48:
265:
workblade is angled slightly towards the regulating wheel, with the workpiece centerline above the centerlines of the regulating and grinding wheel; this means that high spots do not tend to generate corresponding opposite low spots, and hence the roundness of parts can be improved. Centerless grinding is much easier to combine with automatic loading procedures than centered grinding; through feed grinding, where the regulating wheel is held at a slight angle to the part so that there is a force feeding the part through the grinder, is particularly efficient.
162:
254:
246:
111:, one of the first piece of precision machinery to be used in a residential setting. Joseph Brown believed that the shaft and needle bars of the sewing machine must be crafted from hardened tool steel. It was this desire that led to their experimentation with building a cylindrical grinder. The first attempt was simply a small lathe with a grinding wheel mounted to it. Subsequent attempts led to the cylindrical grinder displayed at the 1876
104:. The basis for the modern day cylindrical grinder was first built in the 1830s by two men working independently, Jonathan Bridges and James Wheaton . It is unclear as to which man had first produced the machine but both are closely tied to the first historical appearance of the modern day tool. It took another 40 years before further improvement and refinement of the tool occurred.
131:, where he continued improving the cylindrical grinder to use faster rpm values and more precise grinding tolerances. He was acknowledged for his work on April 18, 1925 when he won The John Scott Medal and Premium for his invention of "accurate grinding devices of high power". These standards developed by Norton were the status quo until about the middle of the 20th century.
177:
118:
It is important to note that Brown & Sharpe cannot be given sole credit of pioneering advances in cylindrical grinding. A man in
Waltham, Massachusetts, Ambrose Webster had created a small grinding machine in 1860 that contained all of the improvements Brown & Sharpe claimed to be their own
264:
is a form of grinding where there is no collet or pair of centers holding the object in place. Instead, there is a regulating wheel positioned on the opposite side of the object to the grinding wheel. A work rest keeps the object at the appropriate height but has no bearing on its rotary speed. The
199:
OD grinding is grinding occurring on external surface of an object between the centers. The centers are end units with a point that allow the object to be rotated. The grinding wheel is also being rotated in the same direction when it comes in contact with the object. This effectively means the two
143:
in the 1940s. The U.S. Air Force, looking for a faster, cheaper, and more efficient means of part and tool production for airplanes, played a large role in developing NC both politically and financially. The first implementation of NC in machine tools occurred in the 1950s and continued through the
281:
using a pre existing interface designed for that machine or by using a PC as an interface to communicate with the grinder. The first two options are rarely if ever used today. CNC operated cylindrical grinders are the most technologically advanced, efficient, reliable systems in the manufacturing
148:
which once again revolutionized the ability of the cylindrical grinder. Now the machine was able to receive instruction from a computer which would give it precise directions on every imaginable dimension and measurement needed to produce the desired product. This was a completely different work
232:
Creep Feed is a form of grinding where a full depth of cut is removed in a single pass of the wheel. Successful operation of this technique can reduce manufacturing time by 50%, but often the grinding machine being used must be designed specifically for this purpose. This form occurs in both
134:
The remainder of technological innovation applicable to the cylindrical grinder is almost identical and entangled in a sense, to the rest of machine tools. The innovation of the last 70 years can be characterized by three waves of change. The first wave was the creation of
290:
Cylindrical grinders, versatile and precise machines, are employed in various industries for a range of applications due to their capability to achieve fine finishes and tight tolerances on cylindrical surfaces. These applications include:
126:
Norton was an employee of Brown & Sharpe who quit the company with the desire to further pursue his belief that the cylindrical grinder is not merely a finishing tool but could be a staple of the machine shop. He founded the
212:, which also rotates the object in place. Just as with OD grinding, the grinding wheel and the object are rotated in opposite directions giving reversed direction contact of the two surfaces where the grinding occurs. See also
27:
used to shape the outside of an object. The cylindrical grinder can work on a variety of shapes, however the object must have a central axis of rotation. This includes but is not limited to such shapes as a
149:
environment in comparison to mid-century production where a worker had to direct the machine at every point on how to manipulate the work. The third wave of change came in the 1990s with the advent of the
432:
Arnold, Heinrich Martin. "The recent history of the machine tool industry and the effects of technological change." Institute for
Innovation Research and Technology Management. Nov. 2001. University of
144:
1960s. The second wave of innovation, occurring during the 1970s and 1980s, is marked by the massive demand for microcomputers to be used to direct NC. The joining of computers marked the birth of
108:
191:
There are five different types of cylindrical grinding: outside diameter (OD) grinding, inside diameter (ID) grinding, plunge grinding, creep feed grinding, and centerless grinding.
208:
ID grinding is grinding occurring on the inside of an object. The grinding wheel is always smaller than the width of the hole being ground. The object is held in place by a
326:
Cylindrical grinders are adaptable to various materials and can handle different cylindrical shapes, proving indispensable in industries requiring high-precision grinding.
224:
A form of OD grinding, however the major difference is that the grinding wheel makes continuous contact with a single point of the object instead of traversing the object.
306:: Essential in producing engine and turbine components, bearings, landing gear, and hydraulic control valves, demanding high precision for reliable aerospace operations.
314:: Employed in the creation of surgical tools, prostheses, and dental equipment. The precision grinding is crucial for the functionality and safety of medical devices.
153:. Integrating CNC and the PC into one dynamic system allowed for even further control of the manufacturing process that required little to no human supervision.
298:: Utilized for manufacturing engine components, transmission components, and other critical parts, where precision is paramount for performance and safety.
322:: Used for manufacturing rotor shafts, transmission components, and compressor components, particularly where tough materials require precise machining.
580:
377:
542:
213:
273:
There are three basics ways in which an operator can interact with a cylindrical grinder. Either manual manipulation of the machine,
72:
While the majority of cylindrical grinders employ all four movements, there are grinders that only employ three of the four actions.
200:
surfaces will be moving opposite directions when contact is made which allows for a smoother operation and less chance of a jam up.
573:
80:
The origins of the cylindrical grinder, as with all other modern machine tools, stem from the experimentation and invention of
598:
648:
566:
535:
839:
81:
1151:
711:
618:
528:
119:
original invention. Even more so, the emphasis on precision, accuracy, and reliability was championed by
761:
686:
335:
1146:
1002:
278:
145:
844:
701:
834:
374:
120:
1120:
924:
909:
849:
811:
751:
128:
954:
934:
829:
1053:
914:
613:
112:
93:
1038:
944:
643:
92:, respectively. The cylindrical grinder owes much of its development from the onset of the
8:
967:
894:
261:
47:
29:
1058:
864:
821:
726:
589:
481:"The method of assessment of the grinding wheel cutting ability in the plunge grinding"
161:
107:
The Brown & Sharpe company in
Providence, RI was one of the first builders of the
1095:
1090:
628:
274:
150:
136:
1043:
806:
796:
771:
766:
633:
608:
492:
234:
24:
741:
676:
671:
381:
245:
140:
37:
253:
1017:
977:
899:
776:
101:
85:
68:
Either the work or the grinding wheel is transversed with respect to the other.
497:
480:
1140:
1033:
997:
982:
801:
756:
736:
731:
1012:
992:
879:
551:
962:
889:
781:
691:
1115:
1110:
987:
904:
696:
41:
1105:
1100:
1068:
1063:
884:
874:
859:
791:
666:
854:
721:
681:
656:
88:
who built the first horizontal boring machine and the first engine
55:
Cylindrical grinding is defined as having four essential actions:
1125:
1085:
1007:
939:
869:
786:
33:
375:
http://www.the-vms.com/vms/other_grinding/other_grinding_00.html
972:
929:
919:
623:
520:
209:
465:
Kocherovsky, Eugene. "50 years of technological
Development."
1048:
661:
176:
97:
89:
65:
The grinding wheel is fed towards and away from the work
515:. 1st. Sussx, England: The Lewes Press, 1963. 155-174.
96:, particularly to the advent of reliable, inexpensive
414:
Biographical
Dictionary of the History of Technology
373:"Grinding Overview" Virtual Machine Shop, Web. <
1138:
364:. 2nd. Cleveland: Judson Company, 1959. 104-141.
416:. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. 525-527
257:A schematic of the centerless grinding process.
62:The grinding wheel must be constantly rotating
574:
536:
59:The work (object) must be constantly rotating
443:
441:
439:
400:. 2nd. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1964. 31-71.
194:
100:production and later the improvement of the
588:
203:
581:
567:
543:
529:
451:. 2nd. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997. 52-60.
428:
426:
424:
422:
392:
390:
496:
436:
461:
459:
457:
252:
244:
175:
160:
46:
485:Central European Journal of Engineering
478:
419:
408:
406:
387:
356:
354:
352:
350:
1139:
240:
227:
562:
524:
454:
403:
347:
277:with a punched card system or using
479:Nadolny, Krzysztof (9 April 2012).
13:
268:
219:
109:Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine
14:
1163:
449:Metal Cutting Theory and Practice
550:
398:History of the Grinding Machine
285:
840:Electrical discharge machining
629:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
505:
472:
367:
249:Centerless cylindrical grinder
1:
341:
187:iameter Cylindrical Grinding
513:Grinding Wheels and Machines
172:iameter Cylindrical Grinding
7:
687:List of drill and tap sizes
336:Grinding (abrasive cutting)
329:
115:and the subsequent patent.
10:
1168:
1003:Magnetic switchable device
279:Computer Numerical Control
156:
146:Computer Numerical Control
75:
1081:
1026:
953:
845:Electrochemical machining
820:
710:
642:
597:
558:
498:10.2478/s13531-012-0005-5
412:Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian.
195:Outside diameter grinding
467:Cutting Tool Engineering
204:Inside diameter grinding
925:Rotary transfer machine
910:Photochemical machining
850:Electron-beam machining
812:Tool and cutter grinder
129:Norton Grinding Company
469:. 57.8 (2005): 95-114.
258:
250:
188:
173:
52:
51:A cylindrical grinder.
1121:Tools and terminology
256:
248:
179:
164:
113:Centennial Exposition
94:Industrial Revolution
50:
1152:Grinding and lapping
1039:Machining vibrations
945:Ultrasonic machining
1059:Tool and die making
747:Cylindrical grinder
511:Houghton, Phillip.
447:Stephenson, David.
296:Automotive Industry
262:Centerless grinding
241:Centerless grinding
228:Creep feed grinding
21:cylindrical grinder
727:Abrasive machining
396:Robert, Woodbury.
380:2010-02-04 at the
362:The Grinding Wheel
259:
251:
189:
174:
53:
1147:Grinding machines
1134:
1133:
1077:
1076:
275:Numerical Control
151:Personal Computer
137:numerical control
1159:
1044:Speeds and feeds
797:Sharpening stone
772:Grinding machine
767:Grinding dresser
634:Stewart platform
583:
576:
569:
560:
559:
545:
538:
531:
522:
521:
516:
509:
503:
502:
500:
476:
470:
463:
452:
445:
434:
430:
417:
410:
401:
394:
385:
371:
365:
360:Lewis, Kenneth.
358:
235:surface grinding
233:cylindrical and
25:grinding machine
16:Grinding machine
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1073:
1022:
949:
816:
807:Surface grinder
742:Coated abrasive
713:
706:
677:Drill bit sizes
672:Drill bit shank
647:
638:
600:
593:
587:
554:
549:
519:
510:
506:
477:
473:
464:
455:
446:
437:
431:
420:
411:
404:
395:
388:
382:Wayback Machine
372:
368:
359:
348:
344:
332:
320:Energy Industry
312:Medical Devices
288:
271:
269:Control methods
243:
230:
222:
220:Plunge grinding
206:
197:
159:
141:John T. Parsons
78:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
900:Milling cutter
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
826:
824:
818:
817:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
777:Grinding wheel
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
716:
708:
707:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
653:
651:
640:
639:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
603:
599:Computer-aided
595:
594:
586:
585:
578:
571:
563:
556:
555:
548:
547:
540:
533:
525:
518:
517:
504:
491:(3): 399–409.
471:
453:
435:
418:
402:
386:
366:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
331:
328:
324:
323:
316:
315:
308:
307:
300:
299:
287:
284:
270:
267:
242:
239:
229:
226:
221:
218:
205:
202:
196:
193:
158:
155:
121:Charles Norton
102:grinding wheel
86:Henry Maudslay
82:John Wilkinson
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1164:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Cutting fluid
1032:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Machine taper
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:Indexing head
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
956:
955:Machine tools
952:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
825:
823:
819:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Spark testing
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:Flick grinder
755:
753:
752:Diamond plate
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
737:Bench grinder
735:
733:
732:Angle grinder
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
715:
709:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
652:
650:
645:
641:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
604:
602:
596:
592:and computing
591:
584:
579:
577:
572:
570:
565:
564:
561:
557:
553:
546:
541:
539:
534:
532:
527:
526:
523:
514:
508:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:
468:
462:
460:
458:
450:
444:
442:
440:
429:
427:
425:
423:
415:
409:
407:
399:
393:
391:
383:
379:
376:
370:
363:
357:
355:
353:
351:
346:
337:
334:
333:
327:
321:
318:
317:
313:
310:
309:
305:
302:
301:
297:
294:
293:
292:
283:
280:
276:
266:
263:
255:
247:
238:
236:
225:
217:
215:
211:
201:
192:
186:
182:
178:
171:
167:
163:
154:
152:
147:
142:
138:
132:
130:
124:
122:
116:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
56:
49:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
26:
23:is a type of
22:
1013:Rotary table
993:Lathe center
880:Machine tool
746:
712:Grinding and
552:Metalworking
512:
507:
488:
484:
474:
466:
448:
413:
397:
369:
361:
325:
319:
311:
303:
295:
289:
286:Applications
272:
260:
231:
223:
207:
198:
190:
184:
180:
169:
165:
133:
125:
117:
106:
79:
71:
54:
20:
18:
1091:Fabrication
1027:Terminology
963:Angle plate
890:Metal lathe
782:Jig grinder
692:Tap and die
601:engineering
214:ID Grinding
1141:Categories
1111:Metallurgy
905:Pantograph
697:Tap wrench
342:References
282:industry.
84:and later
42:crankshaft
1106:Machining
1101:Jewellery
1069:Workpiece
1064:Tramp oil
1054:Tolerance
885:Machining
875:Jig borer
860:Engraving
835:Broaching
822:Machining
702:Threading
667:Drill bit
649:threading
590:Machining
304:Aerospace
1116:Smithing
855:End mill
762:Grinding
722:Abrasive
682:Drilling
657:Die head
644:Drilling
378:Archived
330:See also
30:cylinder
1126:Welding
1096:Forming
1086:Casting
1018:Wiggler
1008:Mandrel
978:Fixture
940:Turning
935:Skiving
895:Milling
870:Hobbing
792:Sanding
787:Lapping
714:lapping
168:utside
157:Methods
76:History
40:, or a
34:ellipse
973:Collet
930:Shaper
920:Reamer
915:Planer
865:Facing
830:Boring
624:G-code
433:Munich
210:collet
183:nside
1049:Swarf
968:Chuck
662:Drill
384:>.
98:steel
90:lathe
32:, an
609:2.5D
36:, a
19:The
988:Jig
646:and
619:CAM
614:CAD
493:doi
139:by
38:cam
1143::
487:.
483:.
456:^
438:^
421:^
405:^
389:^
349:^
237:.
216:.
123:.
44:.
582:e
575:t
568:v
544:e
537:t
530:v
501:.
495::
489:2
185:D
181:I
170:D
166:O
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
