1487:
firearm suppressor manufacturers. In MIL-STD 1474D, materiel that produced peak levels below 140 dB were not subject to a requirement to wear hearing protection devices that could affect a person's situational awareness. Firearms have different levels of perceived loudness. This difference can be related to the peak sound pressure level but also to the initial duration of the impulse. A longer initial duration (also known as the A-duration) can create a sensation that impulses with the same sound pressure level (dB pSPL) are louder because the muzzle blast interacts with the body for a longer period of time. For instance, the peak levels of a
Remington model 788, 22" barrel .308 caliber, 150-grain bullet rifle and a Winchester Mossberg 4x4, 24" barrel .300 caliber, 150 grain bullet rifle were 169 and 171 dB pSPL, respectively. The mean A-duration of the .308 Remington was 0.35 milliseconds and the A-duration of the .300 Winchester was 0.42 ms, 20% longer. When the impulses' peak sound pressure levels are normalized to the same level (170 dB pSPL), the equivalent energy of the .300 Winchester was approximately 1 dB greater than that of the .308 Remington. In other words, greater energy was present for the impulse with a longer A-duration.
1249:
454:, and in various state laws, regulating the sale and ownership of firearm silencers. In the same year, the American Silencer Association (ASA) was founded by US manufacturers of silencers, with the same goals of moving silencers into the mainstream. Along with state and federal legislative lobbying efforts, the NRA and ASA began public information campaigns designed to change the perception of silencers from their association with espionage, assassination, crime or military special operation use, to instead show that silencers can have health and safety benefits, primarily protecting the hearing of shooters and people in the vicinity, and to debunk the perceived myth in popular television, film and video game media that silencers are so effective that gunshot sounds can go totally unnoticed, such as by people in the next room of a building.
1029:
cancel out the gunshot sound of the firearm. The devices tested incorporate multiple microphones, speakers, and an auditory processor. The first shot fired is recorded, and then played back precisely out of sync(180 degrees out of phase) with each subsequent shot. This has proven successful with small caliber(.17-.22) rifles, but the amplitude has not been matched efficiently with larger cartridges. With the use of subsonic ammunition, the resultant sound waves effectively cancel out one another, and with the exception of the sound of the action cycling, eliminate any gunshot sound. In the current development stage, this has worked only in close proximity to the shooter, and the pressure wave (p-wave) can still be felt. Each time a different type of ammunition or firearm is used, the device needs recalibration.
689:
362:
1149:
1434:
1141:
1375:
1133:
1618:
1065:
1121:
594:
1508:
99:
697:
744:. There are typically at least four and up to perhaps fifteen chambers in a suppressor, depending on the intended use and design details. Often, a single, larger expansion chamber is located at the muzzle end of a can-type silencer, which allows the propellant gas to expand considerably and slow down before it encounters the baffles or wipes. This larger chamber may be "reflexed" toward the rear of the barrel to minimize the overall length of the combined firearm and silencer, especially with longer weapons such as rifles.
671:
662:
898:
680:
993:
732:. Some can-type silencers, named for their resemblance to beverage cans, are detachable, and can be attached to a different firearm. In contrast, integral silencers consist of an expansion chamber or chambers surrounding the barrel. The barrel has openings or ports that bleed off-gases into the chambers. This type of silencer is part of the firearm, and maintenance of the suppressor requires that the firearm be at least partially disassembled.
1268:
940:
488:
45:
821:. Z is expensive to machine and includes pockets of dead airspace along the sidewalls which trap expanded gases and hold them thereby lengthening the time that the gases cool before exiting. Omega-type baffles form a series of spaced cones drawing gas away from the borderline and incorporate a scalloped mouth creating cross-bore turbulence, which is in turn directed to a "mouse-hole" opening between the baffle stack and sidewall.
56:
1472:, which has led most U.S. manufacturers to advertise sub-140dB silencers as hearing safe. Current OSHA standards would allow less than a single second of cumulative exposure to impact noise over 130 dB per 24 hours. That would equate to a single .308 round fired through a very efficient suppressor. This result effectively requires all users of silencers to wear additional ear protection.
845:. Each wipe may have either a hole drilled in it before use or a pattern stamped into its surface at the point where the bullet will strike it, or it may simply be punched through by the bullet. Wipes typically last for a small number of firings (perhaps no more than five) before their performance is greatly degraded. While many suppressors used wipes in the
869:
bullet (grease requires this step as well). Generally, only pistol silencers are shot wet, as rifle silencers handle such high pressure and heat that the liquid is gone within 1–3 shots. Many manufacturers will not warranty their rifle suppressors for wet fire, as some feel this may even result in a dangerous over-pressurization of the silencer.
1371:, a very popular caliber for suppressed shooting, can use almost any factory-loaded 147 grains (9.5 g) weight round to achieve subsonic performance. These 147gr weight bullets typically have a velocity of 900–980 feet per second (270–300 m/s), which is less than the 1,140 feet per second (350 m/s) speed of sound.
1012:(or destructive interference) are used in an attempt to make the suppressor quieter. These effects are achieved by separating the flow of gases and causing them to collide with one another or by venting them through precision-made holes. The intended effect of frequency shifting is to shift audible sound waves frequencies into
1081:
captive-piston ammunition; QSPR ammunition resembled metal-cased .410-bore shotgun shells. The cartridge case internally works as a piston to trap the gases; the piston pushes the bullet, but the gases are retained in the cartridge case instead of being expelled noisily; in tests of the PSS the sound pressure level was 124.6
833:
baffles are usually carefully shaped to divert the propellant gases effectively into the chambers. This shaping can be a slanted flat surface, canted at an angle to the bore, or a conical or otherwise curved surface. One popular technique is to have alternating angled surfaces through the stack of baffles.
1498:
The legal regulation of silencers varies widely around the world. In some nations, such as
Finland, France, and New Zealand some or all types of suppressors are essentially unregulated and are sold through retail stores or by mail-order. In other countries, their possession or use is more restricted.
1360:
cartridge case. The subsonic .300 Whisper fires up to a 250 grains (16 g), .30 caliber bullet at about 980 feet per second (300 m/s), generating about 533 foot-pounds force (723 J) of energy at the muzzle. While this is similar to the energy available from the .45 ACP pistol cartridge,
1336:
However, the numeric effectiveness of subsonic rounds is, again, misrepresented by media. Independent testing of commercially available firearm suppressors with commercially available subsonic rounds has found that .308 subsonic rounds decreased the volume at the muzzle by 10 to 12dB when compared to
1192:
find silencers bring various important benefits that outweigh the extra weight and resulting change in the firearm's center of gravity. The most important advantage of a suppressor is the hearing protection for the shooter as well as his or her companions. Many hunters have suffered permanent hearing
1156:
Functionally, a suppressor is meant to diminish the report of a discharged round, or make its sound unrecognizable. Other sounds emanating from the weapon remain unchanged. Even subsonic bullets make distinct sounds by their passage through the air and striking targets, and supersonic bullets produce
1080:
and the MTs-116M suppressed sniper rifle, a 12.7mm silenced development of the 7.62mm MTs-116M. The large calibre allows the bullet to be fired at subsonic speed, eliminating a major source of noise, while retaining accuracy, range, and effectiveness. All of these weapons use special, very expensive,
864:, but it can run or evaporate out of the silencer. Grease, while messier and less effective than water, can be left in the suppressor indefinitely without losing effectiveness. Oil is the least effective and least preferable, as it runs while being as messy as grease, and leaves behind a fine mist of
1589:
Portugal: Silencers "Sound
Moderators" are permitted for hunters and sport shooters since 22 September 2019. As they are only classified as accessories, prior authorization is not required for their acquisition, and they can be purchased by gun license holders upon presentation of the respective gun
1486:
Traditional measures of suppressor noise reduction have focused on the change in the peak sound pressure level between suppressed and unsuppressed conditions. Because of the MIL-STD 1474D, the ability to reduce the suppressed level to below 140 dB peak sound pressure level (dB pSPL) was the goal for
1028:
An alternate method under development is called an "anti-phase destructive interference generator." The process duplicates the sound waves generated by the muzzle blast and then uses them to create an anti-phase auditory signal. Currently, this is a muzzle attached device and is only being tested to
1340:
The ballistic crack depends on the speed of sound, which in turn depends mainly on air temperature. At sea level, an ambient temperature of 70 °F (21 °C), and under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound is approximately 1,140 feet per second (350 m/s). Bullets that travel
888:
Wipes, packing materials, and purpose-designed wet cans have been generally abandoned in 21st-century suppressor design because they decrease overall accuracy and require excessive cleaning and maintenance. The instructions from several manufacturers state that their suppressors need not be cleaned
789:
Baffles are usually circular metal dividers that separate the expansion chambers. Each baffle has a hole in its center to permit the passage of the bullet through the silencer and toward the target. The hole is typically at least 1mm larger than the bullet caliber to minimize the risk of the bullet
884:
may be used to fill the chambers and further dissipate and cool the gases. These are somewhat more effective than empty chambers but less effective than wet designs. Metal mesh, if properly used, may last for hundreds or thousands of shots of spaced semi-automatic fire; however, steel wool usually
832:
Spacers separate baffles and keep them aligned at a specified distance from one another inside the silencer. Many baffles and spacers are manufactured as a single assembly and several suppressor designs have all the baffles attached together with spacers as a one-piece helical baffle stack. Modern
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Two ancillary advantages of the silencer are recoil reduction and flash suppression. Muzzle flash is reduced both by being contained in the suppressor and by the arresting of unburned powder that would ordinarily burn in the air and intensify the flash. Recoil reduction results from the slowing of
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oil after each shot. Water-based gels, such as wire-pulling lubricant gel, are a good compromise; they offer the efficacy of water with less mess, as they do not run or drip. However, they take longer to apply, as they must be cleared from the bore of the suppressor to ensure a clear path for the
925:
often use quick-detach suppressors that use coarser than normal threads and are installed over an existing muzzle device such as a flash suppressor and can include a secondary locking mechanism to allow the shooter to quickly and safely add or remove a sound suppressor based on individual needs.
905:
Apart from integral silencers that are integrated as a part of the firearm's barrel, most suppressors have a female threaded end, which attaches to male threads cut into the exterior of the barrel. These types of silencers are mostly used on handguns and rifles chambered in .22LR. More powerful
674:
Cross-section drawing of a rimfire rifle suppressor, showing short expansion chamber and thirteen plastic baffles. These baffles use alternating angled flat surfaces to repeatedly deflect gas expanding through the suppressor. In the actual suppressor, baffles are orientated at 90 degrees to one
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because service life is unacceptably short. Some modern suppressors using steel or high-temperature alloy baffles can endure extended periods of fully automatic fire without damage. The highest-quality rifle suppressors available today have a claimed service life of greater than 30,000 rounds.
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Both types of silencers reduce noise by allowing the rapidly expanding gases from the firing of the cartridge to be decelerated and cooled through a series of hollow chambers. The trapped gas exits the suppressor over a longer period of time and at a greatly reduced speed, producing less noise
1003:
In addition to containing and slowly releasing the gas pressure associated with muzzle blast or reducing pressure through the use of coolant mediums, advanced silencer designs attempt to modify the properties of the sound waves generated by the muzzle blast. In these designs, effects known as
1324:
ammunition, the bullet itself produces a loud and very sharp sound as it leaves the muzzle in excess of the speed of sound and gradually reducing speed as it travels downrange. This is a small sonic boom, and is referred to in the firearm field as ballistic crack or sonic signature. Subsonic
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assault rifle has a muzzle attachment that claims apparent noise reduction by venting some gases through a "dog-whistle" type channel. Phase cancellation occurs when similar sound waves encounter one another 180° out of phase, cancelling the amplitude of the wave and eliminating the pressure
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of all kinds are often confused as to the direction of the source of a well-suppressed shot. In the field, however, the comparatively large size of a centerfire rifle suppressor can cause unwanted noise if it bumps or rubs against vegetation or rocks, so many users cover them with
457:
In 2014, the ASA changed its name to
American Suppressor Association "in a continuing effort to dispel myths about suppressors". Gun control advocates have said that changing the name from "silencer" to "suppressor" is semantic propaganda similar to the efforts to avoid terms like
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Taking advantage of either property requires that the silencer be designed within the specification of the muzzle blast in mind. For example, the velocity of the sound waves is a major factor. This figure can change significantly between different cartridges and barrel lengths.
683:
Cross-section drawing of a pistol suppressor, showing expansion chamber wrapped around inner suppressor assembly, and four wipes. The bullet pushes a bullet-diameter hole through the wipes, trapping propellant gas behind it entirely until the bullet has passed through the wipe
1456:
Comparatively, ear protection commonly used while shooting provides 18 to 32 dB of sound reduction at the ear. For additional comparison, chainsaws, rock concerts, rocket engines, pneumatic drills, small firecrackers, and ambulance sirens are rated between 100 and 140 dB.
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says that "A silencer does not make a soldier silent, but it does make him invisible." Silencers are particularly useful in enclosed spaces where the sound, flash and pressure effects of a weapon being fired are amplified. Such effects may disorient the shooter, affecting
1209:, primarily by diverting and trapping the propellant gas. The gas generally has much less mass than the projectile, but it exits the muzzle at multiples of the projectile velocity, so reducing the speed and quantity of the gas expelled can significantly reduce the total
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damage due to someone else firing a high-caliber gun too closely without warning. By reducing noise, recoil and muzzle-blast, it also enables the firer to follow through calmly on their first shot and fire a further carefully aimed shot without delay if necessary.
641:), the louder the muzzle blast, and consequently a more efficient or larger silencer system is required. A gunshot (the combination of the sonic boom, the vacuum release, and hot gases) will almost always be louder than the sound of the action cycling of an
1221:, discussing low-velocity pistol calibers, suggest the recoil reduction is around 15%. With high-velocity calibers, recoil reduction runs in the range of 20–30%. The added mass of the suppressor—normally 300 to 500 grams—also helps to manage the recoil.
1608:(FAC). It is generally taken that good reason to possess the firearm "should normally imply "good reason" to possess a sound moderator". In 2024, the U.K. Government undertook a consultation on removing sound moderators from licencing controls entirely.
1333:, for example) to a subsonic 950 ft/s (290 m/s), the muzzle energy is reduced by a factor of 8. Military marksmen and police units may use subsonic ammunition in suppressed rifles when minimal noise is more important than range and energy.
251:
In 1892, Swiss inventor Jakob Stahel patented a silencer intended for killing cattle, though he claimed it could be adapted to other firearms too. In 1894 another silencer for use with firearms was patented by another Swiss inventor, C.A. Aeppli.
1916:
325:, where Roosevelt was dictating a letter. When Roosevelt finished, Donovan turned his back and fired a shot into a sandbag he had brought with him, announced what he had done and handed the smoking gun to the astonished president. The British
1722:. Individual states and several municipalities also have their specific requirements. Federal law provides severe penalties for crimes of violence committed using firearms equipped with silencers, with a minimum prison sentence of 30 years.
283:
was developed in parallel with the firearm silencer by Maxim in the early 20th century, using many of the same techniques to provide quieter-running engines, and in many
English-speaking countries automobile mufflers are called silencers.
1597:
Spain: firearms silencers are prohibited by the Decree regulating firearms (technically, the law just references the Decree). Airgun "moderators" are not explicitly mentioned, so they are tolerated. Ambiguous rulings by authorities are
1648:. A prohibited device is not inherently illegal in Canada but it does require an uncommon and very specific prohibited device license for its possession, use, and transport. Silencers cannot be imported into the country by civilians.
1420:
of a supersonic bullet can be lowered by other means, before it leaves the barrel. Some silencer designs, called integrals, do this by allowing gas to bleed off along the length of the barrel before the projectile exits. The
645:. Alan C. Paulson, a renowned firearms specialist, claimed to have encountered an integrally suppressed .22 LR gun that had such a quiet report. Properly evaluating the sound generated by a firearm can be done only with a
1593:
Russian
Federation: firearm silencers use (legally defined as "devices for noiseless shooting") is prohibited, and dealers are prohibited from selling them, but there is no penalty for purchasing or possession of such
775:
and thus increase the felt recoil. The weight of the silencer and the location of that additional weight at the muzzle reduces recoil through the basic mass as well as muzzle flip because of the location of this mass.
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Aside from reductions in volume, suppressors tend to alter the sound to something that is not identifiable as a gunshot. This reduces or eliminates attention drawn to the shooter. A Finnish expression dating from the
2270:
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can negate the sonic boom, mechanical noise can be reduced but is nearly impossible to eliminate. For these reasons, it is difficult to completely silence any firearm, or achieve a high level of noise suppression in
352:
level because of the reduced sound. The USMC purchased 7,000 suppressors in 2020, and planned to have a total of 30,000 by the end of 2023, making them the first armed service to issue suppressors for general usage.
665:
Cross-section drawing of a centerfire rifle suppressor, showing expansion chamber "reflexed" (going back around) the rifle barrel, and four sound baffles. The diffractor and baffles are carefully shaped to deflect
889:
at all. Furthermore, legal changes in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s made it much more difficult for end-users to legally replace internal silencer parts, and the newer designs reflect this reality.
2717:
Despite their
Hollywood image, suppressors are not 'silencers'. They won't completely muffle rifle or handgun noise, and they won't stop the sonic crack of a bullet that comes from traveling beyond the speed of
1047:
From a physics standpoint, supersonic cartridge loads are impractical to suppress past the levels that are merely hearing-safe for the shooter due to the sonic boom emitted by the bullet, and cartridges such as
2014:
During the early 1900s, Hiram Percy Maxim designed and patented gun silencers. His efforts were directed toward both military and sporting arms and resulted in his forming the Maxim
Silencer Company, Hartford,
1157:
a small sonic boom, resulting in a ballistic crack. Semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms also make distinct noises as their actions cycle, ejecting the fired cartridge case and loading a new round.
1085:, similar to a suppressed .22 rimfire pistol. The ammunition itself, rather than the weapon, is silent; in the US each individual round is considered to be a silencer, subject to regulations on silencers.
150:, by modulating the speed and pressure of the propellant gas released from the muzzle. Like other muzzle devices, a silencer can be a detachable accessory mounted to the muzzle, or an integral part of the
373:
silence, while "suppressor" or "moderator" are defined as meaning only reduced sound intensity, in spite of its original definition. As such, "suppressor" and "moderator" have become the suggested terms.
1329:, thus lessening effectiveness on the target; this can be compensated for by increasing bullet weight. For example, if the muzzle velocity is reduced from 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s) (common for the
204:
the muzzle blast sideways, silencers release almost all the gases towards the front. However, the internal baffles significantly prolong the time of the gas release and thereby decrease the rearward
771:
propellant gases that contribute 30–50% of recoil velocity. However, some suppressors can increase the backpressure produced by the propellant gases. This can cause them to function somewhat like a
1352:
Special cartridges have been developed for use with a silencer. These cartridges use very heavy bullets to make up for the energy lost by keeping the bullet subsonic. A good example of this is the
1173:
As the suppressed sound of firing is overshadowed by ballistic crack, observers can be deceived as to the location of the shooter, often from 90 to 180 degrees from his actual location. However,
443:
as essentially equivalent and interchangeable, neither applying exclusively or primarily to sound, and both being applicable as much to complete and total quiet or to partial reduction of sound.
2348:
12.77 Sound moderators are subject to certificate control under section 57(1) of the 1968 Act as an accessory "designed or adapted to diminish the noise or flash caused by firing" a firearm.
1445:. A recent study of various suppressors reported peak sound pressure level reductions between 17dB and 24dB. Another study evaluated two calibers of rifle and nine suppressors, .223 caliber
3957:
1555:
Finland: a firearm silencer is classified as a firearm part by law. Purchasing a suppressor requires a firearm ownership permit, which must be shown to the vendor at the moment of purchase.
3532:
Murphy, William J.; Flamme, Gregory A.; Campbell, Adam R.; Zechmann, Edward L.; Tasko, Stephen M.; Lankford, James E.; Meinke, Deanna K.; Finan, Donald S.; Stewart, Michael (2018-01-26).
1601:
Sweden: Since 1 July 2022, silencers are regulated the same way as ammunition. Anyone who has the right to possess a certain weapon for shooting may possess silencers that fit the weapon.
1569:, which can be purchased by anyone over 18 years of age, can be purchased by anyone over 18. A hunting license allows the purchase of a suppressor for long guns for centerfire ammunition.
849:
era, most modern suppressors do not use them as anything that touches the projectile degrades accuracy. All wipes deteriorate quickly and require disassembly and spare parts replacement.
1549:
1662:. They are legal for individuals to possess and use for lawful purposes in 42 of the 50 states. However, a prospective owner must go through an application process administered by the
1044:, and phase cancellation in particular is therefore extremely difficult (if not impossible) to achieve. Some suppressor manufacturers claim to use phase cancellation in their designs.
2332:
227:
Because the internal baffles will slow and cool the released gas and contain gunpowder that is still burning upon exit from the muzzle, silencers also reduce or even eliminate the
1236:
inside the silencer, reducing the amount of lead that might be inhaled by the shooter and others around them. However, in auto-loading actions, this might be offset by increased
860:). The coolant lasts only a few shots before it must be replenished, but can greatly increase the effectiveness of the suppressor. Water is most effective, because of its high
755:
pistols was 150 mm (5.9 in) long and 45 mm (1.8 in) in outside diameter, and was designed for six shots with standard ammunition or up to thirty shots with
3599:"Differential effects of suppressors on hazardous sound pressure levels generated by AR-15 rifles: Considerations for recreational shooters, law enforcement, and the military"
271:, is usually credited with inventing and selling the first commercially successful silencer around 1902. He received his patent on March 30, 1909. Maxim gave his device the
4049:
2690:"So I see a big part of my job as educating the public about silencers and trying to undo so much of that stupid Hollywood idea about silencers being an assassin's tool.
1714:
allows silencer ownership, but prohibit using silencers while hunting. The federal legal requirements to manufacture a silencer in the United States are enumerated in
181:
behind it is redirected through a longer and convoluted escape path created by the baffles, prolonging the release time. This slows down the gas and dissipates its
2573:
1732:
In
Australia, use, and ownership of silencers is generally limited to government, security, and law enforcement use only and prohibited for private firearm owners.
1586:
allowed police to issue permits for firearms with sound suppressors for hunting permits. Hunters are allowed to use them only for the sanitary shooting of animals.
1464:
may occur at 85 time-weighted-average decibels or above if exposed for a prolonged period, and suppressed gunshots regularly meter above 130 dB. However, the U.S.
1441:
Live tests by independent reviewers of numerous commercially available suppressors find that even low-power, unsuppressed .22LR handguns produce gunshots over 160
906:
rifles may use this type of attachment, but harsh recoil may cause the suppressor to over-tighten to the barrel and the suppressor can become difficult to remove.
416:
1576:). The exception to this is any silencers acquired before 4 November 2013, where these items can be freely retained and used. No registration is needed for these.
1072:
Another silencer technology uses a captive piston cartridge; examples are the Smith & Wesson Quiet
Special Purpose Revolver (QSPR) and the Soviet and Russian
885:
degrades within ten shots, with stainless steel wool lasting longer than regular steel wool. Like wipes, packing materials are rarely found in modern silencers.
1449:(five suppressors) and .300 caliber AAC Blackout (four suppressors), and reported noise reduction of the peak sound level pressure between 7 dB and 32 dB. The
1112:, plastic water bottles, and foam-filled pillows are also used. In the United States, improvised silencers are governed by the same laws as manufactured ones.
3745:
Murphy, William J.; Flamme, Gregory A.; Zechmann, Edward L.; Dektas, Caroline; Meinke, Deanna K.; Stewart, Michael; Lankford, James E.; Finan, Don S. (2012).
4086:
2675:
McCombie, Brian (August 28, 2014). "Joshua Waldron: How two guys in a rock band redesigned silencers and became the biggest suppressor maker in the nation".
1185:
system, where sensitive microphones are coupled to computers running algorithms, and use the ballistic crack to detect and localize the origin of the shot.
3129:
1674:, which is the legal document allowing possession of a silencer. The eight states that have explicitly banned any civilian from possessing a silencer are:
1663:
450:
began a campaign to increase the civilian use of silencers for hunting and sport shooting in the US, setting the goals of easing the restrictions in the
386:
4272:
2421:
1872:
400:
to refer to firearm noise reduction is in US Patent 4530417, July 23, 1985, "A suppressor for reducing the muzzle blast of firearms or the like". In
1345:, which means that the airflow over the surface of the bullet, which at points travels faster than the bullet itself, can break the speed of sound.
1425:
is an example of this, with holes right after the chamber of the barrel used to reduce a regular 115 or 124gr ammunition to subsonic velocities.
1460:
While some consider the noise reduction of a suppressor significant enough to permit safe shooting without hearing protection ("hearing safe"),
829:
Baffles have not been given any specific angles, a specific size, or weight to meet any standards; they are created on a trial and error basis.
824:
Propellant gas heats and erodes the baffles, causing wear, which is worsened by high rates of fire. Aluminum baffles are seldom used with fully
3340:
Stewart, Michael; Meinke, Deanna K.; Flamme, Gregory A.; Murphy, William J.; Finan, Donald S.; Lankford, James E.; Tasko, Stephen M. (2017).
1572:
Italy: a silencer is considered a restricted firearms accessory, which can only be sold to the armed forces, police and government agencies.(
1465:
1337:
the same caliber of suppressed supersonic ammunition. When combined with silencers, the subsonic .308 rounds metered between 121 and 137dB.
2317:
1476:
3699:
2853:
2741:
In the real world, 'silencers' are actually 'suppressors,' and they don't eliminate the sound of a gunshot so much as slightly reduce it —
243:, in contrast, conceals visible flashes by screening them from the direct line of sight, rather than reducing the intensity of the flash.
2469:
1182:
2622:
1248:
2648:
Sweeney, Patrick (February 10, 2017). "Ruger silent-SR: One of the great names in firearms takes the plunge into a once-taboo market".
1094:
841:
Wipes are inner dividers intended to touch the bullet as it passes through the silencer, and are typically made of rubber, plastic, or
2667:
With subsonic ammunition, the Silent-SR provided the Hollywood 'phuut-phuut' noise that all movie suppressors are supposed to deliver
1453:, a British World War II suppressed rifle used in small numbers by Special Forces, was recorded at 85.5 dB in official firing tests.
1911:
1552:
makes the unlicensed possession of a silencer illegal. As of 7 May 2014 it is legal to own and use silencers for hunting.
3929:
1490:
Measurements relying upon sound level meters are often unable to capture the waveform details to accurately describe the impulse.
1349:, which gradually displace air, can get closer to the speed of sound than round- or snub-nosed bullets before becoming transonic.
688:
4151:
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hitting the baffle, called a baffle strike. Baffles are typically made of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or alloys such as
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Germany: a silencer is treated the same in the eyes of the law as the weapon it is designed for. Accordingly, suppressors for
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2007:
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There are several unique baffle designs. M, K, Z, monolithic core and Ω (Omega) are the most prevalent. M-type, an inverted
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957:
505:
3794:"PĹ™ehlednÄ›: JakĂ© zmÄ›ny pĹ™inášà novela zákona o zbranĂch [What changes are coming with the Firearms Act Amendment]"
3793:
3103:
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321:. According to OSS research chief Stanley Lovell, Donovan, an old and trusted friend of the President, was waved into the
3194:
100 Deadly Skills: The SEAL Operative's Guide to Eluding Pursuers, Evading Capture, and Surviving Any Dangerous Situation
3076:
1521: Suppressors are legal to own for firearms owners (for reasons like hunting, sport, self-defence or no reason asked)
382:
177:
to exit normally. During firing, the bullet passes through the bore with little hindrance, but most of the expanding gas
1395:
1148:
361:
3234:
3202:
1897:
3534:"The reduction of gunshot noise and auditory risk through the use of firearm suppressors and low-velocity ammunition"
2077:
Colonel Albert Pope and His American Dream Machines: The Life and Times of a Bicycle Tycoon Turned Automotive Pioneer
1735:
In New Zealand, following firearm law changes in April 2019, suppressors could still be fitted to a standard firearm.
1325:
ammunition eliminates this sound, but at the cost of lower velocity, resulting in decreased range and much decreased
1307:
1140:
979:
527:
3341:
201:
4078:
4311:
4196:
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Czech Republic: C-category accessory, i.e. they are available to gun license holders and subject to registration
1433:
4023:
3168:
1479:
has stated that the most prominent disability in former servicemen is reduced and damaged hearing and that the
1289:
1240:, which results in propellant gas blowing back into a shooter's face through the chamber during case ejection.
1132:
961:
509:
4131:
451:
1604:
United Kingdom: Sound Moderators are regulated as controlled components and require an entry on the owner's
1374:
4321:
2199:
326:
295:
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1658:
In the United States, taxes and strict regulations affect the manufacture and sale of silencers under the
614:
that emits noise from escaping gases. Some revolver designs attempt to overcome this, such as the Russian
268:
31:
1579:
Norway: not regulated and can be purchased by anyone for any firearm. No licence or permit is necessary.
1056:
have long been recognized as the easiest to suppress even if using technology dating back to the 1940s.
470:", while gun-rights advocates make essentially the opposite argument, and also that the widespread term
381:(NFA) of 1934 defined silencers and established regulations limiting their sale and ownership. Both the
1480:
1461:
910:'s Salvo silencer for shotguns attaches via internal barrel threading normally used to mount removable
341:
280:
17:
2962:. Firearms Programs Division. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. p. 176.
2417:
37:"Sound suppressor" and "Sound moderator" redirect here. For a method for reducing unwanted sound, see
2538:
2501:
2289:
1617:
424:
412:
2698:
McCombie, Brian (June–July 2012). "Hush-up: How sound suppressors work and why you should own one".
4316:
4107:
1214:
4247:
1213:
of the matter (gas and projectile) leaving the barrel, the negation of which, because momentum is
1188:
There are advantages to using a silencer that are not related to sound suppression. Hunters using
1120:
369:
Gun rights advocates and gun media generally claim that the word "silencer" is defined as meaning
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2543:
2506:
1780:
1357:
1278:
950:
799:
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Silencers vary greatly in size and efficiency. One disposable type developed in the 1980s by the
572:-cracking sound associated with high-frequency shockwaves caused by an object (in this case, the
498:
1644:
In Canada, a device to muffle or stop the sound of a firearm is a "prohibited device" under the
1361:
the reduced diameter, and streamlined shape of the heavy .30 caliber bullet provides far better
1152:
Rear of suppressor showing the rotational indexing system incorporated into some Nielsen devices
333:
pistol with an integral silencer was also used by the American OSS on clandestine operations in
4127:
3724:
3703:
3279:"Finland's Silenced .338 Long-Range Sniper:Sako TRG42 Rifle and BR-Tuote T8M Reflex Suppressor"
2920:
2861:
1651:
1645:
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Firearm suppressors including the SilencerCo Osprey 9, SWR Octane 45, and SilencerCo Saker 5.56
1174:
642:
593:
310:
3972:
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3506:
3479:
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2145:
2075:
2028:
1997:
1064:
700:
Firearm suppressor disassembled to show blast chamber, baffles, and sections of the outer tube
393:. Hiram Percy Maxim, the original inventor of the device, marketed them as "Maxim Silencers".
3849:
3251:
3009:
2799:
2568:
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1715:
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1406:
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818:
467:
378:
314:
79:
3819:
3597:
Lobarinas, Edward; Scott, Ryan; Spankovich, Christopher; Prell, Colleen G. Le (2016-02-12).
2391:
2369:
1507:
3758:
3225:
Itabashi, Hideo H. (2011). "Injuries Due to Firearms and Other Missile-Launching Devices".
2250:
1853:
1707:
861:
675:
another about the axis of bullet travel. (The illustration does not demonstrate this well.)
634:
217:
38:
3915:
3875:
2435:
1632: Legal, but illegal to hunt with. It is now legal to hunt with suppressors in Vermont
1368:
235:, which reduces the amount of flash by dispersing burning gases that are already released
8:
2705:
2275:
2271:"Gun silencers are hard to buy. Donald Trump Jr. and silencer makers want to change that"
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1750:
1605:
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and contains expansion chambers. It is usually cylindrical in shape, and attaches to the
611:
602:
428:
264:
186:
166:
60:
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3762:
275:
name "Maxim Silencer," and it was regularly advertised in sporting goods magazines. The
98:
3998:
3634:
3579:
3566:
1914:, Aeppli, C.A., "Knall-Dämpfungsapparat für Feuerwaffen", issued 1894-03-20
1719:
1559:
1224:
A suppressor also cools the hot gases coming out of the barrel enough that most of the
1005:
767:
cartridge is 509 mm (20.0 in) long and 76 mm (3.0 in) in diameter.
748:
696:
650:
288:
4172:
3889:
3290:
2532:
813:, is the crudest. K forms slanted obstructions diverging from the sidewalls, creating
629:
Muzzle blast generated by firearm discharge is directly proportional to the amount of
3978:
3855:
3774:
3626:
3618:
3571:
3553:
3512:
3485:
3369:
3320:
3257:
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3015:
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2805:
2627:
2397:
2178:
2151:
2108:
2081:
2034:
2003:
1978:
1446:
1410:
1073:
881:
825:
556:
299:
272:
256:
220:
of its mounting location (at the far front end of the barrel) will also help counter
209:
74:
3974:
Guns in American Society: An encyclopedia of history, politics, culture, and the law
3916:"Forskrift om skytevĂĄpen, vĂĄpendeler og ammunisjon mv. (VĂĄpenforskriften) - Lovdata"
3638:
3583:
3035:
2495:
856:
in the expansion chambers to cool the propellant gases and reduce their volume (see
3766:
3610:
3561:
3545:
2134:– Lovell claimed that a weapon so quiet would be more efficient than any death ray.
1838:
1810:
1790:
1770:
1745:
1699:
1667:
1450:
911:
717:
638:
344:
began to field suppressors in its combat units, citing improved communication on a
232:
4292:
3614:
3549:
551:
generated by high-pressure gases escaping and expanding from the muzzle after the
4221:
3653:
3192:
3158:
2801:
Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence
2733:
2728:
2709:
2682:
2659:
1955:
1417:
1330:
1178:
810:
158:
143:
3598:
3533:
2372:. Firearms technology. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
3253:
SAS and Elite Forces Guide Sniper: Sniping Skills from the World's Elite Forces
2596:
2591:
1843:
1346:
1170:, concentration and accuracy, and can permanently damage hearing very quickly.
1125:
1101:
803:
772:
756:
725:
646:
584:
463:
182:
2832:
670:
597:
Revolver with suppressor. Gas can be seen escaping between barrel and cylinder
123:
4305:
4296:
3778:
3622:
3557:
2650:
1982:
1848:
1691:
1671:
1666:(ATF), which requires a federal tax payment of $ 200 and a thorough criminal
1326:
1237:
857:
806:
have successfully used plastic baffles (certain models by Vaime and others).
459:
240:
216:
is inversely proportional to time. The weight of the silencer itself and the
1969:
Crossman, Edward (1923). Popular Science (ed.). "Maxim's House of Silence".
560:
239:
the muzzle, without necessarily reducing sound or recoil. A flash hider, or
3630:
3575:
3475:
2700:
1833:
1800:
1703:
1391:
1379:
1353:
1233:
802:
out of sheet metal. A few silencers for low-powered cartridges such as the
661:
615:
544:
334:
306:
228:
197:
170:
127:
89:
3390:
3053:
1093:
Improvised silencers have been made from a variety of materials. In 2015,
897:
3747:"Noise exposure profiles for small-caliber firearms from 1.5 to 6 meters"
3430:
2359:
Section 1(a), Public Law No. 474, Ch. 757, 48 Stat. 1236 (June 26, 1934).
2328:
1756:
1711:
1037:
1036:
However, these concepts are controversial because a muzzle blast creates
852:
Wet silencers or wet cans use a small quantity of water, oil, grease, or
846:
679:
623:
322:
318:
221:
147:
992:
2833:"Reflex suppressor for Barrett M82A1 - BR reflex suppressors (Finland)"
2677:
1695:
1675:
1321:
1292: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1162:
1105:
1013:
996:
964: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
907:
877:
814:
760:
630:
577:
565:
552:
512: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
432:
401:
151:
84:
3770:
3455:
2644:
Examples of blaming Hollywood exaggeration of silencer effectiveness:
763:. In contrast, one suppressor designed for rifles firing the powerful
3820:"Bekendtgørelse om våben og ammunition der må anvendes til jagt m.v."
3130:"Homeless Man's Black Market Submachine Guns and Improvised Silencer"
1999:
Marlin Firearms: A History of the Guns and the Company That Made Them
1930:
1483:' decision to purchase and use suppressors would solve this problem.
1342:
1098:
1041:
922:
918:
795:
548:
260:
3746:
1398:
1267:
939:
752:
590:
A silencer can affect only the noise generated by the muzzle blast.
487:
3077:"Beyond Quiet: The Russian PSS Captive Piston Pistol (2 Web pages)"
1687:
1679:
1442:
1210:
1199:
1194:
713:
709:
607:
569:
196:
Silencers can also reduce the recoil during shooting, but unlike a
190:
162:
44:
1815:
1753:, for a similar device but far bigger, on ends of railway tunnels
1082:
1053:
865:
791:
764:
349:
276:
135:
49:
27:
Device which reduces sound intensity or muzzle flash on a firearm
3227:
Forensic Neuropathology: A Practical Review of the Fundamentals
1820:
1805:
1775:
1683:
1566:
1402:
1383:
1206:
1049:
721:
619:
583:
Mechanical noise generated by the internal moving parts of the
573:
330:
302:
205:
178:
174:
139:
4108:"Criminal Code of Canada, Part III Firearms and other Weapons"
3882:
610:. Revolvers have a looser gas seal between the barrel and the
55:
3596:
2989:
Waldron, Len. "SilencerCo Salvo 12 Gauge Suppressor Review."
1422:
1229:
1136:
Retaining ring unscrewed and Nielsen device partially removed
1021:
1017:
729:
705:
345:
294:
Silencers were regularly used by agents of the United States
213:
3531:
1527: Suppressors are legal to own with special permit only
1225:
873:
842:
540:
When discharged, a firearm makes sound from three sources:
3744:
3368:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 232–233.
3339:
2890:. Fort Myers, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 210–214, 295.
1759:, a device to reduce the noise made by a camera's shutter
853:
131:
69:
4222:"Title 18, United States Code, Section 924(c)(1)(B)(ii)"
3508:
The Battle Rifle: Development and Use Since World War II
2574:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2222:"Marine Corps begins widespread fielding of suppressors"
1562:
pistols are sold without government oversight in France.
2758:
ASA changes its name to American Suppressor Association
2586:
2584:
704:
A silencer is typically a hollow metal tube made from
3785:
3391:"The use of sound suppressors on high-powered rifles"
3342:"NHCA Position Statement, Recreational Firearm Noise"
692:
Cross-section of a suppressor integral to the firearm
2530:
474:
reflects technical ignorance and is poorly defined.
2581:
1962:
1664:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
637:. Therefore, the greater the case capacity (i.e. a
435:, but not firearms. These dictionaries define both
387:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
4016:
3484:. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 223.
3289:(8). New York: Harris Publications. Archived from
3160:Workbench Silencers: The Art Of Improvised Designs
3008:Webb, Brandon; Doherty, Glen (15 September 2010).
2623:"Suppressors: For Hearing and the Shooting Sports"
2531:
2494:
2493:
2174:Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation
2060:. New York: Buyers' Reference Company. p. 53.
1873:"Firearms - Gun Control Act Definition - Silencer"
1621:Legality of firearm suppressors by US jurisdiction
1144:Nielsen device completely removed and disassembled
1020:), beyond the range of human hearing. The Russian
3104:"The Science of Russia's New Silent Sniper Rifle"
466:" in favor of friendlier-sounding language like "
30:"Suppressor" redirects here. For other uses, see
4303:
2929:. New York: Penguin Group US. pp. 218–235.
2563:
2561:
2526:
2524:
2264:
2262:
2260:
1590:license. Moderators don't need to be registered
200:or a recoil compensator, which reduce recoil by
3001:
2246:"Gun lobby seeks to calm fears about silencers"
1217:, is transferred to the gun as recoil. Paulson
291:was known to purchase and use Maxim silencers.
185:into a larger surface area, reducing the blast
3822:[Hunting weapons and ammunition act].
3319:. Berkley Publishing Group. pp. 228–235.
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2616:
2614:
2489:
2487:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2069:
2067:
1763:
736:signature. The chambers are divided by either
146:of the muzzle report (sound of a gunshot) and
3243:
3152:
3150:
2732:. E. Garrett Bewkes IV – via
2567:
2558:
2521:
2436:"Five sound moderators on test - Shooting UK"
2257:
2150:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 187.
2033:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 165.
1466:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
999:Osprey .45 suppressor on a Springfield pistol
836:
3751:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3681:. The Hearing Industry Resource. March 2007
3310:
3036:".22 and .45 as easy to suppress ammunition"
2959:Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide
2793:
2791:
1477:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
1365:performance, improving range substantially.
1356:cartridge, which is formed from a necked-up
4228:. Cornell University Law School. 2013-02-13
4214:
4203:. Cornell University Law School. 2008-09-24
4128:"Importing a Firearm or Weapon into Canada"
3498:
3401:
3317:Stalkers and Shooters: A history of snipers
3311:Dater, Philip; Dockery, Kevin (July 2007).
3014:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 71–72.
3007:
2926:Stalkers and Shooters: A History of Snipers
2904:
2611:
2484:
2383:
2232:
2177:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237.
2137:
2094:
2064:
1948:
555:exits the barrel and breaks the functional
4197:"Title 26, United States Code, Chapter 53"
4189:
3964:
3449:
3447:
3156:
3147:
3127:
3054:"Sound Suppressors on High-Powered Rifles"
3046:
2950:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2020:
1059:
656:
157:A typical silencer is a metallic (usually
3565:
3468:
3382:
3349:National Hearing Conservation Association
3304:
3249:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2788:
2681:. Gun Digest Books – via
2638:
2312:
2310:
2269:Rosenwald, Michael S. (January 9, 2017),
2268:
1308:Learn how and when to remove this message
980:Learn how and when to remove this message
528:Learn how and when to remove this message
3958:"::: Lei n.Âş 5/2006, de 23 de Fevereiro"
3841:
3702:. Campus.murraystate.edu. Archived from
3355:
3224:
3101:
3028:
2697:
2674:
2164:
2074:Goddard, Stephen B. (11 November 2000).
1968:
1616:
1582:Poland: In 2020, a new amendment to the
1506:
1432:
1373:
1247:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1119:
1063:
991:
896:
695:
687:
678:
669:
660:
592:
477:
419:, and other dictionaries apply the term
360:
97:
54:
43:
3667:
3504:
3453:
3444:
3407:
3365:Gun Digest Shooter's Guide to the AR-15
3276:
3190:
3184:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3011:21st Century Sniper: The complete guide
2919:
2846:
2825:
2764:
2647:
2620:
2389:
2243:
2143:
2100:
2073:
2057:Electrical Record and Buyer's Reference
2027:Freeman, Morton S. (18 December 1997).
2026:
1989:
1827:
1533: Suppressors are prohibited to own
1416:Without using subsonic ammunition, the
1409:, high retained downrange energy, high
1341:near the speed of sound are considered
1088:
396:The earliest use of the technical term
14:
4304:
4079:"Firearms licensing: sound moderators"
3970:
3791:
3692:
3423:
3283:Guns & Weapons for Law Enforcement
3128:Weingarten, Dean (November 27, 2015).
2885:
2868:
2854:"Suppressors - Silencers - SilencerCo"
2754:
2307:
2132:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2127:
2121:
1996:USAR, William S. Brophy (1 May 1989).
1910:
1401:ammunition used in rifles such as the
1243:
784:
313:demonstrated the pistol for President
287:Former president of the United States
142:) is discharged, thereby reducing the
3505:Tilstra, Russell C. (21 March 2014).
3474:
3388:
2888:Cartridges and Firearm Identification
2797:
2726:"Hollywood has a lot to answer for".
2633:National Rifle Association of America
2621:LaSorte, Darren (December 22, 2011),
2362:
2338:from the original on 30 December 2023
2215:
2213:
2200:"USMC Begins Roll Out of Suppressors"
1468:uses 140 dB as the safety cutoff for
448:National Rifle Association of America
4120:
4100:
3999:"BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2020-9134"
3971:Carter, Gregg Lee (1 January 2002).
3847:
3717:
3651:
3645:
3361:
3064:
2552:participating institution membership
2515:participating institution membership
2219:
2197:
2170:
2053:
1995:
1956:"US Patent 958935A - Silent Firearm"
1290:adding citations to reliable sources
1261:
962:adding citations to reliable sources
933:
510:adding citations to reliable sources
481:
4248:"Criminal Use of Firearm Silencers"
4144:
4026:[Suppressors (in Sweden)].
3930:"Dwie ustawy z podpisem Prezydenta"
2804:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 32.
2779:
2047:
1095:Los Angeles County sheriff deputies
24:
4089:from the original on 21 April 2024
3792:Gawron, Tomáš (22 December 2020).
3603:International Journal of Audiology
3538:International Journal of Audiology
3481:Gun Digest Book of Beretta Pistols
3362:Mann, Richard A. (30 April 2014).
3197:. Simon and Schuster. p. 70.
3102:Hambling, David (25 August 2018).
2798:Heard, Brian J. (17 August 2011).
2210:
2107:. Globe Pequot Press. p. 74.
2104:The History of Winchester Firearms
1115:
311:William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan
173:, with a hollow bore to allow the
48:A case of suppressors produced by
25:
4333:
4286:
4245:
4177:americansuppressorassociation.com
4152:"13 V.S.A. § 4010. Gun silencers"
4050:"Guide on Firearms Licensing Law"
3675:"Firearms and Hearing Protection"
2782:Silencer: History and performance
2390:Greener, W. W. (1 October 2002).
2318:"Guide on Firearms Licensing Law"
2198:Moss, Matthew (13 January 2021).
1550:Danish Weapons And Explosives Law
1515: Suppressors are unregulated
1128:protruding (completely assembled)
929:
759:(slower than the speed of sound)
298:, who favored the newly designed
3654:"WWII Silent Killer Still Lives"
2886:Walker, Robert E. (2013-03-21).
2739:. February 6, 2017. p. 10.
2171:Bull, Stephen (1 January 2004).
2002:. Stackpole Books. p. 653.
1751:Piston effect § Tunnel boom
1612:
1428:
1266:
938:
872:Packing materials such as metal
486:
408:is the more commonly used term.
4265:
4239:
4224:. Legal Information Institute.
4199:. Legal Information Institute.
4165:
4071:
4057:Guide on Firearms Licensing Law
4042:
3991:
3950:
3936:
3922:
3908:
3868:
3812:
3738:
3590:
3525:
3410:"Rethinking Direct Impingement"
3333:
3270:
3256:. Lyons Press. pp. 43–44.
3229:. Academic Press. p. 223.
3218:
3191:Emerson, Clint (Oct 13, 2015).
3121:
3095:
2983:
2748:
2453:
2428:
2410:
2353:
2290:"How Silent Are Gun Silencers?"
2282:
2191:
1931:"Die Geschichte der B&T AG"
1786:OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver
1539: Missing or non-clear info
1277:needs additional citations for
1078:OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver
1025:variations perceived as sound.
949:needs additional citations for
559:restraining the gas inside the
497:needs additional citations for
59:Suppressed firearms with their
3892:[Silencers in Italy].
3157:Hollenbach, George M. (1996).
2577:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
2331:. November 2022. p. 111.
1977:(2). Bonnier Corporation: 48.
1923:
1904:
1890:
1865:
1252:Kinematics of a Nielsen Device
1124:Rear of a suppressor with the
356:
13:
1:
4293:How does a gun silencer work?
4132:Canada Border Services Agency
3615:10.3109/14992027.2015.1122241
3550:10.1080/14992027.2017.1407459
3250:Dougherty, Martin J. (2012).
2979:– via DIANE Publishing.
1859:
1493:
892:
779:
169:containing numerous internal
4253:. Western Criminology Review
3397:. Vol. 1, no. 7–9.
2244:Devaney, Tim (May 5, 2017),
1068:Kinematics of the PSS pistol
917:Military rifles such as the
653:analyzer during live tests.
327:Special Operations Executive
296:Office of Strategic Services
208:generated — as for the same
7:
3944:"PolĂcia Segurança PĂşblica"
3433:. world.guns.ru. 2001-01-26
2755:Slowik, Max (May 9, 2014),
2393:The Gun and Its Development
2030:A New Dictionary of Eponyms
1971:The Popular Science Monthly
1764:Notable suppressed firearms
1739:
901:Hunting rifle with silencer
633:to be combusted within the
281:internal combustion engines
269:American Radio Relay League
231:. This is different from a
126:device that suppresses the
32:Suppressor (disambiguation)
10:
4338:
3652:Rome, Robert (June 1984).
3511:. McFarland. p. 165.
3081:Small Arms Defense Journal
2470:National Rifle Association
2396:. Lyons Press. p. 9.
2080:. McFarland. p. 227.
1726:
1481:United States Marine Corps
1462:noise-induced hearing loss
1255:
837:Wipes and packing material
365:Different Silencer designs
342:United States Marine Corps
246:
36:
29:
3977:. ABC-CLIO. p. 512.
3896:(in Italian). 12 May 2017
3876:"§ 13 WaffG - Einzelnorm"
3854:. Knopf. pp. 45–46.
2597:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2539:Oxford English Dictionary
2502:Oxford English Dictionary
2101:Boorman, Dean K. (2001).
1670:. The tax payment buys a
1502:
425:electromagnetic shielding
3890:"Silenziatori in Italia"
3454:Silvers, Robert (2005).
2144:Kessler, Ronald (1994).
2128:Lovell, Stanley (1963).
1574:Law april 18 1975 Art. 2
1205:Silencers reduce firing
383:US Department of Justice
267:, and co-founder of the
4273:"Firearms changes FAQs"
3040:AssassinsTradeCraft.com
2737:(subscription required)
2713:(subscription required)
2686:(subscription required)
2663:(subscription required)
2656:Outdoor Sportsman Group
2544:Oxford University Press
2507:Oxford University Press
2130:Of Spies and Stratagems
1781:MSP Groza silent pistol
1584:Arms and Ammunition Act
1413:, and moderate recoil.
1378:Integral suppressor on
1358:.221 Remington Fireball
1232:that leaves the barrel
1060:Captive-piston silencer
657:Design and construction
102:Cutaway of a suppressor
4312:Firearm muzzle devices
4059:. November 2022. 12.77
4005:. pp. 63792–63842
3757:(3_Supplement): 1905.
3431:"Modern sniper rifles"
2708: – via
2658: – via
1652:Gun politics in Canada
1640:
1558:France: silencers for
1541:
1438:
1387:
1253:
1175:counter-sniper tactics
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1069:
1000:
902:
798:out of solid metal or
701:
693:
685:
676:
667:
649:in conjunction with a
598:
366:
103:
95:
80:Heckler & Koch USP
52:
3851:Gun Guys: A road trip
3134:thetruthaboutguns.com
2462:The NRA Handbook 2024
1660:National Firearms Act
1620:
1510:
1436:
1407:ballistic coefficient
1377:
1251:
1168:situational awareness
1151:
1143:
1135:
1123:
1067:
995:
900:
699:
691:
682:
673:
664:
596:
478:Firearm noise anatomy
468:modern sporting rifle
379:National Firearms Act
364:
315:Franklin D. Roosevelt
273:popularly trademarked
101:
58:
47:
3727:. Hearinglossweb.com
3478:(28 February 2011).
3389:White, Mark (1998).
3277:Paulson, Al (2004).
1935:BrĂĽgger & Thomet
1854:Blank-firing adapter
1828:Other muzzle devices
1718:, Chapter 53 of the
1708:District of Columbia
1405:has a high subsonic
1286:improve this article
1089:Improvised silencers
958:improve this article
862:heat of vaporization
506:improve this article
423:to such contexts as
189:, thus lowering the
39:Active noise control
4322:American inventions
3932:. January 29, 2020.
3763:2012ASAJ..132.1905M
2706:Bonnier Corporation
2542:(Online ed.).
2505:(Online ed.).
2276:The Washington Post
1606:firearm certificate
1258:Subsonic ammunition
1244:Subsonic ammunition
1181:, such as the U.S.
1104:with an automobile
785:Baffles and spacers
643:autoloading firearm
603:subsonic ammunition
452:Federal NFA of 1934
389:(ATF) use the term
265:Hiram Stevens Maxim
4277:New Zealand Police
3848:Baum, Dan (2013).
3824:retsinformation.dk
2688:. pp. 48 ff.
2665:. pp. 32 ff.
2472:. 2024. p. 71
1720:United States Code
1641:
1542:
1439:
1388:
1363:external ballistic
1320:In weapons firing
1254:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1070:
1010:phase cancellation
1006:frequency shifting
1001:
903:
702:
694:
686:
677:
668:
651:frequency spectrum
599:
367:
337:-occupied Europe.
289:Theodore Roosevelt
255:American inventor
144:acoustic intensity
110:, also known as a
104:
96:
53:
3984:978-1-57607-268-4
3861:978-0-307-59541-6
3771:10.1121/1.4754989
3679:Hearingreview.com
3609:(sup1): S59–S71.
3544:(sup1): S28–S41.
3518:978-1-4766-1564-6
3491:978-1-4402-2424-9
3395:Small Arms Review
3375:978-1-4402-3847-5
3326:978-0-425-21542-5
3263:978-0-7627-8876-7
3163:. Paladin Press.
3108:Popular Mechanics
3021:978-1-61608-001-3
2995:. March 7, 2016.
2969:978-1-4289-5186-0
2936:978-1-4406-2890-0
2897:978-1-4665-8881-3
2835:. Guns.connect.fi
2811:978-1-119-96477-3
2780:Paulson, Alan C.
2628:American Rifleman
2550:(Subscription or
2513:(Subscription or
2403:978-1-58574-734-4
2184:978-1-57356-557-8
2157:978-0-671-73458-9
2114:978-1-58574-307-0
2087:978-1-4766-1334-5
2040:978-0-19-509354-4
2009:978-0-8117-4694-6
1411:sectional density
1382:sniper rifle and
1369:9Ă—19mm Parabellum
1318:
1317:
1310:
1190:centerfire rifles
1074:PSS silent pistol
990:
989:
982:
826:automatic weapons
794:, and are either
765:.50 caliber (BMG)
538:
537:
530:
417:American Heritage
300:High Standard HDM
257:Hiram Percy Maxim
16:(Redirected from
4329:
4281:
4280:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
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3995:
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3947:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3894:Military Weapons
3886:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3828:Miljøministeriet
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
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3696:
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3386:
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3142:
3140:
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3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3083:. 16 August 2011
3073:
3062:
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3050:
3044:
3043:
3032:
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3025:
3005:
2999:
2987:
2981:
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2978:
2976:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2917:
2902:
2901:
2883:
2866:
2865:
2860:. Archived from
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2795:
2786:
2785:
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2743:
2738:
2720:
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2692:
2687:
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2609:
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2337:
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2314:
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2304:
2302:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2266:
2255:
2254:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2220:Gonzales, Matt.
2217:
2208:
2207:
2204:The Firearm Blog
2195:
2189:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1869:
1839:Flash suppressor
1811:AAC Honey Badger
1791:PBS-1 Suppressor
1771:De Lisle carbine
1746:Title II weapons
1668:background check
1637:
1631:
1625:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1451:De Lisle carbine
1313:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1270:
1262:
1179:gunfire locators
985:
978:
974:
971:
965:
942:
934:
639:magnum cartridge
533:
526:
522:
519:
513:
490:
482:
233:flash suppressor
112:sound suppressor
21:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4317:Noise reduction
4302:
4301:
4289:
4284:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:Clark, Paul A.
4244:
4240:
4231:
4229:
4226:law.cornell.edu
4220:
4219:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4201:law.cornell.edu
4195:
4194:
4190:
4181:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
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4149:
4145:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4092:
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4077:
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4072:
4062:
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4043:
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4017:
4008:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3969:
3965:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3846:
3842:
3833:
3831:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3790:
3786:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3709:
3707:
3700:"2.7: Decibels"
3698:
3697:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3595:
3591:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3473:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3360:
3356:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3294:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3155:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2918:
2905:
2898:
2884:
2869:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2796:
2789:
2778:
2765:
2753:
2749:
2736:
2734:General OneFile
2729:National Review
2725:
2712:
2710:General OneFile
2685:
2683:General OneFile
2662:
2660:General OneFile
2643:
2639:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2566:
2559:
2549:
2529:
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2512:
2492:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2445:
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2434:
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2429:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2388:
2384:
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2368:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2267:
2258:
2242:
2233:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2142:
2138:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2072:
2065:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1830:
1825:
1766:
1742:
1729:
1710:. The state of
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1470:impulsive noise
1431:
1418:muzzle velocity
1347:Pointed bullets
1331:.308 Winchester
1314:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1283:
1271:
1260:
1246:
1118:
1116:Characteristics
1091:
1062:
1038:broadband noise
986:
975:
969:
966:
955:
943:
932:
895:
839:
787:
782:
659:
580:through the air
534:
523:
517:
514:
503:
491:
480:
359:
309:. OSS Director
249:
159:stainless steel
130:created when a
120:sound moderator
94:
65:Top to bottom:
64:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4335:
4325:
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4299:
4288:
4287:External links
4285:
4283:
4282:
4279:. 15 May 2019.
4264:
4238:
4213:
4188:
4164:
4143:
4119:
4099:
4085:. 2024-02-21.
4070:
4041:
4028:Swedish Police
4015:
3990:
3983:
3963:
3949:
3935:
3921:
3907:
3881:
3867:
3860:
3840:
3811:
3784:
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3381:
3374:
3354:
3332:
3325:
3303:
3269:
3262:
3242:
3236:978-0080549842
3235:
3217:
3204:978-1476796055
3203:
3183:
3169:
3146:
3120:
3094:
3063:
3045:
3027:
3020:
3000:
2982:
2968:
2949:
2935:
2921:Dockery, Kevin
2903:
2896:
2867:
2864:on 2011-01-08.
2845:
2824:
2810:
2787:
2784:. Vol. 1.
2763:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2722:
2721:
2715:. p. 82.
2694:
2693:
2671:
2670:
2637:
2610:
2580:
2557:
2520:
2483:
2452:
2427:
2409:
2402:
2382:
2370:"Silencer FAQ"
2361:
2352:
2306:
2281:
2256:
2231:
2209:
2190:
2183:
2163:
2156:
2147:Inside the CIA
2136:
2120:
2113:
2093:
2086:
2063:
2046:
2039:
2019:
2008:
1988:
1961:
1947:
1922:
1903:
1898:"Jakob stahel"
1889:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Muzzle booster
1841:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
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1535:
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1511:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1430:
1427:
1396:armor-piercing
1316:
1315:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1256:Main article:
1245:
1242:
1126:Nielsen device
1117:
1114:
1102:submachine gun
1090:
1087:
1061:
1058:
988:
987:
946:
944:
937:
931:
930:Advanced types
928:
894:
891:
838:
835:
804:.22 Long Rifle
786:
783:
781:
778:
773:muzzle booster
726:submachine gun
658:
655:
588:
587:
585:firearm action
581:
578:supersonically
563:
536:
535:
494:
492:
485:
479:
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464:assault weapon
358:
355:
305:pistol during
248:
245:
183:kinetic energy
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4334:
4323:
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4309:
4307:
4298:
4297:HowStuffWorks
4294:
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4274:
4268:
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4242:
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4202:
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4029:
4025:
4024:"Ljuddämpare"
4019:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3953:
3945:
3939:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3911:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3871:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3829:
3826:(in Danish).
3825:
3821:
3815:
3799:
3798:zbrojnice.com
3795:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3706:on 2009-04-18
3705:
3701:
3695:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3476:Ayoob, Massad
3471:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3432:
3426:
3411:
3408:Emptormaven.
3404:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3293:on 2017-05-11
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2742:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2651:Firearms News
2646:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2600:(Online). n.d
2599:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2419:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2356:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:Gage (1913).
2050:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:Muzzle shroud
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:Massachusetts
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:revenue stamp
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:Criminal Code
1643:
1642:
1638: Illegal
1619:
1613:North America
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:Denmark: the
1547:
1544:
1543:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1429:Effectiveness
1426:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1386:assault rifle
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:muzzle energy
1323:
1312:
1309:
1301:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1275:This section
1273:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1238:back pressure
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
998:
994:
984:
981:
973:
963:
959:
953:
952:
947:This section
945:
941:
936:
935:
927:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
899:
890:
886:
883:
882:metal washers
879:
875:
870:
867:
863:
859:
858:Ideal gas law
855:
850:
848:
844:
834:
830:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
777:
774:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
698:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
652:
648:
647:decibel meter
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
622:, and the US
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
595:
591:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
542:
541:
532:
529:
521:
511:
507:
501:
500:
495:This section
493:
489:
484:
483:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:assault rifle
455:
453:
449:
446:In 2011, the
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
372:
363:
354:
351:
347:
343:
340:In 2020, the
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
292:
290:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
244:
242:
241:muzzle shroud
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:sound baffles
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
100:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
4276:
4267:
4257:15 September
4255:. Retrieved
4241:
4230:. Retrieved
4225:
4216:
4205:. Retrieved
4200:
4191:
4180:. Retrieved
4176:
4167:
4155:. Retrieved
4146:
4135:. Retrieved
4122:
4111:. Retrieved
4102:
4091:. Retrieved
4082:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4056:
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4030:(in Swedish)
4027:
4018:
4007:. Retrieved
4002:
3993:
3973:
3966:
3952:
3938:
3924:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3893:
3884:
3870:
3850:
3843:
3832:. Retrieved
3830:. 2014-05-07
3823:
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3797:
3787:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3729:. Retrieved
3719:
3708:. Retrieved
3704:the original
3694:
3683:. Retrieved
3678:
3669:
3660:
3647:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3507:
3500:
3480:
3470:
3459:. Retrieved
3435:. Retrieved
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3403:
3394:
3384:
3364:
3357:
3348:
3335:
3316:
3313:"Chapter 28"
3306:
3295:. Retrieved
3291:the original
3286:
3282:
3272:
3252:
3245:
3226:
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3193:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3159:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3107:
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3080:
3057:
3048:
3042:. Silencers.
3039:
3030:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2958:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2925:
2887:
2862:the original
2857:
2848:
2837:. Retrieved
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2800:
2781:
2757:
2750:
2740:
2727:
2716:
2701:Outdoor Life
2699:
2689:
2676:
2666:
2649:
2640:
2626:
2602:. Retrieved
2595:
2592:"suppressor"
2572:
2569:"suppressor"
2537:
2533:"suppressor"
2500:
2474:. Retrieved
2461:
2455:
2444:. Retrieved
2442:. 2016-12-21
2439:
2430:
2412:
2392:
2385:
2374:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2347:
2340:. Retrieved
2324:
2298:. Retrieved
2296:. 2023-02-28
2293:
2284:
2274:
2249:
2225:
2203:
2193:
2173:
2166:
2146:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2103:
2096:
2076:
2056:
2049:
2029:
2022:
2013:
1998:
1991:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1934:
1925:
1906:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1834:Muzzle brake
1801:VSS Vintorez
1704:Rhode Island
1649:
1583:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1474:
1459:
1455:
1440:
1415:
1389:
1380:VSS Vintorez
1367:
1354:.300 Whisper
1351:
1339:
1335:
1319:
1304:
1298:January 2019
1295:
1284:Please help
1279:verification
1276:
1223:
1218:
1204:
1187:
1177:can include
1172:
1159:
1155:
1097:recovered a
1092:
1071:
1046:
1040:rather than
1035:
1031:
1027:
1002:
976:
970:January 2019
967:
956:Please help
951:verification
948:
916:
904:
887:
871:
851:
840:
831:
823:
808:
788:
769:
746:
741:
737:
734:
703:
628:
624:S&W QSPR
616:Nagant M1895
601:While using
600:
589:
545:Muzzle blast
539:
524:
518:January 2019
515:
504:Please help
499:verification
496:
471:
456:
445:
440:
436:
420:
410:
405:
397:
395:
390:
376:
370:
368:
339:
307:World War II
293:
286:
254:
250:
236:
229:muzzle flash
226:
198:muzzle brake
195:
156:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
90:SIG Mosquito
85:Beretta 92FS
4173:"Education"
4034:1 September
3804:22 December
2440:Shooting UK
2329:Home Office
1937:(in German)
1796:STEN Mk IIS
1757:Sound blimp
1712:Connecticut
1626: Legal
866:aerosolized
847:Vietnam War
817:across the
357:Terminology
323:Oval Office
319:White House
222:muzzle rise
4306:Categories
4232:2013-03-17
4207:2009-03-09
4182:2016-09-27
4137:2008-06-11
4113:2012-11-20
4093:2024-04-21
4063:8 February
4009:2021-03-01
4003:www.boe.es
3834:2015-03-15
3800:(in Czech)
3731:2009-03-09
3710:2009-03-09
3685:2009-03-09
3461:2009-03-09
3437:2009-03-09
3297:2016-11-08
3210:12 October
3176:12 October
3170:1610046773
3139:12 October
3058:connect.fi
2991:Guns &
2858:SilencerCo
2839:2009-03-09
2678:Gun Digest
2604:2018-02-24
2554:required.)
2517:required.)
2496:"silencer"
2446:2018-04-11
2418:US 4530417
2376:2011-03-22
2300:2024-05-18
1941:2024-05-03
1882:6 February
1860:References
1706:, and the
1696:New Jersey
1676:California
1494:Regulation
1322:supersonic
1163:Winter War
1108:attached.
1106:oil filter
1042:pure tones
1016:(above 20
1014:ultrasound
997:SilencerCo
908:SilencerCo
893:Attachment
878:steel wool
815:turbulence
780:Components
761:ammunition
684:completely
631:propellant
566:Sonic boom
553:projectile
441:suppressor
433:censorship
421:suppressor
402:UK English
398:suppressor
116:suppressor
18:Suppressor
3779:1520-8524
3623:1499-2027
3558:1499-2027
3456:"Results"
2817:6 January
1983:0161-7370
1394:/Russian
1343:transonic
1234:condenses
1215:conserved
1202:sleeves.
1183:Boomerang
1110:PVC pipes
1099:Sa vz. 26
749:U.S. Navy
635:cartridge
608:revolvers
576:) flying
549:shockwave
427:devices,
406:moderator
263:inventor
261:Maxim gun
259:, son of
202:vectoring
187:intensity
61:magazines
4157:March 5,
4087:Archived
3900:25 April
3639:24902762
3631:26821935
3584:19539367
3576:29299940
2975:8 August
2942:8 August
2923:(2007).
2333:Archived
2251:The Hill
1740:See also
1716:Title 26
1700:New York
1688:Illinois
1680:Delaware
1594:devices.
1567:air guns
1443:decibels
1211:momentum
1200:neoprene
1195:Wildlife
819:boreline
796:machined
757:subsonic
714:titanium
710:aluminum
612:cylinder
570:bullwhip
568:– sharp
472:silencer
437:silencer
429:genetics
391:silencer
385:and the
218:leverage
191:loudness
167:cylinder
163:titanium
108:silencer
3759:Bibcode
3661:Gung Ho
3567:8588962
3415:4 March
3113:14 June
3087:14 June
2476:27 June
2342:27 June
1912:CH8453A
1877:atf.gov
1816:ShAK-12
1727:Oceania
1598:common.
1560:rimfire
1228:-laced
1054:.45 ACP
800:stamped
792:Inconel
738:baffles
377:The US
350:platoon
317:at the
277:muffler
247:History
237:outside
210:impulse
136:firearm
122:, is a
63:removed
50:Gemtech
4083:GOV.UK
3981:
3858:
3777:
3725:"nihl"
3637:
3629:
3621:
3582:
3574:
3564:
3556:
3515:
3488:
3372:
3323:
3260:
3233:
3201:
3167:
3018:
2966:
2933:
2894:
2808:
2718:sound.
2423:
2400:
2325:gov.uk
2294:KGUN 9
2181:
2154:
2111:
2084:
2037:
2006:
1981:
1918:
1821:QSW-06
1806:Welrod
1776:MAC-10
1684:Hawaii
1636:
1630:
1624:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1503:Europe
1403:AS Val
1399:9Ă—39mm
1392:Soviet
1384:AS Val
1219:et al.
1207:recoil
1050:.22 LR
912:chokes
753:9Ă—19mm
722:pistol
718:muzzle
620:OTs-38
574:bullet
462:" or "
431:, and
413:Oxford
331:Welrod
329:(SOE)
303:.22 LR
206:thrust
179:ejecta
175:bullet
152:barrel
140:airgun
124:muzzle
4251:(PDF)
4053:(PDF)
3663:: 29.
3657:(PDF)
3635:S2CID
3580:S2CID
3345:(PDF)
2548:
2511:
2466:(PDF)
2336:(PDF)
2321:(PDF)
2226:DVIDS
2015:Conn.
1447:AR-15
1423:MP5SD
1230:vapor
1022:AN-94
880:, or
742:wipes
730:rifle
728:, or
720:of a
712:, or
706:steel
371:total
346:squad
214:force
128:blast
118:, or
75:AR-15
4259:2016
4159:2014
4065:2023
4036:2022
3979:ISBN
3902:2020
3856:ISBN
3806:2020
3775:ISSN
3627:PMID
3619:ISSN
3572:PMID
3554:ISSN
3513:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3417:2014
3370:ISBN
3321:ISBN
3258:ISBN
3231:ISBN
3212:2016
3199:ISBN
3178:2016
3165:ISBN
3141:2016
3115:2019
3089:2019
3016:ISBN
2993:Ammo
2977:2013
2964:ISBN
2944:2013
2931:ISBN
2892:ISBN
2819:2012
2806:ISBN
2478:2024
2398:ISBN
2344:2024
2179:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1979:ISSN
1884:2017
1650:See
1475:The
1390:The
1226:lead
1052:and
1008:and
874:mesh
843:foam
811:cone
751:for
666:gas.
618:and
561:bore
557:seal
439:and
411:The
348:and
335:Nazi
279:for
148:jump
4295:at
3767:doi
3755:132
3611:doi
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