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of extraversion in children. High surgency in children as identified by parental self-report has been associated with lower levels of effortful control. A 2003 meta-analysis of gender differences in temperament showed a small to moderate gender difference in surgency levels between boys and girls,
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found that of all of the objective tests developed for assessing temperament, the fluency tests were the most valid for testing surgency. Studman had also come to similar conclusions.
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with boys showing higher levels of surgency and "generally indicating that boys are slightly more active, less shy, and derive more pleasure than girls from high-intensity stimuli."
34:. The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines it as "a personality trait marked by cheerfulness, responsiveness, spontaneity, and sociability but at a level below that of
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Thurstone and
Thurstone identified surgency by the word "fluency". This concept of fluency is very broad, and includes facility both in speech and in writing.
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Shiner, Rebecca; Avshalom Caspi (2003). "Personality differences in childhood and adolescence: Measurement, development, and consequences".
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In children, surgency is an emotional dimension that is characterized by high levels of activity and positive emotion,
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Rothbart, Mary; Evans, D. E.; Ahadi, S. A. (2000). "Temperament and
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Blandon, Alysia Y.; Susuan D. Calkins; Susan P. Keane; Marion O'Brien (2010).
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Studies of Intelligence. Psychometric Monographs, no. 2
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Studman, L. G. (1935). "Studies in experimental psychiatry. V.
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Personality trait of cheerfulness, spontaneity and sociability
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reactivity in which a person tends towards high levels of
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