295:(also called Majang) and Southwest Surmic languages (Fleming 1983) share a number of traits, so they are therefore presumably reconstructable in Proto-Surmic: relative clauses (which include adjectives), demonstratives, adverbs, numerals, genitives, and possessive pronouns follow their heads, noun derivations and subject marking on verbs are marked by suffixes, VSO (
273:. The most complete descriptions of Ethiopian Surmic languages are of Murle (Arensen 1982) and Tirma (Bryant 1999). All Surmic languages are presumed to be tonal, have implosive consonants, and have distinctive vowel length. Some have as many as nine vowel qualities, and more detailed study may confirm this in other Surmic languages, also.
257:. In the past, Surmic had been known as “Didinga-Murle” and “Surma”. The former name was too narrow by referring only to two closely related languages and the latter was a label also used to refer to a specific language (Unseth 1997b), so the label “Surmic” is now used. The relationships in the chart above are based on Fleming's work (1983).
314:(Arensen 1983:56-61, Tornay 1981), and the Mursi having moved into and out of the Omo River valley. Ethnolinguistic identities within the Surmic group have not been rigid, with ample evidence of people’s identities shifting from one ethnolinguistic group to another (Tornay 1981, Turton 1979, Unseth and Abbink 1998).
288:
The languages share a system of marking the number of both the possessed and the possessor in possessive pronouns (Unseth 1991). Number of nominals is typically marked on a number of morphemes, with t/k marking singular and plural (Bryan 1959). Adjectives are formed by stative relative clauses.
328:
The sound systems of Proto-Southwest Surmic and Proto-Southeast Surmic have been reconstructed by Yigezu (2001). Unseth has proposed a reconstruction of the case suffixes for Proto-Surmic. Unseth has reconstructed the system of marking possession for Proto-Surmic. Unseth has also reconstructed a
1059:
Unseth, Peter. 1991. "Possessive
Markers in Surmic Languages," Proceedings of the 4th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, ed. by M. L. Bender, pp. 91–104. (Nilo-Saharan: Linguistic Analyses and Documentation, vol. 7.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske
302:
All Surmic languages have been documented as having case suffixes (Unseth 1989). None of them have a marked accusative, but at least Majang and Murle sometimes mark nominatives, part of a broader areal pattern (König 2006).
299:) order predominates in indicative main clauses. Some typologically exceptional points are discussed by Arensen, et al. (1997). However, Dimmendaal’s introduction proposes a different analysis (1998).
320:
The starting point for linguistic and anthropological research into Surmic studies is the book edited by
Dimmendaal (1998), especially the bibliography article (Abbink and Unseth 1998).
317:
Abbink has published a pioneering work comparing the vocabulary and systems of kinship among Surmic languages, particularly from the South West node of Surmic (Abbink 2006).
337:
Comparison of numerals in individual languages: One of the shared innovations that separates
Southeast Surmic languages from the rest of Surmic is that they have a
960:
1269:
1003:
141:
2305:
1193:
Moges Yigezu, "A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages". Ph.D dissertation. Université Libre de
Bruxelles, 2002
1050:
Unseth, Peter. 1989. "An
Initial Comparison and Reconstruction of Case Suffixes in Surmic Languages," Journal of Ethiopian Studies 22:97–104.
83:
310:, with the various groups dispersing from there: for example, the Majangir having moved north, the Murle having migrated clockwise around
2618:
1159:
Bender, M. Lionel. "The Surma language group: a preliminary report". Studies in
African Linguistics, Supplement 7, pp. 11–21.
1262:
1172:
Dimmendaal, Gerrit. 1998. "A syntactic typology of the Surmic family from an areal and historical-comparative point of view," in
1152:
Arensen, Jon, Nicky de Jong, Scott Randal, Peter Unseth. 1997. "Interrogatives in Surmic
Languages and Greenberg's Universals,"
1017:
1200:, M.L. Bender (ed.), pp. 33–60. (Northeast African Studies, Monograph 10). East Lansing: Michigan State University.
2298:
1514:
1301:
1255:
61:
2613:
1128:
Abbink, Jon. 2006. Kinship and society among Surmic-speakling people in
Southwest Ethiopia: A brief comparison.
2608:
2291:
306:
The original geographic home of the Surmic peoples is thought to be in
Southwestern Ethiopia, somewhere near
2157:
1886:
1181:
Nilotic
Studies: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples
2477:
2455:
296:
116:
Today, the various peoples who speak Surmic languages make their living in a variety of ways, including
2603:
2116:
1835:
2598:
2500:
2438:
1952:
1798:
1278:
110:
55:
270:
2517:
2482:
2102:
2073:
1626:
1169:
Bryant, Michael. 1999. "Aspects of Tirmaga grammar." MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
2314:
1740:
1410:
1288:
1110:
p. 54. Unseth, Peter. 1988. "The Validity and Unity of the Southeast Surma Language Grouping,"
49:
2043:
1415:
1370:
981:
2007:
1745:
1667:
1388:
1239:
Unseth, Peter and Jon Abbink. 1998. "Cross-ethnic Clan Identities Among Surmic Groups," in
1097:
129:
1936:
8:
2549:
1843:
1730:
1357:
282:
1225:
Unseth, Peter. 1988. "The Validity and Unity of the Southeast Surma Language Grouping,"
1204:
2472:
2142:
2125:
1881:
1863:
1481:
1336:
2344:
2222:
1138:
Abbink, Jon and Peter Unseth. 1998. "Surmic Languages and Cultures: A Bibliography."
1041:. Bruxelles: Univ. libre de Bruxelles. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bruxelles.
989:
96:
2563:
2530:
2467:
2427:
2420:
2170:
1785:
1759:
1131:
985:
274:
266:
1566:
171:
2573:
2558:
2369:
2364:
2242:
2175:
2022:
1931:
1858:
1702:
1659:
1597:
1476:
1458:
1393:
1383:
1317:
1215:(ed.), 19–143. (Queen's University Papers in Social Anthropology, vol. 4). Belfast.
1007:
217:
2017:
1212:
2568:
2488:
2461:
2414:
2375:
2349:
2247:
2180:
2147:
2134:
2089:
1919:
1891:
1853:
1823:
1735:
1672:
1649:
1612:
1607:
1545:
1486:
1468:
1453:
1445:
1405:
1399:
1351:
1330:
1205:
A Journey Made Them: Territorial Segmentation and Ethnic Identity Among the Mursi
234:
222:
152:
44:
2512:
2447:
2409:
2383:
2338:
2274:
2206:
2190:
2185:
2165:
2097:
2053:
2048:
2027:
2002:
1967:
1925:
1901:
1896:
1724:
1707:
1687:
1602:
1592:
1571:
1561:
1346:
1341:
1135:, edited by Siegbert Uhlig, pp. 9–14. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
307:
278:
229:
201:
179:
163:
121:
1183:, Rainer Vossen and Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, 524–555. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
2592:
2523:
2404:
2355:
2068:
2058:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1911:
1848:
1813:
1677:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1576:
1491:
1435:
1378:
184:
1247:
2012:
1818:
1012:
311:
915:
874:
834:
794:
754:
714:
674:
633:
592:
552:
511:
470:
429:
388:
265:
Much foundational fieldwork and analysis of Surmic languages was done by
254:
125:
117:
37:
2283:
1232:
Unseth, Peter. 1997b. "Disentangling the Two Languages Called 'Suri',"
1218:
Unseth, Peter. 1987. "A Typological Anomaly in Some Surma Languages,"
1039:
A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages
994:
90:
2323:
292:
250:
33:
341:, rather than building to 10 from 5, such as five-plus-one, etc.
999:
338:
2063:
980:
1243:, Gerrit Deimmendaal (ed.), pp. 103–112. Cologne: Koppe.
2395:
2327:
1162:
Bryan, Margaret. 1959. The T/K Languages: A New Substratum.
1142:, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 127–142. Cologne: Köppe.
1086:, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 113–126. Cologne: Köppe.
1082:
Unseth, Peter. 1998. "Two Old Causative Affixes in Surmic,"
1069:
Unseth, Peter. 1997a. "An Archaic Surmic Causative Prefix,"
1147:
Sticks and straw: Comparative house forms in southern Sudan
1176:, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 35–82. Cologne: Köppe
124:. They live in a variety of terrain, from the lowlands of
1186:
König, Christa. 2006. "Marked nominative in Africa,"
1234:
Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages
1154:
Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages
1130:
Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of
1071:
Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages
1198:Peoples and cultures of the Ethio-Sudan Borderland
1004:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
144:, the Surmic languages are classified as follows:
142:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
751:South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim
711:South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim
2590:
1196:Tornay, Serge. 1981. "The Omo Murle Enigma," in
1179:Fleming, Harold. 1983. "Surmic etymologies," in
2299:
1277:
1263:
1089:
1149:. Dallas: International Museum of Cultures.
249:The Surmic languages are found in southwest
1100:. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
16:Sub-family of the Eastern Sudanic languages
2306:
2292:
1270:
1256:
2313:
1011:
1513:
1300:
1209:Segmentary Lineage Systems Reconsidered
831:South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Tennet
2591:
1122:
791:South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Murle
2287:
1783:
1782:
1512:
1299:
1251:
1095:
961:List of Proto-Surmic reconstructions
329:causative prefix for Proto-Surmic.
260:
13:
2619:Southern Eastern Sudanic languages
1098:"The Nilo-Saharan Language Phylum"
281:(also spelled Koegu) have sets of
14:
2630:
549:South, Southeast, Pastoral, Me’en
323:
253:and adjoining parts of southeast
988:; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10).
671:South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri
630:South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri
589:South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri
132:to mountains over 2,300 meters.
1020:from the original on 2023-11-08
912:South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi
871:South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi
111:Eastern Sudanic language family
1220:Studies in African Linguistics
1104:
1076:
1063:
1053:
1044:
1031:
974:
1:
1241:Surmic Languages and Cultures
1174:Surmic Languages and Cultures
1140:Surmic Languages and Cultures
1084:Surmic Languages and Cultures
967:
1289:Nilo-Saharan language family
135:
7:
954:
497:lunkáí (borrowed from Kara)
494:tsʼoba (borrowed from Kara)
332:
10:
2635:
625:tɔ́mmɔ́n (maybe borrowed)
2547:
2508:
2499:
2437:
2394:
2322:
2268:
2235:
2215:
2199:
2156:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2088:
2036:
1995:
1986:
1960:
1951:
1910:
1874:
1834:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1778:
1758:
1716:
1695:
1686:
1658:
1625:
1585:
1554:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1508:
1467:
1444:
1428:
1369:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1295:
1285:
1279:Eastern Sudanic languages
1227:Northeast African Studies
1145:Arensen, Jonathan. 1983.
1112:Northeast African Studies
89:
79:
45:Linguistic classification
43:
26:
21:
2614:Languages of South Sudan
1765:Large group listed below
990:"Glottolog 4.8 - Surmic"
734:t̪ɔ̀ɾkɔ̀nɔ́n (5+ 1)
500:sal (borrowed from Kara)
616:íssábài / also ~issábaj
508:South, Southeast, Kwegu
491:la (borrowed from Kara)
467:South, Southeast, Kwegu
120:, settled farmers, and
1203:Turton, David. 1979. "
1013:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
740:t̪úɾkɪ́yyó (5+ 3)
737:t̪ʊ́ɾkɪ́ɾámːá (5+ 2)
456:tʰuula d͡ʒiitʰ (5 + 3)
412:tùùl à pɛ́ɛ́jǃ (5 +2)
122:slash and burn farmers
2609:Languages of Ethiopia
1287:Part of the proposed
1096:Chan, Eugene (2019).
1037:Yigezu, Moges. 2001.
415:tùùl à ɟíítǃ (5 + 3)
128:and the banks of the
743:t̪ʊ́ɾkʊ́wwétʃ (5+ 4)
459:tʰuula aŋan (5 + 4)
418:tùùl à àŋàn (5 + 4)
109:are a branch of the
1887:Lango (South Sudan)
1188:Studies in Language
1123:Relevant literature
982:Hammarström, Harald
453:tʰuula pʰɛɛj (5 +2)
450:tʰuula ʔom (5 + 1)
297:verb–subject–object
283:ejective consonants
986:Haspelmath, Martin
984:; Forkel, Robert;
945:tɔ̀rɡɔ́ɡɔ̄ (5+ 4)
936:tɔ̄rkɔ́hɔ̄ (5+ 1)
619:íssé / also ~ísséj
409:tùùl à òm (5 + 1)
2604:Language families
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2281:
2280:
2275:extinct languages
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2231:
2230:
2111:
2110:
2084:
2083:
1947:
1946:
1786:Nilotic languages
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1621:
1620:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1424:
1423:
1132:Ethiopian Studies
952:
951:
939:tʊ̄rɡɛ́rɛ̄ (5+ 2)
863:tóɾ̥kôtʃ (5+ 4)
857:tóɾ̥ɡéɾém (5+ 2)
854:tɔ̀ɾ̥kónóm (5+ 1)
817:turɡɛrɛ́m (5+ 2)
780:turɡi (5+ 3)
267:Harold C. Fleming
214:Didinga–Longarim
195:Southwest Surmic
176:Tirma–Chai–Mursi
160:Southeast Surmic
140:According to the
103:
102:
36:and southeastern
2626:
2599:Surmic languages
2506:
2505:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2121:
1993:
1992:
1958:
1957:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1693:
1692:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1510:
1509:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1297:
1296:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1015:
978:
777:turɡerem (5+ 2)
344:
343:
261:Previous studies
168:Pastoral Surmic
107:Surmic languages
99:
62:Southern Eastern
19:
18:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2543:
2501:Eastern Sudanic
2495:
2439:Central Sudanic
2433:
2390:
2330:
2318:
2312:
2282:
2277:
2252:
2227:
2211:
2195:
2152:
2107:
2080:
2032:
1982:
1943:
1906:
1870:
1830:
1789:
1784:
1766:
1750:
1712:
1682:
1654:
1617:
1581:
1550:
1521:
1496:
1463:
1440:
1420:
1365:
1308:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1246:
1229:10.2/3:151–163.
1125:
1119:
1118:
1114:10.2/3:151–163.
1109:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1021:
979:
975:
970:
957:
820:turɡɛ (5+ 3)
814:tɔrkɔnǒm (5+ 1)
783:torkõwõc (5+ 4)
774:torkonom (5+ 1)
335:
326:
263:
247:
138:
118:nomadic herders
95:
56:Eastern Sudanic
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2236:Omotik–Datooga
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2158:Nandi–Markweta
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2103:Southern Burun
2100:
2098:Northern Burun
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2074:Lango (Uganda)
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1808:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1190:30.4: 655–732.
1184:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1103:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1052:
1043:
1030:
972:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
956:
953:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
913:
909:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
872:
868:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
835:Tennet (Tenet)
832:
828:
827:
824:
823:torkɔc (5+ 4)
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
792:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
755:Laarim (Narim)
752:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
672:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
631:
627:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
550:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
509:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
468:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
386:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
347:Classification
339:base 10 system
334:
331:
325:
324:Reconstruction
322:
262:
259:
246:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
226:
225:
220:
211:Didinga–Murle
209:
208:
207:
204:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
182:
174:
166:
155:
146:
137:
134:
101:
100:
93:
87:
86:
81:
80:Proto-language
77:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
47:
41:
40:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2631:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:Eastern Jebel
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Mangbutu–Lese
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:Bongo–Bagirmi
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:border region
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1627:Eastern Jebel
1624:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:Ladislav Holý
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
987:
983:
977:
973:
962:
959:
958:
947:
944:
942:tūrɡē (5+ 3)
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:Kacipo-Balesi
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
875:Kacipo-Balesi
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
860:túɾɡè (5+ 3)
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
799:codoi / aˈdoi
798:
796:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
756:
753:
750:
749:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
676:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:Kwegu (Koegu)
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
426:North, Majang
425:
424:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
385:North, Majang
384:
383:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
342:
340:
330:
321:
318:
315:
313:
309:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
256:
252:
236:
233:
231:
228:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
210:
205:
203:
202:Kacipo–Balesi
200:
199:
197:
196:
194:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
173:
170:
169:
167:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:South Surmic
156:
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
145:
143:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
98:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
69:
66:
65:
63:
60:
59:
57:
54:
53:
51:
48:
46:
42:
39:
35:
32:southwestern
31:
25:
20:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2487:
2454:
2446:
2426:
2419:
2382:
2374:
2354:
2337:
2315:Nilo-Saharan
2270:
2200:Okiek–Mosiro
2044:Southern Luo
1924:
1836:Teso–Turkana
1723:
1530:
1516:
1398:
1356:
1329:
1303:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1197:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1129:
1111:
1106:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1022:. Retrieved
993:
976:
963:(Wiktionary)
336:
327:
319:
316:
312:Lake Turkana
305:
301:
291:
287:
271:M. L. Bender
264:
248:
139:
115:
106:
104:
84:Proto-Surmic
67:
50:Nilo-Saharan
29:distribution
2008:Belanda Bor
1668:Keiga Jirru
1389:El Hugeirat
1371:Hill Nubian
1222:18.357–361.
759:odoi, codoi
255:South Sudan
198:Baale–Olam
126:South Sudan
38:South Sudan
2593:Categories
1961:Dinka–Nuer
1912:Ongamo–Maa
1844:Karamojong
1731:Daju Mongo
1358:Old Nubian
1024:2023-11-07
968:References
904:tɔ́rɡɔ̀ɡɔ̀
898:tʉ̀rɡɛ̀rɛ́
895:tɔ̀rkɔ̀nɔ́
569:hat͡ʃʼánáŋ
185:Tirma–Chai
27:Geographic
2550:Astaboran
2483:Moru–Madi
2273:indicate
2143:Kupsabiny
1882:Dongotono
1864:Nyangatom
1586:Southwest
1555:Southeast
1519:languages
1515:Southern
1482:Miisiirii
1337:Dongolawi
1306:languages
1302:Northern
995:Glottolog
948:ɔ̄mɔ̄ðɔ́
907:ɔ̀mɔ̀ðɔ̀
688:wùʃ / wùy
397:pɛ́ɛ́jǃ *
136:Languages
130:Omo River
91:Glottolog
2473:Mangbetu
2324:Ethiopia
2317:branches
2171:Kipsigis
2126:Kalenjin
2117:Southern
2037:Southern
1996:Northern
1236:7:49–69.
1166:29:1–21.
1156:7:71–90.
1018:Archived
955:See also
808:oic /wec
706:tɔ̀mɔ̀n
584:tɔ̂mmɔn
394:òmóŋ, òm
350:Language
333:Numerals
293:Majangir
251:Ethiopia
97:surm1244
34:Ethiopia
2564:Nyimang
2531:Nilotic
2492: ?
2464: ?
2451: ?
2428:Songhay
2421:Saharan
2387: ?
2379: ?
2359: ?
2271:Italics
2243:Datooga
2176:Markwet
2023:Shilluk
1953:Western
1932:Samburu
1859:Turkana
1824:Mandari
1799:Eastern
1760:Nilotic
1717:Western
1703:Logorik
1696:Eastern
1598:Didinga
1477:Mararit
1459:Nyimang
1394:Ghulfan
1384:Dilling
1073:7:41–48
1060:Verlag.
1000:Leipzig
839:tʃɔ́ɗɛ̂
826:amɔ̌tɔ
786:õmmõtõ
746:ɔmɔt̪ɔ
728:ʊ̀wwétʃ
719:xɔ̀ɗɛ́ɪ
715:Didinga
697:ìsàbbày
691:háyɛ́ná
657:isaabaj
639:ɗɔ́nɛ́j
598:ɗɔ́nɛ́j
462:ˈaarin
441:d͡ʒiitʰ
218:Didinga
206:Ngaalam
149:Surmic
2574:Temein
2559:Nubian
2538:Surmic
2489:Sinyar
2398:region
2376:Ongota
2370:Kunama
2365:Kuliak
2248:Omotik
2223:Pökoot
2216:Pökoot
2181:Naandi
2148:Sabaot
2064:Dholuo
2054:Adhola
2049:Acholi
1920:Maasai
1892:Lokoya
1875:Lotuko
1854:Toposa
1736:Nyolge
1673:Temein
1660:Temein
1650:Sillok
1613:Tennet
1608:Laarim
1546:Majang
1531:Surmic
1487:Sungor
1454:Afitti
1406:Kadaru
1400:Haraza
1352:Nobiin
1331:Birgid
1318:Nubian
1207:," in
1164:Africa
866:òmòtò
703:sàkkàl
694:ìllɛ̀y
682:ràmmán
666:tɔmɔn
651:háánán
622:sákkàl
610:háánán
575:issabò
557:kɔ̂náŋ
544:tomon
538:lunkai
535:tsʼoba
503:tómon
430:Majang
421:áárŋǃ
389:Majang
235:Tennet
153:Majang
68:Surmic
22:Surmic
2468:Lendu
2462:Kresh
2448:Birri
2415:Maban
2405:Furan
2396:Sahel
2384:Shabo
2350:Koman
2345:Bʼaga
2339:Berta
2328:Sudan
2207:Ogiek
2191:Tugen
2186:Terik
2166:Keiyo
2135:Elgon
2090:Burun
2069:Kumam
2028:Thuri
2003:Anuak
1968:Dinka
1937:Camus
1926:Ngasa
1902:Otuho
1897:Lopit
1741:Nyala
1725:Beigo
1708:Shatt
1603:Murle
1593:Baale
1572:Mursi
1567:Meʼen
1562:Kwegu
1539:North
1469:Taman
1446:Nyima
1411:Karko
1347:Midob
1342:Kenzi
930:wé ̀
924:rámmá
901:tùrɡè
883:rámmá
842:rámːá
805:iːˈyǔ
795:Murle
765:iyyio
762:ramma
722:ràmːá
700:ìssèy
685:sízzì
679:ɗɔ́nɛ
663:sakal
645:sízzi
642:raman
634:Mursi
613:íllɛ́
604:sízzí
601:ràmàn
593:Mursi
578:isset
566:wut͡ʃ
563:sizzí
560:ramáŋ
553:Me'en
512:Kwegu
447:tʰuul
444:ˈaŋan
438:pʰɛɛj
435:oˈmʊŋ
400:ɟíítǃ
279:Kwegu
275:Me'en
230:Murle
223:Narim
180:Mursi
172:Me'en
164:Kwegu
2569:Tama
2524:Nara
2513:Daju
2410:Kadu
2356:Gule
2059:Alur
2018:Päri
1978:Reel
1973:Nuer
1849:Teso
1819:Kuku
1814:Bari
1807:Bari
1746:Sila
1688:Daju
1678:Tese
1645:Molo
1640:Kelo
1635:Gaam
1577:Suri
1492:Tama
1436:Nara
1429:Nara
1416:Wali
1379:Dair
927:íyyó
921:óóɗē
889:wèhé
851:túɾ̥
848:wétʃ
811:tǔːɾ
768:wẽẽc
731:t̺úɾ
725:ìyyó
675:Suri
660:isse
654:illɛ
581:sáal
572:illè
526:ahur
523:jien
517:kium
485:áhur
482:jien
476:kíum
406:tùùl
403:àŋàn
308:Maji
277:and
269:and
105:The
2013:Jur
1988:Luo
1008:doi
933:túr
918:(2)
892:tűr
886:íyó
880:óɗè
877:(1)
845:íjó
802:rǎm
771:tur
648:wuʃ
636:(2)
607:wùʃ
595:(1)
541:sal
529:cuu
520:ɗaa
514:(2)
488:cuu
479:ɗáa
473:(1)
432:(2)
391:(1)
380:10
2595::
1211:,
1016:.
1006:.
1002::
998:.
992:.
532:la
285:.
113:.
2552:"
2548:"
2326:-
2307:e
2300:t
2293:v
1517:n
1304:k
1271:e
1264:t
1257:v
1027:.
1010::
377:9
374:8
371:7
368:6
365:5
362:4
359:3
356:2
353:1
64:?
58:?
52:?
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.