100:
129:, as may the cross feed, however any mixture of hand, electrical or hydraulic may be used depending on the ultimate usage of the machine (i.e., production, workshop, cost). The grinding wheel rotates in the spindle head and is also adjustable for height, by any of the methods described previously. Modern surface grinders are semi-automated, depth of cut and spark-out may be preset as to the number of passes and, once set up, the machining process requires very little operator intervention.
223:(chips). It must be applied directly to the cutting area to ensure that the fluid is not carried away by the grinding wheel. Common lubricants include water-soluble chemical fluids, water-soluble oils, synthetic oils, and petroleum-based oils. The type of lubrication used depends on the workpiece material and is outlined in the table below.
162:
The face of a wheel (cup, cylinder, disc, or segmental wheel) is used on the flat surface. Wheel-face grinding is often used for fast material removal, but some machines can accomplish high-precision work. The workpiece is held on a reciprocating table, which can be varied according to the task, or a
83:
The grinding wheel is not limited to a cylindrical shape and can have a myriad of options that are useful in transferring different geometries to the object being worked on. Straight wheels can be dressed by the operator to produce custom geometries. When surface grinding an object, one must keep in
79:
Typical workpiece materials include cast iron and mild steel. These two materials don't tend to clog the grinding wheel while being processed. Other materials are aluminum, stainless steel, brass and some plastics. When grinding at high temperatures, the material tends to become weakened and is more
182:
Disc grinding is similar to surface grinding, but with a larger contact area between disc and workpiece. Disc grinders are available in both vertical and horizontal spindle types. Double disc grinders work both sides of a workpiece simultaneously. Disc grinders are capable of achieving especially
197:
Aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, diamond, and cubic boron nitride (CBN) are four commonly used abrasive materials for the surface of the grinding wheels. Of these materials, aluminum oxide is the most common. Because of cost, diamond and CBN grinding wheels are generally made with a core of less
49:
Surface grinding is a finishing process that uses a rotating abrasive wheel to smooth the flat surface of metallic or nonmetallic materials to give them a more refined look by removing the oxide layer and impurities on work piece surfaces. This will also attain a desired surface for a functional
90:
is a term used when precision values are sought and literally means "until the sparks are out (no more)". It involves passing the workpiece under the wheel, without resetting the depth of cut, more than once and generally multiple times. This ensures that any inconsistencies in the machine or
153:
The periphery (flat edge) of the wheel is in contact with the workpiece, producing the flat surface. Peripheral grinding is used in high-precision work on simple flat surfaces; tapers or angled surfaces; slots; flat surfaces next to shoulders; recessed surfaces; and profiles.
132:
Depending on the workpiece material, the work is generally held by the use of a magnetic chuck. This may be either an electromagnetic chuck, or a manually operated, permanent magnet type chuck; both types are shown in the first image.
198:
expensive material surrounded by a layer of diamond or CBN. Diamond and CBN wheels are very hard and are capable of economically grinding materials, such as ceramics and carbides, that cannot be ground by aluminum oxide or silicon.
163:
rotary-table machine, with continuous or indexed rotation. Indexing allows loading or unloading one station while grinding operations are being performed on another. An alternative term is snow grinding.
122:
The typical precision of a surface grinder depends on the type and usage, however ±0.002 mm (±0.0001 in) should be achievable on most surface grinders.
554:
116:
473:
61:
pieces are held in place by a magnetic chuck, while non-ferromagnetic and nonmetallic pieces are held in place with vacuum or mechanical means. A
125:
The machine consists of a table that traverses both longitudinally and across the face of the wheel. The longitudinal feed is usually powered by
516:
205:
are used to maintain the condition of the wheel, these may be table mounted or mounted in the wheel head where they can be readily applied.
547:
76:
Factors to consider in surface grinding are the material of the grinding wheel and the material of the piece being worked on.
572:
73:) placed on the magnetic chuck can be used to hold non-ferromagnetic workpieces if only a magnetic chuck is available.
622:
540:
509:
457:
813:
1125:
685:
592:
502:
735:
660:
343:
84:
mind that the shape of the wheel will be transferred to the material of the object like a reverse image.
80:
inclined to corrode. This can also result in a loss of magnetism in materials where this is applicable.
30:) cuts chips of metallic or nonmetallic substance from a workpiece, making a face of it flat or smooth.
1120:
976:
314:
then it may lose some magnetic properties. Finally, the surface may be more susceptible to corrosion.
818:
675:
53:
The components of a surface grinding machine are an abrasive wheel, a workholding device known as a
808:
219:
Lubricants are sometimes used to cool the workpiece and wheel, lubricate the interface, and remove
1094:
898:
883:
823:
785:
725:
353:
307:
928:
908:
803:
57:, and a reciprocating or rotary table. The chuck holds the material in place by two processes:
1027:
888:
587:
1012:
918:
617:
283:
Water-soluble oil, dry, heavy duty emulsifiable oil, light duty chemical and synthetic oil
8:
941:
868:
720:
338:
333:
126:
54:
489:
1032:
838:
795:
700:
563:
23:
1069:
1064:
602:
453:
311:
99:
1017:
770:
745:
740:
607:
582:
303:
202:
201:
As with any grinding operation, the condition of the wheel is extremely important.
112:
715:
650:
645:
483:
447:
295:
991:
951:
873:
750:
192:
103:
Surface
Grinder with electromagnetic chuck, inset shows a Manual magnetic chuck
27:
1114:
1007:
971:
956:
775:
730:
710:
705:
328:
323:
214:
137:
58:
38:
478:
986:
966:
853:
525:
936:
863:
755:
665:
348:
140:
as well as the extraction of metal dust (metal and grinding particles).
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1042:
1037:
858:
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833:
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401:
70:
828:
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655:
630:
275:
Heavy duty emulsifiable oil, heavy duty chemical and synthetic oil
259:
Heavy duty emulsifiable oil, light duty chemical and synthetic oil
148:
227:
Types of lubricants used for grinding based on workpiece material
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913:
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294:
The high temperatures encountered at the ground surface create
37:
if great accuracy is not required, but a machine superior to a
26:
process in which a spinning wheel covered in rough particles (
1022:
635:
220:
66:
157:
62:
166:
310:, if the temperature of the surface is raised beyond the
302:
layer may form on the part surface; this decreases the
186:
119:, either to a critical size or for the surface finish.
19:
is done on flat surfaces to produce a smooth finish.
289:
446:
Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994),
402:"Disk grinder and double disc grinder technology"
136:The machine has provision for the application of
1112:
387:
385:
149:Horizontal-spindle (peripheral) surface grinders
445:
429:
417:
548:
510:
382:
143:
562:
555:
541:
517:
503:
379:. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1983
33:Sometimes a surface grinder is known as a
413:
411:
373:Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook
158:Vertical-spindle (wheel-face) grinders .
98:
449:Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide
167:Disc grinders and double-disc grinders.
1113:
408:
536:
498:
187:Grinding wheels for surface grinders
290:Effects on work material properties
13:
467:
394:
14:
1137:
524:
490:Cylindrical and surface grinding
439:
375:(TMEH), 4th edition, Volume 1,
814:Electrical discharge machining
603:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
479:The effect of surface grinding
423:
366:
208:
1:
430:Todd, Allen & Alting 1994
418:Todd, Allen & Alting 1994
359:
267:Heavy duty water-soluble oil
94:
7:
661:List of drill and tap sizes
344:Grinding (abrasive cutting)
317:
225:
10:
1142:
977:Magnetic switchable device
212:
190:
115:used to provide precision
91:workpiece are eliminated.
44:
1055:
1000:
927:
819:Electrochemical machining
794:
684:
616:
571:
532:
452:, Industrial Press Inc.,
144:Types of surface grinders
65:(made from ferromagnetic
899:Rotary transfer machine
884:Photochemical machining
824:Electron-beam machining
786:Tool and cutter grinder
354:Tool and Cutter grinder
308:ferromagnetic materials
104:
1095:Tools and terminology
102:
1126:Grinding and lapping
1013:Machining vibrations
919:Ultrasonic machining
22:It is a widely used
1033:Tool and die making
721:Cylindrical grinder
484:Deltaschleifer Test
339:Cylindrical grinder
334:Centerless grinding
228:
701:Abrasive machining
232:Workpiece material
226:
105:
24:abrasive machining
1121:Grinding machines
1108:
1107:
1051:
1050:
312:Curie temperature
296:residual stresses
287:
286:
203:Grinding dressers
183:fine tolerances.
1133:
1018:Speeds and feeds
771:Sharpening stone
746:Grinding machine
741:Grinding dresser
608:Stewart platform
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304:fatigue strength
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17:Surface grinding
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781:Surface grinder
716:Coated abrasive
687:
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651:Drill bit sizes
646:Drill bit shank
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470:
468:Further reading
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391:TMEH, Volume 1.
390:
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272:Stainless steel
251:Light duty oil
243:Heavy duty oil
217:
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117:ground surfaces
109:surface grinder
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874:Milling cutter
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751:Grinding wheel
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573:Computer-aided
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193:Grinding wheel
191:Main article:
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28:grinding wheel
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1008:Cutting fluid
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972:Machine taper
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957:Indexing head
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929:Machine tools
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776:Spark testing
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731:Flick grinder
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726:Diamond plate
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711:Bench grinder
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706:Angle grinder
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566:and computing
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329:Bench grinder
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324:Angle grinder
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59:ferromagnetic
56:
51:
42:
40:
39:bench grinder
36:
35:flick grinder
31:
29:
25:
20:
18:
987:Rotary table
967:Lathe center
854:Machine tool
780:
686:Grinding and
526:Metalworking
448:
440:Bibliography
425:
396:
376:
372:
368:
293:
218:
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124:
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113:machine tool
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63:machine vise
52:
48:
41:is needed.
34:
32:
21:
16:
15:
1065:Fabrication
1001:Terminology
937:Angle plate
864:Metal lathe
756:Jig grinder
666:Tap and die
575:engineering
486:(in German)
474:Study Guide
349:Jig grinder
300:martensitic
298:and a thin
209:Lubrication
1115:Categories
1085:Metallurgy
879:Pantograph
671:Tap wrench
360:References
264:Mild steel
235:Lubricant
213:See also:
127:hydraulics
1080:Machining
1075:Jewellery
1043:Workpiece
1038:Tramp oil
1028:Tolerance
859:Machining
849:Jig borer
834:Engraving
809:Broaching
796:Machining
676:Threading
641:Drill bit
623:threading
564:Machining
377:Machining
256:Cast iron
240:Aluminium
95:Equipment
88:Spark out
71:cast iron
50:purpose.
1090:Smithing
829:End mill
736:Grinding
696:Abrasive
656:Drilling
631:Die head
618:Drilling
318:See also
280:Plastics
1100:Welding
1070:Forming
1060:Casting
992:Wiggler
982:Mandrel
952:Fixture
914:Turning
909:Skiving
869:Milling
844:Hobbing
766:Sanding
761:Lapping
688:lapping
138:coolant
45:Process
947:Collet
904:Shaper
894:Reamer
889:Planer
839:Facing
804:Boring
598:G-code
456:
171:": -->
1023:Swarf
942:Chuck
636:Drill
306:. In
248:Brass
221:swarf
111:is a
67:steel
55:chuck
583:2.5D
454:ISBN
173:edit
962:Jig
620:and
593:CAM
588:CAD
69:or
1117::
410:^
384:^
107:A
556:e
549:t
542:v
518:e
511:t
504:v
463:.
404:.
177:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
