958:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
19399:
19385:
18825:
18811:
17296:
17282:
16577:
16563:
16537:"List of Supernovae with IAU Designations"
14980:Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements
13767:
13765:
13431:Walmswell, J. J.; Eldridge, J. J. (2012).
13371:
13369:
13367:
13365:
13363:
11433:
11396:
10393:Instituto de AstrofĂsica de Canarias âą IAC
10183:"Formation of Double Neutron Star Systems"
9153:
8455:
7879:Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana
7063:
6958:
6922:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6582:
5848:
4990:
4904:
4898:
4691:
4077:
3744:
2446:Physical properties of supernovae by type
1825:Progenitor star approximate initial mass (
1101:Supernova discoveries are reported to the
20891:
16463:
16445:
16396:
16297:
16244:
16106:
16057:
16019:
15982:
15964:
15838:
15799:
15742:
15701:
15691:
15634:
15581:
15495:
15415:
15378:
15278:
15170:
15109:
15067:
15049:
15025:
14992:
14929:
14866:
14763:
14722:
14704:
14599:
14546:
14509:
14484:Fischer, Debra A.; Valenti, Jeff (2005).
14460:
14442:
14424:
14367:
14310:
14266:
14217:
14159:
14098:
14045:
13990:
13936:
13883:
13830:
13729:
13707:
13682:
13612:
13559:
13503:
13466:
13448:
13391:
13335:
13317:
13282:
13264:
13220:
13202:
13160:
13142:
13101:
13083:
13042:
13024:
12983:
12934:
12916:
12874:
12856:
12791:
12758:
12740:
12667:
12602:
12561:
12543:
12486:
12447:
12429:
12370:
12273:
12193:
12175:
12113:
12059:
12006:
11953:
11914:
11896:
11832:
11776:
11721:
11684:
11666:
11625:
11607:
11565:
11547:
11506:
11488:
11410:
11392:
11390:
11341:
11323:
11258:
11220:
11171:
11153:
11096:
11082:
11043:
10842:
10786:
10702:
10682:
10680:
10660:
10642:
10601:
10583:
10434:
10340:
10262:
10216:
10198:
10140:
10094:
10076:
10019:
9958:
9902:
9864:
9846:
9811:
9793:
9752:
9734:
9703:
9643:
9588:
9556:
9538:
9505:
9487:
9454:
9436:
9298:
9273:
9240:
9220:
9218:
9198:
9180:
9144:
9101:
9023:
9005:
8959:
8941:
8897:
8887:
8869:
8810:
8750:
8694:
8604:
8546:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8476:
8395:
8331:
8275:
8219:
8164:
8110:
8046:
7982:
7941:
7923:
7800:
7725:
7680:
7641:
7579:
7450:
7427:
7333:
7275:
7220:
7181:
7163:
7021:
6881:
6777:
6767:
6710:
6656:
6635:
6626:
6544:
6534:
6464:
6283:
6196:
6178:
6135:
6117:
6059:
6041:
5980:
5920:
5869:
5809:
5770:
5725:
5707:
5688:
5649:
5588:Small Telescope Astronomy on Global Scale
5474:
5361:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5267:
5182:
5121:
4930:
4889:
4758:
4748:
4714:
4641:
4577:
4559:
4507:
4476:
4458:
4387:
4299:
4234:
4187:
4148:
4130:
3954:
3393:form around stars of higher metallicity.
1950:II-P, sometimes a hypernova, possible GRB
1107:Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
806:With the development of the astronomical
519:Historical supernovae in the Local Group
22102:(first black hole - neutron star merger)
15775:
15559:
15438:
15352:
13969:
13541:
13539:
13424:
13066:Taggart, K; Perley, D A (5 April 2021).
12146:
11642:
11364:
10935:"Nucleosynthesis During Silicon Burning"
9376:
9085:
8849:
8308:
7137:
7064:Filippenko, Alexei V. (September 1997).
6499:
6446:
6444:
6377:Historical Supernovae and Their Remnants
6244:
5554:The Origin and Evolution of the Universe
5452:
4816:
4615:
3614:
3528:
3355:
3293:
3229:
3144:
3136:
2970:
2762:
2705:
2376:
2328:
2309:possible candidates. The red supergiant
2193:
2115:
2069:or an exceptionally luminous supernova.
1977:
1726:
1573:
1508:
1476:
1374:
1320:
1310:Spectrum changes to become like Type Ib
1070:
1018:
961:
879:
873:emissions from the radioactive decay of
334:, who may have coined it independently.
38:
22383:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
15256:
14616:
14532:
14284:
14078:
13762:
13656:
13360:
12320:
10559:
10492:"New, Third Type Of Supernova Observed"
9337:
8672:
8637:
7839:
7524:from the original on 10 September 2015.
7499:
7380:
6987:
6803:"Supernovae: The explosion in a bubble"
6579:
6520:
6345:"The Padova-Asiago supernova catalogue"
6247:"Type I supernovae: An observer's view"
5338:
4071:
3996:
3914:
3834:
3518:
2321:source remains at the star's location.
1658:
1402:A few supernovae, such as SN 1987K and
1283:Reaches a "plateau" in its light curve
578:uncertain whether SN or classical nova
109:, or is completely destroyed to form a
14:
23834:
23180:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
22526:Khalid ibn Abd alâMalik alâMarwarrudhi
15942:
15940:
15885:
14285:Johnson, Jennifer A. (February 2019).
13863:
13771:
13489:
11387:
10828:
10677:
10618:
9215:
8727:
8678:
8509:
7528:
7204:
7036:
7030:
6993:
6800:
6689:
6079:from the original on 22 September 2017
5756:
5300:
5221:
4945:
4171:
4165:
4044:
3932:
3694:
3445:
1420:
1232:Weak or no silicon absorption feature
918:Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory
377:and recorded on a rock carving in the
337:
27:Explosion of a star at its end of life
23201:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
23139:
22393:
22355:
21509:
21309:Inverse beta decay (electron capture)
20865:
20353:
19380:
18806:
17277:
16615:Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)
16558:
15510:
14855:The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
14829:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
14745:
14192:
13536:
13247:Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R. (2020).
12409:
12216:
11937:
10965:from the original on 13 February 2020
8252:
7557:
6441:
6325:from the original on 12 November 2010
5551:Zuckerman, B.; Malkan, M. A. (1996).
5234:from the original on 13 February 2017
4861:
4721:Baade, Walter; Zwicky, Fritz (1934).
4410:
4050:
3997:Fraknoi, Andrew; et al. (2022).
3878:Murdin, Paul; Murdin, Lesley (1985).
3871:
3745:Osterbrock, D. E. (1 December 2001).
2031:, 6,000 times the temperature of the
1903:â„ 40 with near-solar metallicity
1271:
957:
865:, while the age of supernova remnant
801:
81:. A supernova occurs during the last
23150:
21660:Stanford gravitational wave detector
20846:
20334:
17258:
16288:. Vol. 261. San Francisco, CA:
14486:"The planet-metallicity correlation"
13592:
13483:
9775:
9682:
9055:Gribbin, J. R.; Gribbin, M. (2000).
8850:Fryer, C. L.; New, K. C. B. (2003).
8197:
7198:
6699:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement
6355:from the original on 10 January 2014
5575:from the original on 20 August 2016.
4664:
3992:
3990:
3797:participating institution membership
3740:
3738:
3500:. This led to greater biodiversity.
2297:
1922:â„ 40 with very high metallicity
1688:. These supernovae have been dubbed
1221:
1066:
368:
17195:Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope
16362:Branch, D.; Wheeler, J. C. (2017).
16290:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
15937:
14818:
14565:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-020055
14240:
13410:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101737
12505:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101737
9691:. Vol. 130. pp. 153â158.
8001:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141031
7685:. IAU Symposium No. 73. Dordrecht:
6599:Doggett, J. B.; Branch, D. (1985).
5596:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
4864:"Absolute magnitudes of supernovae"
1973:
1870:25â40 with low or solar metallicity
1770:Electron capture by magnesium in a
998:Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope
247:. Supernovae are a major source of
62:
46:(bright spot on the lower left), a
24:
21812:European Gravitational Observatory
18832:
16318:
15394:(3). Wiley Online Library: e9898.
15340:10.1038/scientificamerican0509-28a
14350:Sandstrom, K. M.; Bolatto, A. D.;
12449:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102711-094901
11399:The Fate of the Most Massive Stars
9472:"A sample of Type II-L supernovae"
7567:Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters
7115:"The Rise and Fall of a Supernova"
6349:Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
6295:from the original on 7 August 2020
6021:Rabinowitz, D.; Bauer, A. (2006).
4616:Schaefer, Bradley E. (July 1995).
3457:
3270:
1498:
1445:. The type V class was coined for
1244:
1039:can be estimated by measuring its
1004:(SNEWS) project uses a network of
132:in 1604, appearing not long after
97:. The original object, called the
25:
23883:
22096:(first-ever "mass gap" collision)
16489:
15011:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2013.04.036
14692:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
10543:from the original on 30 June 2021
10504:from the original on 29 June 2021
10467:from the original on 30 June 2021
9576:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
9385:Introduction to Planetary Science
9117:Myra, E. S.; Burrows, A. (1990).
7415:from the original on 3 March 2020
6996:"NGC 1058 and its Supernova 1961"
6529:. Vol. 598. pp. 21â36.
6523:Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters
6416:from the original on 3 March 2016
5462:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
4548:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
4257:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2006.01.06
3987:
3735:
2470:Days from peak to 10% luminosity
2286:reported that the 2018 supernova
2183:
2120:The atypical subluminous type II
1541:
1472:
1152:
1129:, and so on. Hence, for example,
23819:
23807:
23795:
23783:
23771:
23759:
22407:
21488:
21091:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff limit
20982:
20845:
20836:
20835:
20587:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff limit
20379:
20333:
20324:
20323:
19622:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff limit
19493:
19356:
18785:
18775:
18774:
17257:
17248:
17247:
16980:History of supernova observation
16648:
16502:Sternberg Astronomical Institute
16277:
16224:
16199:
16174:
16149:
16090:
16036:
15999:
15912:
15879:
15832:
15718:
15667:
15614:
15504:
15461:
15432:
15372:
15346:
15311:
15203:
15150:
15084:
14970:
14842:
14812:
14739:
14685:Bhandan, Shivani (1 June 2020).
14643:
14579:
14526:
14477:
14400:
14343:
14234:
14139:
14023:
13916:
13468:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19860.x
13337:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14506.x
13177:
13118:
13059:
13000:
12951:
12891:
12832:
12767:
12760:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18762.x
12716:
12643:
12578:
12519:
12464:
12403:
12349:
12314:
12253:
12210:
12092:
12039:
11986:
11931:
11754:
11686:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18160.x
11582:
11523:
11508:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05366.x
11358:
11343:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15478.x
11237:
11188:
11129:
11076:
11023:
10926:
10875:
10381:
10319:
10119:
9999:
9935:
9881:
9866:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07589.x
9820:
9769:
9676:
9621:
9565:
9514:
9463:
9110:
9048:
8961:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03426.x
8372:
7943:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20794.x
7381:Lieb, E. H.; Yau, H.-T. (1987).
7125:from the original on 2 July 2013
5905:> 1.5 to probe dark energy".
5594:. Vol. 246. San Francisco:
5326:from the original on 16 May 2018
4078:Motz, L.; Weaver, J. H. (2001).
3859:from the original on 10 May 2019
3695:Zwicky, Fritz (1 January 1940).
3149:Remnants of single massive stars
2758:
1881:25â40 with very high metallicity
1722:
1711:, belonging to the open cluster
1513:Formation of a type Ia supernova
1453:, an unusual faint supernova or
1103:International Astronomical Union
557:possible SN, but may be a comet
504:
478:
344:History of supernova observation
277:
235:in the interstellar medium from
22905:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr alâFarisi
22394:
20770:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
19739:Innermost stable circular orbit
19406:
15511:Beech, Martin (December 2011).
14746:Zhang, Bing (5 November 2020).
8143:
8087:
8023:
7958:
7897:
7870:
7833:
7778:
7701:
7674:
7493:
7253:
7107:
7066:"Optical Spectra of Supernovae"
7057:
6952:
6794:
6743:
6434:Padova-Asiago Supernova Group,
6428:
6402:
6367:
6337:
6307:
6238:
6213:
6152:
6091:
6013:
5953:
5894:
5842:
5787:
5750:
5682:
5579:
5544:
5507:
5427:
5402:
5246:
5222:Sample, I. (13 February 2017).
5215:
5162:
5100:
5075:
5029:
4984:
4939:
4855:
4810:
4782:Murdin, P.; Murdin, L. (1985).
4775:
4658:
4539:
4485:
4417:. CRC Press. pp. 295â296.
4404:
4355:
4293:
4271:
4228:
4017:
3810:Murdin, P.; Murdin, L. (1978).
2324:
1961:â„ 250 with low metallicity
149:, which was the explosion of a
23394:Schema for horizontal sundials
22910:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
22435:Muáž„ammad ibn IbrÄhÄ«m al-FazÄrÄ«
21553:Gravitational-wave observatory
20165:Timeline of black hole physics
17225:SuperNova Early Warning System
16640:Common envelope jets supernova
16584:
16099:Astronomy with Radioactivities
15839:Firestone, R. B. (June 2014).
15517:Astrophysics and Space Science
14819:Chu, Jennifer (13 July 2022).
11458:10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.309
7660:10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.191
7090:10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.309
6023:"The Nearby Supernova Factory"
4820:Astrophysics and Space Science
3908:
3803:
3769:
3688:
3421:
3083:with a depleted hydrogen shell
2692:
2682:
2675:
2668:
1933:â„ 90 with low metallicity
1524:, at which point it undergoes
1363:-rich companion rather than a
1218:(nanometers), near peak light
1002:Supernova Early Warning System
649:certain: SNR and pulsar known
13:
1:
22245:Gravitational wave background
21797:LIGO Scientific Collaboration
20796:X-ray pulsar-based navigation
20775:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
19933:Nonsingular black hole models
18946:Blue large-amplitude pulsator
18687:Timeline of stellar astronomy
15297:10.1016/S1384-1076(99)00034-2
15234:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.171103
13657:Johnson, Jennifer A. (2019).
12292:10.1126/science.276.5317.1378
11764:Astrophysical Journal Letters
10008:Astrophysical Journal Letters
8829:10.1016/j.physrep.2007.02.002
7263:Astrophysical Journal Letters
6801:Nugent, Peter (2 June 2017).
6166:Astrophysical Journal Letters
5559:Jones & Bartlett Learning
4622:Astrophysical Journal Letters
4109:Chakraborti, S.; Childs, F.;
3681:
2966:
2354:, primarily with energies of
2141:(possibly as much as 12
1784:A sufficiently large and hot
1241:(He I) line at 587.6 nm
215:Supernovae can expel several
73:) is a powerful and luminous
23652:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
22048:First observation (GW150914)
21834:TAMA 20, later known as LISM
21537:Gravitational-wave astronomy
21376:Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
21319:Electron degeneracy pressure
17215:Supernova/Acceleration Probe
17190:High-Z Supernova Search Team
16788:pulsational pair-instability
16522:"The Open Supernova Catalog"
15896:10.1007/978-3-319-11644-0_12
15788:Astronomy & Astrophysics
15731:Astronomy & Astrophysics
14672:10.1016/0019-1035(77)90101-4
14386:10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/2138
13794:10.1007/978-94-010-1229-4_14
13717:Astronomy & Astrophysics
13601:Astronomy & Astrophysics
13548:Astronomy & Astrophysics
13492:Astronomy & Astrophysics
11085:Astronomy & Astrophysics
11062:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/2205
10904:10.1126/science.238.4829.938
8857:Living Reviews in Relativity
8153:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8129:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1209
6483:10.1007/978-94-015-9723-4_16
5888:10.1007/978-94-011-5710-0_46
3525:List of supernova candidates
3496:to shallow waters along the
3323:In the modern universe, old
3265:without a supernova outburst
2701:
2105:
2008:. As the density increases,
1947:140â250 with low metallicity
1765:electron degeneracy pressure
1564:electron degeneracy pressure
1269:Type II spectrum throughout
755:SNR known, but not observed
530:maximum apparent brightness
258:
7:
23641:University of al-Qarawiyyin
22845:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
22182:Tests of general relativity
20765:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
20608:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
20155:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
20120:Hypercompact stellar system
20110:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
18347:HertzsprungâRussell diagram
17220:Supernova Cosmology Project
16728:Fast blue optical transient
16125:10.1007/978-3-642-12698-7_4
15818:10.1051/0004-6361/201322155
15761:10.1051/0004-6361/201425390
13955:10.1088/2041-8205/726/2/L15
13902:10.1088/0004-637X/712/1/624
13631:10.1051/0004-6361/201220741
13578:10.1051/0004-6361/201219790
13522:10.1051/0004-6361/201118372
12389:10.1088/0004-637X/712/1/350
11173:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/L10
11115:10.1051/0004-6361/201527931
10861:10.1051/0004-6361/201936097
10721:10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/164
10038:10.1088/2041-8205/778/2/L23
9921:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/128
9662:10.1088/2041-8205/788/1/L14
9607:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/L84
9393:10.1007/978-1-4020-5544-7_4
9259:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/102
8769:10.1088/0004-637X/697/1/L49
8713:10.1088/2041-8205/750/1/L13
8666:10.1016/j.newar.2010.09.022
8623:10.1051/0004-6361/202037710
8183:10.1051/0004-6361/201833475
7469:10.1007/978-94-011-5542-7_7
7239:10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/686
6675:10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/376
6070:10.1016/j.newar.2006.02.035
5828:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/338
3632: â Neutron star merger
3623:
2263:Electron-capture supernovae
1664:extra mass is supported by
1624:, and it expands to form a
223:. This drives an expanding
10:
23888:
23140:
22885:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
21844:Caltech 40m interferometer
20821:Most massive neutron stars
20562:Quasi-periodic oscillation
19841:Black hole complementarity
19808:Bousso's holographic bound
19793:Quasi-periodic oscillation
19491:
19485:MalamentâHogarth spacetime
18261:KelvinâHelmholtz mechanism
16415:10.1103/PhysRevD.68.113009
16076:10.1051/0004-6361:20031500
16046:Astronomy and Astrophysics
15865:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/29
15653:10.1051/0004-6361:20021634
15623:Astronomy and Astrophysics
14885:10.1007/s00159-022-00139-w
14625:Astronomy and Astrophysics
14413:Royal Society Open Science
13748:10.1051/0004-6361:20034140
13044:10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/57
12810:10.1103/PhysRevD.96.103008
12621:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.083003
12323:AIP Conference Proceedings
12025:10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/28
11825:Cambridge University Press
11222:10.3847/0004-637X/820/1/74
10959:10.1103/PhysRevLett.20.161
10831:Astronomy and Astrophysics
10453:10.1038/s41550-021-01384-2
10359:10.1038/s41586-021-04155-1
10159:10.1088/0004-637X/774/1/58
8593:Astronomy and Astrophysics
8495:10.1038/s41550-022-01664-5
8294:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/57
7598:10.1051/0004-6361:20040135
7538:Astronomy and Astrophysics
7508:Cambridge University Press
7443:Kluwer Academic Publishers
7041:. Vol. 15. New York:
6934:Astronomy and Astrophysics
6729:10.1088/0067-0049/213/2/19
6457:Kluwer Academic Publishers
6436:Asiago Supernova Catalogue
6255:AIP Conference Proceedings
5939:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.081303
5862:Kluwer Academic Publishers
5759:Revista Mexicana de Fisica
5695:AIP Conference Proceedings
5414:www.jameswebbdiscovery.com
4790:Cambridge University Press
4414:The Data Book of Astronomy
4150:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/37
3888:Cambridge University Press
3641:List of supernova remnants
3522:
3461:
3338:
3283:
2301:
2187:
2109:
2039:are efficiently formed by
1892:40â90 with low metallicity
1502:
1370:
1349:-like or class Ia-2002cx.
952:James Webb Space Telescope
834:and Zwicky in lectures at
341:
251:. They might also produce
93:is triggered into runaway
32:Supernova (disambiguation)
29:
23726:Medieval European science
23708:
23677:
23618:
23407:
23274:
23210:
23157:
23146:
23135:
23096:
23060:
22999:
22986:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
22938:
22837:
22766:
22743:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
22685:
22554:
22458:
22417:
22406:
22402:
22389:
22253:
22200:
22169:
22109:
22035:
22028:
22001:
21968:
21934:
21918:
21909:
21889:
21868:
21852:
21821:
21760:
21749:
21704:
21688:
21622:
21581:
21570:
21561:
21543:
21483:
21447:
21399:
21339:
21324:Pauli exclusion principle
21243:
21159:
21099:
21073:
21024:Supernova nucleosynthesis
20991:
20980:
20957:Cataclysmic variable star
20902:
20831:
20788:
20780:Chandra X-ray Observatory
20755:
20729:
20600:
20502:
20444:
20408:
20387:
20319:
20193:
20045:
20007:
19986:
19925:
19884:
19833:
19712:Gravitational singularity
19699:
19592:
19502:
19427:
19414:
19352:
19319:
19289:
19268:
19252:
19245:
19158:
19123:
19097:
19062:
19019:
19012:
18982:
18954:
18916:
18849:
18840:
18770:
18695:
18544:
18442:
18370:
18269:
18126:
18001:
17879:
17788:
17524:
17515:
17394:
17324:
17311:
17303:
17243:
17172:
17034:
16993:
16967:
16878:
16803:
16715:
16657:
16646:
16592:
16366:. Springer. p. 721.
16345:10.1007/978-3-319-21846-5
16233:The Astrophysical Journal
15953:The Astrophysical Journal
15845:The Astrophysical Journal
15537:10.1007/s10509-011-0873-9
15159:The Astrophysical Journal
15038:The Astrophysical Journal
14782:10.1038/s41586-020-2828-1
14490:The Astrophysical Journal
14356:The Astrophysical Journal
14117:10.1038/s41586-019-1136-0
13925:The Astrophysical Journal
13872:The Astrophysical Journal
13849:10.1007/s11214-018-0499-0
13191:The Astrophysical Journal
13013:The Astrophysical Journal
12905:The Astrophysical Journal
12532:The Astrophysical Journal
12359:The Astrophysical Journal
12164:The Astrophysical Journal
12102:The Astrophysical Journal
12048:The Astrophysical Journal
11995:The Astrophysical Journal
11885:The Astrophysical Journal
11201:The Astrophysical Journal
11142:The Astrophysical Journal
11032:The Astrophysical Journal
10805:10.1038/s41550-019-0856-2
10749:. Springer. p. 309.
10690:The Astrophysical Journal
10187:The Astrophysical Journal
9891:The Astrophysical Journal
9631:The Astrophysical Journal
9527:The Astrophysical Journal
9286:The Astrophysical Journal
9228:The Astrophysical Journal
9169:The Astrophysical Journal
8738:The Astrophysical Journal
8682:The Astrophysical Journal
8414:10.1088/0067-0049/207/1/3
8263:The Astrophysical Journal
8238:10.1017/S1743921313007072
8098:The Astrophysical Journal
7843:The Astrophysical Journal
7788:The Astrophysical Journal
7388:The Astrophysical Journal
7208:The Astrophysical Journal
7001:The Astrophysical Journal
6105:The Astrophysical Journal
5968:The Astrophysical Journal
5668:10.1088/1367-2630/6/1/114
5517:The Astrophysical Journal
4495:The Astrophysical Journal
4119:The Astrophysical Journal
4003:. OpenStax. p. 767.
3784:Oxford English Dictionary
3701:Reviews of Modern Physics
3335:Role in stellar evolution
3290:Supernova nucleosynthesis
2862:Electromagnetic radiation
2830:Energetics of supernovae
2773:electromagnetic radiation
2190:Type Ib and Ic supernovae
1855:
1469:outburst or an impostor.
1439:hydrogen absorption lines
1316:
1305:
1296:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1202:
1197:
1033:expansion of the universe
22976:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
22870:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
22511:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
22285:Supermassive black holes
21280:Fundamental interactions
20547:Neutron-star oscillation
20436:Rotating radio transient
20296:PSO J030947.49+271757.31
20221:SDSS J150243.09+111557.3
19754:BlandfordâZnajek process
18640:With multiple exoplanets
17205:Nearby Supernova Factory
16211:stars.astro.illinois.edu
16186:stars.astro.illinois.edu
16161:stars.astro.illinois.edu
15984:10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a6
15924:stars.astro.illinois.edu
15128:10.1088/1367-2630/abde33
15069:10.3847/1538-4357/aac5f1
14724:10.3847/2041-8213/ab672e
14009:10.1088/1361-6471/aa8891
13222:10.3847/1538-4357/aaaf20
12964:The Astronomical Journal
11916:10.3847/1538-4357/ac403c
11710:The Astronomical Journal
11368:Soviet Astronomy Letters
10218:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7e89
9776:Yoon, Sung-Chul (2017).
9558:10.3847/1538-4357/ab518b
9200:10.3847/2041-8213/aaffce
6961:The Astronomical Journal
6645:The Astronomical Journal
6606:The Astronomical Journal
6527:Lecture Notes in Physics
6410:"Open Supernova Catalog"
6245:Kirshner, R. P. (1980).
6198:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b7a
6137:10.3847/1538-4357/aab9bb
5797:The Astronomical Journal
4665:Dick, Steven J. (2019).
4579:10.3847/2041-8213/ac2253
4389:10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17
4281:. University of Manitoba
3721:10.1103/RevModPhys.12.66
3580:; the yellow hypergiant
3280:Source of heavy elements
2838:Approximate total energy
2239:super-luminous supernova
1345:is often referred to as
1325:Light curve for type Ia
893:, at a distance of 3.82
859:universe is accelerating
145:naked-eye supernova was
101:, either collapses to a
50:within its host galaxy,
23078:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
23052:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
22930:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
22850:Ibn alâHa'im alâIshbili
22124:Resonant mass detectors
21366:Quantum electrodynamics
20972:Super soft X-ray source
19552:Active galactic nucleus
18995:Solar-like oscillations
18936:Slowly pulsating B-type
17426:Asymptotic giant branch
17230:Supernova Legacy Survey
16068:2003A&A...410L..37V
16008:Stars as Suns: Activity
15810:2013A&A...559A..72T
15753:2015A&A...581A.110T
15645:2003A&A...398..181V
15529:2011Ap&SS.336..287B
15455:2007S&T...113c..26G
15213:Physical Review Letters
14948:10.1126/science.1231160
14877:2022A&ARv..30....2P
14637:1983A&A...128..411K
14557:2021ARA&A..59..291Z
14312:10.1126/science.aau9540
13740:2004A&A...421..613F
13684:10.1126/science.aau9540
13623:2013A&A...550L...7G
13570:2012A&A...544L..11Y
13514:2012A&A...538L...8G
13402:2009ARA&A..47...63S
12497:2009ARA&A..47...63S
12231:10.1126/science.1075935
11450:1997ARA&A..35..309F
11107:2016A&A...589A..53N
10939:Physical Review Letters
10853:2020A&A...637A..73N
10281:10.1126/science.aas8693
9354:10.1126/science.1100370
8615:2020A&A...640A..56R
8175:2018A&A...618A.124F
7993:2014ARA&A..52..107M
7744:10.1126/science.aau7365
7652:2000ARA&A..38..191H
7590:2004A&A...420L...1R
7551:1993A&A...270..223K
7500:Wheeler, J. C. (2000).
7352:10.1126/science.1136259
7119:ESO Picture of the Week
7082:1997ARA&A..35..309F
6946:1979A&A....72..287B
6827:10.1038/s41550-017-0140
6555:10.1007/3-540-45863-8_3
5201:10.1038/s41550-016-0002
5140:10.1126/science.aac9613
4962:10.1126/science.1158538
4905:Leibundgut, B. (2003).
4833:1993Ap&SS.202..215D
4411:Moore, Patrick (2000).
4206:10.1126/science.1155788
3789:Oxford University Press
3652:Superluminous supernova
3325:asymptotic giant branch
3286:Stellar nucleosynthesis
2781:heavy element synthesis
2623:Plateau then around 50
2467:Days to peak luminosity
1443:hydrogen emission lines
1357:Calcium-rich supernovae
23359:Navigational astrolabe
23114:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
22880:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
22799:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
22748:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
22677:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
21475:Physics of shock waves
21235:Observational timeline
21081:Gravitational collapse
20801:Tempo software program
20180:Tidal disruption event
20150:Supermassive dark star
20068:Black holes in fiction
20053:Outline of black holes
19686:Supermassive dark star
19605:Gravitational collapse
19072:Luminous blue variable
18903:Rapidly oscillating Ap
18762:Tidal disruption event
18251:Circumstellar envelope
17485:Luminous blue variable
17235:Texas Supernova Search
17210:Sloan Supernova Survey
16828:Luminous blue variable
16517:A searchable catalogue
16328:Handbook of Supernovae
15098:New Journal of Physics
14178:10.1006/icar.2001.6617
13284:10.1093/mnrasl/slaa102
11627:10.1093/mnras/staa1402
10497:W. M. Keck Observatory
5637:New Journal of Physics
4478:10.1093/mnras/staa1970
4081:The Story of Astronomy
3921:The Celestial handbook
3620:
3568:, the red supergiants
3545:
3365:
3362:Large Magellanic Cloud
3299:
3235:
3170:red supergiant problem
3150:
3142:
2985:
2768:
2732:neutron star formation
2719:
2385:
2335:
2203:
2124:
1988:
1776:gravitational collapse
1732:
1686:circumstellar material
1583:
1580:Small Magellanic Cloud
1514:
1486:
1380:
1329:
1214:(Si II) line at 615.0
1098:
1028:
973:
971:Large Magellanic Cloud
969:SNR E0519-69.0 in the
941:Hubble Space Telescope
886:
818:. A second supernova,
786:Large Magellanic Cloud
302:
245:formation of new stars
170:gravitational collapse
155:Large Magellanic Cloud
54:
23872:Concepts in astronomy
23695:Hellenistic astronomy
23666:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
23460:Deferent and epicycle
22860:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
22829:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
22471:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
22309:Rotating neutron star
22120:Laser interferometers
21371:Quantum hydrodynamics
20816:List of neutron stars
20811:The Magnificent Seven
20058:Black Hole Initiative
19871:Holographic principle
18287:Effective temperature
16680:Phillips relationship
15888:Astrophysics is Easy!
15703:10.1093/mnras/stac217
15569:Astrophysical Journal
15388:Ecology and Evolution
15220:(17): 171103â171106.
14247:Astrophysical Journal
14033:Astrophysical Journal
13819:Space Science Reviews
13103:10.1093/mnras/stab174
12876:10.1093/mnras/stac625
12410:Janka, H.-T. (2012).
11941:Astrophysical Journal
11567:10.1093/mnras/sty1715
10747:Fundamental Astronomy
10603:10.1093/mnras/stv1809
10129:Astrophysical Journal
9813:10.1093/mnras/stx1496
9754:10.1093/mnras/stt1612
9689:ASP Conference Series
9507:10.1093/mnras/stu1760
9456:10.1093/mnrasl/slu146
9124:Astrophysical Journal
9061:Yale University Press
8646:New Astronomy Reviews
8534:Astrophysical Journal
7183:10.1093/mnras/stt2451
6438:, accessed 2023-12-27
6030:New Astronomy Reviews
5592:ASP Conference Series
4862:Kowal, C. T. (1968).
4750:10.1073/pnas.20.5.254
3942:Astrophysical Journal
3658:Supernovae in fiction
3618:
3532:
3359:
3297:
3233:
3148:
3140:
2983:
2766:
2709:
2380:
2332:
2197:
2119:
1981:
1730:
1666:differential rotation
1577:
1512:
1480:
1393:kilometres per second
1378:
1324:
1169:that appear in their
1087:compilation image of
1074:
1022:
965:
908:bolometric luminosity
906:, which is twice the
883:
845:American astronomers
227:into the surrounding
42:
23685:Babylonian astronomy
23500:Gravitational energy
22875:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
22865:Najm alâDin alâMisri
22546:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
22445:Mashallah ibn Athari
22430:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
22201:Effects / properties
22130:Atom interferometers
22043:List of observations
21970:Pulsar timing arrays
21465:Nuclear astrophysics
21253:Elementary particles
20716:ThorneâĆ»ytkow object
19861:Final parsec problem
19820:Schwarzschild radius
19260:Rotating ellipsoidal
19168:AM Canum Venaticorum
19115:RS Canum Venaticorum
18757:Planet-hosting stars
18635:With resolved images
18606:Historical brightest
18536:Photometric-standard
18462:Solar radio emission
18256:Eddington luminosity
18036:Triple-alpha process
17974:ThorneâĆ»ytkow object
17349:Young stellar object
16364:Supernova Explosions
13780:. pp. 145â158.
13162:10.1093/mnras/stu163
10662:10.1093/mnras/stv776
10096:10.1093/mnras/stv990
6779:10.1093/mnras/stw477
6315:"List of Supernovae"
6225:cbat.eps.harvard.edu
4869:Astronomical Journal
4113:(25 February 2016).
4032:. pp. 355â370.
3519:Milky Way candidates
3464:Near-Earth supernova
3402:radioactive isotopes
3318:neutron star mergers
2460:Approximate energy (
1659:Non-standard type Ia
1237:Shows a non-ionised
822:, was discovered in
535:SN's identification
493:associated with the
448:observed SN 1572 in
172:of a massive star's
151:blue supergiant star
30:For other uses, see
23847:Astronomical events
23626:Al-Azhar University
23445:Celestial mechanics
23235:Book of Fixed Stars
23194:The Book of Healing
23173:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
22915:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
22890:Zakariya al-Qazwini
22501:Al-កajjÄj ibn YĆ«suf
22496:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
22290:Stellar black holes
22270:quantum fluctuation
22150:Pulsar timing array
22137:Indirect detection
22077:neutron star merger
21860:INDIGO (LIGO-India)
21314:Degeneracy pressure
21244:Particles, forces,
21086:Chandrasekhar limit
20667:Neutron star merger
20527:Chandrasekhar limit
20494:HulseâTaylor pulsar
20421:Soft gamma repeater
20160:Superluminal motion
20135:Population III star
20105:Gravitational waves
20063:Black hole starship
19846:Information paradox
19297:α Canum Venaticorum
18581:Highest temperature
18352:Colorâcolor diagram
18217:Protoplanetary disk
18021:Protonâproton chain
17699:Chemically peculiar
17253:Category:Supernovae
17185:CalĂĄn/Tololo Survey
16870:Population III star
16778:Soft gamma repeater
16610:Type Ib and Ic
16456:2005NatPh...1..147W
16407:2003PhRvD..68k3009T
16337:2017hsn..book.....A
16308:2002ASPC..261...77T
16255:2008ApJ...675..698T
16117:2011LNP...812..153T
16030:2004IAUS..219..903L
15975:2020ApJ...899..153M
15857:2014ApJ...789...29F
15592:2003ApJ...585.1169G
15488:1993PASP..105..841L
15442:Sky & Telescope
15400:2023EcoEv..13E9898S
15332:2009SciAm.300e..28.
15320:Scientific American
15289:1999NewA....4..419F
15226:2004PhRvL..93q1103K
15181:2005ApJ...621..902F
15120:2021NJPh...23c1201A
15060:2018ApJ...861...10M
15003:2013NuPhS.235..381O
14940:2013Sci...339..807A
14774:2020Natur.587...45Z
14715:2020ApJ...895L..37B
14664:1977Icar...30..447C
14610:2001ASPC..243..791P
14502:2005ApJ...622.1102F
14444:10.1098/rsos.170192
14435:2017RSOS....470192S
14378:2009ApJ...696.2138S
14303:2019Sci...363..474J
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14241:Cox, D. P. (1972).
14228:2019BAAS...51c.351R
14170:2001Icar..152..185G
14109:2019Natur.569..241S
14056:1998ApJ...494..285Q
14001:2018JPhG...45a4001E
13947:2011ApJ...726L..15W
13894:2010ApJ...712..624M
13841:2018SSRv..214...67N
13786:1977ASSL...66..145T
13675:2019Sci...363..474J
13459:2012MNRAS.419.2054W
13328:2009MNRAS.395.1409S
13275:2020MNRAS.496L.142D
13213:2018ApJ...855..107G
13153:2014MNRAS.439.2917M
13094:2021MNRAS.503.3931T
13035:2014ApJ...791...57S
12976:2005AJ....129.1369P
12927:2006ApJ...642..989P
12867:2022MNRAS.512.1541G
12802:2017PhRvD..96j3008W
12751:2011MNRAS.415..944B
12686:10.1038/nature06333
12678:2007Natur.450..390W
12613:2016PhRvD..93h3003S
12554:2008ApJ...673L..43D
12440:2012ARNPS..62..407J
12381:2010ApJ...712..350H
12357:Supernova Survey".
12335:2006AIPC..847..406I
12284:1997Sci...276.1378N
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12124:2003ApJ...591.1110W
12070:1999ApJ...524L.107K
12017:2015ApJ...806...28G
11964:2004ApJ...601L.175F
11907:2022ApJ...926....9J
11843:2004cetd.conf..276L
11787:1996ApJ...464L.165F
11732:2002AJ....123..745R
11677:2011MNRAS.412.1441L
11618:2018MNRAS.479.3996H
11558:2018MNRAS.479.3996H
11499:2002MNRAS.333...27P
11421:2005ASPC..332...33F
11381:1987SvAL...13..376T
11334:2009MNRAS.400..531S
11277:10.1038/nature13672
11269:2014Natur.512..406C
11213:2016ApJ...820...74D
11164:2009ApJ...705L..10T
11054:2009ApJ...703.2205K
11001:1988Natur.331..416M
10951:1968PhRvL..20..161B
10896:1987Sci...238..938M
10797:2019NatAs...3..717M
10713:2013ApJ...778..164A
10653:2015MNRAS.450.3289G
10594:2015MNRAS.453.2885R
10445:2021NatAs...5..903H
10351:2022Natur.601..201G
10273:2018Sci...362..201D
10209:2017ApJ...846..170T
10151:2013ApJ...774...58D
10087:2015MNRAS.451.2123T
10030:2013ApJ...778L..23T
9977:10.1038/nature12569
9969:2013Natur.502..346N
9913:2013ApJ...770..128I
9857:2004MNRAS.349.1093R
9804:2017MNRAS.470.3970Y
9745:2013MNRAS.436..774E
9697:1997ASPC..130..153P
9654:2014ApJ...788L..14S
9599:2009ApJ...692L..84M
9549:2019ApJ...887...53F
9498:2014MNRAS.445..554F
9447:2014MNRAS.445L..99H
9348:(5679): 1915â1916.
9309:2008ApJ...675..614P
9251:2011ApJ...734..102K
9191:2019ApJ...871L..25P
9137:1990ApJ...364..222M
9069:2000sslc.book.....G
9016:2005NatPh...1..147W
8952:2000MNRAS.315..543H
8889:10.12942/lrr-2003-2
8880:2003LRR.....6....2F
8821:2007PhR...442...38J
8761:2009ApJ...697L..49S
8705:2012ApJ...750L..13M
8658:2010NewAR..54..191N
8557:2003ApJ...591..288H
8487:2022NatAs...6..681M
8449:2012Msngr.147...25G
8406:2013ApJS..207....3S
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8342:2014Natur.512...54M
8286:2013ApJ...767...57F
8230:2014IAUS..298..442W
8121:2010ApJ...714.1209T
8065:10.1038/nature05103
8057:2006Natur.443..308H
7934:2012MNRAS.422.2417D
7891:2000MmSAI..71..435R
7856:1979ApJ...232..404C
7811:2006ApJ...652.1133M
7736:2019Sci...366.7365P
7695:1976IAUS...73...75P
7461:1997ASSL..214...49C
7401:1987ApJ...323..140L
7344:2007Sci...315..825M
7286:2007ApJ...667L..37H
7231:2009ApJ...702..686C
7174:2014MNRAS.438.3456P
7051:1962IAUS...15..347Z
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6994:Zwicky, F. (1964).
6973:1988AJ.....96.1941F
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6892:2010Natur.465..322P
6819:2017NatAs...1E.140N
6721:2014ApJS..213...19B
6667:2009AJ....138..376F
6643:energy supernova".
6619:1985AJ.....90.2303D
6475:2001ASSL..264..199C
6268:1980AIPC...63...33K
6189:2022ApJ...938..113S
6128:2018ApJ...859..101S
6052:2006NewAR..50..436C
5991:1997ApJ...483..565P
5931:2003PhRvD..67h1303L
5880:1997ASIC..486..749P
5820:2008AJ....135..338F
5781:1999RMxF...45...36B
5718:2000AIPC..523..355S
5660:2004NJPh....6..114A
5604:2001ASPC..246..121F
5530:1969ApJ...157..623C
5485:2008ApJ...680L..41R
5380:10.1038/nature25151
5372:2018Natur.554..497B
5278:2017NatPh..13..510Y
5193:2016NatAs...1E...2L
5132:2016Sci...351..257D
5053:1998Natur.396..142I
5007:1998Natur.396..141A
4956:(5880): 1167â1168.
4932:10.1051/epn:2001401
4923:2001ENews..32..121L
4882:1968AJ.....73.1021K
4741:1934PNAS...20..254B
4708:2001AAS...199.1501O
4634:1995ApJ...447L..13S
4570:2021ApJ...918L..33R
4518:2003ApJ...585..324W
4469:2020MNRAS.497.1419H
4380:2006ChJAA...6..635Z
4318:1994Natur.371..398C
4249:2006JAHH....9...77P
4198:2008Sci...320.1195K
4182:(5880): 1195â1197.
4141:2016ApJ...819...37C
4065:1943CMWCI.675....1B
4038:1982ASIC...90..355C
3965:2003ApJ...585..324W
3916:Burnham, Robert Jr.
3787:(Online ed.).
3763:2001AAS...199.1501O
3713:1940RvMP...12...66Z
3498:continental shelves
3452:gravitational waves
3446:Gravitational waves
3372:produced hydrogen,
3351:adiabatic expansion
3347:interstellar medium
3017:
3010:elliptical galaxies
2831:
2734:, and asymmetrical
2728:peculiar velocities
2447:
2273:University of Tokyo
2022:degeneracy pressure
1967:Massive black hole
1958:Photodisintegration
1818:
1757:photodisintegration
1745:Chandrasekhar limit
1707:The quadruple star
1556:Chandrasekhar limit
1421:Types III, IV and V
1194:
1193:Supernova taxonomy
1014:subatomic particles
983:Amateur astronomers
712:certain: SNR known
691:certain: SNR known
520:
402:Chinese astronomers
375:Indian subcontinent
359:binary star systems
353:stars in a typical
338:Observation history
253:gravitational waves
229:interstellar medium
113:. The peak optical
83:evolutionary stages
23790:History of science
23690:Egyptian astronomy
23631:House of Knowledge
23309:Astronomical clock
23119:Muhammad al-Rudani
22516:BanĆ« MĆ«sÄ brothers
22466:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
22177:General relativity
21881:Einstein Telescope
21783:Fermilab holometer
21548:Gravitational wave
21470:Physical cosmology
21424:Quarkâgluon plasma
21285:Strong interaction
20711:Pulsar wind nebula
20689:Stellar black hole
19994:Optical black hole
19907:ReissnerâNordström
19866:Firewall (physics)
19771:Gravitational lens
19281:FK Comae Berenices
19077:R Coronae Borealis
18867:Classical cepheids
18586:Lowest temperature
18337:Photometric system
18307:Absolute magnitude
18241:Circumstellar dust
17854:Stellar black hole
17490:Stellar population
17376:HerbigâHaro object
17263:Commons:Supernovae
16915:Stellar black hole
16891:Pulsar wind nebula
16743:Gravitational wave
14202:Starrfield, Sumner
9387:. pp. 35â48.
7720:(6465): eaau7365.
7689:. pp. 75â80.
4841:10.1007/BF00626878
3924:. Dover. pp.
3636:List of supernovae
3621:
3546:
3389:orbiting it: more
3366:
3300:
3236:
3151:
3143:
3015:
3002:starburst galaxies
2998:irregular galaxies
2986:
2829:
2769:
2720:
2687:Order of magnitude
2456:absolute magnitude
2445:
2386:
2336:
2204:
2125:
2006:electron neutrinos
1989:
1936:None, possible GRB
1856:Iron core collapse
1816:
1733:
1717:Vela constellation
1611:absolute magnitude
1584:
1515:
1487:
1455:supernova impostor
1383:The supernovae of
1381:
1330:
1301:Some narrow lines
1253:Weak or no helium
1207:Presents a singly
1192:
1185:; otherwise it is
1099:
1029:
1006:neutrino detectors
974:
958:Discovery programs
887:
802:Telescope findings
518:
491:pulsar wind nebula
400:was documented by
361:with at least one
161:of the Milky Way.
130:Kepler's Supernova
55:
23867:Stellar phenomena
23862:Stellar evolution
23747:
23746:
23743:
23742:
23739:
23738:
23721:Chinese astronomy
23716:Byzantine science
23590:Temporal finitism
23520:Islamic cosmology
23450:Celestial spheres
23270:
23269:
23162:Arabic star names
23131:
23130:
23127:
23126:
22991:Fathullah Shirazi
22925:Al-Ashraf Umar II
22637:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
22440:IbrÄhÄ«m al-FazÄrÄ«
22349:
22348:
22165:
22164:
22116:Direct detection
21964:
21963:
21960:
21959:
21942:Big Bang Observer
21905:
21904:
21745:
21744:
21503:
21502:
21401:Degenerate matter
21386:Color confinement
21349:Quantum mechanics
21046:Carbon detonation
20992:Stellar processes
20859:
20858:
20640:Supernova remnant
20430:Ultra-long period
20347:
20346:
20140:Supermassive star
20130:Naked singularity
20125:Membrane paradigm
19851:Cosmic censorship
19825:Spaghettification
19813:Immirzi parameter
19766:Hawking radiation
19707:Astrophysical jet
19676:Supermassive star
19666:Binary black hole
19600:Stellar evolution
19542:Intermediate-mass
19374:
19373:
19339:Planetary transit
19315:
19314:
19236:
19229:
19210:
19196:
19178:Luminous red nova
19154:
19153:
19136:Gamma Cassiopeiae
19089:Yellow hypergiant
19085:
19053:
19046:
19008:
19007:
18894:
18874:
18800:
18799:
18703:Substellar object
18682:Planetary nebulae
18101:Luminous red nova
18011:Deuterium burning
17997:
17996:
17480:Instability strip
17460:Wolf-Rayet nebula
17414:Horizontal branch
17359:Pre-main-sequence
17271:
17270:
16886:Supernova remnant
16753:Luminous red nova
16665:Carbon detonation
16530:. 6 October 2022.
16506:Moscow University
16384:Physical Review D
16373:978-3-662-55052-6
16354:978-3-319-21845-8
16331:. Springer Cham.
16134:978-3-642-12697-0
15905:978-3-319-11643-3
15408:10.1002/ece3.9898
15382:(16 March 2023).
15380:Svensmark, Henrik
14297:(6426): 474â478.
14093:(7755): 241â244.
13803:978-94-010-1231-7
13669:(6426): 474â478.
12780:Physical Review D
12662:(7168): 390â392.
12591:Physical Review D
12343:10.1063/1.2234440
10890:(4829): 938â940.
10756:978-3-662-53044-3
10395:. 12 January 2022
10335:(7892): 201â204.
10257:(6411): 201â206.
9953:(7471): 346â349.
9402:978-1-4020-5233-0
9078:978-0-300-09097-0
8041:(7109): 308â311.
7517:978-0-521-65195-0
7478:978-0-7923-4585-5
7328:(5813): 825â828.
6876:(7296): 322â325.
6564:978-3-540-44053-6
6492:978-0-7923-7104-5
5908:Physical Review D
5736:10.1063/1.1291879
5613:978-1-58381-084-2
5568:978-0-7637-0030-0
5356:(7693): 497â499.
5286:10.1038/nphys4025
5116:(6270): 257â260.
5047:(6707): 142â144.
5001:(6707): 141â142.
4803:978-0-521-30038-4
4424:978-1-4200-3344-1
4312:(6496): 398â399.
4095:978-0-7382-0586-1
4010:978-1-951-69350-3
3795:(Subscription or
3412:Fast radio bursts
3341:Supernova remnant
3161:and 100,000
3135:
3134:
2981:
2952:relativistic jets
2948:
2947:
2661:
2660:
2412:positron emission
2348:type II Supernova
2298:Failed supernovae
2112:Type II supernova
2065:that result in a
2063:relativistic jets
2010:neutrino emission
1971:
1970:
1822:Cause of collapse
1637:radioactive decay
1505:Type Ia supernova
1314:
1313:
1167:chemical elements
1092:supernova remnant
1075:Multi-wavelength
1067:Naming convention
1037:emission spectrum
987:optical telescope
967:Supernova remnant
847:Rudolph Minkowski
799:
798:
744:constellation of
723:constellation of
701:constellation of
680:constellation of
659:constellation of
638:constellation of
609:constellation of
588:constellation of
567:constellation of
546:constellation of
533:certainty of the
369:Early discoveries
134:Tycho's Supernova
48:type Ia supernova
16:(Redirected from
23879:
23857:Standard candles
23824:
23823:
23812:
23811:
23810:
23800:
23799:
23798:
23788:
23787:
23786:
23776:
23775:
23764:
23763:
23762:
23755:
23731:Indian astronomy
23700:Indian astronomy
23668:
23661:
23654:
23575:Sublunary sphere
23565:Specific gravity
23465:Earth's rotation
23354:Mural instrument
23299:Armillary sphere
23222:Alfonsine tables
23187:Tabula Rogeriana
23167:Islamic calendar
23155:
23154:
23148:
23147:
23137:
23136:
23032:Sibt al-Maridini
23017:Jamshid al-Kashi
22738:Said al-Andalusi
22541:ThÄbit ibn Qurra
22476:Abu Said Gorgani
22450:YaÊżqĆ«b ibn áčŹÄriq
22404:
22403:
22391:
22390:
22376:
22369:
22362:
22353:
22352:
22281:Binary inspiral
22275:Phase transition
22266:Cosmic inflation
22033:
22032:
21916:
21915:
21758:
21757:
21579:
21578:
21568:
21567:
21530:
21523:
21516:
21507:
21506:
21495:Stars portal
21493:
21492:
21290:Weak interaction
21246:and interactions
21230:Electroweak star
21124:Pair instability
21041:Electron capture
20986:
20886:
20879:
20872:
20863:
20862:
20849:
20848:
20839:
20838:
20613:Asteroseismology
20515:Fast radio burst
20374:
20367:
20360:
20351:
20350:
20337:
20336:
20327:
20326:
19999:Sonic black hole
19948:Dark-energy star
19803:Bekenstein bound
19788:Mâsigma relation
19717:Ring singularity
19497:
19401:
19394:
19387:
19378:
19377:
19361:
19360:
19250:
19249:
19232:
19225:
19206:
19192:
19110:FS Canis Majoris
19079:
19049:
19042:
19017:
19016:
18880:
18864:
18847:
18846:
18827:
18820:
18813:
18804:
18803:
18792:Stars portal
18790:
18789:
18778:
18777:
18434:Planetary system
18357:Strömgren sphere
18229:Asteroseismology
17950:Black hole star
17522:
17521:
17448:Planetary nebula
17409:Red-giant branch
17298:
17291:
17284:
17275:
17274:
17261:
17260:
17251:
17250:
17114:Remnant G1.9+0.3
16733:Fast radio burst
16652:
16630:Pair-instability
16579:
16572:
16565:
16556:
16555:
16551:
16549:
16547:
16531:
16516:
16514:
16512:
16485:
16474:10.1038/nphys172
16467:
16449:
16447:astro-ph/0601261
16426:
16400:
16377:
16358:
16312:
16311:
16301:
16299:astro-ph/0109553
16281:
16275:
16274:
16248:
16228:
16222:
16221:
16219:
16217:
16203:
16197:
16196:
16194:
16192:
16178:
16172:
16171:
16169:
16167:
16153:
16147:
16146:
16110:
16094:
16088:
16087:
16061:
16059:astro-ph/0310399
16040:
16034:
16033:
16023:
16021:astro-ph/0312074
16003:
15997:
15996:
15986:
15968:
15944:
15935:
15934:
15932:
15930:
15916:
15910:
15909:
15883:
15877:
15876:
15836:
15830:
15829:
15803:
15779:
15773:
15772:
15746:
15722:
15716:
15715:
15705:
15695:
15686:(3): 3321â3329.
15671:
15665:
15664:
15638:
15636:astro-ph/0211326
15618:
15612:
15611:
15585:
15583:astro-ph/0211361
15576:(2): 1169â1176.
15563:
15557:
15556:
15508:
15502:
15501:
15499:
15482:(690): 841â847.
15465:
15459:
15458:
15436:
15430:
15429:
15419:
15376:
15370:
15369:
15367:
15365:
15350:
15344:
15343:
15315:
15309:
15308:
15282:
15280:astro-ph/9811457
15260:
15254:
15253:
15207:
15201:
15200:
15174:
15172:astro-ph/0410525
15154:
15148:
15147:
15113:
15088:
15082:
15081:
15071:
15053:
15029:
15023:
15022:
14996:
14974:
14968:
14967:
14933:
14924:(6121): 807â11.
14911:
14905:
14904:
14870:
14846:
14840:
14839:
14837:
14835:
14816:
14810:
14809:
14767:
14743:
14737:
14736:
14726:
14708:
14682:
14676:
14675:
14647:
14641:
14640:
14620:
14614:
14613:
14603:
14601:astro-ph/0008013
14583:
14577:
14576:
14550:
14530:
14524:
14523:
14513:
14496:(2): 1102â1117.
14481:
14475:
14474:
14464:
14446:
14428:
14404:
14398:
14397:
14371:
14362:(2): 2138â2154.
14352:StanimiroviÄ, S.
14347:
14341:
14340:
14314:
14282:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14238:
14232:
14231:
14221:
14196:
14190:
14189:
14163:
14161:astro-ph/0103165
14143:
14137:
14136:
14102:
14082:
14076:
14075:
14049:
14047:astro-ph/9706120
14027:
14021:
14020:
13994:
13973:
13967:
13966:
13940:
13920:
13914:
13913:
13887:
13867:
13861:
13860:
13834:
13814:
13808:
13807:
13769:
13760:
13759:
13733:
13731:astro-ph/0401499
13711:
13705:
13704:
13686:
13654:
13643:
13642:
13616:
13596:
13590:
13589:
13563:
13543:
13534:
13533:
13507:
13487:
13481:
13480:
13470:
13452:
13428:
13422:
13421:
13395:
13373:
13358:
13357:
13339:
13321:
13312:(3): 1409â1437.
13295:
13289:
13288:
13286:
13268:
13259:(1): L142âL146.
13244:
13235:
13234:
13224:
13206:
13181:
13175:
13174:
13164:
13146:
13137:(3): 2917â2926.
13122:
13116:
13115:
13105:
13087:
13078:(3): 3931â3952.
13063:
13057:
13056:
13046:
13028:
13004:
12998:
12997:
12987:
12970:(3): 1369â1380.
12955:
12949:
12948:
12938:
12920:
12918:astro-ph/0510022
12895:
12889:
12888:
12878:
12860:
12851:(1): 1541â1556.
12836:
12830:
12829:
12795:
12771:
12765:
12764:
12762:
12744:
12720:
12714:
12713:
12671:
12647:
12641:
12640:
12606:
12582:
12576:
12575:
12565:
12547:
12523:
12517:
12516:
12490:
12468:
12462:
12461:
12451:
12433:
12407:
12401:
12400:
12374:
12353:
12347:
12346:
12318:
12312:
12311:
12277:
12275:astro-ph/9706007
12257:
12251:
12250:
12214:
12208:
12207:
12197:
12179:
12177:astro-ph/0009490
12155:
12144:
12143:
12117:
12115:astro-ph/0303397
12108:(2): 1110â1128.
12096:
12090:
12089:
12063:
12061:astro-ph/9904419
12043:
12037:
12036:
12010:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11957:
11955:astro-ph/0312265
11948:(2): L175âL178.
11935:
11929:
11928:
11918:
11900:
11876:
11867:
11866:
11860:
11856:
11854:
11846:
11836:
11834:astro-ph/0312542
11816:
11807:
11806:
11780:
11778:astro-ph/9604121
11771:(2): L165âL168.
11758:
11752:
11751:
11725:
11723:astro-ph/0112051
11705:
11699:
11698:
11688:
11670:
11646:
11640:
11639:
11629:
11611:
11602:(4): 4860â4892.
11586:
11580:
11579:
11569:
11551:
11542:(3): 3996â4003.
11527:
11521:
11520:
11510:
11492:
11490:astro-ph/0201483
11468:
11462:
11461:
11431:
11425:
11424:
11414:
11412:astro-ph/0412029
11394:
11385:
11384:
11362:
11356:
11355:
11345:
11327:
11303:
11297:
11296:
11262:
11241:
11235:
11234:
11224:
11192:
11186:
11185:
11175:
11157:
11133:
11127:
11126:
11100:
11080:
11074:
11073:
11047:
11027:
11021:
11020:
11009:10.1038/331416a0
10984:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10930:
10924:
10923:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10846:
10826:
10817:
10816:
10790:
10775:Nature Astronomy
10770:
10761:
10760:
10742:
10733:
10732:
10706:
10684:
10675:
10674:
10664:
10646:
10637:(3): 3289â3305.
10622:
10616:
10615:
10605:
10587:
10578:(3): 2886â2901.
10563:
10557:
10556:
10550:
10548:
10539:. 28 June 2021.
10525:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10509:
10500:. 28 June 2021.
10488:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10472:
10438:
10414:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10400:
10385:
10379:
10378:
10344:
10323:
10317:
10316:
10266:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10220:
10202:
10177:
10171:
10170:
10144:
10123:
10117:
10116:
10098:
10080:
10071:(2): 2123â2144.
10056:
10050:
10049:
10023:
10003:
9997:
9996:
9962:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9906:
9885:
9879:
9878:
9868:
9850:
9848:astro-ph/0401135
9841:(3): 1093â1100.
9824:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9797:
9788:(4): 3970â3980.
9773:
9767:
9766:
9756:
9738:
9712:
9701:
9700:
9680:
9674:
9673:
9647:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9592:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9542:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9491:
9467:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9440:
9416:
9407:
9406:
9380:
9374:
9373:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9302:
9280:
9271:
9270:
9244:
9222:
9213:
9212:
9202:
9184:
9160:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9103:astro-ph/0412544
9092:
9083:
9082:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9034:10.1038/nphys172
9027:
9009:
9007:astro-ph/0601261
8987:
8974:
8973:
8963:
8945:
8943:astro-ph/0001295
8921:
8912:
8911:
8901:
8891:
8873:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8814:
8812:astro-ph/0612072
8792:
8781:
8780:
8754:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8698:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8608:
8588:
8577:
8576:
8550:
8548:astro-ph/0212469
8528:
8507:
8506:
8480:
8465:Nature Astronomy
8459:
8453:
8452:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8399:
8376:
8370:
8369:
8335:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8279:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8223:
8201:
8195:
8194:
8168:
8147:
8141:
8140:
8114:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8050:
8048:astro-ph/0609616
8027:
8021:
8020:
7986:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7945:
7927:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7804:
7802:astro-ph/0608211
7795:(2): 1133â1149.
7782:
7776:
7775:
7729:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7645:
7643:astro-ph/0006305
7623:
7610:
7609:
7583:
7581:astro-ph/0403509
7561:
7555:
7554:
7545:(1â2): 223â248.
7532:
7526:
7525:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7454:
7452:astro-ph/9701225
7434:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7337:
7335:astro-ph/0702351
7315:
7306:
7305:
7279:
7277:astro-ph/0701912
7257:
7251:
7250:
7224:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7185:
7167:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6929:
6920:
6919:
6885:
6864:
6855:
6854:
6807:Nature Astronomy
6798:
6792:
6791:
6781:
6771:
6762:(2): 1768â1777.
6747:
6741:
6740:
6714:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6660:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6596:
6577:
6576:
6548:
6538:
6536:astro-ph/0301107
6518:
6497:
6496:
6468:
6466:astro-ph/0012455
6448:
6439:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6287:
6251:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6200:
6182:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6139:
6121:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6063:
6045:
6043:astro-ph/0401513
6036:(4â5): 637â640.
6027:
6017:
6011:
6010:
5984:
5982:astro-ph/9608192
5957:
5951:
5950:
5924:
5922:astro-ph/0208138
5898:
5892:
5891:
5873:
5871:astro-ph/9602122
5846:
5840:
5839:
5813:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5774:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5729:
5711:
5709:astro-ph/9911359
5686:
5680:
5679:
5653:
5651:astro-ph/0406214
5627:
5618:
5617:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5478:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5439:science.nasa.gov
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5365:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5309:
5298:
5297:
5271:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5186:
5171:Nature Astronomy
5166:
5160:
5159:
5125:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5087:science.nasa.gov
5079:
5073:
5072:
5033:
5027:
5026:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4911:Europhysics News
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4788:(2nd ed.).
4779:
4773:
4772:
4762:
4752:
4723:"On Super-novae"
4718:
4712:
4711:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4581:
4563:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4511:
4509:astro-ph/0208415
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4462:
4453:(2): 1419â1433.
4438:
4429:
4428:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4326:10.1038/371398a0
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4191:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4134:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3958:
3956:astro-ph/0208415
3936:
3930:
3929:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3885:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3847:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3780:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3697:"Types of Novae"
3692:
3382:molecular clouds
3222:
3214:
3213:
3197:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3018:
3014:
2982:
2929:Pair instability
2832:
2828:
2807:and decays into
2695:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2448:
2444:
2440:distance candles
2400:
2396:
2364:
2360:
2304:Failed supernova
2283:Nature Astronomy
2231:gamma-ray bursts
2213:WolfâRayet stars
2074:pair instability
2041:thermal emission
1985:neutrino heating
1974:Detailed process
1944:Pair instability
1819:
1815:
1753:pair-instability
1749:electron capture
1596:
1591:
1535:standard candles
1395:, some, such as
1276:No narrow lines
1195:
1191:
1163:absorption lines
979:standard candles
855:standard candles
816:Andromeda Galaxy
766:Andromeda Galaxy
618:
521:
517:
508:
482:
395:
390:
317:
314:
311:
307:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
186:binary companion
168:, or the sudden
159:satellite galaxy
64:
21:
23887:
23886:
23882:
23881:
23880:
23878:
23877:
23876:
23832:
23831:
23830:
23818:
23808:
23806:
23796:
23794:
23784:
23782:
23770:
23760:
23758:
23750:
23748:
23735:
23704:
23673:
23664:
23657:
23650:
23636:House of Wisdom
23614:
23570:Spherical Earth
23403:
23334:Equatorial ring
23314:Celestial globe
23289:Analog computer
23266:
23261:Sullam al-sama'
23206:
23142:
23123:
23092:
23056:
22995:
22934:
22833:
22819:Jabir ibn Aflah
22762:
22693:Abu Nasr Mansur
22681:
22662:Abolfadl Harawi
22597:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
22550:
22454:
22425:Ahmad Nahavandi
22413:
22398:
22385:
22380:
22350:
22345:
22254:Types / sources
22249:
22196:
22187:Metric theories
22161:
22105:
22024:
21997:
21956:
21930:
21912:interferometers
21911:
21901:
21885:
21876:Cosmic Explorer
21864:
21848:
21817:
21753:interferometers
21752:
21741:
21736:Mario Schenberg
21700:
21684:
21618:
21614:Mario Schenberg
21573:
21557:
21539:
21534:
21504:
21499:
21487:
21479:
21443:
21395:
21335:
21304:Pair production
21245:
21239:
21213:Shell collapsar
21162:
21155:
21095:
21069:
21055:Gamma-ray burst
21035:Bondi accretion
21009:Nucleosynthesis
20987:
20978:
20937:Stellar physics
20898:
20890:
20860:
20855:
20827:
20784:
20757:
20751:
20725:
20596:
20532:Gamma-ray burst
20522:Bondi accretion
20498:
20440:
20426:Anomalous X-ray
20404:
20383:
20378:
20348:
20343:
20315:
20291:ULAS J1342+0928
20251:SDSS J0849+1114
20236:Phoenix Cluster
20189:
20041:
20003:
19982:
19921:
19880:
19876:No-hair theorem
19829:
19783:Bondi accretion
19749:Penrose process
19695:
19661:Gamma-ray burst
19588:
19498:
19489:
19475:Direct collapse
19423:
19410:
19405:
19375:
19370:
19363:Star portal
19355:
19348:
19344:W Ursae Majoris
19311:
19290:Magnetic fields
19285:
19264:
19241:
19150:
19119:
19105:Double periodic
19098:Eruptive binary
19093:
19064:
19058:
19004:
18978:
18950:
18918:
18917:Blue-white with
18912:
18854:
18836:
18831:
18801:
18796:
18784:
18766:
18691:
18660:Milky Way novae
18596:Smallest volume
18540:
18521:Radial velocity
18444:
18438:
18390:Common envelope
18366:
18265:
18234:Helioseismology
18205:Bipolar outflow
18146:Microturbulence
18141:Convection zone
18122:
18016:Lithium burning
18003:Nucleosynthesis
17993:
17875:
17784:
17511:
17390:
17339:Molecular cloud
17320:
17307:
17302:
17272:
17267:
17239:
17168:
17154:SN 2016aps
17134:SN Refsdal
17030:
16989:
16963:
16874:
16860:WolfâRayet star
16799:
16738:Gamma-ray burst
16711:
16685:Nucleosynthesis
16653:
16644:
16588:
16583:
16545:
16543:
16535:
16520:
16510:
16508:
16495:
16492:
16465:10.1.1.336.2176
16429:
16380:
16374:
16361:
16355:
16321:
16319:Further reading
16316:
16315:
16282:
16278:
16229:
16225:
16215:
16213:
16205:
16204:
16200:
16190:
16188:
16180:
16179:
16175:
16165:
16163:
16155:
16154:
16150:
16135:
16095:
16091:
16041:
16037:
16004:
16000:
15945:
15938:
15928:
15926:
15918:
15917:
15913:
15906:
15884:
15880:
15837:
15833:
15780:
15776:
15723:
15719:
15672:
15668:
15619:
15615:
15564:
15560:
15509:
15505:
15466:
15462:
15437:
15433:
15377:
15373:
15363:
15361:
15351:
15347:
15326:(5): 28. 2009.
15317:
15316:
15312:
15261:
15257:
15208:
15204:
15155:
15151:
15089:
15085:
15030:
15026:
14975:
14971:
14912:
14908:
14847:
14843:
14833:
14831:
14817:
14813:
14758:(7832): 45â53.
14744:
14740:
14683:
14679:
14648:
14644:
14621:
14617:
14584:
14580:
14531:
14527:
14482:
14478:
14405:
14401:
14348:
14344:
14283:
14276:
14239:
14235:
14197:
14193:
14144:
14140:
14083:
14079:
14028:
14024:
13974:
13970:
13921:
13917:
13868:
13864:
13815:
13811:
13804:
13770:
13763:
13712:
13708:
13655:
13646:
13597:
13593:
13544:
13537:
13488:
13484:
13429:
13425:
13374:
13361:
13296:
13292:
13245:
13238:
13182:
13178:
13123:
13119:
13064:
13060:
13005:
13001:
12956:
12952:
12896:
12892:
12837:
12833:
12772:
12768:
12721:
12717:
12648:
12644:
12583:
12579:
12524:
12520:
12469:
12465:
12408:
12404:
12354:
12350:
12319:
12315:
12258:
12254:
12215:
12211:
12156:
12147:
12097:
12093:
12044:
12040:
11991:
11987:
11936:
11932:
11877:
11870:
11858:
11857:
11848:
11847:
11827:. p. 276.
11817:
11810:
11759:
11755:
11706:
11702:
11647:
11643:
11587:
11583:
11528:
11524:
11469:
11465:
11432:
11428:
11395:
11388:
11363:
11359:
11304:
11300:
11253:(7515): 406â8.
11242:
11238:
11193:
11189:
11134:
11130:
11081:
11077:
11028:
11024:
10985:
10978:
10968:
10966:
10931:
10927:
10880:
10876:
10827:
10820:
10771:
10764:
10757:
10743:
10736:
10685:
10678:
10623:
10619:
10564:
10560:
10546:
10544:
10527:
10526:
10517:
10507:
10505:
10490:
10489:
10480:
10470:
10468:
10415:
10408:
10398:
10396:
10387:
10386:
10382:
10324:
10320:
10246:
10242:
10178:
10174:
10124:
10120:
10057:
10053:
10004:
10000:
9940:
9936:
9886:
9882:
9825:
9821:
9774:
9770:
9713:
9704:
9681:
9677:
9626:
9622:
9570:
9566:
9519:
9515:
9468:
9464:
9417:
9410:
9403:
9381:
9377:
9336:
9332:
9281:
9274:
9223:
9216:
9161:
9154:
9115:
9111:
9093:
9086:
9079:
9063:. p. 173.
9053:
9049:
9025:10.1.1.336.2176
8988:
8977:
8922:
8915:
8848:
8844:
8798:Physics Reports
8793:
8784:
8732:
8728:
8677:
8673:
8642:
8638:
8589:
8580:
8529:
8510:
8460:
8456:
8433:
8429:
8377:
8373:
8326:(7512): 54â56.
8313:
8309:
8257:
8253:
8202:
8198:
8148:
8144:
8092:
8088:
8028:
8024:
7963:
7959:
7902:
7898:
7875:
7871:
7838:
7834:
7783:
7779:
7706:
7702:
7679:
7675:
7624:
7613:
7562:
7558:
7533:
7529:
7518:
7498:
7494:
7479:
7435:
7428:
7418:
7416:
7379:
7375:
7316:
7309:
7258:
7254:
7203:
7199:
7142:
7138:
7128:
7126:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7062:
7058:
7045:. p. 347.
7043:Macmillan Press
7035:
7031:
6992:
6988:
6957:
6953:
6930:
6923:
6865:
6858:
6799:
6795:
6748:
6744:
6694:
6690:
6640:
6636:
6597:
6580:
6565:
6546:10.1.1.256.2965
6519:
6500:
6493:
6459:. p. 199.
6449:
6442:
6433:
6429:
6419:
6417:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6388:
6372:
6368:
6358:
6356:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6328:
6326:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6276:10.1063/1.32212
6249:
6243:
6239:
6229:
6227:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6157:
6153:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6061:10.1.1.316.4895
6025:
6018:
6014:
5958:
5954:
5899:
5895:
5864:. p. 749.
5855:
5847:
5843:
5792:
5788:
5755:
5751:
5727:10.1.1.314.8663
5687:
5683:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5598:. p. 121.
5584:
5580:
5569:
5549:
5545:
5512:
5508:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5441:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5310:
5301:
5251:
5247:
5237:
5235:
5220:
5216:
5167:
5163:
5105:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5034:
5030:
4989:
4985:
4944:
4940:
4903:
4899:
4860:
4856:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4780:
4776:
4719:
4715:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4663:
4659:
4614:
4610:
4544:
4540:
4490:
4486:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4409:
4405:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4233:
4229:
4170:
4166:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4076:
4072:
4049:
4045:
4022:
4018:
4011:
3995:
3988:
3937:
3933:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:(41): 207â211.
3845:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3774:
3770:
3743:
3736:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3626:
3582:Rho Cassiopeiae
3539:WolfâRayet star
3527:
3521:
3466:
3460:
3458:Effect on Earth
3448:
3424:
3343:
3337:
3292:
3284:Main articles:
3282:
3273:
3271:External impact
3221:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3127:Blue supergiant
3024:Progenitor star
2971:
2969:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:Neutrino energy
2848:
2839:
2813:beta plus decay
2801:silicon burning
2799:generated from
2761:
2704:
2699:
2398:
2394:
2362:
2355:
2327:
2306:
2300:
2290:(in the galaxy
2269:Ken'ichi Nomoto
2265:
2251:
2248:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2175:
2158:super-AGB stars
2156:) cores. These
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2067:gamma-ray burst
2060:
2057:
1976:
1912:gamma-ray burst
1906:Faint Ib/c, or
1725:
1661:
1589:
1587:
1544:
1507:
1501:
1499:Thermal runaway
1475:
1423:
1373:
1334:ionised silicon
1319:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1262:Shows hydrogen
1261:
1252:
1236:
1231:
1222:Thermal runaway
1206:
1199:
1155:
1141:) and SN 1604 (
1069:
1052:Hubble diagrams
960:
945:Alex Filippenko
904:
901:
895:gigalight-years
867:RX J0852.0-4622
804:
616:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
509:
500:
499:
498:
483:
441:Johannes Kepler
388:
386:
371:
346:
340:
315:
312:
309:
280:
276:
261:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
23885:
23875:
23874:
23869:
23864:
23859:
23854:
23849:
23844:
23829:
23828:
23816:
23804:
23792:
23780:
23768:
23745:
23744:
23741:
23740:
23737:
23736:
23734:
23733:
23728:
23723:
23718:
23712:
23710:
23706:
23705:
23703:
23702:
23697:
23692:
23687:
23681:
23679:
23675:
23674:
23672:
23671:
23670:
23669:
23662:
23655:
23643:
23638:
23633:
23628:
23622:
23620:
23616:
23615:
23613:
23612:
23607:
23602:
23597:
23592:
23587:
23582:
23577:
23572:
23567:
23562:
23557:
23552:
23547:
23542:
23537:
23532:
23527:
23522:
23517:
23512:
23507:
23502:
23497:
23492:
23487:
23482:
23480:Elliptic orbit
23477:
23472:
23467:
23462:
23457:
23455:Circular orbit
23452:
23447:
23442:
23437:
23432:
23427:
23422:
23417:
23411:
23409:
23405:
23404:
23402:
23401:
23396:
23391:
23386:
23381:
23376:
23371:
23366:
23361:
23356:
23351:
23346:
23341:
23336:
23331:
23326:
23321:
23316:
23311:
23306:
23301:
23296:
23291:
23286:
23280:
23278:
23272:
23271:
23268:
23267:
23265:
23264:
23257:
23250:
23243:
23241:Toledan Tables
23238:
23231:
23224:
23218:
23216:
23208:
23207:
23205:
23204:
23197:
23190:
23183:
23176:
23169:
23164:
23158:
23152:
23144:
23143:
23133:
23132:
23129:
23128:
23125:
23124:
23122:
23121:
23116:
23111:
23106:
23104:Yang Guangxian
23100:
23098:
23094:
23093:
23091:
23090:
23085:
23080:
23075:
23070:
23064:
23062:
23058:
23057:
23055:
23054:
23049:
23044:
23039:
23034:
23029:
23024:
23019:
23014:
23009:
23003:
23001:
22997:
22996:
22994:
22993:
22988:
22983:
22978:
22973:
22968:
22963:
22958:
22953:
22948:
22942:
22940:
22936:
22935:
22933:
22932:
22927:
22922:
22917:
22912:
22907:
22902:
22897:
22892:
22887:
22882:
22877:
22872:
22867:
22862:
22857:
22852:
22847:
22841:
22839:
22835:
22834:
22832:
22831:
22826:
22821:
22816:
22811:
22806:
22801:
22796:
22791:
22786:
22781:
22776:
22770:
22768:
22764:
22763:
22761:
22760:
22758:Ali ibn Khalaf
22755:
22750:
22745:
22740:
22735:
22733:Kushyar Gilani
22730:
22725:
22720:
22715:
22710:
22705:
22703:Ali ibn Ridwan
22700:
22695:
22689:
22687:
22683:
22682:
22680:
22679:
22674:
22669:
22667:Haseb-i Tabari
22664:
22659:
22654:
22649:
22644:
22639:
22634:
22629:
22624:
22619:
22614:
22609:
22604:
22599:
22594:
22589:
22584:
22579:
22574:
22569:
22564:
22558:
22556:
22552:
22551:
22549:
22548:
22543:
22538:
22536:Sahl ibn Bishr
22533:
22528:
22523:
22518:
22513:
22508:
22503:
22498:
22493:
22488:
22483:
22478:
22473:
22468:
22462:
22460:
22456:
22455:
22453:
22452:
22447:
22442:
22437:
22432:
22427:
22421:
22419:
22415:
22414:
22412:
22411:
22400:
22399:
22387:
22386:
22379:
22378:
22371:
22364:
22356:
22347:
22346:
22344:
22343:
22342:
22341:
22327:
22326:
22325:
22312:
22311:
22310:
22304:
22303:
22302:
22297:
22292:
22287:
22279:
22278:
22277:
22272:
22257:
22255:
22251:
22250:
22248:
22247:
22242:
22236:
22231:Chirp signal (
22229:
22226:
22224:speed of light
22220:
22215:
22210:
22204:
22202:
22198:
22197:
22195:
22194:
22189:
22184:
22179:
22173:
22171:
22167:
22166:
22163:
22162:
22160:
22159:
22158:
22157:
22152:
22147:
22135:
22134:
22133:
22125:
22122:
22113:
22111:
22107:
22106:
22104:
22103:
22097:
22091:
22085:
22080:
22070:
22065:
22060:
22055:
22050:
22045:
22039:
22037:
22030:
22026:
22025:
22023:
22022:
22016:
22011:
22005:
22003:
21999:
21998:
21996:
21995:
21990:
21985:
21980:
21974:
21972:
21966:
21965:
21962:
21961:
21958:
21957:
21955:
21954:
21949:
21944:
21938:
21936:
21932:
21931:
21929:
21928:
21922:
21920:
21913:
21907:
21906:
21903:
21902:
21900:
21899:
21897:LIGO-Australia
21893:
21891:
21890:Past proposals
21887:
21886:
21884:
21883:
21878:
21872:
21870:
21866:
21865:
21863:
21862:
21856:
21854:
21850:
21849:
21847:
21846:
21841:
21836:
21831:
21825:
21823:
21819:
21818:
21816:
21815:
21808:Advanced Virgo
21805:
21800:
21790:
21785:
21780:
21775:
21764:
21762:
21755:
21747:
21746:
21743:
21742:
21740:
21739:
21734:(downsized to
21729:
21724:
21719:
21714:(downsized to
21708:
21706:
21705:Past proposals
21702:
21701:
21699:
21698:
21692:
21690:
21686:
21685:
21683:
21682:
21677:
21672:
21667:
21662:
21657:
21647:
21637:
21626:
21624:
21620:
21619:
21617:
21616:
21611:
21606:
21596:
21585:
21583:
21576:
21565:
21559:
21558:
21556:
21555:
21550:
21544:
21541:
21540:
21533:
21532:
21525:
21518:
21510:
21501:
21500:
21498:
21497:
21484:
21481:
21480:
21478:
21477:
21472:
21467:
21462:
21457:
21451:
21449:
21448:Related topics
21445:
21444:
21442:
21441:
21439:Strange matter
21436:
21431:
21426:
21421:
21416:
21411:
21409:Neutron matter
21405:
21403:
21397:
21396:
21394:
21393:
21388:
21383:
21378:
21373:
21368:
21363:
21362:
21361:
21359:Basic concepts
21356:
21345:
21343:
21341:Quantum theory
21337:
21336:
21334:
21333:
21326:
21321:
21316:
21311:
21306:
21300:
21299:
21298:
21297:
21292:
21287:
21277:
21276:
21275:
21270:
21265:
21260:
21249:
21247:
21241:
21240:
21238:
21237:
21232:
21227:
21222:
21217:
21216:
21215:
21205:
21200:
21195:
21194:
21193:
21188:
21183:
21178:
21167:
21165:
21163:exotic objects
21157:
21156:
21154:
21153:
21146:
21141:
21136:
21131:
21126:
21121:
21116:
21114:Type Ib and Ic
21111:
21105:
21103:
21097:
21096:
21094:
21093:
21088:
21083:
21077:
21075:
21071:
21070:
21068:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21043:
21038:
21028:
21027:
21026:
21021:
21016:
21006:
21004:Surface fusion
21001:
20999:Nuclear fusion
20995:
20993:
20989:
20988:
20981:
20979:
20977:
20976:
20975:
20974:
20969:
20959:
20954:
20949:
20944:
20942:Stellar plasma
20939:
20934:
20929:
20924:
20919:
20914:
20908:
20906:
20900:
20899:
20889:
20888:
20881:
20874:
20866:
20857:
20856:
20854:
20853:
20843:
20832:
20829:
20828:
20826:
20825:
20824:
20823:
20813:
20808:
20803:
20798:
20792:
20790:
20786:
20785:
20783:
20782:
20777:
20772:
20767:
20761:
20759:
20753:
20752:
20750:
20749:
20744:
20739:
20733:
20731:
20727:
20726:
20724:
20723:
20718:
20713:
20708:
20703:
20698:
20697:
20696:
20686:
20685:
20684:
20674:
20669:
20664:
20659:
20654:
20649:
20648:
20647:
20642:
20632:
20631:
20630:
20625:
20615:
20610:
20604:
20602:
20598:
20597:
20595:
20594:
20589:
20584:
20579:
20574:
20569:
20564:
20559:
20554:
20549:
20544:
20542:Neutron matter
20539:
20534:
20529:
20524:
20519:
20518:
20517:
20506:
20504:
20500:
20499:
20497:
20496:
20491:
20486:
20481:
20476:
20475:
20474:
20469:
20464:
20454:
20448:
20446:
20445:Binary pulsars
20442:
20441:
20439:
20438:
20433:
20432:
20431:
20428:
20423:
20412:
20410:
20409:Single pulsars
20406:
20405:
20403:
20402:
20397:
20391:
20389:
20385:
20384:
20377:
20376:
20369:
20362:
20354:
20345:
20344:
20342:
20341:
20331:
20320:
20317:
20316:
20314:
20313:
20311:Swift J1644+57
20308:
20303:
20298:
20293:
20288:
20283:
20278:
20273:
20268:
20263:
20261:MS 0735.6+7421
20258:
20253:
20248:
20243:
20238:
20233:
20228:
20226:Sagittarius A*
20223:
20218:
20213:
20208:
20203:
20197:
20195:
20191:
20190:
20188:
20187:
20182:
20177:
20172:
20167:
20162:
20157:
20152:
20147:
20142:
20137:
20132:
20127:
20122:
20117:
20112:
20107:
20102:
20101:
20100:
20095:
20085:
20080:
20075:
20070:
20065:
20060:
20055:
20049:
20047:
20043:
20042:
20040:
20039:
20034:
20029:
20024:
20019:
20013:
20011:
20005:
20004:
20002:
20001:
19996:
19990:
19988:
19984:
19983:
19981:
19980:
19975:
19970:
19965:
19960:
19955:
19950:
19945:
19940:
19935:
19929:
19927:
19923:
19922:
19920:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19888:
19886:
19882:
19881:
19879:
19878:
19873:
19868:
19863:
19858:
19853:
19848:
19843:
19837:
19835:
19831:
19830:
19828:
19827:
19822:
19817:
19816:
19815:
19805:
19800:
19798:Thermodynamics
19795:
19790:
19785:
19780:
19779:
19778:
19768:
19763:
19761:Accretion disk
19758:
19757:
19756:
19751:
19741:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19725:
19724:
19719:
19709:
19703:
19701:
19697:
19696:
19694:
19693:
19688:
19683:
19678:
19673:
19668:
19663:
19658:
19657:
19656:
19651:
19646:
19636:
19635:
19634:
19624:
19619:
19618:
19617:
19607:
19602:
19596:
19594:
19590:
19589:
19587:
19586:
19585:
19584:
19579:
19574:
19569:
19564:
19559:
19554:
19544:
19539:
19538:
19537:
19527:
19526:
19525:
19522:
19517:
19506:
19504:
19500:
19499:
19492:
19490:
19488:
19487:
19482:
19477:
19472:
19467:
19462:
19457:
19452:
19447:
19442:
19437:
19435:BTZ black hole
19431:
19429:
19425:
19424:
19422:
19421:
19415:
19412:
19411:
19404:
19403:
19396:
19389:
19381:
19372:
19371:
19353:
19350:
19349:
19347:
19346:
19341:
19336:
19331:
19325:
19323:
19317:
19316:
19313:
19312:
19310:
19309:
19304:
19299:
19293:
19291:
19287:
19286:
19284:
19283:
19278:
19272:
19270:
19266:
19265:
19263:
19262:
19256:
19254:
19247:
19243:
19242:
19240:
19239:
19238:
19237:
19230:
19227:Symbiotic nova
19218:
19213:
19212:
19211:
19199:
19198:
19197:
19185:
19180:
19175:
19170:
19164:
19162:
19156:
19155:
19152:
19151:
19149:
19148:
19143:
19141:Lambda Eridani
19138:
19133:
19127:
19125:
19121:
19120:
19118:
19117:
19112:
19107:
19101:
19099:
19095:
19094:
19092:
19091:
19086:
19074:
19068:
19066:
19060:
19059:
19057:
19056:
19055:
19054:
19047:
19035:
19029:
19027:
19014:
19010:
19009:
19006:
19005:
19003:
19002:
18997:
18992:
18986:
18984:
18980:
18979:
18977:
18976:
18974:Slow irregular
18971:
18966:
18960:
18958:
18952:
18951:
18949:
18948:
18943:
18938:
18933:
18928:
18922:
18920:
18914:
18913:
18911:
18910:
18905:
18900:
18895:
18875:
18858:
18856:
18844:
18838:
18837:
18834:Variable stars
18830:
18829:
18822:
18815:
18807:
18798:
18797:
18795:
18794:
18782:
18771:
18768:
18767:
18765:
18764:
18759:
18754:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18729:
18728:
18727:
18722:
18721:
18720:
18715:
18699:
18697:
18693:
18692:
18690:
18689:
18684:
18679:
18678:
18677:
18672:
18662:
18657:
18652:
18647:
18642:
18637:
18632:
18631:
18630:
18625:
18624:
18623:
18613:
18608:
18603:
18598:
18593:
18591:Largest volume
18588:
18583:
18578:
18568:
18567:
18566:
18561:
18550:
18548:
18542:
18541:
18539:
18538:
18533:
18528:
18523:
18518:
18517:
18516:
18511:
18506:
18496:
18491:
18486:
18481:
18476:
18475:
18474:
18469:
18464:
18459:
18448:
18446:
18440:
18439:
18437:
18436:
18431:
18430:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18409:
18404:
18403:
18402:
18397:
18392:
18387:
18376:
18374:
18368:
18367:
18365:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18324:
18319:
18314:
18309:
18304:
18302:Magnetic field
18299:
18294:
18289:
18284:
18279:
18273:
18271:
18267:
18266:
18264:
18263:
18258:
18253:
18248:
18243:
18238:
18237:
18236:
18226:
18225:
18224:
18219:
18212:Accretion disk
18209:
18208:
18207:
18202:
18192:
18191:
18190:
18188:Alfvén surface
18185:
18183:Stellar corona
18180:
18175:
18170:
18160:
18158:Radiation zone
18155:
18154:
18153:
18148:
18138:
18132:
18130:
18124:
18123:
18121:
18120:
18115:
18114:
18113:
18108:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18083:
18078:
18073:
18068:
18063:
18058:
18053:
18048:
18043:
18038:
18033:
18028:
18023:
18018:
18013:
18007:
18005:
17999:
17998:
17995:
17994:
17992:
17991:
17986:
17981:
17976:
17971:
17966:
17965:
17964:
17959:
17956:
17948:
17947:
17946:
17941:
17936:
17931:
17926:
17921:
17916:
17911:
17906:
17896:
17891:
17885:
17883:
17877:
17876:
17874:
17873:
17868:
17867:
17866:
17856:
17851:
17850:
17849:
17844:
17843:
17842:
17837:
17827:
17817:
17816:
17815:
17805:
17800:
17794:
17792:
17786:
17785:
17783:
17782:
17780:Blue straggler
17777:
17776:
17775:
17765:
17760:
17759:
17758:
17748:
17747:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17731:
17726:
17721:
17716:
17711:
17706:
17696:
17691:
17690:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17669:
17668:
17667:
17657:
17656:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17635:
17630:
17629:
17628:
17623:
17618:
17608:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17592:
17591:
17586:
17576:
17575:
17574:
17569:
17564:
17559:
17554:
17549:
17544:
17538:Main sequence
17536:
17531:
17525:
17519:
17517:Classification
17513:
17512:
17510:
17509:
17508:
17507:
17502:
17492:
17487:
17482:
17477:
17472:
17467:
17462:
17457:
17456:
17455:
17453:Protoplanetary
17445:
17440:
17439:
17438:
17433:
17423:
17422:
17421:
17411:
17406:
17400:
17398:
17392:
17391:
17389:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17373:
17372:
17371:
17366:
17361:
17356:
17346:
17341:
17336:
17330:
17328:
17322:
17321:
17319:
17318:
17312:
17309:
17308:
17301:
17300:
17293:
17286:
17278:
17269:
17268:
17266:
17265:
17255:
17244:
17241:
17240:
17238:
17237:
17232:
17227:
17222:
17217:
17212:
17207:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17176:
17174:
17170:
17169:
17167:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17144:SN 2006gy
17141:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17124:SN 2011fe
17121:
17119:SN 2007bi
17116:
17111:
17109:SN 2003fg
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17060:
17059:
17049:
17044:
17042:Barnard's Loop
17038:
17036:
17032:
17031:
17029:
17028:
17023:
17018:
17013:
17008:
17003:
16997:
16995:
16991:
16990:
16988:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16971:
16969:
16965:
16964:
16962:
16961:
16960:
16959:
16957:OrionâEridanus
16949:
16944:
16939:
16938:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16917:
16912:
16911:
16910:
16905:
16895:
16894:
16893:
16882:
16880:
16876:
16875:
16873:
16872:
16867:
16865:Super-AGB star
16862:
16857:
16852:
16851:
16850:
16845:
16840:
16830:
16825:
16824:
16823:
16818:
16807:
16805:
16801:
16800:
16798:
16797:
16795:Symbiotic nova
16792:
16791:
16790:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16760:
16755:
16750:
16745:
16740:
16735:
16730:
16725:
16719:
16717:
16713:
16712:
16710:
16709:
16704:
16703:
16702:
16697:
16692:
16682:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16661:
16659:
16655:
16654:
16647:
16645:
16643:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16596:
16594:
16590:
16589:
16582:
16581:
16574:
16567:
16559:
16553:
16552:
16533:
16518:
16491:
16490:External links
16488:
16487:
16486:
16440:(3): 147â154.
16433:Nature Physics
16427:
16398:hep-ph/0306056
16378:
16372:
16359:
16353:
16320:
16317:
16314:
16313:
16276:
16263:10.1086/527286
16239:(1): 698â710.
16223:
16198:
16173:
16148:
16133:
16089:
16035:
15998:
15936:
15911:
15904:
15878:
15831:
15784:De Mink, S. E.
15774:
15727:De Mink, S. E.
15717:
15666:
15613:
15600:10.1086/346127
15558:
15523:(2): 287â302.
15503:
15497:10.1086/133242
15460:
15431:
15371:
15359:Universe Today
15345:
15310:
15273:(6): 419â430.
15255:
15202:
15189:10.1086/427797
15165:(2): 902â907.
15149:
15083:
15024:
14969:
14906:
14841:
14811:
14738:
14677:
14642:
14615:
14578:
14525:
14511:10.1086/428383
14476:
14399:
14342:
14274:
14268:10.1086/151775
14233:
14191:
14138:
14077:
14064:10.1086/305198
14040:(1): 285â296.
14022:
13968:
13915:
13878:(1): 624â638.
13862:
13809:
13802:
13761:
13724:(2): 613â621.
13706:
13644:
13591:
13535:
13482:
13423:
13359:
13290:
13236:
13176:
13117:
13058:
12999:
12985:10.1086/427712
12950:
12936:10.1086/501160
12911:(2): 989â994.
12890:
12831:
12786:(10): 103008.
12766:
12735:(1): 944â958.
12715:
12642:
12577:
12563:10.1086/527519
12538:(1): L43âL46.
12518:
12463:
12424:(1): 407â451.
12402:
12365:(1): 350â366.
12348:
12313:
12252:
12209:
12195:10.1086/318428
12145:
12132:10.1086/375444
12091:
12078:10.1086/312305
12038:
11985:
11972:10.1086/382044
11930:
11868:
11859:|journal=
11808:
11795:10.1086/310103
11753:
11740:10.1086/338318
11716:(2): 745â752.
11700:
11641:
11581:
11522:
11463:
11426:
11386:
11357:
11318:(1): 531â535.
11298:
11236:
11187:
11148:(1): L10âL14.
11128:
11075:
11022:
10976:
10925:
10874:
10818:
10781:(8): 717â724.
10762:
10755:
10734:
10676:
10617:
10558:
10515:
10478:
10429:(9): 903â910.
10406:
10380:
10318:
10240:
10172:
10118:
10051:
9998:
9934:
9880:
9819:
9768:
9702:
9675:
9620:
9564:
9513:
9482:(1): 554â569.
9462:
9408:
9401:
9375:
9330:
9317:10.1086/520872
9293:(1): 614â625.
9272:
9214:
9152:
9146:10.1086/169405
9109:
9084:
9077:
9047:
9000:(3): 147â154.
8993:Nature Physics
8975:
8936:(3): 543â569.
8913:
8842:
8805:(1â6): 38â74.
8782:
8726:
8671:
8636:
8578:
8565:10.1086/375341
8541:(1): 288â300.
8508:
8471:(6): 681â688.
8454:
8427:
8371:
8307:
8251:
8196:
8142:
8086:
8022:
7977:(1): 107â170.
7957:
7896:
7869:
7864:10.1086/157300
7850:(1): 404â408.
7832:
7819:10.1086/508530
7777:
7700:
7673:
7636:(1): 191â230.
7611:
7556:
7527:
7516:
7510:. p. 96.
7492:
7477:
7445:. p. 49.
7426:
7409:10.1086/165813
7395:(1): 140â144.
7373:
7307:
7294:10.1086/522030
7270:(1): L37âL40.
7252:
7215:(1): 686â691.
7197:
7136:
7106:
7076:(1): 309â355.
7056:
7029:
7023:10.1086/147779
6986:
6981:10.1086/114940
6951:
6921:
6856:
6793:
6742:
6688:
6634:
6628:10.1086/113934
6578:
6563:
6498:
6491:
6440:
6427:
6401:
6386:
6366:
6336:
6306:
6237:
6212:
6151:
6090:
6012:
5999:10.1086/304265
5952:
5893:
5853:
5841:
5804:(1): 338â347.
5786:
5772:hep-ph/9901300
5749:
5681:
5619:
5612:
5578:
5567:
5561:. p. 68.
5543:
5538:10.1086/150102
5506:
5493:10.1086/589570
5469:(1): L41âL44.
5451:
5426:
5401:
5337:
5299:
5262:(5): 510â517.
5256:Nature Physics
5245:
5214:
5161:
5099:
5074:
5028:
4983:
4938:
4917:(4): 121â125.
4897:
4891:10.1086/110763
4854:
4827:(2): 215â236.
4809:
4802:
4774:
4735:(5): 254â259.
4713:
4684:
4677:
4657:
4643:10.1086/309549
4608:
4538:
4526:10.1086/345985
4502:(1): 324â335,
4484:
4430:
4423:
4403:
4374:(5): 635â640.
4354:
4292:
4270:
4227:
4164:
4101:
4094:
4088:. p. 76.
4070:
4043:
4016:
4009:
3986:
3973:10.1086/345985
3949:(1): 324â335.
3931:
3907:
3901:978-0521300384
3900:
3870:
3833:
3827:978-0521300384
3826:
3802:
3768:
3734:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3622:
3523:Main article:
3520:
3517:
3462:Main article:
3459:
3456:
3447:
3444:
3423:
3420:
3376:and traces of
3339:Main article:
3336:
3333:
3305:alpha elements
3281:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3219:
3202:
3199:
3187:
3184:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:about 18
3133:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3022:
2968:
2965:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2857:Kinetic energy
2855:
2850:
2849:(solar masses)
2845:
2836:
2785:kinetic energy
2760:
2757:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2399:1,238 keV
2363:1,238 keV
2326:
2323:
2302:Main article:
2299:
2296:
2264:
2261:
2249:
2246:
2188:Main article:
2185:
2184:Type Ib and Ic
2182:
2176:
2173:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2110:Main article:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2058:
2055:
2049:neutrino pulse
2020:, and neutron
2018:atomic nucleus
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:Supernova type
1830:
1823:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1768:
1724:
1721:
1660:
1657:
1630:nuclear fusion
1558:of about 1.44
1543:
1542:Normal type Ia
1540:
1503:Main article:
1500:
1497:
1481:In the galaxy
1474:
1473:Current models
1471:
1422:
1419:
1389:emission lines
1372:
1369:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1266:Type II-P/-L/n
1263:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1201:
1177:(known as the
1154:
1153:Classification
1151:
1068:
1065:
959:
956:
931:The supernova
902:
899:
803:
800:
797:
796:
793:
788:
783:
777:
776:
773:
768:
763:
757:
756:
753:
748:
742:
736:
735:
732:
727:
721:
714:
713:
710:
705:
699:
693:
692:
689:
684:
678:
672:
671:
668:
663:
657:
651:
650:
647:
642:
636:
630:
629:
622:
613:
607:
601:
600:
597:
592:
586:
580:
579:
576:
571:
565:
559:
558:
555:
550:
544:
538:
537:
531:
528:
525:
510:
503:
502:
501:
495:1054 supernova
484:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
370:
367:
342:Main article:
339:
336:
322:was coined by
260:
257:
221:speed of light
213:
212:
197:
194:stellar merger
111:diffuse nebula
95:nuclear fusion
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
23884:
23873:
23870:
23868:
23865:
23863:
23860:
23858:
23855:
23853:
23852:Light sources
23850:
23848:
23845:
23843:
23840:
23839:
23837:
23827:
23822:
23817:
23815:
23805:
23803:
23793:
23791:
23781:
23779:
23774:
23769:
23767:
23757:
23756:
23753:
23732:
23729:
23727:
23724:
23722:
23719:
23717:
23714:
23713:
23711:
23707:
23701:
23698:
23696:
23693:
23691:
23688:
23686:
23683:
23682:
23680:
23676:
23667:
23663:
23660:
23656:
23653:
23649:
23648:
23647:
23646:Observatories
23644:
23642:
23639:
23637:
23634:
23632:
23629:
23627:
23624:
23623:
23621:
23617:
23611:
23608:
23606:
23603:
23601:
23600:Triangulation
23598:
23596:
23593:
23591:
23588:
23586:
23583:
23581:
23578:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23566:
23563:
23561:
23558:
23556:
23553:
23551:
23548:
23546:
23543:
23541:
23538:
23536:
23533:
23531:
23528:
23526:
23523:
23521:
23518:
23516:
23513:
23511:
23510:Heliocentrism
23508:
23506:
23503:
23501:
23498:
23496:
23493:
23491:
23488:
23486:
23483:
23481:
23478:
23476:
23473:
23471:
23468:
23466:
23463:
23461:
23458:
23456:
23453:
23451:
23448:
23446:
23443:
23441:
23438:
23436:
23433:
23431:
23428:
23426:
23423:
23421:
23418:
23416:
23413:
23412:
23410:
23406:
23400:
23397:
23395:
23392:
23390:
23387:
23385:
23384:Shadow square
23382:
23380:
23377:
23375:
23372:
23370:
23367:
23365:
23362:
23360:
23357:
23355:
23352:
23350:
23347:
23345:
23342:
23340:
23337:
23335:
23332:
23330:
23327:
23325:
23322:
23320:
23317:
23315:
23312:
23310:
23307:
23305:
23302:
23300:
23297:
23295:
23292:
23290:
23287:
23285:
23282:
23281:
23279:
23277:
23273:
23263:
23262:
23258:
23256:
23255:
23254:Zij-i Sultani
23251:
23249:
23248:
23247:Zij-i Ilkhani
23244:
23242:
23239:
23237:
23236:
23232:
23230:
23229:
23225:
23223:
23220:
23219:
23217:
23215:
23214:
23209:
23203:
23202:
23198:
23196:
23195:
23191:
23189:
23188:
23184:
23182:
23181:
23177:
23175:
23174:
23170:
23168:
23165:
23163:
23160:
23159:
23156:
23153:
23149:
23145:
23138:
23134:
23120:
23117:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
23105:
23102:
23101:
23099:
23095:
23089:
23086:
23084:
23081:
23079:
23076:
23074:
23071:
23069:
23066:
23065:
23063:
23059:
23053:
23050:
23048:
23045:
23043:
23040:
23038:
23035:
23033:
23030:
23028:
23025:
23023:
23022:Kadızade Rumi
23020:
23018:
23015:
23013:
23010:
23008:
23005:
23004:
23002:
22998:
22992:
22989:
22987:
22984:
22982:
22979:
22977:
22974:
22972:
22969:
22967:
22964:
22962:
22959:
22957:
22954:
22952:
22949:
22947:
22946:Ibn al-Shatir
22944:
22943:
22941:
22937:
22931:
22928:
22926:
22923:
22921:
22920:Ibn alâRaqqam
22918:
22916:
22913:
22911:
22908:
22906:
22903:
22901:
22898:
22896:
22893:
22891:
22888:
22886:
22883:
22881:
22878:
22876:
22873:
22871:
22868:
22866:
22863:
22861:
22858:
22856:
22853:
22851:
22848:
22846:
22843:
22842:
22840:
22836:
22830:
22827:
22825:
22822:
22820:
22817:
22815:
22814:Ibn al-Kammad
22812:
22810:
22807:
22805:
22802:
22800:
22797:
22795:
22792:
22790:
22787:
22785:
22782:
22780:
22777:
22775:
22772:
22771:
22769:
22765:
22759:
22756:
22754:
22751:
22749:
22746:
22744:
22741:
22739:
22736:
22734:
22731:
22729:
22728:Ibn al-Saffar
22726:
22724:
22721:
22719:
22716:
22714:
22711:
22709:
22706:
22704:
22701:
22699:
22696:
22694:
22691:
22690:
22688:
22684:
22678:
22675:
22673:
22670:
22668:
22665:
22663:
22660:
22658:
22655:
22653:
22650:
22648:
22645:
22643:
22640:
22638:
22635:
22633:
22630:
22628:
22625:
22623:
22620:
22618:
22615:
22613:
22610:
22608:
22605:
22603:
22600:
22598:
22595:
22593:
22590:
22588:
22585:
22583:
22580:
22578:
22575:
22573:
22570:
22568:
22565:
22563:
22560:
22559:
22557:
22553:
22547:
22544:
22542:
22539:
22537:
22534:
22532:
22529:
22527:
22524:
22522:
22519:
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22507:
22504:
22502:
22499:
22497:
22494:
22492:
22489:
22487:
22484:
22482:
22479:
22477:
22474:
22472:
22469:
22467:
22464:
22463:
22461:
22457:
22451:
22448:
22446:
22443:
22441:
22438:
22436:
22433:
22431:
22428:
22426:
22423:
22422:
22420:
22416:
22409:
22408:
22405:
22401:
22397:
22392:
22388:
22384:
22377:
22372:
22370:
22365:
22363:
22358:
22357:
22354:
22339:
22338:other unknown
22335:
22334:cosmic string
22331:
22330:
22328:
22323:
22319:
22316:
22315:
22313:
22308:
22307:
22305:
22301:
22298:
22296:
22295:Neutron stars
22293:
22291:
22288:
22286:
22283:
22282:
22280:
22276:
22273:
22271:
22267:
22264:
22263:
22262:
22259:
22258:
22256:
22252:
22246:
22243:
22241:
22237:
22234:
22230:
22227:
22225:
22221:
22219:
22216:
22214:
22211:
22209:
22206:
22205:
22203:
22199:
22193:
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22180:
22178:
22175:
22174:
22172:
22168:
22156:
22155:Binary pulsar
22153:
22151:
22148:
22146:
22142:
22139:
22138:
22136:
22132:
22131:
22126:
22123:
22121:
22118:
22117:
22115:
22114:
22112:
22108:
22101:
22098:
22095:
22092:
22089:
22086:
22084:
22081:
22078:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22064:
22061:
22059:
22056:
22054:
22051:
22049:
22046:
22044:
22041:
22040:
22038:
22034:
22031:
22027:
22021:: Gravity Spy
22020:
22017:
22015:
22012:
22010:
22009:Einstein@Home
22007:
22006:
22004:
22002:Data analysis
22000:
21994:
21991:
21989:
21986:
21984:
21981:
21979:
21976:
21975:
21973:
21971:
21967:
21953:
21950:
21948:
21945:
21943:
21940:
21939:
21937:
21933:
21927:
21924:
21923:
21921:
21917:
21914:
21908:
21898:
21895:
21894:
21892:
21888:
21882:
21879:
21877:
21874:
21873:
21871:
21867:
21861:
21858:
21857:
21855:
21851:
21845:
21842:
21840:
21837:
21835:
21832:
21830:
21827:
21826:
21824:
21820:
21813:
21809:
21806:
21804:
21801:
21798:
21794:
21793:Advanced LIGO
21791:
21789:
21786:
21784:
21781:
21779:
21776:
21773:
21769:
21766:
21765:
21763:
21759:
21756:
21754:
21748:
21737:
21733:
21730:
21728:
21725:
21723:
21720:
21717:
21713:
21710:
21709:
21707:
21703:
21697:
21694:
21693:
21691:
21687:
21681:
21678:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21668:
21666:
21663:
21661:
21658:
21655:
21651:
21648:
21645:
21641:
21638:
21635:
21631:
21628:
21627:
21625:
21621:
21615:
21612:
21610:
21607:
21604:
21600:
21597:
21594:
21590:
21587:
21586:
21584:
21580:
21577:
21575:
21572:Resonant mass
21569:
21566:
21564:
21560:
21554:
21551:
21549:
21546:
21545:
21542:
21538:
21531:
21526:
21524:
21519:
21517:
21512:
21511:
21508:
21496:
21491:
21486:
21485:
21482:
21476:
21473:
21471:
21468:
21466:
21463:
21461:
21458:
21456:
21453:
21452:
21450:
21446:
21440:
21437:
21435:
21432:
21430:
21427:
21425:
21422:
21420:
21417:
21415:
21412:
21410:
21407:
21406:
21404:
21402:
21398:
21392:
21391:Deconfinement
21389:
21387:
21384:
21382:
21379:
21377:
21374:
21372:
21369:
21367:
21364:
21360:
21357:
21355:
21352:
21351:
21350:
21347:
21346:
21344:
21342:
21338:
21332:
21331:
21327:
21325:
21322:
21320:
21317:
21315:
21312:
21310:
21307:
21305:
21302:
21301:
21296:
21293:
21291:
21288:
21286:
21283:
21282:
21281:
21278:
21274:
21271:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21255:
21254:
21251:
21250:
21248:
21242:
21236:
21233:
21231:
21228:
21226:
21223:
21221:
21218:
21214:
21211:
21210:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21192:
21189:
21187:
21184:
21182:
21179:
21177:
21174:
21173:
21172:
21169:
21168:
21166:
21164:
21158:
21152:
21151:
21147:
21145:
21142:
21140:
21137:
21135:
21132:
21130:
21127:
21125:
21122:
21120:
21117:
21115:
21112:
21110:
21107:
21106:
21104:
21102:
21098:
21092:
21089:
21087:
21084:
21082:
21079:
21078:
21076:
21072:
21066:
21065:Orbital decay
21063:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21047:
21044:
21042:
21039:
21036:
21032:
21029:
21025:
21022:
21020:
21017:
21015:
21012:
21011:
21010:
21007:
21005:
21002:
21000:
20997:
20996:
20994:
20990:
20985:
20973:
20970:
20968:
20965:
20964:
20963:
20960:
20958:
20955:
20953:
20952:Variable star
20950:
20948:
20945:
20943:
20940:
20938:
20935:
20933:
20930:
20928:
20925:
20923:
20920:
20918:
20915:
20913:
20910:
20909:
20907:
20905:
20901:
20897:
20894:
20887:
20882:
20880:
20875:
20873:
20868:
20867:
20864:
20852:
20844:
20842:
20834:
20833:
20830:
20822:
20819:
20818:
20817:
20814:
20812:
20809:
20807:
20804:
20802:
20799:
20797:
20794:
20793:
20791:
20787:
20781:
20778:
20776:
20773:
20771:
20768:
20766:
20763:
20762:
20760:
20758:investigation
20754:
20748:
20745:
20743:
20742:Centaurus X-3
20740:
20738:
20735:
20734:
20732:
20728:
20722:
20719:
20717:
20714:
20712:
20709:
20707:
20706:Pulsar planet
20704:
20702:
20699:
20695:
20694:Related links
20692:
20691:
20690:
20687:
20683:
20682:Related links
20680:
20679:
20678:
20675:
20673:
20670:
20668:
20665:
20663:
20660:
20658:
20655:
20653:
20650:
20646:
20645:Related links
20643:
20641:
20638:
20637:
20636:
20633:
20629:
20626:
20624:
20621:
20620:
20619:
20616:
20614:
20611:
20609:
20606:
20605:
20603:
20599:
20593:
20590:
20588:
20585:
20583:
20580:
20578:
20575:
20573:
20570:
20568:
20565:
20563:
20560:
20558:
20555:
20553:
20550:
20548:
20545:
20543:
20540:
20538:
20535:
20533:
20530:
20528:
20525:
20523:
20520:
20516:
20513:
20512:
20511:
20508:
20507:
20505:
20501:
20495:
20492:
20490:
20487:
20485:
20482:
20480:
20477:
20473:
20470:
20468:
20467:X-ray burster
20465:
20463:
20460:
20459:
20458:
20455:
20453:
20450:
20449:
20447:
20443:
20437:
20434:
20429:
20427:
20424:
20422:
20419:
20418:
20417:
20414:
20413:
20411:
20407:
20401:
20398:
20396:
20393:
20392:
20390:
20386:
20382:
20375:
20370:
20368:
20363:
20361:
20356:
20355:
20352:
20340:
20332:
20330:
20322:
20321:
20318:
20312:
20309:
20307:
20304:
20302:
20299:
20297:
20294:
20292:
20289:
20287:
20286:Markarian 501
20284:
20282:
20279:
20277:
20274:
20272:
20269:
20267:
20264:
20262:
20259:
20257:
20254:
20252:
20249:
20247:
20244:
20242:
20239:
20237:
20234:
20232:
20229:
20227:
20224:
20222:
20219:
20217:
20214:
20212:
20211:XTE J1118+480
20209:
20207:
20206:XTE J1650-500
20204:
20202:
20199:
20198:
20196:
20192:
20186:
20183:
20181:
20178:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20161:
20158:
20156:
20153:
20151:
20148:
20146:
20143:
20141:
20138:
20136:
20133:
20131:
20128:
20126:
20123:
20121:
20118:
20116:
20113:
20111:
20108:
20106:
20103:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20090:
20089:
20086:
20084:
20081:
20079:
20076:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20050:
20048:
20044:
20038:
20035:
20033:
20030:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20014:
20012:
20010:
20006:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19991:
19989:
19985:
19979:
19976:
19974:
19971:
19969:
19966:
19964:
19961:
19959:
19956:
19954:
19951:
19949:
19946:
19944:
19941:
19939:
19936:
19934:
19931:
19930:
19928:
19924:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19897:
19893:
19892:Schwarzschild
19890:
19889:
19887:
19883:
19877:
19874:
19872:
19869:
19867:
19864:
19862:
19859:
19857:
19854:
19852:
19849:
19847:
19844:
19842:
19839:
19838:
19836:
19832:
19826:
19823:
19821:
19818:
19814:
19811:
19810:
19809:
19806:
19804:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19784:
19781:
19777:
19774:
19773:
19772:
19769:
19767:
19764:
19762:
19759:
19755:
19752:
19750:
19747:
19746:
19745:
19742:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19734:Photon sphere
19732:
19730:
19729:Event horizon
19727:
19723:
19720:
19718:
19715:
19714:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19704:
19702:
19698:
19692:
19689:
19687:
19684:
19682:
19679:
19677:
19674:
19672:
19669:
19667:
19664:
19662:
19659:
19655:
19654:Related links
19652:
19650:
19647:
19645:
19642:
19641:
19640:
19637:
19633:
19632:Related links
19630:
19629:
19628:
19625:
19623:
19620:
19616:
19615:Related links
19613:
19612:
19611:
19608:
19606:
19603:
19601:
19598:
19597:
19595:
19591:
19583:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19573:
19570:
19568:
19565:
19563:
19560:
19558:
19555:
19553:
19550:
19549:
19548:
19545:
19543:
19540:
19536:
19533:
19532:
19531:
19528:
19523:
19521:
19518:
19516:
19513:
19512:
19511:
19508:
19507:
19505:
19501:
19496:
19486:
19483:
19481:
19478:
19476:
19473:
19471:
19468:
19466:
19463:
19461:
19458:
19456:
19453:
19451:
19448:
19446:
19443:
19441:
19440:Schwarzschild
19438:
19436:
19433:
19432:
19430:
19426:
19420:
19417:
19416:
19413:
19409:
19402:
19397:
19395:
19390:
19388:
19383:
19382:
19379:
19369:
19365:
19364:
19359:
19351:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19332:
19330:
19327:
19326:
19324:
19322:
19318:
19308:
19305:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19295:
19294:
19292:
19288:
19282:
19279:
19277:
19274:
19273:
19271:
19269:Stellar spots
19267:
19261:
19258:
19257:
19255:
19253:Non-spherical
19251:
19248:
19244:
19235:
19231:
19228:
19224:
19223:
19222:
19219:
19217:
19214:
19209:
19205:
19204:
19203:
19200:
19195:
19191:
19190:
19189:
19186:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19171:
19169:
19166:
19165:
19163:
19161:
19157:
19147:
19144:
19142:
19139:
19137:
19134:
19132:
19129:
19128:
19126:
19122:
19116:
19113:
19111:
19108:
19106:
19103:
19102:
19100:
19096:
19090:
19087:
19083:
19078:
19075:
19073:
19070:
19069:
19067:
19061:
19052:
19048:
19045:
19041:
19040:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19031:
19030:
19028:
19026:
19022:
19018:
19015:
19011:
19001:
18998:
18996:
18993:
18991:
18990:Gamma Doradus
18988:
18987:
18985:
18981:
18975:
18972:
18970:
18967:
18965:
18962:
18961:
18959:
18957:
18953:
18947:
18944:
18942:
18941:PV Telescopii
18939:
18937:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18927:
18924:
18923:
18921:
18919:early spectra
18915:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18899:
18896:
18892:
18888:
18884:
18879:
18876:
18872:
18868:
18863:
18860:
18859:
18857:
18852:
18848:
18845:
18843:
18839:
18835:
18828:
18823:
18821:
18816:
18814:
18809:
18808:
18805:
18793:
18788:
18783:
18781:
18773:
18772:
18769:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18752:Intergalactic
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18732:Galactic year
18730:
18726:
18723:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18710:
18709:
18706:
18705:
18704:
18701:
18700:
18698:
18694:
18688:
18685:
18683:
18680:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18667:
18666:
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18651:
18648:
18646:
18643:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18633:
18629:
18626:
18622:
18619:
18618:
18617:
18614:
18612:
18611:Most luminous
18609:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18594:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18573:
18572:
18569:
18565:
18562:
18560:
18557:
18556:
18555:
18552:
18551:
18549:
18547:
18543:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18527:
18526:Proper motion
18524:
18522:
18519:
18515:
18512:
18510:
18507:
18505:
18502:
18501:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18489:Constellation
18487:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18477:
18473:
18470:
18468:
18465:
18463:
18460:
18458:
18457:Solar eclipse
18455:
18454:
18453:
18450:
18449:
18447:
18443:Earth-centric
18441:
18435:
18432:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18415:
18414:
18413:
18410:
18408:
18405:
18401:
18398:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18382:
18381:
18378:
18377:
18375:
18373:
18369:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18274:
18272:
18268:
18262:
18259:
18257:
18254:
18252:
18249:
18247:
18244:
18242:
18239:
18235:
18232:
18231:
18230:
18227:
18223:
18220:
18218:
18215:
18214:
18213:
18210:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18197:
18196:
18193:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18165:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18152:
18149:
18147:
18144:
18143:
18142:
18139:
18137:
18134:
18133:
18131:
18129:
18125:
18119:
18116:
18112:
18109:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18088:
18087:
18084:
18082:
18079:
18077:
18074:
18072:
18069:
18067:
18064:
18062:
18059:
18057:
18054:
18052:
18049:
18047:
18044:
18042:
18041:Alpha process
18039:
18037:
18034:
18032:
18029:
18027:
18024:
18022:
18019:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18008:
18006:
18004:
18000:
17990:
17987:
17985:
17982:
17980:
17977:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17963:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17952:
17951:
17949:
17945:
17942:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17915:
17912:
17910:
17907:
17905:
17902:
17901:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17886:
17884:
17882:
17878:
17872:
17869:
17865:
17862:
17861:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17848:
17845:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17832:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17822:
17821:
17818:
17814:
17813:Helium planet
17811:
17810:
17809:
17806:
17804:
17803:Parker's star
17801:
17799:
17796:
17795:
17793:
17791:
17787:
17781:
17778:
17774:
17771:
17770:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17757:
17754:
17753:
17752:
17749:
17745:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17735:
17734:Lambda Boötis
17732:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17701:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17674:
17673:
17670:
17666:
17663:
17662:
17661:
17658:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17640:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17631:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17613:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17590:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17581:
17580:
17577:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17553:
17550:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17539:
17537:
17535:
17532:
17530:
17527:
17526:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17514:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17500:Superluminous
17498:
17497:
17496:
17493:
17491:
17488:
17486:
17483:
17481:
17478:
17476:
17473:
17471:
17468:
17466:
17463:
17461:
17458:
17454:
17451:
17450:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17437:
17434:
17432:
17429:
17428:
17427:
17424:
17420:
17417:
17416:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17404:Main sequence
17402:
17401:
17399:
17397:
17393:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17381:Hayashi track
17379:
17377:
17374:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17351:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17332:
17331:
17329:
17327:
17323:
17317:
17314:
17313:
17310:
17306:
17299:
17294:
17292:
17287:
17285:
17280:
17279:
17276:
17264:
17256:
17254:
17246:
17245:
17242:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17221:
17218:
17216:
17213:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17177:
17175:
17171:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17129:SN 2014J
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17094:SN 1994D
17092:
17090:
17089:SN 1987A
17087:
17085:
17084:SN 1885A
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17058:
17055:
17054:
17053:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17039:
17037:
17033:
17027:
17024:
17022:
17019:
17017:
17014:
17012:
17011:Massive stars
17009:
17007:
17004:
17002:
16999:
16998:
16996:
16992:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16972:
16970:
16966:
16958:
16955:
16954:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16922:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16900:
16899:
16896:
16892:
16889:
16888:
16887:
16884:
16883:
16881:
16877:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16849:
16846:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16835:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16813:
16812:
16809:
16808:
16806:
16802:
16796:
16793:
16789:
16786:
16785:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16746:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16720:
16718:
16714:
16708:
16705:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16687:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16662:
16660:
16656:
16651:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16625:Superluminous
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16605:Type Iax
16603:
16601:
16598:
16597:
16595:
16591:
16587:
16580:
16575:
16573:
16568:
16566:
16561:
16560:
16557:
16542:
16538:
16534:
16529:
16528:
16523:
16519:
16507:
16503:
16499:
16494:
16493:
16483:
16479:
16475:
16471:
16466:
16461:
16457:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16439:
16435:
16434:
16428:
16424:
16420:
16416:
16412:
16408:
16404:
16399:
16394:
16391:(11): 77â81.
16390:
16386:
16385:
16379:
16375:
16369:
16365:
16360:
16356:
16350:
16346:
16342:
16338:
16334:
16330:
16329:
16323:
16322:
16309:
16305:
16300:
16295:
16291:
16287:
16280:
16272:
16268:
16264:
16260:
16256:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16238:
16234:
16227:
16212:
16208:
16202:
16187:
16183:
16177:
16162:
16158:
16152:
16144:
16140:
16136:
16130:
16126:
16122:
16118:
16114:
16109:
16104:
16100:
16093:
16085:
16081:
16077:
16073:
16069:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16051:
16047:
16039:
16031:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16013:
16009:
16002:
15994:
15990:
15985:
15980:
15976:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15958:
15954:
15950:
15943:
15941:
15925:
15921:
15915:
15907:
15901:
15897:
15893:
15889:
15882:
15874:
15870:
15866:
15862:
15858:
15854:
15850:
15846:
15842:
15835:
15827:
15823:
15819:
15815:
15811:
15807:
15802:
15797:
15793:
15789:
15785:
15778:
15770:
15766:
15762:
15758:
15754:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15736:
15732:
15728:
15721:
15713:
15709:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15689:
15685:
15681:
15677:
15670:
15662:
15658:
15654:
15650:
15646:
15642:
15637:
15632:
15628:
15624:
15617:
15609:
15605:
15601:
15597:
15593:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15575:
15571:
15570:
15562:
15554:
15550:
15546:
15542:
15538:
15534:
15530:
15526:
15522:
15518:
15514:
15507:
15498:
15493:
15489:
15485:
15481:
15477:
15476:
15471:
15464:
15456:
15452:
15448:
15444:
15443:
15435:
15427:
15423:
15418:
15413:
15409:
15405:
15401:
15397:
15393:
15389:
15385:
15381:
15375:
15360:
15356:
15349:
15341:
15337:
15333:
15329:
15325:
15321:
15314:
15306:
15302:
15298:
15294:
15290:
15286:
15281:
15276:
15272:
15268:
15267:
15266:New Astronomy
15259:
15251:
15247:
15243:
15239:
15235:
15231:
15227:
15223:
15219:
15215:
15214:
15206:
15198:
15194:
15190:
15186:
15182:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15164:
15160:
15153:
15145:
15141:
15137:
15133:
15129:
15125:
15121:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15104:(3): 031201.
15103:
15099:
15095:
15087:
15079:
15075:
15070:
15065:
15061:
15057:
15052:
15047:
15043:
15039:
15035:
15028:
15020:
15016:
15012:
15008:
15004:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14986:
14982:
14981:
14973:
14965:
14961:
14957:
14953:
14949:
14945:
14941:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14923:
14919:
14918:
14910:
14902:
14898:
14894:
14890:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14869:
14864:
14860:
14856:
14852:
14845:
14830:
14826:
14822:
14815:
14807:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14787:
14783:
14779:
14775:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14757:
14753:
14749:
14742:
14734:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14716:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14698:
14694:
14693:
14688:
14681:
14673:
14669:
14665:
14661:
14657:
14653:
14646:
14638:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14619:
14611:
14607:
14602:
14597:
14593:
14589:
14582:
14574:
14570:
14566:
14562:
14558:
14554:
14549:
14544:
14540:
14536:
14529:
14521:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14503:
14499:
14495:
14491:
14487:
14480:
14472:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14454:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14436:
14432:
14427:
14422:
14419:(8): 170192.
14418:
14414:
14410:
14403:
14395:
14391:
14387:
14383:
14379:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14346:
14338:
14334:
14330:
14326:
14322:
14318:
14313:
14308:
14304:
14300:
14296:
14292:
14288:
14281:
14279:
14269:
14264:
14260:
14256:
14252:
14248:
14244:
14237:
14229:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14211:
14207:
14203:
14195:
14187:
14183:
14179:
14175:
14171:
14167:
14162:
14157:
14153:
14149:
14142:
14134:
14130:
14126:
14122:
14118:
14114:
14110:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14092:
14088:
14081:
14073:
14069:
14065:
14061:
14057:
14053:
14048:
14043:
14039:
14035:
14034:
14026:
14018:
14014:
14010:
14006:
14002:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13985:(1): 014001.
13984:
13980:
13972:
13964:
13960:
13956:
13952:
13948:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13930:
13926:
13919:
13911:
13907:
13903:
13899:
13895:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13877:
13873:
13866:
13858:
13854:
13850:
13846:
13842:
13838:
13833:
13828:
13824:
13820:
13813:
13805:
13799:
13795:
13791:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13768:
13766:
13757:
13753:
13749:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13723:
13719:
13718:
13710:
13702:
13698:
13694:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13676:
13672:
13668:
13664:
13660:
13653:
13651:
13649:
13640:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13606:
13602:
13595:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13575:
13571:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13553:
13549:
13542:
13540:
13531:
13527:
13523:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13497:
13493:
13486:
13478:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13442:
13438:
13434:
13427:
13419:
13415:
13411:
13407:
13403:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13386:(1): 63â106.
13385:
13381:
13380:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13366:
13364:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13329:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13311:
13307:
13306:
13301:
13294:
13285:
13280:
13276:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13258:
13254:
13250:
13243:
13241:
13232:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13214:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13180:
13172:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13154:
13150:
13145:
13140:
13136:
13132:
13128:
13121:
13113:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13062:
13054:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13018:
13014:
13010:
13003:
12995:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12954:
12946:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12928:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12910:
12906:
12902:
12894:
12886:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12868:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12850:
12846:
12842:
12835:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12815:
12811:
12807:
12803:
12799:
12794:
12789:
12785:
12781:
12777:
12770:
12761:
12756:
12752:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12726:
12719:
12711:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12687:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12661:
12657:
12653:
12646:
12638:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12622:
12618:
12614:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12597:(8): 083003.
12596:
12592:
12588:
12581:
12573:
12569:
12564:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12522:
12514:
12510:
12506:
12502:
12498:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12481:(1): 63â106.
12480:
12476:
12475:
12467:
12459:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12441:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12418:
12413:
12406:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12382:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12352:
12344:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12317:
12309:
12305:
12301:
12297:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12267:
12263:
12256:
12248:
12244:
12240:
12236:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12220:
12213:
12205:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12169:
12165:
12161:
12154:
12152:
12150:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12129:
12125:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12107:
12103:
12095:
12087:
12083:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12042:
12034:
12030:
12026:
12022:
12018:
12014:
12009:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11989:
11981:
11977:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11942:
11934:
11926:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11908:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11882:
11875:
11873:
11864:
11852:
11844:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11826:
11822:
11815:
11813:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11770:
11766:
11765:
11757:
11749:
11745:
11741:
11737:
11733:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11715:
11711:
11704:
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11692:
11687:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11652:
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11637:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11593:
11585:
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11568:
11563:
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11555:
11550:
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11518:
11514:
11509:
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11467:
11459:
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11439:
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11382:
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11349:
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11326:
11321:
11317:
11313:
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11294:
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11282:
11278:
11274:
11270:
11266:
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11256:
11252:
11248:
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11232:
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11218:
11214:
11210:
11206:
11202:
11198:
11191:
11183:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11147:
11143:
11139:
11132:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11090:
11086:
11079:
11071:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11037:
11033:
11026:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10995:(6155): 416.
10994:
10990:
10983:
10981:
10964:
10960:
10956:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10936:
10929:
10921:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10893:
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10885:
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10870:
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10862:
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10823:
10814:
10810:
10806:
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10769:
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10196:
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10168:
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10114:
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10097:
10092:
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10079:
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10070:
10066:
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10055:
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10043:
10039:
10035:
10031:
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10022:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10002:
9994:
9990:
9986:
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9978:
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9970:
9966:
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9956:
9952:
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9947:
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9930:
9926:
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9918:
9914:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9884:
9876:
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9867:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9823:
9814:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9772:
9764:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9718:
9711:
9709:
9707:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9679:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9632:
9624:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9591:
9586:
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9578:
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9568:
9559:
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9536:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9517:
9508:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9466:
9457:
9452:
9448:
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9439:
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9430:
9426:
9422:
9415:
9413:
9404:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9379:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9342:
9334:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9287:
9279:
9277:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9229:
9221:
9219:
9210:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9159:
9157:
9147:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9125:
9120:
9113:
9104:
9099:
9091:
9089:
9080:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9051:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8994:
8986:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8971:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8920:
8918:
8909:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8872:
8871:gr-qc/0206041
8867:
8863:
8859:
8858:
8853:
8846:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8799:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8739:
8730:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8675:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8640:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8535:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8458:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8437:The Messenger
8431:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8384:
8375:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8320:
8311:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8264:
8255:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8214:(S298): 442.
8213:
8209:
8208:
8200:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8146:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8099:
8090:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8035:
8026:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7961:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7900:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7873:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7836:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7789:
7781:
7774:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7677:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7560:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7531:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7504:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7433:
7431:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7377:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7314:
7312:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7264:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7140:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7033:
7024:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6990:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6928:
6926:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6863:
6861:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6789:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6692:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6629:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6494:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6445:
6437:
6431:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6387:0-19-850766-6
6383:
6379:
6378:
6370:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6291:
6286:
6285:2027.42/87614
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6248:
6241:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6155:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6094:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6016:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5915:(8): 081303.
5914:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5790:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5690:Scholberg, K.
5685:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5632:Scholberg, K.
5626:
5624:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5455:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5341:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5319:Astronomy Now
5315:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5061:10.1038/24106
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5015:10.1038/24103
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4942:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4876:: 1021â1024.
4875:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4678:9783030103804
4674:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4550:(in German),
4549:
4542:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4498:(in German),
4497:
4496:
4488:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4449:(in German).
4448:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:(in German).
4369:
4365:
4358:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4308:(in German).
4307:
4303:
4296:
4280:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4111:Soderberg, A.
4105:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:. Dordrecht:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3874:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3687:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:Gamma Velorum
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3492:transport of
3490:
3485:
3483:
3482:Pacific Ocean
3479:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:giant planets
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3171:
3147:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3003:
3000:, especially
2999:
2995:
2990:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:0.001 â 0.01
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:Core collapse
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2765:
2759:Energy output
2756:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:12â30 or more
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2454:Average peak
2453:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:stellar winds
2201:
2196:
2191:
2181:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2080:turning into
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:Neutron star
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:Neutron star
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:Neutron star
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:Neutron star
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1723:Core collapse
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:main sequence
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:carbon fusion
1520:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1245:Core collapse
1240:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:Balmer series
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:of different
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:Kepler's Star
1140:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:Doppler shift
1038:
1034:
1026:
1025:Carina Nebula
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
972:
968:
964:
955:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
922:spiral galaxy
919:
915:
911:
909:
905:
896:
892:
882:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
840:Knut Lundmark
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
754:
752:
749:
747:
743:
741:
738:
737:
733:
731:
728:
726:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
709:
706:
704:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
688:
685:
683:
679:
677:
674:
673:
669:
667:
664:
662:
658:
656:
653:
652:
648:
646:
643:
641:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
623:
621:
614:
612:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
593:
591:
587:
585:
582:
581:
577:
575:
572:
570:
566:
564:
561:
560:
556:
554:
551:
549:
545:
543:
540:
539:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
507:
496:
492:
488:
481:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
416:produced the
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
345:
335:
333:
332:Knut Lundmark
329:
325:
321:
306:
305:
299:
295:
289:
274:
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
177:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
23619:Institutions
23584:
23470:Eccentricity
23430:Astrophysics
23324:Compass rose
23259:
23252:
23245:
23233:
23226:
23211:
23199:
23192:
23185:
23178:
23171:
23037:Ibn al-Majdi
23012:Abd alâWajid
22971:Al-Wabkanawi
22966:AbĆ« alâÊżUqĆ«l
22855:Jamal ad-Din
22824:Omar Khayyam
22652:Al-ʻIjliyyah
22627:AáčŁ-áčąaidanÄnÄ«
22612:Ibn al-A'lam
22531:Al-Khwarizmi
22337:
22321:
22317:
22222:Travel with
22208:Polarization
22127:
22029:Observations
21751:Ground-based
21460:Astrophysics
21429:Preon matter
21419:Quark matter
21354:Introduction
21328:
21171:Neutron star
21161:Compact and
21148:
21100:
21060:Helium flash
21050:deflagration
20967:X-ray binary
20893:Stellar core
20634:
20618:Compact star
20592:Urca process
20582:Timing noise
20567:Relativistic
20462:X-ray binary
20457:X-ray pulsar
20381:Neutron star
20241:PKS 1302-102
20115:Gravity well
20083:Compact star
20037:Microquasars
20022:Most massive
19926:Alternatives
19691:X-ray binary
19638:
19610:Neutron star
19547:Supermassive
19524:Hawking star
19465:Supermassive
19354:
19234:Z Andromedae
19216:SW Sextantis
19201:
19194:Intermediate
19033:Herbig Ae/Be
18908:SX Phoenicis
18855:cepheid-like
18655:White dwarfs
18645:Brown dwarfs
18628:Most distant
18576:Most massive
18554:Proper names
18514:Photographic
18467:Solar System
18445:observations
18372:Star systems
18195:Stellar wind
18178:Chromosphere
18151:Oscillations
18031:Helium flash
17881:Hypothetical
17859:X-ray binary
17798:Compact star
17633:Bright giant
17494:
17386:Henyey track
17364:Herbig Ae/Be
17139:Vela Remnant
17104:SN 1006
17069:SN 1000+0216
17047:Cassiopeia A
17016:Most distant
16947:Local Bubble
16920:Compact star
16898:Neutron star
16635:Calcium-rich
16600:Type Ia
16585:
16544:. Retrieved
16525:
16509:. Retrieved
16437:
16431:
16388:
16382:
16363:
16327:
16285:
16279:
16236:
16232:
16226:
16214:. Retrieved
16210:
16201:
16189:. Retrieved
16185:
16176:
16164:. Retrieved
16160:
16151:
16098:
16092:
16049:
16045:
16038:
16011:
16007:
16001:
15956:
15952:
15927:. Retrieved
15923:
15914:
15887:
15881:
15848:
15844:
15834:
15791:
15787:
15777:
15734:
15730:
15720:
15683:
15679:
15669:
15626:
15622:
15616:
15573:
15567:
15561:
15520:
15516:
15506:
15479:
15473:
15463:
15446:
15440:
15434:
15391:
15387:
15374:
15362:. Retrieved
15358:
15348:
15323:
15319:
15318:"In Brief".
15313:
15270:
15264:
15258:
15217:
15211:
15205:
15162:
15158:
15152:
15101:
15097:
15086:
15041:
15037:
15027:
14984:
14978:
14972:
14921:
14915:
14909:
14858:
14854:
14844:
14832:. Retrieved
14824:
14814:
14755:
14751:
14741:
14696:
14690:
14680:
14655:
14651:
14645:
14628:
14624:
14618:
14591:
14587:
14581:
14538:
14534:
14528:
14493:
14489:
14479:
14416:
14412:
14402:
14359:
14355:
14345:
14294:
14290:
14250:
14246:
14236:
14209:
14205:
14194:
14151:
14147:
14141:
14090:
14086:
14080:
14037:
14031:
14025:
13982:
13978:
13971:
13928:
13924:
13918:
13875:
13871:
13865:
13822:
13818:
13812:
13773:
13721:
13715:
13709:
13666:
13662:
13604:
13600:
13594:
13551:
13547:
13495:
13491:
13485:
13440:
13436:
13426:
13383:
13377:
13309:
13303:
13293:
13256:
13252:
13194:
13190:
13179:
13134:
13130:
13120:
13075:
13071:
13061:
13016:
13012:
13002:
12967:
12963:
12953:
12908:
12904:
12893:
12848:
12844:
12834:
12783:
12779:
12769:
12732:
12728:
12718:
12659:
12655:
12645:
12594:
12590:
12580:
12535:
12531:
12521:
12478:
12472:
12466:
12421:
12415:
12405:
12362:
12358:
12351:
12326:
12322:
12316:
12265:
12261:
12255:
12222:
12218:
12212:
12167:
12163:
12105:
12101:
12094:
12051:
12047:
12041:
11998:
11994:
11988:
11945:
11939:
11933:
11888:
11884:
11820:
11768:
11762:
11756:
11713:
11709:
11703:
11658:
11654:
11644:
11599:
11595:
11584:
11539:
11535:
11525:
11483:(1): 27â38.
11480:
11476:
11466:
11441:
11435:
11429:
11402:
11398:
11372:
11366:
11360:
11315:
11311:
11301:
11250:
11246:
11239:
11204:
11200:
11190:
11145:
11141:
11131:
11088:
11084:
11078:
11035:
11031:
11025:
10992:
10988:
10967:. Retrieved
10942:
10938:
10928:
10887:
10883:
10877:
10834:
10830:
10778:
10774:
10746:
10694:
10688:
10634:
10630:
10620:
10575:
10571:
10561:
10552:
10545:. Retrieved
10506:. Retrieved
10495:
10469:. Retrieved
10426:
10422:
10397:. Retrieved
10392:
10383:
10332:
10328:
10321:
10254:
10250:
10243:
10190:
10186:
10175:
10132:
10128:
10121:
10068:
10064:
10054:
10011:
10007:
10001:
9950:
9944:
9937:
9894:
9890:
9883:
9838:
9832:
9822:
9785:
9781:
9771:
9726:
9720:
9684:
9678:
9635:
9629:
9623:
9580:
9574:
9567:
9530:
9526:
9516:
9479:
9475:
9465:
9431:: L99âL103.
9428:
9424:
9384:
9378:
9345:
9339:
9333:
9290:
9284:
9232:
9226:
9172:
9168:
9128:
9122:
9112:
9056:
9050:
8997:
8991:
8933:
8929:
8861:
8855:
8845:
8802:
8796:
8742:
8736:
8729:
8686:
8680:
8674:
8652:(3â6): 191.
8649:
8645:
8639:
8596:
8592:
8538:
8532:
8468:
8464:
8457:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8387:
8381:
8374:
8323:
8317:
8310:
8267:
8261:
8254:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8156:
8152:
8145:
8102:
8096:
8089:
8038:
8032:
8025:
7974:
7970:
7960:
7915:
7909:
7899:
7882:
7878:
7872:
7847:
7841:
7835:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7771:
7717:
7713:
7703:
7682:
7676:
7633:
7627:
7574:(1): L1âL4.
7571:
7565:
7559:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7502:
7495:
7438:
7417:. Retrieved
7392:
7386:
7376:
7325:
7319:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7155:
7149:
7139:
7127:. Retrieved
7118:
7109:
7101:
7073:
7069:
7059:
7038:
7032:
7005:
6999:
6989:
6964:
6960:
6954:
6937:
6933:
6873:
6869:
6810:
6806:
6796:
6759:
6755:
6745:
6702:
6698:
6691:
6648:
6644:
6637:
6610:
6604:
6522:
6452:
6430:
6418:. Retrieved
6404:
6376:
6369:
6357:. Retrieved
6339:
6327:. Retrieved
6309:
6297:. Retrieved
6259:
6253:
6240:
6228:. Retrieved
6224:
6215:
6170:
6164:
6154:
6109:
6103:
6093:
6081:. Retrieved
6033:
6029:
6015:
5972:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5857:
5850:
5844:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5699:
5693:
5684:
5641:
5635:
5587:
5581:
5553:
5546:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5442:. Retrieved
5438:
5429:
5417:. Retrieved
5413:
5404:
5353:
5347:
5340:
5328:. Retrieved
5317:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5236:. Retrieved
5228:The Guardian
5227:
5217:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5090:. Retrieved
5086:
5077:
5044:
5038:
5031:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4873:
4867:
4857:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4784:
4777:
4732:
4726:
4716:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4667:
4660:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4588:10261/255617
4551:
4547:
4541:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4450:
4446:
4413:
4406:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4345:. Retrieved
4309:
4305:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4273:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4122:
4118:
4104:
4080:
4073:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4025:
4019:
4000:Astronomy 2e
3999:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3920:
3910:
3881:
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3849:
3836:
3812:
3805:
3782:
3771:
3754:
3750:
3707:(1): 66â85.
3704:
3700:
3690:
3606:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3510:
3502:
3489:biodiversity
3486:
3467:
3449:
3425:
3410:
3406:Solar System
3399:
3395:
3367:
3344:
3322:
3301:
3274:
3253:
3237:
3225:
3216:
3169:
3152:
3006:
2994:galaxy types
2991:
2987:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2840:x10 joules (
2825:
2793:
2778:
2770:
2753:
2740:
2721:
2693:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2645:IIn (bright)
2594:II-P (faint)
2555:roughly 100
2492:Ib/c (faint)
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2395:847 keV
2391:
2387:
2345:
2337:
2325:Light curves
2307:
2281:
2266:
2254:
2243:
2228:
2217:
2205:
2170:
2162:
2126:
2071:
2053:
2026:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1884:II-L or II-b
1827:solar masses
1799:
1791:
1786:stellar core
1742:
1734:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1653:
1643:-56 through
1634:
1615:
1585:
1569:neutron star
1560:solar masses
1545:
1516:
1490:
1488:
1463:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1382:
1355:
1351:
1339:
1331:
1200:No hydrogen
1186:
1182:
1159:light curves
1156:
1146:
1142:
1139:Tycho's Nova
1138:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1061:
1057:Hubble curve
1049:
1030:
991:
975:
949:
930:
912:
888:
851:Fritz Zwicky
844:
832:Walter Baade
805:
791:
771:
751:
730:
708:
687:
666:
645:
620:
599:possible SN
595:
574:
553:
534:
527:observed in
469:light echoes
461:Cassiopeia A
454:
437:Aristotelian
422:
372:
347:
328:Fritz Zwicky
324:Walter Baade
319:
293:
272:
264:
262:
217:solar masses
214:
201:massive star
163:
123:
103:neutron star
98:
89:, or when a
87:massive star
70:
66:
58:
56:
36:
23814:Outer space
23605:Tusi couple
23595:Trepidation
23560:Salah times
23495:Geocentrism
23369:Planisphere
23349:Graph paper
23276:Instruments
23228:Huihui Lifa
23109:EhmedĂȘ XanĂź
23068:Al-Birjandi
23047:al-Kubunani
22804:Abu al-Salt
22753:Al-Isfizari
22713:Ibn al-Samh
22592:Abu al-Wafa
22577:al-Khojandi
22481:Al-Farghani
22396:Astronomers
22329:Hypothesis
22306:Continuous
21910:Space-based
21381:Lattice QCD
21295:Gravitation
21220:Exotic star
21198:White dwarf
21191:Radio-quiet
20962:Binary star
20932:Metallicity
20677:White dwarf
20662:Microquasar
20628:Exotic star
20557:Pulsar kick
20479:Millisecond
20395:Radio-quiet
20231:Centaurus A
20185:Planet Nine
20088:Exotic star
20017:Black holes
19963:Planck star
19912:KerrâNewman
19627:White dwarf
19577:Radio-Quiet
19535:Microquasar
19408:Black holes
19276:BY Draconis
19160:Cataclysmic
19065:supergiants
19000:White dwarf
18969:Semiregular
18956:Long-period
18931:Beta Cephei
18926:Alpha Cygni
18883:BL Herculis
18871:Delta Scuti
18708:Brown dwarf
18484:Circumpolar
18362:Kraft break
18342:Color index
18317:Metallicity
18277:Designation
18246:Cosmic dust
18168:Photosphere
17934:Dark-energy
17909:Electroweak
17894:Black dwarf
17825:Radio-quiet
17808:White dwarf
17694:White dwarf
17344:Bok globule
17149:ASASSN-15lh
17099:SN 185
17057:Crab Nebula
16952:Superbubble
16942:Zombie star
16925:electroweak
16855:White dwarf
16804:Progenitors
16768:Pulsar kick
16511:28 November
15920:"VV Cephei"
15629:: 181â194.
14987:: 381â387.
14541:: 291â336.
13443:(3): 2054.
12329:: 406â408.
12054:(2): L107.
11661:(3): 1441.
11444:: 309â355.
11375:: 376â378.
11038:(2): 2205.
9131:: 222â231.
8105:(2): 1209.
7918:(3): 2417.
7158:(4): 3456.
6813:(6): 0140.
5702:: 355â361.
5238:13 February
5177:(2): 0002.
4086:Basic Books
3890:. pp.
3778:"supernova"
3578:VV Cephei A
3543:light-years
3474:rock strata
3428:cosmic rays
3422:Cosmic rays
3041:helium star
2944:0.01 â 0.1
2805:radioactive
2738:emissions.
2716:Crab Nebula
2589:around 150
2572:around 100
2543:Ic (bright)
2403:photosphere
2047:) from the
1953:No remnant
1939:Black hole
1898:Black hole
1873:Normal II-P
1811:Eta Carinae
1807:hypergiants
1803:supergiants
1794:metallicity
1690:type Ia/IIn
1678:zombie star
1459:Eta Carinae
1273:Type II-P/L
891:ASASSN-15lh
885:supernovae.
875:titanium-44
746:Sagittarius
569:Sagittarius
487:Crab Nebula
446:Tycho Brahe
423:Supernovae
418:Crab Nebula
385:, dated to
363:white dwarf
249:cosmic rays
205:fusing iron
166:white dwarf
91:white dwarf
23842:Supernovae
23836:Categories
23709:Influenced
23678:Influences
23550:Precession
23530:Multiverse
23435:Axial tilt
23415:Almucantar
23399:Triquetrum
23339:Equatorium
23088:TakiyĂŒddin
22961:al-Battiwi
22956:Ibn Shuayb
22951:Al-Khalili
22794:Al-Khazini
22789:Al-Kharaqī
22784:Ibn Tufail
22774:Al-Bitruji
22708:Al-ZarqÄlÄ«
22672:al-Majriti
22622:Al-Saghani
22617:Al-Nayrizi
22602:al-Battani
22521:Iranshahri
22506:Al-Marwazi
22410:by century
22332:Colliding
22261:Stochastic
22233:chirp mass
22128:Proposed:
22019:Zooniverse
21434:Strangelet
21414:QCD matter
21225:Quark star
21203:Black hole
21134:Quark-nova
21101:Supernovae
21019:RP-process
20947:Supergiant
20806:Astropulse
20721:QCD matter
20701:Radio star
20672:Quark-nova
20623:Quark star
20572:Rp-process
20503:Properties
20281:Q0906+6930
20271:Hercules A
20201:Cygnus X-1
20170:White hole
20145:Quasi-star
20098:Preon star
20093:Quark star
20078:Big Bounce
19938:Black star
19896:Derivation
19744:Ergosphere
19700:Properties
19681:Quasi-star
19671:Quark star
19582:Radio-Loud
19470:Primordial
19460:Kugelblitz
19334:Beta Lyrae
19307:SX Arietis
19173:Dwarf nova
19146:WolfâRayet
19063:Giants and
19044:FU Orionis
18887:W Virginis
18670:Candidates
18665:Supernovae
18650:Red dwarfs
18509:Extinction
18297:Kinematics
18292:Luminosity
18270:Properties
18163:Atmosphere
18061:Si burning
18051:Ne burning
17989:White hole
17962:Quasi-star
17889:Blue dwarf
17744:Technetium
17660:Hypergiant
17638:Supergiant
17164:SN 2022jli
17159:SN 2018cow
17026:In fiction
17001:Candidates
16975:Guest star
16833:Supergiant
16811:Hypergiant
16773:Quark-nova
16675:Near-Earth
16658:Physics of
16586:Supernovae
16546:25 October
16052:(3): L37.
15966:2004.02045
15959:(2): 153.
15744:1507.00839
15693:2201.09583
15111:2011.00035
15051:1801.01914
14868:2107.10113
14765:2011.03500
14706:2005.13160
14699:(2): L37.
14658:(3): 447.
14631:(2): 411.
14548:2103.02127
14426:1707.07454
14219:1904.08485
14212:(3): 351.
14154:(1): 185.
14100:1810.00098
13992:1708.08393
13931:(2): L15.
13832:1805.10811
13774:Supernovae
13266:2005.13855
13204:1802.01589
13197:(2): 107.
13085:1911.09112
12858:2203.03308
12793:1706.08410
12604:1512.08513
12170:(2): 988.
11898:2104.07493
11609:1806.10900
11549:1806.10900
11098:1602.04001
10945:(4): 161.
10844:1906.05812
10788:1908.02476
10697:(2): 164.
10585:1507.05823
10436:2011.02176
10423:Nat Astron
10399:9 February
10342:2111.12435
10264:1810.05181
10200:1706.09438
10193:(2): 170.
10135:(58): 44.
10078:1505.00270
10014:(2): L23.
9795:1706.04716
9729:(1): 774.
9638:(1): L14.
9583:(2): L84.
9540:1910.12874
9235:(2): 102.
9182:1704.08298
9175:(2): L25.
8745:(1): L49.
8689:(1): L13.
8606:2002.05077
8478:2205.05045
8166:1807.10199
7727:1911.00050
6769:1602.08098
6651:(2): 376.
6420:5 February
6359:10 January
6329:25 October
6180:2112.03863
6173:(2): 113.
6119:1710.00845
6112:(2): 101.
6083:25 October
5975:(2): 565.
5363:1802.09360
5269:1701.02596
5184:1609.02927
5123:1507.03010
4792:. p.
4785:Supernovae
4561:2105.12384
4554:(2): L33,
4460:2007.01013
4347:8 November
4285:16 October
4132:1510.08851
3882:Supernovae
3813:Supernovae
3799:required.)
3682:References
3646:Quark-nova
3570:Betelgeuse
3113:Supergiant
3095:Supergiant
3081:Supergiant
3068:Supergiant
3055:WolfâRayet
3037:WolfâRayet
2967:Progenitor
2895:(0.01) â 1
2847:Ejected Ni
2743:convection
2657:above 100
2631:around â17
2614:around â16
2603:roughly 15
2597:around â14
2580:around â17
2563:around â17
2552:roughly 25
2529:around â16
2512:around â17
2495:around â15
2487:around 60
2484:approx. 19
2420:hypernovae
2382:Messier 61
2277:degenerate
2257:SN 2019hgp
2166:luminosity
2033:Sun's core
2002:beta decay
1862:Faint II-P
1848:Faint II-P
1772:degenerate
1738:black hole
1603:shock wave
1408:"type IIb"
933:SN 2016gkg
725:Cassiopeia
682:Cassiopeia
661:Cassiopeia
465:extinction
450:Cassiopeia
391:1000
381:region of
308:, meaning
294:supernovas
273:supernovae
225:shock wave
192:, or by a
115:luminosity
107:black hole
99:progenitor
71:supernovas
67:supernovae
18:Supernovas
23766:Astronomy
23585:Supernova
23540:Obliquity
23525:Moonlight
23425:Astrology
23304:Astrolabe
23083:Piri Reis
23073:al-Khafri
23042:al-Wafa'i
23027:Ulugh Beg
23007:Ali KuĆçu
22981:al-Jadiri
22900:al-Abhari
22698:al-Biruni
22632:Ibn Yunus
22607:Al-Qabisi
22582:al-Khazin
22491:Al-Mahani
22318:Supernova
22213:Spin-flip
21839:TENKO-100
21716:MiniGRAIL
21680:Weber bar
21609:MiniGRAIL
21563:Detectors
21455:Astronomy
21208:Collapsar
21129:Hypernova
21031:Accretion
21014:R-process
20922:Structure
20917:Evolution
20912:Formation
20756:Satellite
20730:Discovery
20652:Hypernova
20635:Supernova
20577:Starquake
20306:AT2018hyz
19953:Gravastar
19943:Dark star
19776:Microlens
19649:Hypernova
19644:Micronova
19639:Supernova
19593:Formation
19321:Eclipsing
19221:Symbiotic
19208:Hypernova
19202:Supernova
19082:DY Persei
19021:Protostar
18842:Pulsating
18601:Brightest
18499:Magnitude
18479:Pole star
18400:Symbiotic
18395:Eclipsing
18327:Starlight
18128:Structure
18118:Supernova
18111:Micronova
18106:Recurrent
18091:Symbiotic
18076:p-process
18071:r-process
18066:s-process
18056:O burning
18046:C burning
18026:CNO cycle
17969:Gravastar
17505:Hypernova
17495:Supernova
17470:Dredge-up
17443:Blue loop
17436:super-AGB
17419:Red clump
17396:Evolution
17354:Protostar
17334:Accretion
17326:Formation
17064:iPTF14hls
16968:Discovery
16758:Micronova
16707:Neutrinos
16700:Îł-process
16695:r-process
16690:p-process
16670:Foe/Bethe
16620:Hypernova
16482:118974639
16460:CiteSeerX
16423:119390151
16271:119293391
16246:0712.2111
16216:15 August
16191:15 August
16166:18 August
16143:119254840
16108:1008.2144
15993:0004-637X
15873:0004-637X
15851:(1): 29.
15826:216079684
15801:1310.2849
15712:0035-8711
15553:119803426
15545:0004-640X
15449:(3): 26.
15144:226227393
15136:1367-2630
15078:118997362
15044:(1): 10.
14994:1212.4250
14931:1302.3307
14901:253690001
14893:1432-0754
14806:226259246
14790:0028-0836
14733:218900539
14573:232105177
14520:121872365
14453:2054-5703
14369:0810.2803
14321:0036-8075
14017:118936429
13963:119221889
13938:1009.1000
13910:119290875
13885:1002.2153
13857:118951927
13825:(4): 67.
13639:119227339
13614:1301.1519
13586:118596795
13561:1207.3683
13505:1111.7003
13498:: L8âL2.
13477:118445879
13450:1109.4637
13393:0908.0700
13346:0035-8711
13319:0809.0403
13231:1538-4357
13171:1365-2966
13144:1401.4893
13112:0035-8711
13053:0004-637X
13026:1407.0483
13019:(1): 57.
12994:0004-6256
12945:0004-637X
12885:0035-8711
12826:119487775
12818:2470-0010
12742:1012.4565
12694:0028-0836
12669:0710.3314
12629:2470-0010
12572:0004-637X
12545:0710.5789
12488:0908.0700
12458:118417333
12431:1206.2503
12397:118463541
12372:1001.3428
12033:119002386
12008:1412.4984
12001:(1): 28.
11925:0004-637X
11861:ignored (
11851:cite book
11803:119392207
11668:1006.4612
11636:0035-8711
11576:0035-8711
11517:119347211
11325:0908.0247
11260:1405.3332
11231:1538-4357
11207:(1): 74.
11182:0004-637X
11155:0908.2162
11045:0910.1590
10869:189762490
10813:199472802
10729:119292900
10704:1306.0559
10671:119212331
10644:1411.1761
10612:119116538
10461:226246044
10375:244527654
10297:0036-8075
10289:1095-9203
10235:119471204
10227:1538-4357
10167:118690361
10142:1306.2337
10113:0035-8711
10105:1365-2966
10021:1310.6356
9960:1310.4446
9904:1304.3320
9897:(2): 28.
9763:118535155
9736:1301.1975
9670:118395580
9645:1403.3400
9590:0805.1188
9533:(1): 53.
9489:1409.1536
9438:1409.0006
9370:116987470
9300:0705.4643
9267:118508934
9242:1101.3336
9042:118974639
9020:CiteSeerX
8970:0035-8711
8752:0811.3929
8721:119209527
8696:1203.5799
8631:211082844
8503:248665714
8397:1304.0763
8333:1408.1089
8302:118603977
8277:1212.2209
8270:(1): 57.
8246:118612081
8221:1301.1047
8191:118965737
8112:0908.2057
8009:0066-4146
7984:1312.0628
7952:119159904
7925:1201.2406
7768:207817150
7752:0036-8075
7687:D. Reidel
7222:0907.0057
7165:1308.0334
7098:0066-4146
6883:0906.2003
6851:125998037
6835:2397-3366
6788:0035-8711
6737:119243970
6712:1405.1428
6705:(2): 19.
6658:0902.2794
6541:CiteSeerX
6262:: 33â37.
6207:246652657
6056:CiteSeerX
6007:118187050
5965:â„ 0.35".
5811:0708.2749
5765:(2): 36.
5722:CiteSeerX
5676:119431247
5476:0803.1487
4978:206513073
4849:122727067
4652:227285055
4604:235195784
4596:2041-8205
4398:1009-9271
4334:0028-0836
4243:(1): 77.
4189:0805.4557
4159:119246128
4125:(1): 37.
4030:D. Reidel
3926:1117â1122
3757:: 15.01.
3729:0034-6861
3675:Hypernova
3669:Collapsar
3610:U Scorpii
3506:IK Pegasi
3494:nutrients
3470:biosphere
3416:magnetars
3329:s-process
3310:r-process
3249:SN 2009ip
3245:SN 2010jl
3241:SN 2005gy
3027:Fraction
2909:Hypernova
2881:1.3 â 1.4
2875:0.4 â 0.8
2835:Supernova
2817:half life
2702:Asymmetry
2620:around 15
2586:around 13
2569:around 20
2356:847
2311:N6946-BH1
2288:SN 2018zd
2245:0.1
2154:magnesium
1908:hypernova
1702:type IIan
1626:red giant
1530:accretion
1492:taxonomic
1441:but weak
1397:SN 2005gl
1347:SN 2002cx
1343:SN 2008ha
1327:SN 2018gv
1289:Type II-L
1280:Type II-P
1229:Type Ib/c
1010:Neutrinos
914:SN 2013fs
871:gamma ray
808:telescope
740:1800â1900
703:Ophiuchus
624:certain:
548:Centaurus
396:. Later,
379:Burzahama
349:100
320:supernova
265:supernova
263:The word
259:Etymology
190:accretion
138:naked eye
126:Milky Way
75:explosion
59:supernova
23659:Maragheh
23610:Universe
23580:Sunlight
23545:Parallax
23535:Muwaqqit
23475:Ecliptic
23408:Concepts
23374:Quadrant
23294:Aperture
22809:Averroes
22779:Avempace
22723:Avicenna
22657:Nastulus
22647:al-Sijzi
22572:Al-Adami
22486:Al-Kindi
22320:or from
22238:Carried
22228:h strain
22218:Redshift
22192:Graviton
22100:GW200105
22094:GW190814
22088:GW190521
22083:GW190412
22073:GW170817
22068:GW170814
22063:GW170608
22058:GW170104
22053:GW151226
21988:NANOGrav
21935:Proposed
21869:Proposed
21829:TAMA 300
21732:Graviton
21689:Proposed
21630:EXPLORER
21589:NAUTILUS
21574:antennas
21273:Neutrino
21268:Electron
21186:Magnetar
21074:Collapse
20896:collapse
20841:Category
20657:Kilonova
20484:Be/X-ray
20416:Magnetar
20329:Category
20216:A0620-00
20175:Wormhole
20073:Big Bang
19973:Fuzzball
19856:ER = EPR
19722:Theorems
19520:Electron
19515:Extremal
19445:Rotating
19246:Rotating
19013:Eruptive
18898:RR Lyrae
18891:RV Tauri
18851:Cepheids
18780:Category
18675:Remnants
18571:Extremes
18531:Parallax
18504:Apparent
18494:Asterism
18472:Sunlight
18422:Globular
18407:Multiple
18332:Variable
18322:Rotation
18282:Dynamics
18173:Starspot
17847:Magnetar
17790:Remnants
17606:Subgiant
17579:Subdwarf
17431:post-AGB
17173:Research
17079:Kepler's
17021:Remnants
16908:magnetar
16879:Remnants
16783:Imposter
16748:Kilonova
16207:"Mimosa"
16084:18163131
15929:14 April
15769:56093231
15737:: A110.
15608:15078077
15428:. e9898.
15426:36937070
15417:10019915
15364:23 March
15250:23162505
15242:15525065
15197:17932224
15019:34040033
14964:29815601
14956:23413352
14861:(1): 2.
14834:19 March
14825:MIT News
14798:33149290
14471:28878972
14337:59565697
14329:30705182
14186:18179704
14133:73612090
14125:31068724
14072:15967473
13778:Springer
13756:16257700
13701:59565697
13693:30705182
13530:55001976
13418:55900386
12702:18004378
12637:16452722
12513:55900386
12247:34349443
12239:12183617
12086:37572204
11891:(1): 9.
11695:59467555
11352:10283901
11285:25164750
11123:53380594
11070:42058638
10963:Archived
10920:46408677
10912:17829358
10541:Archived
10533:RTE News
10502:Archived
10465:Archived
10367:35022591
10313:52961306
10305:30309948
10046:50835291
9985:24132291
9929:13122542
9875:18132819
9362:15218132
9325:18334243
9209:19266567
8908:28163639
8864:(1): 2.
8837:15819376
8777:17627678
8573:59065632
8422:51415846
8390:(1): 3.
8358:25100479
8159:: A124.
8137:13990681
8073:16988705
8017:55533680
7827:15728812
7760:31672866
7668:10210550
7522:Archived
7419:20 March
7413:Archived
7368:16408991
7360:17289993
7302:16667595
7247:14301164
7192:27316605
7123:Archived
6967:: 1941.
6908:20485429
6683:13855329
6613:: 2303.
6573:15171296
6414:Archived
6396:50403827
6353:Archived
6323:Archived
6299:20 March
6290:Archived
6146:54676349
6074:Archived
5836:53135988
5573:Archived
5501:67766657
5388:29469097
5324:Archived
5294:29600801
5232:Archived
5209:73645264
5156:31444274
5148:26816375
4970:18511676
4769:16587881
4702:: 1330.
4265:54914821
4222:40884513
4214:18511684
3918:(1978).
3854:Archived
3630:Kilonova
3624:See also
3588:system.
3370:Big Bang
3314:neutrons
3260:WO stars
3256:WC stars
3220:☉
3203:☉
3188:☉
3166:☉
3159:☉
2935:0.5 â 50
2821:positron
2815:(with a
2803:. Ni is
2795:mass is
2789:neutrino
2783:and the
2736:neutrino
2654:above 50
2606:unknown
2504:unknown
2341:SN 1987A
2319:infrared
2315:NGC 6946
2292:NGC 2146
2250:☉
2235:magnetar
2224:WO stars
2177:☉
2146:☉
2139:☉
2132:☉
2122:SN 1997D
2100:☉
2093:☉
2086:positron
2082:electron
2059:☉
2037:flavours
1835:Remnant
1709:HD 74438
1698:type IIa
1694:type Ian
1674:type Iax
1620:off the
1592:10
1483:NGC 1365
1451:NGC 1058
1447:SN 1961V
1435:NGC 3003
1431:NGC 4303
1427:SN 1961i
1404:SN 1993J
1365:hydrogen
1307:Type IIb
1298:Type IIn
1175:hydrogen
1161:and the
1131:SN 2003C
1089:Kepler's
1081:infrared
1045:redshift
926:NGC 7610
903:☉
824:NGC 5253
820:SN 1895B
812:SN 1885A
795:certain
775:certain
590:Scorpius
457:G1.9+0.3
267:has the
241:rubidium
233:elements
188:through
147:SN 1987A
142:remnants
52:NGC 4526
44:SN 1994D
23826:Science
23778:Physics
23752:Portals
23515:Inertia
23505:Gravity
23440:Azimuth
23389:Sundial
23379:Sextant
23329:Dioptra
23319:Compass
23284:Alidade
22895:al-Urdi
22718:Alhazen
22642:Ma Yize
22587:al-Qƫhī
22562:al-Sufi
22340:sources
22324:sources
22322:unknown
22141:B-modes
22110:Methods
22075:(first
21952:TianQin
21919:Planned
21853:Planned
21670:GEOGRAV
21640:ALLEGRO
21330:More...
21263:Neutron
21150:More...
21144:Remnant
21119:Type II
21109:Type Ia
20851:Commons
20601:Related
20552:Optical
20510:Blitzar
20489:Spin-up
20339:Commons
20301:P172+18
20256:TON 618
20194:Notable
20046:Related
20032:Quasars
20027:Nearest
19987:Analogs
19917:Hayward
19885:Metrics
19530:Stellar
19455:Virtual
19450:Charged
19419:Outline
19051:T Tauri
18878:Type II
18747:Gravity
18696:Related
18616:Nearest
18564:Chinese
18412:Cluster
18385:Contact
18222:Proplyd
18096:Remnant
17984:Blitzar
17958:Hawking
17914:Strange
17864:Burster
17820:Neutron
17773:Extreme
17724:He-weak
17369:T Tauri
17180:ASAS-SN
17074:Tycho's
17052:SN 1054
17035:Notable
17006:Notable
16716:Related
16593:Classes
16452:Bibcode
16403:Bibcode
16333:Bibcode
16304:Bibcode
16251:Bibcode
16182:"Acrux"
16157:"Regor"
16113:Bibcode
16064:Bibcode
16026:Bibcode
16014:: 903.
15971:Bibcode
15853:Bibcode
15806:Bibcode
15794:: A72.
15749:Bibcode
15661:6142859
15641:Bibcode
15588:Bibcode
15525:Bibcode
15484:Bibcode
15451:Bibcode
15396:Bibcode
15328:Bibcode
15305:2786806
15285:Bibcode
15222:Bibcode
15177:Bibcode
15116:Bibcode
15056:Bibcode
14999:Bibcode
14936:Bibcode
14917:Science
14873:Bibcode
14770:Bibcode
14711:Bibcode
14660:Bibcode
14633:Bibcode
14606:Bibcode
14594:: 791.
14553:Bibcode
14498:Bibcode
14462:5579087
14431:Bibcode
14394:8703787
14374:Bibcode
14299:Bibcode
14291:Science
14255:Bibcode
14253:: 159.
14224:Bibcode
14166:Bibcode
14105:Bibcode
14052:Bibcode
13997:Bibcode
13943:Bibcode
13890:Bibcode
13837:Bibcode
13782:Bibcode
13736:Bibcode
13671:Bibcode
13663:Science
13619:Bibcode
13566:Bibcode
13554:: L11.
13510:Bibcode
13455:Bibcode
13398:Bibcode
13354:3228766
13324:Bibcode
13271:Bibcode
13209:Bibcode
13149:Bibcode
13090:Bibcode
13031:Bibcode
12972:Bibcode
12923:Bibcode
12863:Bibcode
12798:Bibcode
12747:Bibcode
12710:2925738
12674:Bibcode
12609:Bibcode
12550:Bibcode
12493:Bibcode
12436:Bibcode
12377:Bibcode
12331:Bibcode
12308:2502919
12300:9190677
12280:Bibcode
12262:Science
12219:Science
12204:9324294
12182:Bibcode
12140:2923640
12120:Bibcode
12066:Bibcode
12013:Bibcode
11980:1473584
11960:Bibcode
11903:Bibcode
11839:Bibcode
11783:Bibcode
11748:5697964
11728:Bibcode
11673:Bibcode
11614:Bibcode
11554:Bibcode
11495:Bibcode
11446:Bibcode
11417:Bibcode
11377:Bibcode
11330:Bibcode
11265:Bibcode
11209:Bibcode
11160:Bibcode
11103:Bibcode
11091:: A53.
11050:Bibcode
11017:4313713
10997:Bibcode
10969:16 June
10947:Bibcode
10892:Bibcode
10884:Science
10849:Bibcode
10837:: A73.
10793:Bibcode
10709:Bibcode
10649:Bibcode
10590:Bibcode
10554:itself.
10441:Bibcode
10347:Bibcode
10269:Bibcode
10251:Science
10205:Bibcode
10147:Bibcode
10083:Bibcode
10026:Bibcode
9993:4472977
9965:Bibcode
9909:Bibcode
9853:Bibcode
9800:Bibcode
9741:Bibcode
9693:Bibcode
9650:Bibcode
9615:1435322
9595:Bibcode
9545:Bibcode
9494:Bibcode
9443:Bibcode
9341:Science
9305:Bibcode
9247:Bibcode
9187:Bibcode
9133:Bibcode
9065:Bibcode
9012:Bibcode
8948:Bibcode
8899:5253977
8876:Bibcode
8817:Bibcode
8757:Bibcode
8701:Bibcode
8654:Bibcode
8611:Bibcode
8599:: A56.
8553:Bibcode
8483:Bibcode
8445:Bibcode
8402:Bibcode
8366:4464556
8338:Bibcode
8282:Bibcode
8226:Bibcode
8193:. A124.
8171:Bibcode
8117:Bibcode
8081:4419069
8053:Bibcode
7989:Bibcode
7930:Bibcode
7887:Bibcode
7885:: 435.
7852:Bibcode
7807:Bibcode
7732:Bibcode
7714:Science
7691:Bibcode
7648:Bibcode
7606:2849060
7586:Bibcode
7547:Bibcode
7487:9288287
7457:Bibcode
7397:Bibcode
7340:Bibcode
7321:Science
7282:Bibcode
7227:Bibcode
7170:Bibcode
7129:14 June
7078:Bibcode
7047:Bibcode
7010:Bibcode
7008:: 514.
6969:Bibcode
6942:Bibcode
6940:: 287.
6916:4368207
6888:Bibcode
6843:1456969
6815:Bibcode
6717:Bibcode
6663:Bibcode
6615:Bibcode
6471:Bibcode
6264:Bibcode
6230:8 March
6185:Bibcode
6124:Bibcode
6048:Bibcode
5987:Bibcode
5947:8894913
5927:Bibcode
5876:Bibcode
5816:Bibcode
5777:Bibcode
5744:5803494
5714:Bibcode
5656:Bibcode
5644:: 114.
5600:Bibcode
5526:Bibcode
5524:: 623.
5481:Bibcode
5444:11 June
5419:11 June
5396:4383303
5368:Bibcode
5274:Bibcode
5189:Bibcode
5128:Bibcode
5110:Science
5092:11 June
5069:4430526
5049:Bibcode
5023:4426317
5003:Bibcode
4949:Science
4919:Bibcode
4878:Bibcode
4829:Bibcode
4760:1076395
4737:Bibcode
4704:Bibcode
4630:Bibcode
4628:: L13.
4566:Bibcode
4534:1626564
4514:Bibcode
4465:Bibcode
4376:Bibcode
4342:4240119
4314:Bibcode
4245:Bibcode
4194:Bibcode
4175:Science
4137:Bibcode
4061:Bibcode
4059:: 1â9.
4034:Bibcode
3981:1626564
3961:Bibcode
3759:Bibcode
3709:Bibcode
3574:Antares
3537:around
3513:parsecs
3478:Iron-60
3440:protons
3387:planets
3378:lithium
2869:Type Ia
2724:pulsars
2714:in the
2663:Notes:
2651:above 5
2640:50â150
2549:above 5
2538:40â100
2521:40â100
2352:photons
2271:of the
2220:type WC
2106:Type II
2078:photons
1713:IC 2391
1647:-56 to
1526:runaway
1385:type II
1371:Type II
1259:Type II
1251:Type Ic
1235:Type Ib
1212:silicon
1209:ionised
1204:Type Ia
1183:Type II
1171:spectra
1096:SN 1604
1085:optical
937:Rosario
863:nebulae
836:Caltech
814:in the
429:SN 1604
425:SN 1572
414:SN 1054
406:SN 1006
383:Kashmir
351:billion
211:fusion.
182:runaway
153:in the
23490:Galaxy
23485:Equant
23420:Apogee
23364:Octant
23141:Topics
22314:Burst
22240:energy
22170:Theory
22036:Events
21947:DECIGO
21788:GEO600
21761:Active
21665:ALTAIR
21599:AURIGA
21582:Active
21258:Proton
21181:Quasar
21176:Pulsar
21139:Nebula
20537:Glitch
20452:Binary
20400:Pulsar
20276:3C 273
20266:NeVe 1
20246:OJ 287
19968:Q star
19834:Issues
19567:Blazar
19557:Quasar
19302:Pulsar
18862:Type I
18737:Galaxy
18725:Planet
18713:Desert
18621:bright
18559:Arabic
18380:Binary
18200:Bubble
17924:Planck
17899:Exotic
17835:Binary
17830:Pulsar
17768:Helium
17729:Barium
17672:Carbon
17665:Yellow
17653:Yellow
17626:Yellow
17465:PG1159
16930:exotic
16903:pulsar
16848:yellow
16816:yellow
16723:Failed
16527:GitHub
16480:
16462:
16421:
16370:
16351:
16269:
16141:
16131:
16082:
15991:
15902:
15871:
15824:
15767:
15710:
15659:
15606:
15551:
15543:
15424:
15414:
15303:
15248:
15240:
15195:
15142:
15134:
15076:
15017:
14962:
14954:
14899:
14891:
14804:
14796:
14788:
14752:Nature
14731:
14652:Icarus
14571:
14518:
14469:
14459:
14451:
14392:
14335:
14327:
14319:
14184:
14148:Icarus
14131:
14123:
14087:Nature
14070:
14015:
13961:
13908:
13855:
13800:
13754:
13699:
13691:
13637:
13607:: L7.
13584:
13528:
13475:
13416:
13352:
13344:
13229:
13169:
13110:
13051:
12992:
12943:
12883:
12824:
12816:
12708:
12700:
12692:
12656:Nature
12635:
12627:
12570:
12511:
12456:
12395:
12306:
12298:
12245:
12237:
12202:
12138:
12084:
12031:
11978:
11923:
11801:
11746:
11693:
11634:
11574:
11515:
11405:: 34.
11350:
11293:917374
11291:
11283:
11247:Nature
11229:
11180:
11121:
11068:
11015:
10989:Nature
10918:
10910:
10867:
10811:
10753:
10727:
10669:
10610:
10547:1 July
10508:1 July
10471:1 July
10459:
10373:
10365:
10329:Nature
10311:
10303:
10295:
10287:
10233:
10225:
10165:
10111:
10103:
10044:
9991:
9983:
9946:Nature
9927:
9873:
9761:
9668:
9613:
9399:
9368:
9360:
9323:
9265:
9207:
9075:
9040:
9022:
8968:
8906:
8896:
8835:
8775:
8719:
8629:
8571:
8501:
8420:
8364:
8356:
8319:Nature
8300:
8244:
8189:
8135:
8079:
8071:
8034:Nature
8015:
8007:
7950:
7825:
7766:
7758:
7750:
7666:
7604:
7514:
7485:
7475:
7366:
7358:
7300:
7245:
7190:
7096:
6914:
6906:
6870:Nature
6849:
6841:
6833:
6786:
6735:
6681:
6571:
6561:
6543:
6489:
6394:
6384:
6205:
6144:
6058:
6005:
5945:
5834:
5742:
5724:
5674:
5610:
5565:
5499:
5394:
5386:
5349:Nature
5330:15 May
5292:
5207:
5154:
5146:
5067:
5040:Nature
5021:
4994:Nature
4976:
4968:
4847:
4800:
4767:
4757:
4675:
4650:
4602:
4594:
4532:
4421:
4396:
4340:
4332:
4306:Nature
4263:
4220:
4212:
4157:
4092:
4007:
3979:
3898:
3863:29 May
3824:
3727:
3602:WR 104
3590:Mimosa
3576:, and
3535:nebula
3436:IC 443
3374:helium
3215:
3198:
3183:
3118:12.1%
3072:55.5%
3059:17.0%
2884:~0.01
2864:(foe)
2712:pulsar
2648:to â22
2546:to â22
2407:B band
2029:kelvin
1645:cobalt
1641:nickel
1618:evolve
1599:unbind
1552:oxygen
1548:carbon
1519:ignite
1361:helium
1317:Type I
1239:helium
1198:Type I
1187:Type I
1083:, and
1000:. The
924:named
640:Taurus
628:known
433:Europe
398:SN 185
355:galaxy
269:plural
237:oxygen
140:. The
119:galaxy
23802:China
23555:Qibla
23344:Globe
23151:Works
22014:PyCBC
21803:KAGRA
21772:ACIGA
21727:SFERA
21712:GRAIL
21675:AGATA
21650:NIOBE
20904:Stars
20789:Other
20737:LGM-1
20388:Types
20009:Lists
19510:Micro
19480:Rogue
19428:Types
19329:Algol
19188:Polar
19131:Flare
19124:Other
19038:Orion
18983:Other
18742:Guest
18546:Lists
18427:Super
18081:Fusor
17954:Black
17939:Quark
17919:Preon
17904:Boson
17840:X-ray
17756:Shell
17709:Ap/Bp
17611:Giant
17529:Early
17475:OH/IR
17305:Stars
16994:Lists
16935:quark
16478:S2CID
16442:arXiv
16419:S2CID
16393:arXiv
16294:arXiv
16267:S2CID
16241:arXiv
16139:S2CID
16103:arXiv
16080:S2CID
16054:arXiv
16016:arXiv
15961:arXiv
15822:S2CID
15796:arXiv
15765:S2CID
15739:arXiv
15688:arXiv
15657:S2CID
15631:arXiv
15604:S2CID
15578:arXiv
15549:S2CID
15301:S2CID
15275:arXiv
15246:S2CID
15193:S2CID
15167:arXiv
15140:S2CID
15106:arXiv
15074:S2CID
15046:arXiv
15015:S2CID
14989:arXiv
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