2154:
2386:
500:
693:
1138:. In a voyage charter the charterer rents the vessel from the loading port to the discharge port. In a time charter the vessel is hired for a set period of time, to perform voyages as the charterer directs. In a bareboat charter the charterer acts as the ship's operator and manager, taking on responsibilities such as providing the crew and maintaining the vessel. Finally, in a contract of affreightment or COA, the charterer specifies a total volume of cargo to be carried in a specific time period and in specific sizes, for example a COA could be specified as 1 million barrels (160,000 m) of
5895:
1090:"Supertankers" are the largest oil tankers, and the largest mobile man-made structures. They include very large and ultra-large crude carriers (VLCCs and ULCCs – see above) with capacities over 250,000 DWT. These ships can transport 2,000,000 barrels (320,000 m) of oil/318,000 metric tons. By way of comparison, the United Kingdom consumed about 1.6 million barrels (250,000 m) of oil per day in 2009. ULCCs commissioned in the 1970s were the largest vessels ever built, but have all now been scrapped. A few newer ULCCs remain in service, none of which are more than 400 meters long.
2330:, 35.7% of the volume of oil spilled in the United States from 1991 to 2004 came from tank vessels (ships/barges), 27.6% from facilities and other non-vessels, 19.9% from non-tank vessels, 9.3% from pipelines, and 7.4% from mystery spills. Only 5% of the actual spills came from oil tankers, while 51.8% came from other kinds of vessels. The detailed statistics for 2004 show tank vessels responsible for somewhat less than 5% of the number of total spills but more than 60% of the volume. Tanker spills are much more rare and much more serious than spills from non-tank vessels.
2071:
loading, the transfer starts at low pressure to ensure that equipment is working correctly and that connections are secure. Then a steady pressure is achieved and held during the operation. While pumping, tank levels are carefully watched and key locations, such as the connection at the cargo manifold and the ship's pumproom are constantly monitored. Under the direction of the person in charge, crew members open and close valves to direct the flow of product and maintain close communication with the receiving facility to decrease and finally stop the flow of liquid.
2364:
467:, another design of Colonel Swan, as being the first modern oil tanker. It adopted the best practices from previous oil tanker designs to create the prototype for all subsequent vessels of the type. It was the first dedicated steam-driven ocean-going tanker in the world and was the first ship in which oil could be pumped directly into the vessel hull instead of being loaded in barrels or drums. It was also the first tanker with a horizontal bulkhead; its features included cargo valves operable from the deck, cargo main piping, a vapor line,
1703:
978:
2421:
1992:
2063:
1105:
1907:
997:
1078:
242:
1172:
46:
2200:
2042:
1393:
demand in the United States. The charter rate for very large crude carriers, which carry two million barrels of oil, had peaked at $ 309,601 per day in 2007 but had dropped to $ 7,085 per day by 2012, far below the operating costs of these ships. As a result, several tanker operators laid up their ships. Prices rose significantly in 2015 and early 2016, but delivery of new tankers was projected to keep prices in check.
441:
2256:
2054:
handled particularly carefully. Tank-gauging equipment is used to tell the person in charge how much space is left in the tank, and all tankers have at least two independent methods for tank-gauging. As the tanker becomes full, crew members open and close valves to direct the flow of product and maintain close communication with the pumping facility to decrease and finally stop the flow of liquid.
2118:. The inert gas buffer between fuel and oxygen atmospheres ensures they are never capable of ignition. Specially trained personnel monitor the tank's atmosphere, often using hand-held gas indicators which measure the percentage of hydrocarbons present. After a tank is gas-free, it may be further hand-cleaned in a manual process known as mucking. Mucking requires protocols for entry into
339:
1158:
negotiations, operators and charterers will determine a price based on a percentage of the
Worldscale rate. The baseline rate is expressed as WS 100. If a given charter party settled on 85% of the Worldscale rate, it would be expressed as WS 85. Similarly, a charter party set at 125% of the Worldscale rate would be expressed as WS 125.
2222:
In practice, the flexibility which the OBO design allows has gone largely unused, as these ships tend to specialize in either the liquid or dry bulk trade. Also, these ships have endemic maintenance problems. On one hand, due to a less specialized design, an OBO suffers more from wear and tear during
2028:
must develop a transfer plan detailing specifics of the operation such as how much cargo will be moved, which tanks will be cleaned, and how the ship's ballasting will change. The next step before a transfer is the pretransfer conference. The pretransfer conference covers issues such as what products
1641:
The main loading ports in 2005 were located in
Western Asia, Western Africa, North Africa, and the Caribbean, with 196.3, 196.3, 130.2 and 246.6 million metric tons of cargo loaded in these regions. The main discharge ports were located in North America, Europe, and Japan with 537.7, 438.4, and 215.0
349:
Ludvig was a pioneer in the development of early oil tankers. He first experimented with carrying oil in bulk on single-hulled barges. Turning his attention to self-propelled tankships, he faced a number of challenges. A primary concern was to keep the cargo and fumes well away from the engine room
1982:
Inert gas systems deliver air with an oxygen concentration of less than 5% by volume. As a tank is pumped out, it is filled with inert gas and kept in this safe state until the next cargo is loaded. The exception is in cases when the tank must be entered. Safely gas-freeing a tank is accomplished by
1392:
From 2003, the demand for new ships started to grow, resulting in 2007 in a record breaking order backlog for shipyards, exceeding their capacity with rising newbuilding prices as a result. This resulted in a glut of ships when demand dropped due to a weakened global economy and dramatically reduced
1153:
rate. In a lump sum rate arrangement, a fixed price is negotiated for the delivery of a specified cargo, and the ship's owner/operator is responsible to pay for all port costs and other voyage expenses. Rate per ton arrangements are used mostly in chemical tanker chartering, and differ from lump sum
2053:
Loading starts slowly at a low pressure to ensure that equipment is working correctly and that connections are secure. Then a steady pressure is achieved and held until the "topping-off" phase when the tanks are nearly full. Topping off is a very dangerous time in handling oil, and the procedure is
2032:
After the conference is complete, the person in charge on the ship and the person in charge of the shore installation go over a final inspection checklist. In the United States, the checklist is called a
Declaration of Inspection or DOI. Outside the US, the document is called the "Ship/Shore Safety
1934:
The same report lists the following as some drawbacks to the double-hull design, including higher build costs, greater operating expenses (e.g. higher canal and port tariffs), difficulties in ballast tank ventilation, the fact that ballast tanks need continuous monitoring and maintenance, increased
2333:
The
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation has tracked 9,351 accidental spills that have occurred since 1974. According to this study, most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo, and taking on fuel oil. 91% of the operational oil spills are small,
1893:
Oil tankers generally have from 8 to 12 tanks. Each tank is split into two or three independent compartments by fore-and-aft bulkheads. The tanks are numbered with tank one being the forwardmost. Individual compartments are referred to by the tank number and the athwartships position, such as "one
277:
boats and barges were originally used to transport
Pennsylvania oil in 40-US-gallon (150 L) wooden barrels. But transport by barrel had several problems. The first problem was weight: they weighed 29 kilograms (64 lb), representing 20% of the total weight of a full barrel. Other problems
1942:
Although double-hull design is superior in low energy casualties and prevents spillage in small casualties, in high energy casualties where both hulls are breached, oil can spill through the double-hull and into the sea and spills from a double-hull tanker can be significantly higher than designs
1930:
conducted a survey of industry experts regarding the pros and cons of double-hull design. Some of the advantages of the double-hull design that were mentioned include ease of ballasting in emergency situations, reduced practice of saltwater ballasting in cargo tanks decreases corrosion, increased
1060:
Smaller tankers, ranging from well under 10,000 DWT to 80,000 DWT Panamax vessels, generally carry refined petroleum products, and are known as product tankers. The smallest tankers, with capacities under 10,000 DWT generally work near-coastal and inland waterways. Although they were in the past,
2357:(2002), the European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages (known as Erika I, II, and III), which also require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010. The Erika packages are controversial because they introduced the new legal concept of "serious negligence".
2049:
Loading an oil tanker consists primarily of pumping cargo into the ship's tanks. As oil enters the tank, the vapors inside the tank must be somehow expelled. Depending on local regulations, the vapors can be expelled into the atmosphere or discharged back to the pumping station by way of a vapor
1897:
A cofferdam is a small space left open between two bulkheads, to give protection from heat, fire, or collision. Tankers generally have cofferdams forward and aft of the cargo tanks, and sometimes between individual tanks. A pumproom houses all the pumps connected to a tanker's cargo lines. Some
2263:
Floating storage and offloading units (FSO) are used worldwide by the offshore oil industry to receive oil from nearby platforms and store it until it can be offloaded onto oil tankers. A similar system, the floating production storage and offloading unit (FPSO), has the ability to process the
2185:, extends the length of time a naval vessel can stay at sea, as well as her effective range. Prior to underway replenishment, naval vessels had to enter a port or anchor to take on fuel. In addition to fuel, replenishment ships may also deliver water, ammunition, rations, stores and personnel.
2070:
The process of moving oil off of a tanker is similar to loading, but has some key differences. The first step in the operation is following the same pretransfer procedures as used in loading. When the transfer begins, it is the ship's cargo pumps that are used to move the product ashore. As in
420:
In 1883, oil tanker design took a large step forward. Working for the Nobel company, British engineer
Colonel Henry F. Swan designed a set of three Nobel tankers. Instead of one or two large holds, Swan's design used several holds which spanned the width, or beam, of the ship. These holds were
1157:
The
Worldwide Tanker Normal Freight Scale, often referred to as Worldscale, is established and governed jointly by the Worldscale Associations of London and New York. Worldscale establishes a baseline price for carrying a metric ton of product between any two ports in the world. In Worldscale
1621:
In 2005, 2.42 billion metric tons of oil were shipped by tanker. 76.7% of this was crude oil, and the rest consisted of refined petroleum products. This amounted to 34.1% of all seaborne trade for the year. Combining the amount carried with the distance it was carried, oil tankers moved
2223:
dry cargo onload than a bulker. On the other hand, components of the liquid cargo system, from pumps to valves to piping, tend to develop problems when subjected to periods of disuse. These factors have contributed to a steady reduction in the number of OBO ships worldwide since the 1970s.
2215:. This design was intended to provide flexibility in two ways. Firstly, an OBO would be able to switch between the dry and wet bulk trades based on market conditions. Secondly, an OBO could carry oil on one leg of a voyage and return carrying dry bulk, reducing the number of unprofitable
2345:(OPA-90), which excluded single-hull tank vessels of 5,000 gross tons or more from US waters from 2010 onward, apart from those with a double bottom or double sides, which may be permitted to trade to the United States through 2015, depending on their age. Following the sinkings of
2138:
Some sub-types of oil tankers have evolved to meet specific military and economic needs. These sub-types include naval replenishment ships, oil-bulk-ore combination carriers, floating storage and offloading units (FSOs) and floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs).
1050:, the first companies to use the system, abandoned the AFRA system in 1983, later followed by the US oil companies. However, the system is still used today. Besides that, there is the flexible market scale, which takes typical routes and lots of 500,000 barrels (79,000 m).
2318:, and immense numbers of fish were killed. Considering the volume of oil carried by sea, however, tanker owners' organizations often argue that the industry's safety record is excellent, with only a tiny fraction of a percentage of oil cargoes carried ever being spilled. The
2029:
will be moved, the order of movement, names and titles of key people, particulars of shipboard and shore equipment, critical states of the transfer, regulations in effect, emergency and spill-containment procedures, watch and shift arrangements, and shutdown procedures.
425:, where oil sloshing from side to side could cause a ship to capsize. But this approach of dividing the ship's storage space into smaller tanks virtually eliminated free-surface problems. This approach, almost universal today, was first used by Swan in the Nobel tankers
1737:. Ship-owners and buyers negotiate scrap prices based on factors such as the ship's empty weight (called light ton displacement or LDT) and prices in the scrap metal market. In 1998, almost 700 ships went through the scrapping process at shipbreakers in places such as
2003:
Operations aboard oil tankers are governed by an established body of best practices and a large body of international law. Cargo can be moved on or off of an oil tanker in several ways. One method is for the ship to moor alongside a pier, connect with cargo hoses or
1919:", with an extra space between the hull and the storage tanks. Hybrid designs such as "double-bottom" and "double-sided" combine aspects of single and double-hull designs. All single-hulled tankers around the world will be phased out by 2026, in accordance with the
278:
with barrels were their expense, their tendency to leak, and the fact that they were generally used only once. The expense was significant: for example, in the early years of the
Russian oil industry, barrels accounted for half the cost of petroleum production.
2033:
Checklist." Items on the checklist include proper signals and signs are displayed, secure mooring of the vessel, choice of language for communication, securing of all connections, that emergency equipment is in place, and that no repair work is taking place.
1388:
In 2006, time-charters tended towards long term. Of the time charters executed in that year, 58% were for a period of 24 or more months, 14% were for periods of 12 to 24 months, 4% were from 6 to 12 months, and 24% were for periods of less than 6 months.
1625:
By comparison, in 1970 1.44 billion metric tons of oil were shipped by tanker. This amounted to 34.1% of all seaborne trade for that year. In terms of amount carried and distance carried, oil tankers moved 6,487 billion metric-ton-miles of oil in 1970.
258:'s manufacture of paraffin in 1850. In the early 1850s, oil began to be exported from Upper Burma, then a British colony. The oil was moved in earthenware vessels to the river bank where it was then poured into boat holds for transportation to Britain.
631:. Fierce competition among shipowners also played a part. But apart from these considerations is a simple economic advantage: the larger an oil tanker is, the more cheaply it can move crude oil, and the better it can help meet growing demands for oil.
2087:
Tanks must be cleaned from time to time for various reasons. One reason is to change the type of product carried inside a tank. Also, when tanks are to be inspected or maintenance must be performed within a tank, it must be not only cleaned, but made
298:
for
Belgian owners. The vessel's use was curtailed by US and Belgian authorities citing safety concerns. By 1871, the Pennsylvania oil fields were making limited use of oil tank barges and cylindrical railroad tank-cars similar to those in use today.
2302:
By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers can be a threat to the environment. As discussed above, a VLCC tanker can carry 2 million barrels (320,000 m) of crude oil. This is about eight times the amount spilled in the widely known
2103:, which clean tanks with high-pressure water jets, are widely used. Some systems use rotating high-pressure water jets to spray hot water on all the internal surfaces of the tank. As the spraying takes place, the liquid is pumped out of the tank.
2099:(COW) system is part of the cleaning process. The COW system circulates part of the cargo through the fixed tank-cleaning system to remove wax and asphaltic deposits. Tanks that carry less viscous cargoes are washed with water. Fixed and portable
1380:
The market is affected by a wide variety of variables such as the supply and demand of oil as well as the supply and demand of oil tankers. Some particular variables include winter temperatures, excess tanker tonnage, supply fluctuations in the
2277:. These units are usually moored to the seabed through a spread mooring system. A turret-style mooring system can be used in areas prone to severe weather. This turret system lets the unit rotate to minimize the effects of sea-swell and wind.
796:, a length overall of 380.0 metres (1,246.7 ft) and a cargo capacity of 3,166,353 barrels (503,409,900 L). They were the first ULCCs to be double-hulled. To differentiate them from smaller ULCCs, these ships are sometimes given the
2153:
2334:
resulting in less than 7 metric tons per spill. On the other hand, spills resulting from accidents like collisions, groundings, hull failures, and explosions are much larger, with 84% of these involving losses of over 700 metric tons.
1654:. A ship's flag state exercises regulatory control over the vessel and is required to inspect it regularly, certify the ship's equipment and crew, and issue safety and pollution prevention documents. As of 2007, the United States
1629:
The United
Nations also keeps statistics about oil tanker productivity, stated in terms of metric tons carried per metric ton of deadweight as well as metric-ton-miles of carriage per metric ton of deadweight. In 2005, for each
1935:
transverse free surface, the greater number of surfaces to maintain, the risk of explosions in double-hull spaces if a vapor detection system not fitted, and that cleaning ballast tanks is more difficult for double hull ships.
1938:
In all, double-hull tankers are said to be safer than a single-hull in a grounding incident, especially when the shore is not very rocky. The safety benefits are less clear on larger vessels and in cases of high speed impact.
1983:
purging hydrocarbon vapors with inert gas until the hydrocarbon concentration inside the tank is under about 1%. Thus, as air replaces the inert gas, the concentration cannot rise to the lower flammable limit and is safe.
2322:
has observed that "accidental oil spills this decade have been at record low levels—one third of the previous decade and one tenth of the 1970s—at a time when oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s."
1978:
or highest concentration at which the vapors can be ignited. When the total concentration of oxygen in the tank decreases to about 11%, the upper and lower flammable limits converge and the flammable range disappears.
3199:
1765:. In this same timeframe, tankers have accounted for between 56.5% and 90.5% of the world's total scrapped ship tonnage. In this period the average age of scrapped oil tankers has ranged from 26.9 to 31.5 years.
1710:
In 2005, the average age of oil tankers worldwide was 10 years. Of these, 31.6% were under 4 years old and 14.3% were over 20 years old. In 2005, 475 new oil tankers were built, accounting for 30.7 million
3117:
1914:
A major component of tanker architecture is the design of the hull or outer structure. A tanker with a single outer shell between the product and the ocean is said to be "single-hulled". Most newer tankers are
2016:. In this method, two ships come alongside in open sea and oil is transferred manifold to manifold via flexible hoses. Lightering is sometimes used where a loaded tanker is too large to enter a specific port.
1154:
rates in that port costs and voyage expenses are generally paid by the charterer. Time charter arrangements specify a daily rate, and port costs and voyage expenses are also generally paid by the charterer.
731:
of 458.45 metres (1,504.1 ft) and a draft of 24.611 metres (80.74 ft). She had 46 tanks, 31,541 square metres (339,500 sq ft) of deck, and at her full load draft, could not navigate the
369:) of kerosene cargo in two iron tanks joined by pipes. One tank was forward of the midships engine room and the other was aft. The ship also featured a set of 21 vertical watertight compartments for extra
1149:, or the price specified for carriage of cargo. The freight rate of a tanker charter party is specified in one of four ways: by a lump sum rate, by rate per ton, by a time charter equivalent rate, or by
2181:
Replenishment ships, known as oilers in the United States and fleet tankers in Commonwealth countries, are ships that can provide oil products to naval vessels while on the move. This process, called
2363:
2310:. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped 10,800,000 US gallons (41,000 m) of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers, over 400,000
2114:
which is usually accomplished by blowing fresh air into the space with portable air powered or water powered air blowers. "Gas freeing" brings the oxygen content of the tank up to 20.8% O
2385:
2080:
595:. By the time Shell merged with Royal Dutch Petroleum in 1907, the company had 34 steam-driven oil tankers, compared to Standard Oil's four case-oil steamers and 16 sailing tankers.
254:
The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry. Although human use of oil reaches to prehistory, the first modern commercial exploitation dates back to
1053:
Merchant oil tankers carry a wide range of hydrocarbon liquids ranging from crude oil to refined petroleum products. Crude carriers are among the largest, ranging from 55,000 DWT
1967:
are explosive when mixed with air in certain concentrations. The purpose of the system is to create an atmosphere inside tanks in which the hydrocarbon oil vapors cannot burn.
1605:
In 2005, oil tankers made up 36.9% of the world's fleet in terms of deadweight tonnage. The world's total oil tankers deadweight tonnage has increased from 326.1 million
3662:
1931:
environmental protection, cargo discharge is quicker, more complete and easier, tank washing is more efficient, and better protection in low-impact collisions and grounding.
5320:
3203:
1520:
5364:
3142:
1845:
ranges were $ 43 million, $ 58 million, and $ 120 million respectively. In 1985 these vessels would have cost $ 18 million, $ 22 million, and $ 47 million respectively.
603:
Until 1956, tankers were designed to be able to navigate the Suez Canal. This size restriction became much less of a priority after the closing of the canal during the
3121:
4843:
Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements
3918:
1015:
developed the "average freight rate assessment" (AFRA) system which classifies tankers of different sizes. To make it an independent instrument, Shell consulted the
5704:
5798:
2456:
2299:
and marine environment. Marine species constantly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive cycles.
350:
to avoid fires. Other challenges included allowing for the cargo to expand and contract due to temperature changes, and providing a method to ventilate the tanks.
181:
Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation. The size classes range from inland or coastal tankers of a few thousand metric tons of
5793:
4201:
2319:
5161:
1479:
204:
in terms of efficiency, the average cost of transport of crude oil by tanker amounts to only US$ 5 to $ 8 per cubic metre ($ 0.02 to $ 0.03 per US gallon).
3252:
531:
as being too risky. Samuel approached the problem a different way: asking the company for the specifications of a tanker it would allow through the canal.
5720:
3614:
2264:
product while it is on board. These floating units reduce oil production costs and offer mobility, large storage capacity, and production versatility.
450:
2012:, such as a single point mooring, and making a cargo connection via underwater cargo hoses. A third method is by ship-to-ship transfer, also known as
5715:
4547:
1757:
respectively of oil tankers were scrapped. Between 2000 and 2005, the capacity of oil tankers scrapped each year has ranged between 5.6 million
803:
With the exception of the pipeline, the tanker is the most cost-effective way to move oil today. Worldwide, tankers carry some 2 billion barrels (3.2
5213:
1595:
552:, each had a capacity of 5,010 long tons of deadweight. These three ships were the first tankers of the Tank Syndicate, forerunner of today's
1101:
points off-coast. Supertanker routes are typically long, requiring them to stay at sea for extended periods, often around seventy days at a time.
5825:
3826:
345:, the world's first tanker, was built by Sven Alexander Almqvist in the Motala Verkstad and delivered to the Nobel brothers in Baku, Azerbaijan.
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further subdivided into port and starboard sections by a longitudinal bulkhead. Earlier designs suffered from stability problems caused by the
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1580:
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1555:
1038:
The system was developed for tax reasons as the tax authorities wanted evidence that the internal billing records were correct. Before the
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1718:. Nineteen of these were VLCC size, 19 were Suezmax, 51 were Aframax, and the rest were smaller designs. By comparison, 8.0 million
5608:
5398:
1963:
An oil tanker's inert gas system is one of the most important parts of its design. Fuel oil itself is very difficult to ignite, but its
1093:
Because of their size, supertankers often cannot enter port fully loaded. These ships can take on their cargo at offshore platforms and
619:, the ultra-large crude carriers (ULCC) built in the 1970s were over 400 metres (1,300 ft) long and had a capacity of 500,000
6004:
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2250:
220:
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Carter, JHT; Foolen, J (1983-04-01). "Evolutionary developments advancing the floating production, storage, and offloading concept".
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223:
are two other variations on the standard oil tanker design. Oil tankers have been involved in a number of damaging and high-profile
6288:
3670:
178:. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets.
5327:
2110:. Purging is accomplished by pumping inert gas into the tank until hydrocarbons have been sufficiently expelled. Next the tank is
1035:
for the then-enormous ships that were larger than 45,000 DWT. The ships became larger during the 1970s, which prompted rescaling.
475:
with seawater when empty of cargo. The ship was built in Britain, and was purchased by Wilhelm Anton Riedemann, an agent for the
5746:
5368:
3171:
3150:
1910:
Single hull, double bottom, and double hull ship cross sections. Green lines are watertight; black structure is not watertight
1879:
The cost of operating the largest tankers, the Very Large Crude Carriers, is currently between $ 10,000 and $ 12,000 per day.
417:. The aft and the stern was put together and then dismantled to make room for the mid-section as the Caspian Sea was reached.
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295:
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2211:
An ore-bulk-oil carrier, also known as combination carrier or OBO, is a ship designed to be capable of carrying wet or dry
754:
in 2004 (when she was converted into a permanently moored storage tanker). In 2009 she was sold for the last time, renamed
647:
587:, the fledgling Shell company was ready to become Standard Oil's first challenger in the Asian market. On August 24, 1892,
524:
5556:
1670:
for oil tankers, with 528 of the vessels in its registry. Six other flag states had more than 200 registered oil tankers:
519:
The 1880s also saw the beginnings of the Asian oil trade. The idea that led to moving Russian oil to the Far East via the
5818:
4968:
2787:
2050:
recovery line. It is also common for the ship to move water ballast during the loading of cargo to maintain proper trim.
4482:
2435:
1852:
worth of oil tankers were sold used. Some representative prices for that year include $ 42.5 million for a 40,000
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4841:
6250:
6098:
5688:
5667:
5628:
5546:
5514:
5416:
5274:
5258:
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5130:
5111:
5032:
4984:
4525:
4216:
3224:
2691:
5168:
4562:
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1694:. By comparison, the United States and the United Kingdom only had 59 and 27 registered oil tankers, respectively.
5762:
1613:
in 2005. The combined deadweight tonnage of oil tankers and bulk carriers, represents 72.9% of the world's fleet.
499:
6455:
2100:
1046:
in 1983, it was difficult to determine the exact price of oil, which could change with every contract. Shell and
714:
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1888:
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5245:. Marine Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1998.
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FPSO and FSOs are often created out of old, stripped-down oil tankers, but can be made from new-built hulls;
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1550:
1540:
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6888:
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1927:
1505:
1039:
17:
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1686:(209). The Panamanian, Liberian, Marshallese and Bahamian flags are open registries and considered by the
6675:
2271:
first used a tanker as an FPSO in August 1977. An example of an FSO that used to be an oil tanker is the
1655:
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5620:
The History of the Ship: The Comprehensive Story of Seafaring from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
5326:. United States Maritime Administration, Office of Data and Economic Analysis. July 2006. Archived from
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5564:. New York and Geneva: United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2006. Archived from
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1738:
1500:
1401:
1135:
1130:.) Tankers are hired by four types of charter agreements: the voyage charter, the time charter, the
535:
236:
1097:. On the other end of the journey, they often pump their cargo off to smaller tankers at designated
627:
which interrupted traffic through the Suez Canal contributed, as did nationalization of Middle East
611:, shipowners realized that bigger tankers were the key to more efficient transport. While a typical
5732:
5225:
4972:
4478:
2521:
270:
3442:
2989:
2958:
1126:
The act of hiring a ship to carry cargo is called chartering. (The contract itself is known as a
527:
and shipowner/broker Fred Lane. Prior bids to move oil through the canal had been rejected by the
6349:
6274:
5383:
5297:
2466:
1560:
1510:
1405:
5524:
5349:
4187:
4173:
4151:
4107:
6638:
6542:
6118:
5931:
5240:
4976:
4962:
2369:
2304:
2237:
which in September 1980 became the largest British ship ever lost at sea. It sank in a Pacific
2182:
2164:
635:
212:
1974:
or lowest concentration at which the vapors can be ignited. At the same time it decreases the
250:
is the oldest surviving American tanker and the world's only surviving sail-driven oil tanker.
6532:
6400:
6370:
6345:
6335:
6103:
5500:
4651:
3928:. MTCP Work Package 2.1, Quality and Efficiency. Bremen/Brussels. p. 3.3. Archived from
2207:. The picture is showing both the cargo hold hatches used for bulk and the pipes used for oil
2157:
1975:
1971:
1898:
larger tankers have two pumprooms. A pumproom generally spans the total breadth of the ship.
1121:
504:
454:
262:
255:
245:
5454:
4801:
4745:
4089:
3615:
Oil tanker freight-rate volatility increases, Rajesh Rana, Oil & Gas Journal, 2016-07-04
2911:
1111:, a brand new ULCC inaugurated in February 2019 berthing at Donges / Saint-Nazaire (France).
615:
of the World War II era was 162 metres (532 ft) long and had a capacity of 16,500
6883:
6679:
6643:
6547:
6537:
6108:
5781:
5087:
3383:
3315:
2376:
2194:
1691:
1650:
International law requires that every merchant ship be registered in a country, called its
989:
807:
10 L) annually, and the cost of transportation by tanker amounts to only US$ 0.02 per
766:
476:
216:
5645:
Shaw, Jim (March 2017), "Tank Ship Development and the birth of the American oil tanker",
5063:
1970:
As inert gas is introduced into a mixture of hydrocarbon vapors and air, it increases the
1086:(1979–2010), a ULCC supertanker and the longest ship ever built at the time of its launch.
8:
6893:
6721:
6385:
6235:
6179:
5961:
5388:
4847:
2481:
2441:
2259:
Floating storage units, often former oil tankers, accumulate oil for tankers to retrieve.
2171:
2148:
2123:
1952:
1948:
1706:
Tankers may carry unusual cargoes – such as grain – on their final trip to the scrapyard.
1565:
1484:
1474:
1459:
1413:
1094:
677:
which also belonged to Ludwig. The first tanker over 100,000 dwt built in Europe was the
422:
208:
190:
31:
2106:
After a tank is cleaned, provided that it is going to be prepared for entry, it will be
1185:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
6782:
6772:
6670:
6622:
6419:
6189:
5864:
5459:
4914:
3947:
3034:
2451:
2353:
2234:
2005:
1996:
1923:(MARPOL). The United Nations has decided to phase out single hull oil tankers by 2010.
1865:
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4697:
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2687:
2268:
2096:
1869:
682:
608:
553:
508:
5598:
4892:
Burton, Adrian (Nov 2008), "Air Pollution: Ship Sulfate an Unexpected Heavyweight",
3465:"BP energy statistics: the world in oil consumption, reserves and energy production"
3175:
2591:
6898:
6495:
6214:
6199:
6133:
6077:
5976:
5879:
5506:
The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry
5246:
5055:
4909:
4901:
4807:
4689:
4113:
3026:
2446:
2426:
2045:
Oil is pumped on and off the ship by way of connections made at the cargo manifold.
1679:
1131:
1043:
666:
659:
274:
3030:
6511:
6266:
6204:
6194:
6014:
5999:
5946:
5874:
5769:
5657:
5504:
5427:
5409:
Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships
5141:
3437:
2984:
2953:
2681:
2476:
2461:
2216:
1951:
and even a pre-MARPOL tanker, as the last one has a lower oil column and reaches
1944:
1702:
733:
539:
534:
Armed with the canal company's specifications, Samuel ordered three tankers from
374:
358:
35:
5167:. Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics. 2005. p. 3. Archived from
4871:
4779:. London: International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. 2008. Archived from
4520:. Vol. 6. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Naval History Division.
977:
6757:
6701:
6485:
6377:
6363:
6174:
6034:
5956:
5941:
5936:
5565:
4995:
4870:. State of Alaska, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. 1999. Archived from
3492:
3058:
2486:
2119:
1575:
1454:
1409:
784:
for the Greek Hellespont Steamship Corporation. Hellespont sold these ships to
728:
488:
410:
5242:
Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990
4803:
Double-hull tanker legislation: an assessment of the Oil pollution act of 1990
2795:
2066:
This cargo pump aboard a VLCC can move 5,000 cubic meters of product per hour.
307:
The modern oil tanker was developed in the period from 1877 to 1885. In 1876,
207:
Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved. One of these is the naval
6877:
6767:
6762:
6591:
6245:
6240:
6123:
5991:
5884:
5835:
5647:
5612:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 880–970.
5603:
5402:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316–322.
5393:
4490:
2227:
1991:
1734:
1730:
worth of oil tanker capacity was built in 1980, 1990, and 2000 respectively.
1634:
of oil tankers, 6.7 metric tons of cargo was carried. Similarly, each 1
1127:
1082:
872:
759:
719:
673:
displaced 104,500 long tons, a 23% increase from the previous record-holder,
332:
115:
6829:
5712:: Private homepage of categorized ship photos including tankers of all kinds
5059:
2062:
6617:
6527:
6320:
6159:
5951:
5916:
5484:
5019:
4806:. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press. 1998.
3469:
3172:"World's Largest Double-Hull Tanker Newbuildings Fly Marshall Islands Flag"
2516:
2511:
2506:
2420:
2291:
Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Crude oil contains
1920:
1382:
1146:
686:
628:
472:
378:
316:
312:
308:
175:
5282:
4905:
3430:, which displaced 104,500 long tons, as a supertanker in the 1958 article
1057:-sized vessels to ultra-large crude carriers (ULCCs) of over 440,000 DWT.
6601:
6357:
6298:
6154:
6128:
6082:
6072:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6019:
6009:
5981:
5971:
3829:. International Transport Workers' Federation. 2005-06-06. Archived from
2273:
1964:
1921:
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973
1916:
1906:
1570:
1490:
1104:
697:
624:
604:
480:
414:
398:
390:
266:
5803:
3916:
1638:
of oil tankers was responsible for 32,400 metric-ton miles of carriage.
996:
6820:
6330:
6184:
6067:
5926:
5903:
5854:
5367:(press release). Overseas Shipholding Group. 2008-02-28. Archived from
3709:
Cochran, Ian (March 2008). "Tanker Operators Top 30 Tanker companies".
2406:
2315:
2295:(PAHs) which are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the
2212:
2127:
2025:
2013:
1667:
1651:
1535:
1150:
1098:
1077:
592:
520:
402:
394:
328:
287:
241:
155:
4701:
1733:
Ships are generally removed from the fleet through a process known as
792:
in 2004. Each of the sister ships has a capacity of over 441,500
6845:
6815:
6563:
6209:
6169:
5921:
5189:. New York: International Chamber of Shipping, Hyperion Books. 1996.
4693:
3174:(press release). International Registries. 2007-04-30. Archived from
2501:
2496:
2491:
2286:
2199:
2079:
2041:
1675:
1012:
612:
576:
564:
512:
468:
224:
197:
171:
159:
76:
45:
6440:
2409:, which is highly polluting and has been shown to be a health risk.
6860:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6325:
6219:
6164:
6113:
2794:. Aberdeen, New Jersey: Rich Galiano. 28 April 2009. Archived from
2402:
2346:
2311:
2296:
1848:
Oil tankers are often sold second hand. In 2005, 27.3 million
1590:
1515:
580:
370:
366:
320:
91:, Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC), Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC)
5250:
4811:
4202:"Damage and Residual Strength of Double-Hull Tankers in Grounding"
4117:
2375:
10.8 million US gallons (41,000 m) of oil into Alaska's
6850:
6825:
6790:
6586:
6138:
5758:
Information on crude oil tankers and other forms of oil transport
5429:
From T-2 to Supertanker: Development of the Oil Tanker, 1940–2000
5187:
International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT)
3358:
3342:
2238:
1833:
In 2005, the price for new oil tankers in the 32,000–45,000
1683:
1671:
1469:
1421:
1066:
1062:
1054:
932:
910:
894:
789:
765:
As of 2011, the world's two largest working supertankers are the
669:
broke the record of 100,000 long tons of heavy displacement. His
651:
568:
560:
406:
265:
became a major supplier of oil, and a center of innovation after
88:
84:
80:
5387:
2326:
Oil tankers are only one source of oil spills. According to the
440:
6429:
5743: – the society of International Tanker Operators
2255:
1663:
1525:
1444:
1397:
808:
655:
572:
386:
5044:"Combined Ships: An Empirical Investigation About Versatility"
373:. The ship had a length overall of 56 metres (184 ft), a
6839:
6062:
5911:
5859:
5774:
5763:
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. (ITOPF)
5709:
5081:. European Commission, European Maritime Safety Agency. 2005.
4868:"Frequently asked questions about the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill"
2009:
1742:
623:. Several factors encouraged this growth. Hostilities in the
362:
290:. These were followed in 1873 by the first oil-tank steamer,
193:
5752:
5739:
5123:
Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC)
3116:
Bockmann, Michelle Wiese; Porter, Janet (15 December 2009).
1142:
in a year's time in 25,000-barrel (4,000 m) shipments.
992:, which are the largest ocean-going oil tankers in the world
185:(DWT) to ultra-large crude carriers (ULCCs) of 550,000
6410:
5849:
5597:
5097:(Winter 2002). Houston: American Bureau of Shipping: 10–11.
4040:"Crude oil tanker rates below levels to cover voyage costs"
1995:
Cargo flows between a tanker and a shore station by way of
1793:
1658:
statistics count 4,295 oil tankers of 1,000 long tons
1139:
584:
381:
of 2.7 metres (9 ft). Unlike later Nobel tankers, the
338:
331:. It was, during the late 19th century, one of the largest
324:
162:
or its products. There are two basic types of oil tankers:
151:
5483:. Washington, DC: Ship Structure Committee. Archived from
3917:
Maritime Transport Coordination Platform (November 2006).
1642:
million metric tons of cargo discharged in these regions.
6307:
5541:(4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press.
5212:. World Summit on Sustainable Development. Johannesburg:
4720:
America's living oceans: charting a course for sea change
3496:
3355:
3339:
2241:
while carrying a cargo of iron ore from Canada to Japan.
1714:. The average size for these new tankers was 64,632
709:
The world's largest supertanker was built in 1979 at the
286:
In 1863, two sail-driven tankers were built on England's
5348:. Overseas Shipholding Group. 2008-02-22. Archived from
5021:
The Tankship Tromedy: The Impending Disasters in Tankers
4477:
4007:"Benelux and Northern European Holding Companies Weekly"
3149:. Overseas Shipholding Group. 2008-02-28. Archived from
2457:
List of replenishment ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
634:
In 1955 the world's largest supertanker was 30,708
5079:
Double Hull Tankers: High Level Panel of Experts Report
4961:
Corlett, Ewan (1981). Greenhill (series), Basil (ed.).
4209:
International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering
2126:, designated safety observers, and possibly the use of
1530:
1047:
5705:
Saudi shipper Bahri plans to increase VLCC fleet to 46
4659:
4510:
4468:
Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2008.
3382:(4). American Bureau of Shipping: 5–11. Archived from
3314:(4). American Bureau of Shipping: 5–11. Archived from
2320:
International Association of Independent Tanker Owners
723:. This ship was built with a capacity of 564,763
2926:
2792:
Scuba Diving – New Jersey & Long Island, New York
1622:
11,705 billion metric-ton-miles of oil in 2005.
705:
rivaled some of the world's largest buildings in size
5680:
Supertanker!: The Story of the World's Biggest Ships
5302:
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair – Hazards and Solutions
4090:"Single Hull Oil Tankers Banned Worldwide from 2005"
2416:
5477:"Case Study II: Derbyshire, Loss of a Bulk Carrier"
4555:
Navy Contribution to Australian Maritime Operations
3255:. Tankers International. March 2008. Archived from
1145:One of the key aspects of any charter party is the
170:. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined
6296:
5749: – Tanker Safety (for double-hulls)
5206:More Troubled Waters: Fishing, Pollution, and FOCs
4994:
4933:
3099:
3057:
2810:
2391:Demonstration in Canada against oil tankers, 1970.
6005:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
5727:article on the oil tankers between the World Wars
3687:
3008:
3006:
2592:"Falls of Clyde National Historic Landmark Study"
491:in fog, Standard Oil purchased the sister ships.
6875:
5214:International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
4557:. Royal Australian Navy. 2005. pp. 113–20.
4020:
4009:. London: Christopher Street Capital. p. 11
2083:The nozzle of an automated tank cleaning machine
1856:tanker, $ 60.7 million for a 80,000–95,000
1069:classes are no longer regarded as supertankers.
5306:Occupational Safety & Health Administration
3886:
3884:
2683:Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry
1872:subsidiary First Olsen paid $ 76.5 million for
5475:Tarman, Daniel; Heitmann, Edgar (2008-04-07).
5474:
5406:
4004:
3143:"Overseas Shipholding Group Enters FSO Market"
3115:
3003:
2912:"Tirgoviste and Spyros Niarchos – IMO 5337329"
2849:
2847:
2845:
2008:. Another method involves mooring to offshore
6456:
6282:
5819:
5790:illustrated account of oil tanker development
4964:The Revolution in Merchant Shipping 1950–1980
3704:
3702:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3624:
3622:
3276:Overseas Shipholding Group, 2008, Fleet List.
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
1864:, and $ 116 million for 250,000–280,000
1206:Recent time charter equivalent rates, per day
776:. These ships were built in 2002 and 2003 as
5753:Ship photos of tankers, ULCCs, VLCCs, barges
5537:Turpin, Edward A; McEwen, William A (1980).
5536:
5275:"The Liberty Ship and the T-2 Tanker (1941)"
5102:Hayler, William B.; Keever, John M. (2003).
5101:
4679:
3881:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3298:
3296:
3294:
2673:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2614:
2612:
1882:
1031:for ships between 25,000 and 45,000 DWT and
591:became the first tanker to pass through the
471:for added safety, and the ability to fill a
5222:International Transport Workers' Federation
5085:
4860:
4713:
4711:
4517:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
3991:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3849:
3847:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3743:
3741:
3722:
3720:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3370:
3302:
3052:
3050:
3048:
2666:
2664:
2019:
1894:port", "three starboard", or "six center".
1688:International Transport Workers' Federation
385:design was built small enough to sail from
6463:
6449:
6289:
6275:
5826:
5812:
5779:
5218:Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD
4398:
4396:
4394:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4200:Paik, Joem K; Lee, Tak K (December 1995),
3952:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3893:"Is there a decent way to break up ships?"
3787:
3785:
3699:
3640:
3631:
3619:
3493:"How much bigger can container ships get?"
3354:UNCTAD 2006, p. 42. Five-year-old ship in
3118:"Knock Nevis heading for Indian scrapyard"
2822:
2251:Floating production storage and offloading
2133:
1860:, $ 73 million for a 130,000–150,000
1396:Owners of large oil tanker fleets include
1385:, and interruptions in refinery services.
6618:Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System
6256:List of merchant navy capacity by country
5833:
5125:. Cambridge, MD: Cornell Maritime Press.
4913:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4319:
4317:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
3660:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3338:UNCTAD 2006, p. 41. Price for new vessel
3291:
2943:
2941:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2679:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2401:Large ships are often run on low quality
2244:
1868:tanker. For a concrete example, in 2006,
1546:National Shipping Company of Saudi Arabia
1450:National Shipping Company of Saudi Arabia
5676:
5655:
5583:"Oil-Tanker firms battle for survival",
5139:
5017:
4708:
4464:
4462:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4183:
4181:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
3986:
3974:
3960:
3865:
3856:
3844:
3819:
3768:
3759:
3738:
3729:
3717:
3599:
3456:
3284:
3282:
3270:
3085:
3083:
3045:
2749:
2747:
2661:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2254:
2198:
2188:
2152:
2078:
2061:
2040:
1999:attached at the tanker's cargo manifold.
1990:
1905:
1701:
1427:
1103:
1076:
995:
976:
691:
523:was the brainchild of two men: importer
498:
439:
337:
240:
136:Rear house, full hull, midships pipeline
5747:The International Maritime Organization
5616:
5382:
4960:
4732:
4730:
4717:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4391:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4250:
4236:
4199:
3782:
3750:
3708:
3560:
3537:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3231:. Hellespont Shipping Corporation. 2008
3194:
3192:
3012:
2932:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2780:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2589:
1019:. At first, they divided the groups as
665:In 1958 United States shipping magnate
607:of 1956. Forced to move oil around the
14:
6876:
6663:
5555:
5425:
5143:The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page
4891:
4762:
4617:
4599:
4483:"Underway Replenishment Oilers – T-AO"
4471:
4450:
4428:
4419:
4314:
4305:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4264:
4262:
4066:
4057:
3890:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3794:
3569:
3546:
3523:
3511:
3462:
3135:
2972:
2938:
2816:
2756:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2142:
1678:(355), China (252), Russia (250), the
598:
357:, built by Sven Alexander Almqvist in
189:. Tankers move approximately 2.0
30:"Supertanker" redirects here. For the
6470:
6444:
6270:
5807:
5799:Tanker Market Outlook for 2020 – 2021
5592:
5452:
5411:. Lavenham, Suffolk: Terence Dalton.
5407:Sawyer, L.A.; Mitchell, W.O. (1987).
5120:
5041:
4459:
4405:
4178:
4156:
4134:
4100:
3371:Evangelista, Joe, ed. (Winter 2002).
3303:Evangelista, Joe, ed. (Winter 2002).
3279:
3247:
3245:
3092:
3080:
3013:Bellamy, Martin (2022). "Editorial".
2894:
2744:
2569:
2095:On most crude-oil tankers, a special
1749:. In 2004 and 2005, 7.8 million
1435:30 largest tanker operators (in 2008)
302:
296:Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company
6855:
5644:
5498:
5363:
5319:
5296:
4738:"Cumulative Spill Data and Graphics"
4727:
4673:
4631:
4585:
4489:. United States Navy. Archived from
4357:
4335:
4326:
4296:
3910:
3400:
3189:
2870:
2856:
2728:
2706:
2341:spill, the United States passed the
2024:Prior to any transfer of cargo, the
1697:
1165:
353:The first successful oil tanker was
200:) of oil every year. Second only to
5582:
5344:
5239:
5203:
5185:
5160:
5054:(3). Taylor & Francis: 231–48.
4993:
4932:
4777:"Oil Tanker Spill Information Pack"
4280:
4271:
4259:
4026:
3899:. International Labour Organization
3803:
3693:
3217:
2647:
2539:
1986:
1958:
1023:for tankers under 25,000 tons
1017:London Tanker Brokers' Panel (LTBP)
648:Vickers Armstrongs Shipbuilders Ltd
24:
5780:Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1937),
5638:
5539:Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook
5523:
5501:"4: The World's First Oil Tankers"
5281:. Marine Log. 2008. Archived from
5273:
3919:"3: The London Tonnage Convention"
3816:Central Intelligence Agency, 2007.
3242:
3164:
2583:
2057:
814:
377:of 8.2 metres (27 ft), and a
25:
6910:
6251:International Chamber of Shipping
6099:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
5698:
5104:American Merchant Seaman's Manual
4894:Environmental Health Perspectives
2909:
1926:In 1998, the Marine Board of the
1768:
1616:
1586:China Shipping Development Tanker
1161:
962:ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier)
294:(Fatherland), which was built by
5893:
5775:Oil Tanker – Cleaning operations
5321:"World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005"
5027:. Tavernier, FL: The CTX Press.
4885:
4834:
4794:
4540:
4504:
3202:. Wärtsilä. 2008. Archived from
2419:
2396:
2384:
2362:
2293:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
2226:One of the more famous OBOs was
2101:automated tank cleaning machines
2074:
2036:
1170:
1072:
942:VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier)
281:
174:from its point of extraction to
44:
5782:"Development of the oil tanker"
5453:Singh, Baljit (July 11, 1999).
5140:Hendrick, Burton Jesse (2007).
4969:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
4926:
4682:Journal of Petroleum Technology
4227:
4193:
4082:
4032:
3998:
3654:
3485:
3416:
3364:
3348:
3332:
3109:
2903:
1901:
715:Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.
5526:Standard for Inert Gas Systems
5146:. Vol. II. BiblioBazaar.
5086:Evangelista, Joe, ed. (2002).
5048:Maritime Policy and Management
4456:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-13.
4447:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-12.
4425:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-10.
4256:Turpin and McEwin, 1980:16–42.
4247:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14–11.
3669:. Platou: 9–13. Archived from
3661:Bakkelund, Jørn (March 2008).
3120:. Lloyd's List. Archived from
1889:Architecture of the oil tanker
1645:
1609:in 1970 to 960.0 million
494:
323:(short for Brothers Nobel) in
13:
1:
6491:Length between perpendiculars
6396:List of natural gas pipelines
6391:Black powder in gas pipelines
5786:Shipping Wonders of the World
4940:. Skyhorse Publishing. 2007.
4416:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-9.
4402:Turpin and McEven, 1980:8–30.
4388:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-8.
4354:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-7.
4332:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-6.
4302:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-1.
4079:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14–4.
4063:Turpin and McEven, 1980:8–25.
4005:GFI Securities (2010-06-30).
3897:Sectoral Activities Programme
3413:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-3.
3031:10.1080/00253359.2022.2117453
3023:Society for Nautical Research
2777:Turpin and McEven, 1980:8–24.
2550:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-2.
2528:
1551:Shipping Corporation of India
1541:Novorossiysk Shipping Company
1115:
487:was lost in 1893 after being
99:
6425:Intermodal freight transport
5587:, p. B7, April 15, 2013
5558:Review of Maritime Transport
4718:Panetta, LE (Chair) (2003),
4233:Devanney, 2006, pp. 381–383.
3463:Rogers, Simon (2010-06-09).
3441:. 1958-12-15. Archived from
2988:. 1957-10-14. Archived from
2957:. 1958-12-15. Archived from
2280:
1928:National Academy of Sciences
1662:(DWT) or greater worldwide.
1288:East Coast of North America
1040:New York Mercantile Exchange
559:With facilities prepared in
7:
6676:Twenty-foot equivalent unit
4896:, Environ Health Prospect,
4174:Marine Board, 1998, p. 261.
4152:Marine Board, 1998, p. 260.
3305:"Scaling the Tanker Market"
3104:. Miramar Ship Index. 2016.
2412:
1841:, and 250,000–280,000
1656:Central Intelligence Agency
1351:East Coast of North America
970:
964:
950:
944:
936:
928:
914:
906:
898:
890:
876:
868:
681:. The ship was launched at
538:in northern England. Named
27:Ship that carries petroleum
10:
6915:
6623:Thames measurement tonnage
5455:"The world's biggest ship"
5426:Spyrou, Andrew G. (2011).
4596:Tarman and Heitmann, 2008.
4215:(4), Isope, archived from
4188:Marine Board, 1998, p. 262
4112:, NAP, 1998, p. 259,
4094:Environmental News Service
2472:Marine transfer operations
2284:
2248:
2192:
2146:
1886:
1521:Dynacom Tankers Management
1465:Overseas Shipholding Group
1418:Overseas Shipholding Group
1204:
1119:
1042:started trading crude oil
821:Oil tanker size categories
786:Overseas Shipholding Group
536:William Gray & Company
479:along with several of her
234:
230:
50:The commercial oil tanker
29:
6781:
6750:
6714:
6697:Builder's Old Measurement
6689:
6656:
6631:
6610:
6597:Compensated gross tonnage
6579:
6572:
6556:
6543:Load line (Plimsoll Line)
6520:
6504:
6478:
6409:
6344:
6306:
6228:
6147:
6091:
6033:
5990:
5902:
5891:
5842:
5725:, March 1930, pp. 370–374
5677:Sullivan, George (1978).
5656:Stopford, Martin (1997).
5623:. New York: Lyons Press.
5617:Woodman, Richard (1998).
5532:. Transport Canada. 1984.
4742:United States Coast Guard
4293:Transport Canada, 1985:9.
4277:Transport Canada, 1985:5.
4268:Transport Canada, 1985:4.
3926:Tonnage Measurement Study
3800:ICFTU et al., 2002, p. 7.
3663:"The Shipbuilding Market"
2596:Maritime Heritage Program
2343:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
2328:United States Coast Guard
1883:Current structural design
1501:Vela International Marine
1475:Tanker Pacific Management
1345:
1179:This section needs to be
1136:contract of affreightment
956:
953:
920:
917:
882:
879:
831:
826:
449:grounded in heavy fog at
237:History of the oil tanker
106:
59:
43:
5499:Tolf, Robert W. (1976).
5481:Educational Case Studies
5298:"Process: Tank Cleaning"
5226:Greenpeace International
4973:National Maritime Museum
4479:Military Sealift Command
3891:Bailey, Paul J. (2000).
2533:
2522:United States Navy oiler
2020:Pre-transfer preparation
1876:, a 159,899 DWT tanker.
1726:, and 20.8 million
1666:was the world's largest
638:and 47,500 LT
361:, which carried its 246
271:Titusville, Pennsylvania
6773:Metacentric height (GM)
6496:Length at the waterline
6078:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
5977:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
5683:. New York: Dodd Mead.
5662:. New York: Routledge.
5609:Encyclopædia Britannica
5585:The Wall Street Journal
5399:Encyclopædia Britannica
5365:"OSG Enters FSO Market"
5304:. Department of Labor,
5106:. Cornell Maritime Pr.
5060:10.1080/030888399286862
5018:Devanney, Jack (2006).
4936:CIA World Factbook 2008
4722:, Pew Oceans Commission
4656:Fred. Olsen Productions
3713:(iPaper). Platou: 6–17.
3596:Huber 2001, pp. 225–26.
3566:Huber 2001, pp. 227–28.
3543:Huber 2001, pp. 212–13.
2900:Huber, 2001, fig. 1-16.
2598:. National Park Service
2590:Delgado, James (1988).
2467:List of Type T2 tankers
2219:it would have to make.
2134:Special-use oil tankers
1511:Hyundai Merchant Marine
1460:MOL Tankship Management
1414:MOL Tankship Management
1007:, two bunkering tankers
866:General Purpose tanker
263:Pennsylvania oil fields
219:and permanently moored
107:General characteristics
6639:Gross register tonnage
6119:Platform supply vessel
5932:Coastal trading vessel
5042:Douet, M (July 1999).
4744:. 2007. Archived from
4658:. 2005. Archived from
4628:Douet, 1999, Abstract.
4512:Department of the Navy
3711:Tanker Shipping Review
3225:"2000's Fleet Renewal"
2853:Woodman, 1975, p. 177.
2680:Vassiliou, MS (2009).
2630:Woodman, 1975, p. 176.
2618:Woodman, 1975, p. 175.
2260:
2245:Floating storage units
2208:
2183:underway replenishment
2178:
2084:
2067:
2046:
2000:
1911:
1837:, 80,000–105,000
1761:and 18.4 million
1707:
1112:
1087:
1008:
993:
706:
646:launched that year by
516:
458:
346:
251:
221:floating storage units
6732:Standard displacement
6680:Intermodal containers
6401:List of LNG terminals
6336:List of oil pipelines
6104:Diving support vessel
5721:"Floating Oil Tanks"
5716:Oil tanker by Picture
4906:10.1289/ehp.116-a475a
3200:"Hellespont Alhambra"
2980:"The Biggest Tankers"
2258:
2202:
2189:Ore-bulk-oil carriers
2156:
2082:
2065:
2044:
1994:
1976:upper flammable limit
1972:lower flammable limit
1909:
1887:Further information:
1818:250,000–280,000
1753:and 5.7 million
1705:
1576:Kuwait Oil Tanker Co.
1428:Fleet characteristics
1346:All product carriers
1122:Chartering (shipping)
1107:
1095:single-point moorings
1080:
1061:ships of the smaller
999:
980:
833:Flexible market scale
767:TI-class supertankers
695:
505:Royal Dutch Petroleum
502:
443:
341:
244:
235:Further information:
217:ore-bulk-oil carriers
211:, a tanker which can
6644:Net register tonnage
6548:Under keel clearance
6109:Emergency tow vessel
5279:Ships of the Century
5121:Huber, Mark (2001).
4967:. The Ship. London:
3971:UNCTAD, 2006, p. 25.
3676:on February 16, 2009
3373:"Shipping Shorthand"
3288:Huber, 2001, p. 211.
3206:on February 22, 2008
3015:The Mariner's Mirror
2377:Prince William Sound
2195:Ore-bulk-oil carrier
1804:80,000–105,000
1692:flags of convenience
1320:Cross-Mediterranean
990:TI-class supertanker
888:Medium Range tanker
477:Standard Oil Company
269:had struck oil near
213:fuel a moving vessel
6889:Scottish inventions
6742:Normal displacement
6727:Loaded displacement
6386:Natural gas storage
6236:Nautical operations
6180:Floating restaurant
5962:Lighter aboard ship
4848:European Parliament
3995:UNCTAD 2006, p. 42.
3983:UNCTAD 2006, p. 41.
3878:UNCTAD 2006, p. 24.
3862:UNCTAD 2006, p. 23.
3853:UNCTAD 2006, p. 20.
3779:UNCTAD 2006, p. 43.
3765:UNCTAD 2006, p. 17.
3747:UNCTAD 2006, p. 18.
3735:UNCTAD 2006, p. 19.
3726:UNCTAD 2006, p. 29.
3651:UNCTAD 2007, p. 63.
3637:UNCTAD 2007, p. 62.
3628:UNCTAD 2007, p. 61.
3578:Huber 2001, p. 228.
3557:Huber 2001, p. 225.
3534:Huber 2001, p. 212.
3520:Huber 2001, p. 213.
3124:on January 22, 2010
2891:Huber, 2001, p. 23.
2686:. Scarecrow Press.
2482:Petroleum transport
2442:replenishment oiler
2149:Replenishment oiler
2143:Replenishment ships
2128:airline respirators
2124:protective clothing
2006:marine loading arms
1997:marine loading arms
1953:hydrostatic balance
1949:Coulombi Egg Tanker
1787:32,000–45,000
1722:, 8.7 million
1485:Nippon Yusen Kaisha
1438:
1252:Persian Gulf–Japan
982:Hellespont Alhambra
926:LR2 (Long Range 2)
904:LR1 (Long Range 1)
823:
778:Hellespont Alhambra
599:The supertanker era
423:free surface effect
209:replenishment oiler
125:up to 550,000
32:aerial firefighting
6737:Light displacement
6671:Deadweight tonnage
6420:Industrial railway
6190:Merchant submarine
5865:Maritime transport
5788:, pp. 711–714
5768:2020-12-16 at the
5659:Maritime economics
5460:The Times of India
5308:(OSHA). 2008-01-30
5005:Miramar Ship Index
4614:Huber, 2001, p. 15
4323:Huber, 2001, p204.
4311:Huber, 2001, p203.
3791:UNCTAD 2006, p. 8.
3756:UNCTAD 2006, p. 5.
3499:. 19 February 2013
3068:Miramar Ship Index
2753:Huber, 2001, p. 5.
2741:Tolf, 1976, p. 58.
2725:Tolf, 1976, p. 55.
2658:Tolf, 1976, p. 54.
2566:UNCTAD 2006, p. 4.
2452:List of oil spills
2261:
2209:
2179:
2085:
2068:
2047:
2001:
1965:hydrocarbon vapors
1912:
1708:
1480:Kristen Navigation
1445:Teekay Corporation
1432:
1398:Teekay Corporation
1353:or Gulf of Mexico
1113:
1088:
1009:
994:
819:
800:size designation.
707:
529:Suez Canal Company
517:
459:
347:
303:Modern oil tankers
252:
196:(2.2 billion
146:, also known as a
6869:
6868:
6830:§ Neopanamax
6811:Handymax/Supramax
6710:
6709:
6652:
6651:
6472:Ship measurements
6438:
6437:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6264:
6263:
5967:Livestock carrier
5870:Freight transport
5723:Popular Mechanics
5439:978-0-595-36068-0
5389:"Petroleum"
5384:Redwood, Boverton
5162:"Market Analysis"
5153:978-1-4346-0691-4
4971:on behalf of the
4947:978-1-60239-080-5
4821:978-0-309-06370-8
4652:"Company Profile"
4127:978-0-309-06370-8
3667:The Platou Report
3433:"Dona's Daughter"
3101:"Previous owners"
2949:"Dona's Daughter"
2867:Marine Log, 2008.
2670:Chisholm, 24:881.
2644:Chisholm, 19:320.
2580:Huber, 2001: 211.
2097:crude oil washing
1831:
1830:
1698:Vessel life cycle
1603:
1602:
1402:A P Moller Maersk
1378:
1377:
1200:
1199:
975:
974:
683:Barrow-in-Furness
658:shipping magnate
609:Cape of Good Hope
554:Royal Dutch Shell
509:Dutch East Indies
154:designed for the
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
6906:
6661:
6660:
6577:
6576:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6442:
6441:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6268:
6267:
6215:Semi-submersible
6200:Pipe-laying ship
5897:
5880:Maritime history
5828:
5821:
5814:
5805:
5804:
5789:
5694:
5673:
5652:
5634:
5613:
5601:
5588:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5570:
5563:
5552:
5533:
5531:
5520:
5509:. Hoover Press.
5495:
5493:
5492:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5422:
5403:
5391:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5346:"OSG Fleet List"
5341:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5325:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5211:
5200:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5173:
5166:
5157:
5136:
5117:
5098:
5092:
5082:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5062:. Archived from
5038:
5026:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5002:
4990:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4939:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4773:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4734:
4725:
4723:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4694:10.2118/11808-pa
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4648:
4629:
4626:
4615:
4612:
4597:
4594:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4573:
4567:. Archived from
4552:
4548:"Afloat Support"
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4426:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4403:
4400:
4389:
4386:
4355:
4352:
4333:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4257:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4206:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4176:
4171:
4154:
4149:
4132:
4130:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3984:
3981:
3972:
3969:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3923:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3888:
3879:
3876:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3780:
3777:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3638:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3617:
3612:
3597:
3594:
3579:
3576:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3521:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3426:referred to the
3420:
3414:
3411:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3352:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3309:
3300:
3289:
3286:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3054:
3043:
3042:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2868:
2865:
2854:
2851:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2754:
2751:
2742:
2739:
2726:
2723:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2659:
2656:
2645:
2642:
2631:
2628:
2619:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2567:
2564:
2551:
2548:
2447:Hydraulic tanker
2429:
2427:Transport portal
2424:
2423:
2388:
2366:
2233:of 180,000
2203:The OBO-carrier
1987:Cargo operations
1959:Inert gas system
1773:
1772:
1680:Marshall Islands
1566:Chevron Shipping
1439:
1431:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1132:bareboat charter
971:320,000–550,000
965:320,000–549,999
951:200,000–320,000
945:160,000–319,999
937:120,000–200,000
824:
818:
806:
667:Daniel K. Ludwig
660:Stavros Niarchos
461:Others point to
451:Blue Point Beach
148:petroleum tanker
101:
48:
41:
40:
21:
6914:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6865:
6777:
6746:
6706:
6685:
6648:
6627:
6606:
6568:
6552:
6516:
6500:
6474:
6469:
6439:
6434:
6405:
6340:
6302:
6295:
6265:
6260:
6224:
6205:Research vessel
6195:Narco-submarine
6143:
6087:
6029:
6015:Hydrogen tanker
6000:Chemical tanker
5986:
5947:Heavy-lift ship
5898:
5889:
5875:Merchant marine
5838:
5832:
5770:Wayback Machine
5701:
5691:
5670:
5641:
5639:Further reading
5631:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5561:
5549:
5529:
5517:
5490:
5488:
5466:
5464:
5463:. Tribune India
5444:
5442:
5440:
5419:
5374:
5372:
5355:
5353:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5311:
5309:
5288:
5286:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5231:
5229:
5209:
5197:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5154:
5133:
5114:
5090:
5077:
5069:
5067:
5035:
5024:
5009:
5007:
4987:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4929:
4924:
4890:
4886:
4877:
4875:
4866:
4865:
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4852:
4850:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4786:
4784:
4775:
4774:
4763:
4751:
4749:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4716:
4709:
4678:
4674:
4665:
4663:
4650:
4649:
4632:
4627:
4618:
4613:
4600:
4595:
4586:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4494:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4406:
4401:
4392:
4387:
4358:
4353:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4219:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4157:
4150:
4135:
4128:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3961:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3900:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3827:"FOC Countries"
3825:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3600:
3595:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3445:on May 31, 2008
3431:
3428:Universe Apollo
3421:
3417:
3412:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3353:
3349:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3307:
3301:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3262:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3114:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3056:
3055:
3046:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2992:on May 21, 2008
2978:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2961:on May 31, 2008
2947:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2914:. Ship spotting
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2871:
2866:
2857:
2852:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2798:on 14 June 2012
2786:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2729:
2724:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2643:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2570:
2565:
2554:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2477:Merchant vessel
2462:List of tankers
2425:
2418:
2415:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2380:
2367:
2289:
2283:
2253:
2247:
2217:ballast voyages
2197:
2191:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2120:confined spaces
2117:
2077:
2060:
2058:Unloading cargo
2039:
2022:
1989:
1961:
1945:mid-deck tanker
1904:
1891:
1885:
1771:
1700:
1648:
1619:
1437:
1430:
1352:
1350:
1287:
1285:
1213:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1124:
1118:
1075:
1021:General Purpose
929:80,000–159,999
915:80,000–120,000
860:
855:
822:
817:
815:Size categories
804:
782:Hellespont Tara
734:English Channel
679:British Admiral
675:Universe Leader
671:Universe Apollo
644:Spyros Niarchos
601:
497:
411:Mariinsk Canals
359:Motala Verkstad
305:
284:
239:
233:
168:product tankers
55:
39:
36:747 Supertanker
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6912:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6837:
6832:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6758:Inclining test
6754:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6702:Moorsom System
6699:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6486:Length overall
6482:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6468:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6445:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6378:Gas separation
6374:
6367:
6364:Regasification
6354:
6352:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6294:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6175:Fishing vessel
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5957:Lake freighter
5954:
5949:
5944:
5942:Container ship
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5836:merchant ships
5831:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5777:
5772:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5736:
5728:
5718:
5713:
5710:ship-photos.de
5707:
5700:
5699:External links
5697:
5696:
5695:
5689:
5674:
5668:
5653:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5629:
5614:
5604:Chisholm, Hugh
5590:
5580:
5553:
5547:
5534:
5521:
5515:
5496:
5472:
5450:
5438:
5423:
5417:
5404:
5394:Chisholm, Hugh
5380:
5361:
5342:
5317:
5294:
5271:
5259:
5237:
5201:
5195:
5183:
5158:
5152:
5137:
5131:
5118:
5112:
5099:
5083:
5075:
5039:
5033:
5015:
4991:
4985:
4958:
4946:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4884:
4859:
4833:
4820:
4793:
4761:
4726:
4707:
4688:(4): 695–700.
4672:
4630:
4616:
4598:
4584:
4563:
4539:
4526:
4503:
4481:(April 2008).
4470:
4458:
4449:
4427:
4418:
4404:
4390:
4356:
4334:
4325:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4279:
4270:
4258:
4249:
4235:
4226:
4192:
4177:
4155:
4133:
4126:
4099:
4081:
4065:
4056:
4044:SeaNews Turkey
4031:
4019:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3959:
3909:
3880:
3864:
3855:
3843:
3818:
3802:
3793:
3781:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3737:
3728:
3716:
3698:
3686:
3653:
3639:
3630:
3618:
3598:
3580:
3568:
3559:
3545:
3536:
3522:
3510:
3484:
3455:
3415:
3399:
3363:
3347:
3331:
3290:
3278:
3269:
3241:
3216:
3188:
3163:
3147:Press Releases
3134:
3108:
3091:
3079:
3044:
3002:
2971:
2937:
2925:
2910:Meare, David.
2902:
2893:
2869:
2855:
2821:
2809:
2779:
2755:
2743:
2727:
2705:
2692:
2672:
2660:
2646:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2582:
2568:
2552:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:Slosh dynamics
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2414:
2411:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2368:
2361:
2337:Following the
2314:, about 1,000
2285:Main article:
2282:
2279:
2249:Main article:
2246:
2243:
2193:Main article:
2190:
2187:
2147:Main article:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2115:
2076:
2073:
2059:
2056:
2038:
2035:
2021:
2018:
1988:
1985:
1960:
1957:
1903:
1900:
1884:
1881:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1770:
1769:Vessel pricing
1767:
1699:
1696:
1682:(234) and the
1647:
1644:
1618:
1617:Cargo movement
1615:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1596:Minerva Marine
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:Maersk Tankers
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1162:Recent markets
1160:
1120:Main article:
1117:
1114:
1074:
1071:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
939:
938:
935:
930:
927:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
908:
907:45,000–79,999
905:
901:
900:
899:60,000–80,000
897:
892:
891:25,000–44,999
889:
885:
884:
881:
878:
877:10,000–60,000
875:
873:Product tanker
870:
869:10,000–24,999
867:
863:
862:
857:
852:
849:
846:
840:
836:
835:
830:
820:
816:
813:
729:length overall
629:oil refineries
600:
597:
496:
493:
393:by way of the
335:in the world.
315:, brothers of
304:
301:
283:
280:
261:In the 1860s,
247:Falls of Clyde
232:
229:
215:. Combination
156:bulk transport
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
97:
93:
92:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
60:Class overview
57:
56:
49:
34:aircraft, see
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6911:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6872:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:VLCC and ULCC
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6768:Angle of loll
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6592:Gross tonnage
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6533:Moulded depth
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6461:
6459:
6454:
6452:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6297:Transport of
6292:
6287:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6246:Admiralty law
6244:
6242:
6241:Affreightment
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5886:
5885:Shipping line
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5829:
5824:
5822:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5730:Bill Willis.
5729:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5690:0-396-07527-4
5686:
5682:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5669:0-415-15309-3
5665:
5661:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5648:Ships Monthly
5643:
5642:
5632:
5630:1-55821-681-2
5626:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5594:Watts, Philip
5591:
5586:
5581:
5571:on 2011-07-28
5567:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5548:0-87033-056-X
5544:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5516:0-8179-6581-5
5512:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5487:on 2008-04-02
5486:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5441:
5435:
5432:. iUniverse.
5431:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5418:0-86138-055-X
5414:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5371:on 2016-01-23
5370:
5366:
5362:
5352:on 2008-12-09
5351:
5347:
5343:
5333:on 2007-02-21
5329:
5322:
5318:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5285:on 2008-05-05
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5260:0-309-06370-1
5256:
5252:
5251:10.17226/5798
5248:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5196:1-85609-081-7
5192:
5188:
5184:
5174:on 2005-12-08
5170:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5132:0-87033-528-6
5128:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5113:0-87033-549-9
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5066:on 2008-06-11
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5034:0-9776479-0-0
5030:
5023:
5022:
5016:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4992:
4988:
4986:0-11-290320-7
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4959:
4949:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4874:on 2006-09-25
4873:
4869:
4863:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4823:
4817:
4813:
4812:10.17226/5798
4809:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4783:on 2020-12-16
4782:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4759:
4748:on 2007-06-11
4747:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4662:on 2008-10-18
4661:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4574:on 2016-01-23
4570:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4543:
4529:
4527:0-16-002030-1
4523:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4493:on 2013-05-16
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4453:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4422:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4329:
4320:
4318:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4274:
4265:
4263:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4230:
4222:on 2008-10-29
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4118:10.17226/5798
4115:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4096:. 2003-12-05.
4095:
4091:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4060:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3949:
3935:on 2007-03-30
3931:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3850:
3848:
3833:on 2010-07-18
3832:
3828:
3822:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3797:
3788:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3696:, p. B7.
3695:
3690:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3634:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3540:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3422:For example,
3419:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3389:on 2007-09-30
3385:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3321:on 2007-09-30
3317:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3273:
3259:on 2010-09-03
3258:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3230:
3229:Group History
3226:
3220:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3178:on 2015-06-20
3177:
3173:
3167:
3153:on 2016-01-23
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2935:, p. 25.
2934:
2929:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2693:9780810862883
2689:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2397:Air pollution
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2081:
2075:Tank cleaning
2072:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2037:Loading cargo
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:chief officer
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:double hulled
1908:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1284:West Africa –
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:charter party
1123:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1073:VLCC and ULCC
1070:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
987:
983:
979:
967:
961:
960:
947:
941:
940:
934:
931:
925:
924:
912:
909:
903:
902:
896:
893:
887:
886:
874:
871:
865:
864:
858:
853:
850:
847:
845:
841:
838:
837:
834:
829:
825:
812:
811:at the pump.
810:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
750:in 1991, and
749:
745:
741:
740:Seawise Giant
737:
735:
730:
726:
722:
721:
720:Seawise Giant
716:
712:
704:
703:Seawise Giant
700:
699:
694:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
537:
532:
530:
526:
525:Marcus Samuel
522:
514:
510:
506:
501:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
344:
340:
336:
334:
333:oil companies
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
300:
297:
293:
289:
282:Early designs
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
249:
248:
243:
238:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:crude tankers
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
135:
132:
131:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
105:
98:
95:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6871:
6722:Displacement
6371:Liquefaction
6321:Oil terminal
6315:
6160:Crane vessel
6024:
5952:Hopper barge
5917:Bulk carrier
5794:Tanker ships
5785:
5738:
5733:Supertankers
5731:
5722:
5679:
5658:
5646:
5619:
5607:
5599:"Ship"
5584:
5573:. Retrieved
5566:the original
5557:
5538:
5525:
5505:
5489:. Retrieved
5485:the original
5480:
5465:. Retrieved
5458:
5443:. Retrieved
5428:
5408:
5397:
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5369:the original
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5350:the original
5335:. Retrieved
5328:the original
5310:. Retrieved
5301:
5287:. Retrieved
5283:the original
5278:
5264:. Retrieved
5241:
5230:. Retrieved
5205:
5186:
5176:. Retrieved
5169:the original
5142:
5122:
5103:
5094:
5078:
5068:. Retrieved
5064:the original
5051:
5047:
5020:
5008:. Retrieved
4997:
4963:
4951:. Retrieved
4935:
4927:Bibliography
4900:(11): A475,
4897:
4893:
4887:
4876:. Retrieved
4872:the original
4862:
4851:. Retrieved
4842:
4836:
4825:. Retrieved
4802:
4796:
4785:. Retrieved
4781:the original
4750:. Retrieved
4746:the original
4719:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4664:. Retrieved
4660:the original
4655:
4576:. Retrieved
4569:the original
4564:0-64229615-4
4554:
4542:
4531:. Retrieved
4516:
4506:
4495:. Retrieved
4491:the original
4486:
4473:
4452:
4421:
4328:
4307:
4298:
4273:
4252:
4229:
4217:the original
4212:
4208:
4195:
4109:Marine Board
4108:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4059:
4048:. Retrieved
4046:. 2011-08-16
4043:
4034:
4029:, p. 7.
4022:
4011:. Retrieved
4000:
3937:. Retrieved
3930:the original
3925:
3912:
3901:. Retrieved
3896:
3858:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:the original
3821:
3796:
3761:
3752:
3731:
3710:
3689:
3678:. Retrieved
3671:the original
3666:
3656:
3633:
3562:
3539:
3501:. Retrieved
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3470:The Guardian
3468:
3458:
3447:. Retrieved
3443:the original
3436:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3391:. Retrieved
3384:the original
3379:
3366:
3350:
3334:
3323:. Retrieved
3316:the original
3311:
3272:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:the original
3253:"Fleet List"
3233:. Retrieved
3228:
3219:
3208:. Retrieved
3204:the original
3180:. Retrieved
3176:the original
3166:
3155:. Retrieved
3151:the original
3146:
3137:
3126:. Retrieved
3122:the original
3111:
3094:
3089:Singh, 1999.
3071:. Retrieved
3060:
3018:
3014:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2983:
2974:
2963:. Retrieved
2959:the original
2952:
2933:Corlett 1981
2928:
2916:. Retrieved
2905:
2896:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:the original
2791:
2782:
2697:. Retrieved
2682:
2675:
2600:. Retrieved
2595:
2585:
2517:Type C3 ship
2512:Type C2 ship
2507:Type C1 ship
2436:
2400:
2371:Exxon Valdez
2370:
2352:
2347:
2339:Exxon Valdez
2338:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2306:Exxon Valdez
2305:
2301:
2290:
2272:
2269:Shell España
2266:
2262:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2213:bulk cargoes
2210:
2204:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2137:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2069:
2052:
2048:
2031:
2023:
2002:
1981:
1969:
1962:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1913:
1902:Hull designs
1896:
1892:
1878:
1873:
1847:
1832:
1732:
1709:
1649:
1640:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1604:
1496:Tsakos Group
1434:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:Persian Gulf
1379:
1286:Caribbean or
1205:
1188:
1180:
1156:
1147:freight rate
1144:
1125:
1108:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1059:
1052:
1037:
1032:
1029:Medium Range
1028:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1000:
985:
981:
851:Size in DWT
832:
827:
802:
797:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
755:
751:
748:Jahre Viking
747:
743:
742:was renamed
739:
738:
718:
713:shipyard by
708:
702:
696:
687:Elizabeth II
678:
674:
670:
664:
643:
633:
602:
588:
558:
549:
545:
540:
533:
518:
507:dock in the
484:
481:sister ships
473:ballast tank
463:
460:
445:
434:
430:
426:
419:
382:
354:
352:
348:
342:
317:Alfred Nobel
313:Robert Nobel
306:
291:
285:
260:
253:
246:
206:
180:
167:
163:
147:
143:
141:
102:1963–present
54:, in ballast
51:
18:Supertankers
6884:Oil tankers
6842:(Qatar-max)
6611:Specialized
6602:Net tonnage
6358:LNG carrier
6299:hydrocarbon
6155:Cable layer
6148:Other types
6129:Salvage tug
6083:Train ferry
6073:Ocean liner
6058:Cruiseferry
6053:Cruise ship
6048:Cargo liner
6043:Cable ferry
6020:LNG carrier
6010:Gas carrier
5982:Train ferry
5972:Reefer ship
4998:Knock Nevis
4975:. pp.
4487:Fact Sheets
3503:19 February
3061:Knock Nevis
2817:Spyrou 2011
2351:(1999) and
2274:Knock Nevis
1874:Knock Sheen
1646:Flag states
1591:SK Shipping
1581:Titan Ocean
1571:COSCO Group
1531:BP Shipping
1516:BW Shipping
1491:MISC Berhad
1349:Caribbean –
1083:Knock Nevis
752:Knock Nevis
744:Happy Giant
698:Knock Nevis
685:in 1965 by
625:Middle East
605:Suez Crisis
495:Asian trade
455:Fire Island
415:Volga River
399:Lake Ladoga
363:metric tons
267:Edwin Drake
256:James Young
194:metric tons
6894:Ship types
6878:Categories
6821:Malaccamax
6331:Tank truck
6316:Oil tanker
6185:Icebreaker
6068:Narrowboat
6025:Oil tanker
5927:Chain boat
5855:Cargo ship
5740:Intertanko
5575:2008-04-13
5491:2008-04-07
5467:2008-04-07
5445:2013-02-07
5375:2008-04-08
5356:2008-04-08
5337:2007-03-17
5312:2008-04-08
5289:2008-04-08
5266:2007-04-10
5232:2010-06-12
5178:2008-04-26
5070:2008-04-07
5010:2016-05-17
5000:(7381154)"
4953:2008-02-22
4878:2008-10-08
4853:2008-02-22
4827:2012-06-22
4787:2008-10-08
4752:2008-04-10
4666:2008-10-08
4578:2013-08-01
4533:2008-02-23
4497:2008-04-08
4050:2013-04-21
4013:2011-03-04
3939:2007-05-29
3903:2007-05-29
3837:2010-07-02
3680:2008-10-21
3449:2008-04-08
3393:2008-02-27
3325:2008-02-27
3263:2008-04-08
3235:2008-04-08
3210:2008-04-08
3182:2008-04-08
3157:2008-04-08
3128:2010-01-08
3073:2016-05-17
3063:(7381154)"
2996:2008-04-08
2965:2008-04-08
2788:"Gluckauf"
2699:2013-02-07
2602:2008-02-24
2529:References
2407:bunker oil
2405:, such as
2316:sea otters
2230:Derbyshire
2167:Kitty Hawk
2158:HMAS
2014:lightering
1747:Chittagong
1668:flag state
1660:deadweight
1652:flag state
1556:Thenamaris
1536:Sovcomflot
1191:April 2020
1151:Worldscale
1116:Chartering
1099:lightering
1033:Long Range
1025:deadweight
1005:Florence B
988:), a ULCC
828:AFRA Scale
774:TI Oceania
593:Suez Canal
521:Suez Canal
469:cofferdams
403:Lake Onega
395:Baltic Sea
329:Azerbaijan
319:, founded
288:River Tyne
275:Break-bulk
225:oil spills
198:short tons
183:deadweight
176:refineries
144:oil tanker
73:Subclasses
68:Oil tanker
6846:Seawaymax
6816:Handysize
6751:Stability
6580:Worldwide
6564:Air draft
6538:Freeboard
6210:Riverboat
6170:Drillship
6035:Passenger
5922:Car float
5904:Dry cargo
5843:Overviews
3948:cite book
3039:253161552
2502:T3 Tanker
2497:T2 tanker
2492:T1 tanker
2403:fuel oils
2287:Oil spill
2281:Pollution
2172:USS
2165:USS
2112:gas freed
1943:like the
1735:scrapping
1676:Singapore
1455:Frontline
1410:Frontline
1374:$ 21,000
1371:$ 12,000
1368:$ 11,000
1365:$ 11,000
1362:$ 21,400
1359:$ 25,240
1356:$ 24,550
1341:$ 37,000
1338:$ 25,000
1335:$ 15,000
1332:$ 20,000
1329:$ 31,750
1326:$ 39,000
1323:$ 43,915
1309:$ 46,000
1306:$ 28,000
1303:$ 18,000
1300:$ 31,000
1297:$ 46,000
1294:$ 47,500
1291:$ 64,800
1273:$ 57,000
1270:$ 28,000
1267:$ 20,000
1264:$ 38,000
1261:$ 51,550
1258:$ 59,070
1255:$ 95,250
1013:Shell Oil
1011:In 1954,
1001:Tatiana B
770:TI Europe
746:in 1989,
613:T2 tanker
577:Hong Kong
565:Singapore
556:company.
513:Indonesia
383:Zoroaster
367:long tons
355:Zoroaster
343:Zoroaster
292:Vaderland
202:pipelines
172:crude oil
116:Tank ship
77:Handysize
6861:Yamalmax
6806:Chinamax
6801:Capesize
6796:Baltimax
6657:Capacity
6326:Tank car
6220:Snagboat
6114:Fireboat
5766:Archived
5596:(1911).
5386:(1911).
5095:Surveyor
4514:(1959).
4027:WSJ 2013
3694:WSJ 2013
3477:7 August
3473:. London
3380:Surveyor
3361:in 2005.
3345:in 2005.
3312:Surveyor
2918:30 April
2437:Escambia
2413:See also
2354:Prestige
2312:seabirds
2308:incident
2297:sediment
2228:MV
2163:refuels
2090:gas-free
1955:sooner.
1314:Aframax
1278:Suezmax
918:$ 60.7M
883:$ 42.5M
842:Size in
760:scrapped
717:, named
581:Shanghai
489:grounded
485:GlĂĽckauf
483:. After
464:GlĂĽckauf
446:GlĂĽckauf
413:and the
371:buoyancy
321:Branobel
6899:Tankers
6851:Suezmax
6835:PĂ©niche
6826:Panamax
6791:Aframax
6690:Archaic
6664:Current
6632:Archaic
6587:Tonnage
6505:Breadth
6229:Related
6165:Dredger
6139:Tugboat
6092:Support
5992:Tankers
5937:Collier
5834:Modern
5651:: 26–31
5606:(ed.).
5396:(ed.).
4915:2592288
4758:Alt URL
4702:5817513
3025:: 387.
2802:20 July
2373:spilled
2239:typhoon
2174:Cowpens
2160:Success
1870:Bonheur
1827:$ 120M
1684:Bahamas
1674:(464),
1672:Liberia
1630:1
1470:Euronav
1422:Euronav
1406:DS Torm
1181:updated
1109:Amyntas
1067:Suezmax
1063:Aframax
1055:Panamax
1044:futures
1027:(DWT);
986:TI Asia
957:$ 116M
954:$ 120M
933:Suezmax
911:Aframax
895:Panamax
790:Euronav
652:England
569:Bangkok
561:Jakarta
407:Rybinsk
391:Caspian
389:to the
231:History
191:billion
150:, is a
122:Tonnage
89:Suezmax
85:Aframax
81:Panamax
6783:Limits
6715:Weight
6573:Volume
6557:Height
6479:Length
6430:Syngas
6413:/misc.
6134:Tender
6124:Pusher
5687:
5666:
5627:
5545:
5513:
5436:
5415:
5257:
5228:. 2002
5193:
5150:
5129:
5110:
5088:"WS50"
5031:
4983:
4944:
4918:, A475
4912:
4818:
4700:
4561:
4524:
4124:
3037:
2690:
2439:-class
2108:purged
1947:, the
1824:$ 47M
1813:$ 58M
1810:$ 22M
1799:$ 43M
1739:Gadani
1690:to be
1664:Panama
1420:, and
1317:Crude
1281:Crude
1249:Crude
1220:Route
1217:Cargo
1134:, and
921:$ 58M
880:$ 43M
861:price
856:price
848:Class
839:Class
809:gallon
798:V-Plus
758:, and
711:Oppama
583:, and
573:Saigon
433:, and
405:, the
387:Sweden
309:Ludvig
52:AbQaiq
6840:Q-Max
6528:Draft
6521:Depth
6301:fuels
6063:Ferry
5912:Barge
5860:Cargo
5602:. In
5569:(PDF)
5562:(PDF)
5530:(PDF)
5392:. In
5331:(PDF)
5324:(PDF)
5210:(PDF)
5172:(PDF)
5165:(PDF)
5091:(PDF)
5025:(PDF)
4977:24–32
4572:(PDF)
4551:(PDF)
4220:(PDF)
4205:(PDF)
3933:(PDF)
3922:(PDF)
3674:(PDF)
3387:(PDF)
3376:(PDF)
3319:(PDF)
3308:(PDF)
3035:S2CID
3021:(4).
2534:Notes
2348:Erika
2010:buoys
1782:2005
1779:1985
1776:Size
1743:Alang
1487:(NYK)
1246:VLCC
1241:2015
1238:2014
1235:2012
1232:2010
1229:2006
1226:2005
1223:2004
1214:size
984:(now
968:ULCC
948:VLCC
701:, ex
656:Greek
642:: SS
589:Murex
546:Conch
541:Murex
511:(now
431:Lumen
427:Blesk
379:draft
365:(242
133:Notes
96:Built
6828:and
6763:List
6512:Beam
6411:Coal
6348:and
5850:Ship
5685:ISBN
5664:ISBN
5625:ISBN
5543:ISBN
5511:ISBN
5434:ISBN
5413:ISBN
5255:ISBN
5224:and
5191:ISBN
5148:ISBN
5127:ISBN
5108:ISBN
5029:ISBN
4981:ISBN
4942:ISBN
4816:ISBN
4698:OSTI
4559:ISBN
4522:ISBN
4122:ISBN
3954:link
3505:2013
3479:2012
3438:Time
3424:Time
2985:Time
2954:Time
2920:2013
2804:2012
2688:ISBN
2205:Maya
2170:and
1796:18M
1794:US$
1745:and
1561:TORM
1506:NITC
1212:Ship
1140:JP-5
1065:and
1003:and
859:Used
788:and
780:and
772:and
756:Mont
727:, a
654:for
585:Kobe
550:Clam
548:and
409:and
375:beam
325:Baku
311:and
166:and
152:ship
112:Type
65:Name
6350:LPG
6346:LNG
6308:Oil
5247:doi
5056:doi
4910:PMC
4902:doi
4898:116
4808:doi
4690:doi
4114:doi
3497:BBC
3027:doi
3019:108
2235:DWT
1866:DWT
1862:DWT
1858:DWT
1854:DWT
1850:DWT
1843:DWT
1839:DWT
1835:DWT
1820:DWT
1806:DWT
1789:DWT
1763:DWT
1759:DWT
1755:DWT
1751:DWT
1728:DWT
1724:DWT
1720:DWT
1716:DWT
1712:DWT
1636:DWT
1632:DWT
1611:DWT
1607:DWT
854:New
844:DWT
794:DWT
725:DWT
650:in
640:DWT
636:GRT
621:DWT
617:DWT
453:on
435:Lux
187:DWT
160:oil
158:of
142:An
127:DWT
6880::
5784:,
5503:.
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5300:.
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