Susya - Knowledge

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residents that their plan had been rejected for improper considerations, and that this constituted a double standard in planning and blatant discrimination against the Palestinian population. The state's treatment of Khirbet Susiya and its residents illustrates its systemic use of planning laws to prevent Palestinians in Area C, which is under full Israeli control, from construction and development that meet their needs: most Palestinians in the area live in villages where the Israeli authorities have refused to draw up master plans and connect them to water and power supplies, under various pretexts. With no other choice, the residents eventually build homes without permits and subsequently live under constant threat of demolition and expulsion. This policy is intended to serve the goal, explicitly declared by Israeli officials in the past, of taking over land in the southern Hebron hills in order to formally annex it to Israel in a permanent-status agreement with the Palestinians, and annex it de facto until such a time. In implementing this policy, Israel is acting in contradiction to its obligation to care for the needs of West Bank residents as the occupying power there.... The Israeli authorities' policy towards the residents of Khirbet Susiya starkly contrasts their generous planning policy towards Israeli settlers in the area. The settlers of Susiya and its outposts enjoy full provision of services and infrastructure and are in no danger of their homes being demolished – despite the fact that the outposts are illegal under Israel law and in the settlement itself, according to figures published by settler organization Regavim, 23 homes were built on privately-owned Palestinian land."

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car, and, wrestled to the ground, was bound hand and foot. Another settler from nearby Susya, Yoram Shkolnik shot him eight times, killing him. According to the IDF a grenade was found on the body while other reports claimed the grenade was removed from him prior to the shooting. In 2001, Yair Har-Sinai was killed in a brawl with local Palestinians. A Palestinian, Jihad Najar, was convicted of murder and received a sentence of life imprisonment. The IDF then evicted the 300 Palestinians in the area, demolishing some of their makeshift homes. They have sought redress in an Israeli court, which ruled that illegal demolitions had taken place, the state had failed to provide procedures to enable the plaintiffs to obtain building permits, and was creating a situation in which elementary human rights to life were being denied.

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justified on humanitarian grounds while Ari Briggs, International Director of Regavim, said the project is a 'Trojan horse' with political aims. As of 2016 the existing infrastructure is the result of European aid: Spain donated the school, Germany provided solar panels; the water pumps were funded by Ireland, while Norway, Italy Belgium and other countries funded the children's playground, however, the makeshift shelters have "more the feeling of a protest camp than a functioning Palestinian village.'The author claims that the settler NGO Regavim's assertion that the people of Susya live in Yatta on the basis of the fact that Susya has 'no streets, shops or mosques, and no permanent homes. There do not seem to be many people, either."

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their cisterns, many ancient, built for gathering rainwater, and then filling them with gravel and cement to hinder their reuse. Donated solar panels were also destroyed, livestock killed, and agricultural land razed.. On Sept 26 of the same year, by an order of the Israeli Supreme Court, these structures were ordered to be destroyed and the land returned to the Palestinians. Settlers and the IDF prevented the villagers from reclaiming their land, some 750 acres. The villagers made an appeal to the same court to be allowed to reclaim their lands and live without harassment. Some 93 events of settler violence were listed. The settlers made a counter-appeal, and one family that had managed to return to its land suffered a third eviction.

1108: 1099:, but requested them to withdraw their petition against the settlers who are alleged to have illegally seized these lands. The subject of a petition concerns 300 dunams of agricultural land, and a further 900 dunams of pasture of which, the Palestinians argue, they were forced by violent attacks from using for agriculture and herding. The court held that the proper option open to the Palestinians was recourse to a civil legal action. Of the 120 complaints registered with Israeli police in Hebron by Palestinians of Susya, regarding alleged attacks, threats, incursions, and property damage wrought by settlers down to 2013, upwards of 95% have been dismissed, without charges being laid. 1220:, before fifteen senior EU diplomats visiting the area on 8 August 2012, Susya villager Nasser Nawaja'a complained that "(t)here are in this village octogenarians who are older than the State of Israel . . . How can they be told that their residence here is illegal?" The EU declared at the time it does not expect that the demolition order will be executed. An Israeli officer objected to this narrative, saying, "It would be absolutely false to present these people as having lived there since the time of Noah's Ark and suddenly the big bad Israelis come and destroy the place. We are a bit sad that some of the Europeans and the Americans are falling into that trap." 950:, the modern Bedouin residential settlement that exists as of 2016 is the result of European aid; Spain donated the school, Germany provided solar panels, the water pumps were funded by Ireland, while Norway, Italy, Belgium, and other countries funded the children's playground. However, it was noted that the makeshift shelters have "more the feeling of a protest camp than a functioning Palestinian village. There are no streets, shops or mosques, and no permanent homes. There do not seem to be many people, either — giving some support to Regavim's claim that most of the residents live in the nearby Palestinian town of Yatta." 971:

document has been known to Israeli officials since 1982. Though the precise extent of their land was not specified in the document, in an internal review of the case in 2015, Meiri established from the geographical features mentioned that the land covered territory now belonging to the Jabor and Nawaja families, and the villages on the basis of their Ottoman period documents claim an area that covers some 3,000 dunams (741 acres). In early 1986, before the first Israeli expulsion, the village was visited by U.S. consular officials, who recorded the occasion in photographs.

408: 3975:"The state admitted the demolition was executed illegally. Justice Procaccia said that 'the state did not establish a legal procedure which would allow for a building permit, hence the state is not carrying out its duties and is creating a situation under which a human's basic existence becomes impossible.' Justice Hayut pointed to the absurdity of the situation, saying 'the state admits an unauthorized action was carried out, which resulted in the demolition of structures that constituted the bare minimum in living conditions. 78: 896: 301:

by Palestinians on the site, the official view of Israel is that no historic Palestinian village ever existed there, just a few families residing seasonally, and that the area was required for archaeological work. It is notable that Jews also reside in illegal structures on the same archaeological site. The attorney for the Palestinians replied that the army was stopping Palestinians building on their own privately owned land, while permitting settlers to seize their agricultural fields.

543:, one on a screen relief showing two lamps suspended from a bar between the menorah's upper branches, (possibly because the Torah shrine was flanked by lampstands, serving the dual purpose of symbolizing a connection between the synagogue and the Temple while functioning as a spotlight for the bimah and giving light for scriptural readings). This was near the reverse mirroring of the menorah pattern in the mosaics, heightened the central significance of the Torah shrine in the hall a 5017: 463: 3317:"Twenty years ago, the cave dwellers of Susya were evacuated from their original village on the pretext of archaeological digs in the area. Some of the evacuees went to live on their lands close to the Israeli settlement which was founded a short time before. Five years ago the Israeli army destroyed the caves of these families, and since then they continued to live there in impermanent and improvised housing." (Krinis and Dunayevsky 2006), Deborah Cowen, Emily Gilbert, 503: 2198:, at Eshtemoa, and Khirbet Susiya were built as broadhouses and not as longhouse basilicas. In these buildings, the basilica form is turned on its side, and the focal point of the synagogue is the wide wall of the hall. Benches were built round the interior walls of these synagogues, focusing attention on the centre of the room. This architecture is a continuation of the house-synagogues that literary sources suggests existed from the second and third centuries." 1000:, by 2010 settlers were cultivating roughly 40 hectares, about 15% of the land area to which they deny access to the traditional Palestinian users of that area. Since 2000 Jewish settlers in Susya have denied Palestinians access to 10 cisterns in the area, or according to more recent accounts, 23, and try to block their access to others. Soil at Susya, with a market value of NIS 2,000 per truckload, is also taken from lands belonging to the village of Yatta. 1881:"A unique case is Susya. The existence of the ancient Jewish town was unknown in Jewish sources, but was discovered in archaeological excavations ... the settlers are not free to decide on the names chosen: the National Naming Committee at the Prime Minister's Office has that responsibility and considers various factors. The settlers, however, being well acquainted with the territory and its history, play a significant role in the decision." 4772: 1247: 891:"The synagogue is located in an area that is known as the lands of Khirbet Susya, and around an Arab village between the ancient ruins. There is a formal registration on the land of Khirbet Susya with the Land Registry, according to which this land, amounting to approximately 3000 dunam , is privately held by many Arab owners. Therefore the area proximal to the synagogue is in all regards privately owned." 421: 364:. It was the site of a monumental synagogue. The settlement on the hill contiguous to the synagogue seems to have once had a thriving economy. A fine store has been excavated from its ruins. It may have undergone a decline in the second half of the 4th century, and again in the 6th century. Some speak of abandonment though the evidence from the synagogue suggests continuity into the medieval period. 85: 452: 1091:. If they comply with the law they cannot build cisterns and collect even the rainwater. But if they fail to work their lands, they lose it anyway. One small enclave that remains for a Bedouin pastoralist's family suffers from further encroachment, with one settler, according to Shulman, managing to wrest 95% of the family's land, and still intent on entering the remainder. 400:, religious Jews uncomfortable with pagan symbols moved 2 km south-west to the present Susya (which they perhaps already farmed) and that, while they still regarded their new community as Carmel, the name was lost when the village's fortunes declined in the early Arab period, in part, it has been suggested, because the new Muslim overlords might not have tolerated its 983:, the second expulsion took place in 1990, when Rujum al-Hamri's inhabitants were loaded onto trucks by the IDF and dumped at the Zif Junction, 15 kilometers northwards a roadside at the edge of a desert. Most returned and rebuilt on a rocky escarpment within their traditional agricultural and grazing territory. Their wells taken, they were forced to buy water from nearby 565:'. The fragmentary state of the wheel mosaic is due to its replacement by a much cruder geometric pavement pattern, indicative of a desire to erase what later came to be thought of as objectionable imagery. The defacing of images may indicate changing Jewish attitudes to visual representations and graven images, perhaps influence by both Christian iconoclasm and Muslim 1025:"in the nearby Israeli settlement of Sussia, whose very existence is unlawful under international law, the Israeli settlers have ample water supplies. They have a swimming pool and their lush irrigated vineyards, herb farms and lawns – verdant even at the height of the dry season – stand in stark contrast to the parched and arid Palestinian villages on their doorstep." 872:, who lived with the locals in the region for several years, writes that the community at Khirbet Susya was seasonal and didn't live in there year-round. Families of shepherds arrived after the first rain (October–November), stayed during the grazing season and left in April end or beginning of May. They were known for a special kind of cheese produced in their caves, 1021:

was blocked. In September 2008 the Israeli army informed the Palestinians at Susya that a further 150 dunums (15 hectares), where 13 remaining rainwater cisterns are located, would be a "closed military area" to which they were denied access. Amnesty International described the resultant contrast between the Palestinian and Jewish Susyas as follows:

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own much of the land, Israel denies building permits to Susya's residents and therefore they build without permission from Israeli authorities. The master plan for Susya was denied by the Israeli Civil Administration as opposed to the Israeli settlement of Susya, and Palestinians are required to obtain permits from the Israeli Civil Administration.

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illegal outposts that have everything—infrastructures of water and electricity— despite the fact that these settlements are illegal even under Israeli law. And now you want to expel this old man from his home once again? To expel all of us who own these lands, who have lived on them for generations in this space that is ours, which is all we know?

474:, the synagogue was built in the 4th - 5th centuries and continued in use for "at least" another two centuries. It is one of four of an architecturally unique group in the Southern Judean Hills. Only six synagogues have been identified in Judea as a whole; the lower number may be accounted for by a shift in the Jewish population from Judah to 3534:: "The small Palestinian village of Susya, located next to the southern Hebron Hills settlement of the same name, had no permits for its buildings either. And that's still the case, since last month the Civil Administration rejected Susya residents' request for approval of a master plan that would have made their homes legal..." 3417:

June 2013. "May 7th 2011. The settler in his Shabbat white, a huge knitted skullcap on his head, takes a pebble and holds it out on his fingertips to a Palestinian woman from Susya as he clucks his tongue at her, beckoning her as one would a dog. He has already taken 95% of the family's land, and now

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wishing to control more land and resources and being a security buffer which made it more difficult for robber gangs raid the mother villages. Caves are used by local as residences, storage space and sheepfold. The affiliation between the satellite villages and mother town remained. While some of the

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at the centre of the northern wall. There was a secondary bimah in the eastern section. Unlike other synagogues in Judea it had a gallery, made while reinforcing the western wall. East of the synagogue was an open courtyard surrounded on three sides by a roofed portico. The western side opened to the

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In 1982, an Israeli land authority, Plia Albeck, working in the Civil division of the State Attorney's Office, determined that the 300 hectares where Palestinians had been living, and which included an area with remains both of a 5th–8th century CE synagogue and of a mosque that had replaced it, were

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7 May 2015: "The village residents requested the order as part of their petition to the court against the Civil Administration's decision to reject the master plan they had drawn up for the village. In the petition, Att. Qamar Mashraki from Israeli NGO Rabbis for Human Rights argued on behalf of the

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and the alike will discover, that every year, during grazing time, families of shepherds visit the caves in these ruins, with every shepherd family returning to and living in the same cave in which that family lived in the prior season. At the end of the rainy season, the shepherds abandon the caves

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In 2008, the largest and most advanced goat pen and dairy was inaugurated at Susya with an investment of 3.5 million ILS. It can contain 1500 goats and milk 48 of them at a time. By Regavim's own calculations, by 2015, 23 Jewish/Israeli homes have been built on private Palestinian property in Susya.

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In May 2015, the Israel High Court approved the demolition of Palestinian Susya. The implementation of the plan was expected to leave 450 villagers homeless. A delegation of diplomats from 28 European countries visited Susya in June and urged Israel not to evict its 300 Palestinian residents, a move

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On 14 June an Israeli court issued 6 demolition orders covering 50 buildings including tent dwellings, ramshackle huts, sheep pens, latrines, water cisterns, a wind-and-sun powered turbine, and the German-funded solar panels in most of the Palestinian village of Susya. Over 500 people from Tel Aviv,

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After 1985, when the population was expelled, attempts by the Palestinian of Susya to rebuild their village have been razed by Israel four times, in 1991, 1997 and twice in 2001. Since it is classified within Area C of the West Bank, it lies under Israeli military occupation and control. Though they

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On 23 March 1993, Musa Suliman Abu Sabha a Palestinian was arrested outside Susya by two guards, Moshe Deutsch and Yair Har-Sinai, on suspicion that he was planning an attack on Jews. Taken for questioning, he stabbed in the shoulder or back one of the guards, Moshe Deutsch, while the two were in a

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spokesman said Yellin shot one Palestinian dead after he had been attacked with sticks by a Palestinian. According to the Palestinian eyewitnesses, Jabar Hawad al-Nawajah was told not to graze near the settlement, and then Yellin rode off, returned with a M-16 rifle and shot a dozen of his sheep. A

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In 2008 the Supreme Court turned down the villagers' request for a staying order on planned demolition. According to Shulman, the State attorney claimed that the Palestinians of Susya were a security threat to the settlers, and had to be moved. When asked by the judges where they would move to, the

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The third expulsion occurred in June 2001, when settler civilians and soldiers drove the Palestinians of Susya out, without warning, with, reportedly violent arrests and beatings. On 3 July 2001, the Israeli army demolished dozens of homes in Susya and contiguous Palestinian villages, and bulldozed

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per cubic meter water brought in by tanks, which is 5 times the cost to the nearby Israeli settlement. Net consumption, at 28 litres per diem, is less than half what Palestinians consume (70 lpd) and less than the recommended WHO level. Israel sheep-herding settlers expanded their unfenced land use

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The Israeli government official stance on the matter says "There was no historic Palestinian village at the archaeological site there; that the village consists of only a few seasonal residences for a few families; and the land is necessary for the continuation of archaeological work." According to

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stance, flanked by lions, was scrubbed from the mosaics in line with later trends, in what Fine calls a "new aesthetic" at Khirbet Susiya, one that refurbished the designs to suppress iconographic forms thought by later generations to be objectionable. We can only reconstruct the allusion to Daniel

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for an alternative residence, and to assist rebuilding, considering it ideal for the displaced villagers grazing. Though the existence of the Palestinian village is attested on maps as early as 1917, confirmed by aerial photographs in 1980 that show cultivated farmland and livestock pens maintained

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The fate and rule (לחם חוקם) for shepherds' they have to migrate with their herds following the grass and water... The large amount of natural caves met the requirements of the shepherds: they provided protection from the cold, rain, wind and other natural elements... Whoever travel in South Mount

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10 June 2015: "Espropriati nel 1986, sotto sgombero dal 5 maggio. Fino a quell'anno i palestinesi abitavano nelle grotte a mezzo chilometro di distanza. Ne furono espropriati quando l'area fu riconosciuta sito archeologico. Andarono quindi a vivere nei terreni agricoli limitrofi di Susiya, di loro

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In 2011, Israel executed 4 waves of demolition, affecting 41 structures, including 31 residential tents or shacks and two water cisterns. As a result, 37 people, including 20 children, were displaced and a further 70 affected. On 24 November 2011 bulldozers razed two tents where the Mughnem family

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According to Shulman, for some decades they were subject, to many violent attacks, and settler recourse to both civil and military courts, to drive them out. The BBC broadcast film of settler youths beating an old woman and her family with cudgels to drive them away from their land, in 2008. Local

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caught sight of settlers laying irrigation pipes on another slice of Palestinian land. He called the Israeli police at Kiryat Arba to put an end to the usurpation, and, a few minutes later, dozens of settlers came, threw rocks at his car and threatened to kill him. The move to appropriate the land

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law conserved in southern Judea for generations after the destruction of the Temple. This was forgotten in Galilee, but in Judea there was a closer adherence to older traditions reflecting closer proximity to Jerusalem. The eastern orientation may be also related to the idea of dissuading heretics

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In 1986 one could still find about 25 families who lived in the caves of Khirbet Susya, but they were evicted when a tourism site was develop in that place. At the time of Susya eviction, many inhabited caves were in nearby territories. About 16 families lived in caves at Khirbet al-Fauqa (ע'וינה

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The EU funded the construction of buildings in Area C which is under interim Israeli jurisdiction, built without permits and which cost tens of millions of Euros. EU documents show the intention is to "pave the way for development and more authority of the PA over Area C". A spokesman said it was

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A master plan was not approved and building permit were not given to Khirbet Susya because there was no sufficient proof of ownership as the documents lack geographic information and based on them, it was "not possible to make unambiguous claims of ownership over the land in question". The Jabor

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Susya, whether it refers to the site of the ancient synagogue or the ruins of the contiguous ancient and large settlement of some 80 dunams (80,000 m), is not mentioned in any ancient text, and Jewish literature did not register an ancient Jewish town on that site. It is thought by some to

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The population of the Palestinian community has fluctuated. It reportedly numbered 350 villagers in 2012 and 250 residents the following year, constituted by 50 nuclear families (2015), up from 25 in 1986 and 13 in 2008. By 2018 17 families were reported to still be clinging on, working the few

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They’re calling our village an illegal outpost. These lands are ours from before there was a State of Israel. My father is older than your state—and I am an illegal alien on my own land. I ask where is justice? Your courts distinguish between the settler and the Palestinian…We’re surrounded by

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In July 2015 it was published that, according to an internal document of findings by the Israeli Civil Administration officer Moshe Meiri, the claim to ownership of the land appears to be grounded on a valid Ottoman period title, dating back to 1881, in the possession of the Jabor family, This

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in 1869, who first recognized its importance. Victor Guérin noted in 1863: "I see before me extend considerable ruins called Khirbet Sousieh. They are those of a city important bearing whose homes were generally well built, like attested by the vestiges that still remain, and possessed several

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was established without the necessary building permit. OCHA reports that as of 2012 the Israeli Civil Administration has imposed no demolitions on this outpost, which is connected to Israel's water and electricity networks, and cites the example as putative evidence that Israeli policy is

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in the southern wall, a second mihrab between two columns in the southern portico, and "crude" stone benches along the walls. Magness, assessing the evidence uncovered by the several archaeologists who dug at the site, which includes an inscription, dates the mosque to the reign of Caliph

857:, started to immigrate to ruins and caves in the area and became 'satellite villages' (daughters) to the mother town. Reasons for the expansion were lack of land for agriculture and construction in the mother towns, which resulted in high prices of land, rivalry between the mother-towns 2326:, Humana Press, 1987 p. 266. "Since mosaics were disapproved of by the Jews as graven images, they were both removed. In other mosaics of the Byzantine period from the Holy Land, the zodiac is represented only by the names of its signs rather than by their graphic representations." 916:, an NGO which petitioned the Supreme Court to execute the demolition orders at Khirbet susya, the place was used as grazing area and olive agricalture seasonally before 1986. In a report, Regavim writes that travelers from the late 19th century report finding ruins (while nearby 634:

and settled next to the Jewish population. According to Y. Mizrachi, a population change took place in the 7th century. Arabic inscriptions have been discovered belonging to the mosque, he adds, but have never been published. The village thrived until the 12th century.

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Water is life; without water we can't live; not us, not the animals, or the plants. Before we had some water, but after the army destroyed everything we have to bring water from far away; it's very difficult and expensive. They make our life very difficult, to make us

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expelled the Palestinian owners from their dwellings and appointed Israeli settlers from the recently-built settlement to manage the site. Some of the expropriated Palestinian land was incorporated into the jurisdictional area of the Israeli settlement, and an illegal

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wrote "We rode rapidly on through Susieh, a town of ruins, on a grassy slope, quite as large as the others, and with an old basilica, but less troglodyte than Attir. Many fragments of columns strewed the ground, and in most respects it was a repetition of Rafat."

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wheel. Zodiac mosaics are important witness to the time, since they were systematically suppressed by the Church, and, their frequent construction in Palestinian synagogue floors may be an index of 'the "inculturation" of non-Jewish imagery and its resulting

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the Palestinian village's residential ground for an archaeological site, evicting about 25 families. The expelled Palestinians settled in caves and tin shacks nearby, on their agricultural lands at a site now called Rujum al-Hamri, to restart their lives.

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approved and confirmed this donation. As Baffumeth was Lord of nearby Hebron, Sussia is identified with Khirbet Susya. The dates suggest that the village was inhabited since the Arab period and has carried its name since then. The document calls Susya a

1178:, who noted that Plia Albeck, a pro-settler former government official had admitted that in 1982 that Susya was surrounded by an Arab village, and that the land is registered at the Israeli Lands Authority as under private Arab title, a Rabbi from the 887:, who purchased land in the area. In 1982 an Israel settlement planner, Plia Albeck, examined the area of Susiya, the synagogue and the Palestinian village built on and around it, and finding it legally difficult to advance Jewish settlement, wrote: 524:, and the floor of the narthex composed of coloured mosaics set in an interlaced pattern. This model was of short duration, yielding in the late Byzantine phase (6th/7th) to the basilica form, already elsewhere dominant in synagogue architecture. 2445:

The "rabbi" in these epigraphs appears to be an honorific for "master", and the role of such rabbis in the synagogue seems to have been that of being donors. For an early dating based on the rare "qedushat" (to his holiness') address used in

296:'s decisions to demolish illegal Israeli outposts, made a petition to the High Court to permit the demolition of the new Palestinian village. The state expressed a willingness to allocate what it called "Israeli government-owned lands" near 555:

with columns on each side. Next to the columns is a landscape with deer and rams. The central panel composed of geometric and floral patterns. A spoke-wheel design before the central bimah, has led Gutman to believe it is the remnant of a

2424:(sons of the town), especially of residents of a small agrarian village. See Stuart S. Miller, "Sages and commoners in late antique ʼEreẓ Israel: a philological inquiry into local traditions" in Peter Schäfer, Catherine Hezser (eds.), 614:. Nineteen fragmentary inscriptions, some of which were in Greek, were etched into the marble of the building. From these dedicatory inscriptions the impression is given that the synagogue was run by donors rather than by priests ( 2486:

J. Delaville Le Roulx, Cartulaire général de l'orde de St-Jean de Jérusalem, 1, Paris 1896, no. 20, pp. 21–22, "... Preterea laudo et confirmo supradicto Hospitali quoddam casale, quod dedit ei Gauterius Baffumeth, et vocatur

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In 2006, structures without a permit were demolished illegally on the orders of a low-ranking officer, and the demolition was strongly criticized 3 years later by the High Court of Israel. At around 11 pm on the 22 July 2007

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In 2012, the park was declared national heritage site. Palestinians from Susiya have tried to purchase an admission ticket to the now archaeological Susya a handful of times. They say they have been denied entry each time.

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The synagogue was built as a broadhouse, rather than along basilica lines, measuring 9 by 16 metres (27 by 48 feet) built in well-wrought ashlar construction, with triple doorway façade in an eastward orientation, and the

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on the same Jerusalem-oriented wall, the Judean synagogue at Susya, (as well as Esthtemoa and Maon) has the niche on the northern Jerusalem-oriented wall and entrances on the east side wall. The synagogue floor of white

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was established near the site in the 1830s. The village lands extended over 300 hectares under multiple private Palestinian ownership, and the Palestinians on the site are said to exemplify a southern Hebron

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area and moved to Susya in 1952, has documents as well. Their documents are problematic since the boundaries mentioned were described in terms of geography features which are hard to identify in the field.

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Ephraim Stern, Ayelet Leṿinzon-Gilboʻa, Joseph Aviram, , Vol. 4, Israel Exploration Society & Carta, 1993 p. 1415: "a special kind of cheese that, until recently, was processed in the caves of Khirbet

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In a ruling delivered in December 2013, the Israel High Court of Justice accepted that Yatta Palestinians had shown their legal attachment to a stretch of land between Susya and the illegal settlement of

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According to David Amit, the architectural design, particularly the eastern entrance and axis of prayer, which differ from the majority of Galilean synagogues, exhibits the ramifications of the earliest

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Regavim petitioned the High Court to demolish Palestinian Susya, defining the villagers as 'trespassers' living in 'illegal outposts', terms usually applied to illegal Jewish outposts on the West Bank.

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furnished a plan to establish a settlement on the site, part of 8 new settlements envisioned for the area, with funding of 20 million shekels providing for between 50 and 60 Jewish families.

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of land. A major expansion began on 18 September 1999, when its boundaries expanded northwards and eastwards, with the Palestinian Shreiteh family allegedly losing roughly 150 more dunams.

2123:"The synagogue is tentatively dated to the end of the 4th-beginning of the 7th. century AD, and was used as a Jewish prayer house until the 9th century." Negev & Gibson (2001), p. 482. 1046:

Susya: where thirteen impoverished families are clinging tenaciously, but probably hopelessly, to the dry hilltop and the few fields that are all that remain of their vast ancestral lands.

3683: 1083:– Comet - and on wells. This project has been shortlisted for the BBC World Challenge which highlighted the involvement of two Israeli physicists, Elad Orian and Noam Dotan. According to 866:

for several months every year. In 1981–82 it was estimated 100–120 families dwelt in caves permanently in the Southern Mount Hebron region while 750–850 families lived there temporarily.

1054:, the Palestinians that remain in the area live in tents on a small rocky hill between the settlement and the archaeological park which is located within walking distance. According to 5139: 2906:

Horbat Susya and Rujum el-Hajiri as a Case Study for the Development of the Village and the Rural Settlement in the Hebron Hills from the Early Roman Period to the Early Muslim Period

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issued a strongly worded admonition urging Israel to abandon plans for the "forced transfer of population and demolition of Palestinian housing and infrastructure" in Khirbet Susiya.

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in 1996, and some 113 tents were destroyed in 1998. Amnesty International also reports that official documents asking them to leave the area address them generically as 'intruders' (

486:, and 'Anim. Three outstanding characteristics of the Susya-Eshtemoa group, are their width, entrances at the short eastern wall, and the absence of columns to support the roof. 448:, then conducted the Israeli excavations at Khirbet Suseya, (subsequently named by a Hebrew calque as Horvat Susya) over 1971–72, by the Palestinian village of Susiya Al-Qadime. 4343:

The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer

1147:, raided Palestinian Susya and handed out 40 demolition orders for many structures, tents, hothouses, a water well and a solar panel, established on humanitarian grounds by the 1079:

While the Israeli settlement has mains power and piped water from Israel, the Palestinians depend on solar panels and wind turbine energy made possible by a Palestinian/Israeli

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he bullies his way into the tiny patch that is left in order to harass and humiliate further. As if throwing a dog a bone, he tosses the pebble at her and laughs...."

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Steven Fine,. p. 96. Fine speculates whether reluctance to erase these letters reflects a religious reluctance among iconoclasts to delete letters that spell out the

3831: 2454:) see Aharon Oppenheimer, "The Attempt of Hananiah, Son of Rabbi Joshua's Brother, to Intercalate the Year in Babylonia" in Peter Schäfer, Catherine Hezser (eds.), 3184: 367:

According to Israel archaeologist Yonathan Mizrachi, the Jewish population is attested from the 4th to 6th century, after which a population change took place.

1297:

Jewish residents of Susya have harassed local Palestinians, destroyed their property, and hindered them from gathering their crops from olive groves. In 2009

4589: 1617: 1290:

relative of the shepherd, Mahmoud al-Nawajah, came over to the scene and was then shot in the stomach and died. The full circumstances were never clarified.

4804: 289:

was established on the area of the previous Palestinian village. The expelled Palestinians moved a few hundred meters southeast of their original village.

2386:, for, again highlighting the distinctiveness of the synagogue, "in no instance does an explicit Divine name appear in any Jewish synagogue inscription." 1197: 3608: 1273:

who have converted to Judaism have settled in Susya, which has reportedly developed into one of the strongholds for South African converts who perform

141: 3079: 5134: 3547: 1196:

destroyed a sheepfold and two tents, one a dwelling and the other for storage, donated to the villagers of Palestinian Susya by the United Nations'

4981: 1840: 3330: 4997: 1189:"There has never been an Arab village called Susya," Ben Dahan said, calling the village "a ploy by leftist organizations to take over Area C ". 4120: 3643: 2872: 1223:

In July the US State Department urged Israel to refrain from any demolitions and asked it to seek a peaceful resolution with villagers, and the

5159: 4399: 2686: 2672: 5164: 5149: 3363: 3770: 4761: 3721:"Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the population in the occupied territories" 1481: 585: 470:

The excavated synagogue in Susya dates from the 4th to the 7th century CE and was in continuous use until the 9th century CE. According to

3404: 3885: 3154: 862:

satellites became permanent villages with communities of hundreds, others remained temporary settlements which served the shepherds and

1336: 962:

family supports a claim to land near Susya with Ottoman documents dated back to 1881 and the Nawaja family, who is originally from the

3923: 4582: 4468: 3747: 2807:, Zmora, Bitan, Modan, 1979 p. 70: "Shmarya Gutman, the archaeologist, told them of the magnificent remains of the ancient synagogue 309: 4537: 787:

Maps of the 19th century that made the distinction sometimes depicted Susieh as a ruin and sometimes as a village. For example, the

691:(village), a testimony to its agriculture nature. By 1154, Susya was presumably still in the hands of the Hospitalers, as that year 3774: 1962: 1327:, a fire broke out and was extinguished by five firefighters before damaging the inside of the archaeological park in July 2020. 1186:, publicly denied that Susya exists, asserting that attempts to protect the village were a ploy by leftists to take over Area C. 2911:

At the Intersection of Texts and Material Finds: Stepped Pools, Stone Vessels, and Ritual Purity Among the Jews of Roman Galilee

713:

According to local tradition, the niche on the northern wall of the synagogue-turned-mosque that was used as a mihrab, dates to

109: 5144: 4146: 4071: 347:

The spelling Susya represents the Hebrew name, as decided by the Israeli Naming Committee, in consultation with the settlers.

4966: 4227: 3241: 2098: 1898: 1801: 1670: 1568: 1541: 1511: 1394: 996:, the "Dahlia Farm" a term used by Susiya Palestinians to refer to the farm run by the widow of Yair Har-Sinai. According to 796: 770: 3587:"The end of an EU international sustainability project? Israel orders demolition of West Bank village's tents, solar panels" 5154: 5129: 4575: 3284: 3122:"In light of new internal review, Israeli military administration to reevaluate demolishing West Bank village, report says" 725:

Some researchers believe continuity of habitation lasted until the 13th century, while others date it to the 15th century.

3980: 3949:, writes: "Yair Har-Sinai ... terrorized the Palestinians of South Hebron until he was killed in a brawl some years ago." 3345: 1030:

villages, like Palestinian Susya, have been losing land, and being cut off from each other, as the nearby settlements of

904: 2758: 4505: 3382: 3121: 2953: 5016: 3704: 3019: 2994: 1042:

began to be built and developed, and illegal outposts established. Shulman described the reality he observed in 2008:

4487: 4441: 4320: 4275: 4186: 2936: 2407:, Zionist Organization of America, Jewish Agency for Israel. Economic Dept. Israel Yearbook Publications, 1981 p. 120 2144:

Levine, Lee I. "Jewish Archaeology in Late Antiquity: art, architecture, and inscriptions", in Steven T. Katz (ed.),

1929: 360:

Susiya is considered an important site for the study and research of ancient Jewish village life in Palestine during

4033: 3138: 2949: 5062: 4754: 4509: 3999: 1624: 808: 77: 1107: 3481: 777:

noted that "This ruin has also been at one time a place of importance...." They thought the ruins were that of a

2888: 2849:

Hebron even today, when this book is written, in early 1984, in Khirbats like... Khirbet Susya (landmark 159090)

4739: 2665: 2350:

Steven Fine, "Archaeology and the Interpretation of Rabbinic Literature: Some Thoughts" in Matthew Kraus (ed.)

1363:(born 1952), Israeli Jewish left-wing human rights activist, active among the Bedouin of the South Hebron Hills 2967: 2734: 2710:

C.W.M. van de Velde, Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852, published 1854, pp.

2694: 4634: 4464:

Land of Israel, A Journal of travel in Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical character

4015: 2722: 696: 627: 240: 2763: 2145: 1890: 1349: 1144: 397: 377: 277: 4384: 4380: 4353: 4104:"A tale of two Susiyas, or how a Palestinian village was destroyed under the banner of Israeli archeology" 3892:, 23 March 1993 p. 7, refers that Army radio had identified him to be a Jawad Jamil Khalil Husiya, 19, of 2627: 2597: 2324:

The History of Cartography: Cartography in prehistoric, ancient, and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean

4747: 4598: 3233: 3104:"Defense Ministry internal report: Land at village slated for demolition privately owned by Palestinians" 3036: 2853:

which they used during the grazing months, and return to their village, or may visit other grazing areas.

2711: 1793: 766: 3720: 3449:

Laurent Zecchini, "La colonisation israélienne en marche à Susiya, village palestinien de Cisjordanie",

2612: 2555: 875:

According to Rabbis for Human Rights, in 1948, the preexisting population was augmented by an influx of

5072: 4824: 4370:

Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838

4347: 4237: 3748:"Israeli Settlements in Gaza and the West Bank (Including Jerusalem) Their Nature and Purpose, Part II" 2497: 2015: 1285:

On 7 June 1991, Palestinians and an Israeli settler Baruch Yellin had a dispute over grazing rights. A

1240: 788: 758: 4531: 2543: 630:, the archaeological evidence appears to suggest that a new Muslim population immigrated to the South 4360: 3851: 3208:"Troubled Waters – Palestinians denied fair access to water: Israel-occupied Palestinian Territories" 880: 849:

In the early 19th century, many residents of the two big villages in the area of South Mount Hebron,

4297: 4215: 2514: 1442: 4865: 4233:

The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology

3378: 2698: 2683: 2669: 1693: 1384: 1084: 692: 573: 381: 3778: 3664:"EU: We expect Israel to cancel demolition orders for Palestinian villages in Area C of West Bank" 3516: 3431: 3360: 3103: 2892: 2876: 2791: 2380: 876: 769:, based on an observation in 1874 on the area of the southeastern slope of a hill west of Susya, 710:) and, in their wake, a few families moved into the ruins to exploit the rich agricultural land. 293: 1671:"Cisgiordania, Susiya: i pastori palestinesi che tutte le mattine temono l'arrivo dei bulldozer" 5036: 4223: 4103: 2240:

Rachel Hachlili, "Jewish Art and Iconography in the Land of Israel", in Suzanne Richard (ed.),

1649: 683: 17: 4513: 4477: 4176: 3910: 3401: 2472: 2442: 2368: 2336: 2289: 2220: 2076: 1942: 1658:

Susiya residents have lived in this region on a seasonal basis since at least the 19th century

1558: 1531: 1501: 1415: 5093: 4834: 4374: 4310: 3946: 3465: 3305: 3211: 3155:"Testimony: Four settlers attack the Nawaj'ah family near the Susiya settlement, 8 June 2008" 2909: 2567:

Amit, David. "Architectural plans of Synagogues in the Southern Judean Hills and the 'Halakah

1884: 1193: 1067: 1059: 1055: 281: 4051: 3959: 2091:

Art and architecture of the synagogue in late antique Palestine: in the shadow of the church

4910: 4624: 4458: 3630: 3502: 3469: 1035: 738: 703: 516: 483: 224: 172: 162: 4412: 4390: 8: 4951: 4905: 4895: 4844: 4559: 4518: 4341: 4337: 4231: 3708: 3688: 3125: 3057: 946: 220: 4462: 4368: 3832:'Cleansed by the Torah': Why These Afrikaners Converted to Judaism and Moved to Israel,' 3053:"Israel wants to bulldoze this ramshackle village, but Europe is providing life support" 2680: 5031: 4930: 4809: 4799: 4285: 4203: 3223: 2024: 1783: 1767: 1527: 1324: 1309:

In 1986, the locals were evicted from their homes which became an archaeological park.

1213: 1031: 988: 980: 610:, attesting perhaps to its conservation as a spoken language in this region and two in 479: 407: 269: 248: 212: 183: 146: 4416: 4249: 3482:"Palestinian village Khirbet Susiya under imminent threat of demolition and expulsion" 2114:

Post-Byzantine according to the language of an inscription. See Safrai (1998), p. 149.

4920: 4819: 4702: 4642: 4619: 4483: 4437: 4394: 4316: 4271: 4182: 3928: 3889: 3237: 2094: 1925: 1894: 1814: 1797: 1564: 1537: 1507: 1390: 1255: 953:

These days lived by harvesting olives, herding sheep, growing crops, and beekeeping.

478:

in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The other three of this distinctive group are those of

389: 273: 32: 3207: 3172:

The Human Right to Water and Its Application in the Occupied Palestinian Territories

2186:"Uniquely Jewish adaptations of Christian architecture did occur. The synagogues at 606:

Another unique feature is number of inscriptions. Four were laid in mosaics: two in

5046: 5041: 4900: 3881: 3413: 1718: 1340: 846:('Old Susya') was a village attached to the archaeological site at Khirbet Susiya. 778: 540: 228: 4245: 3813:"2,026 Settlement Homes Built on Private Palestinian Land, Right-wing Study Finds" 3792: 3569: 3498: 3254: 2682:. Carl Zimmermann, "Atlas von Palaestina und der Sinai-Halbinsel" (Berlin, 1850), 792: 750: 638:

The abandoned synagogue, or its atrium or courtyard, was converted into a mosque.

5108: 5067: 4880: 4723: 4672: 4431: 4427: 3754: 3626: 3408: 3367: 3349: 3227: 2690: 2676: 1787: 1771: 1468: 1353: 1313: 1179: 1008: 869: 815: 437: 286: 204: 196: 57: 52: 4769: 4178:

Architectural plans of Synagogues in the Southern Judean Hills and the 'Halakah'

3847: 2264:

The menorah, the ancient seven-armed candelabrum: origin, form, and significance

1742:

Expansion and Desertion: The Arab Village and Its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine

5002: 4870: 4860: 4814: 4794: 3728: 3573: 3142: 1748: 1460: 1344: 1224: 1212:

Israeli plans to demolish the Palestinian village have become an international

1148: 895: 795:

map of 1881 showed it as a ruin, while the earlier Zimmermann map of 1850, the

495:

and Christians in the same area, who bowed to the east, in the belief that the

361: 4567: 4555:"A miserable little village at the center of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict" 4090: 3812: 3341: 3020:"Based on statistics collected by the Government of Palestine for the UN 1945" 1151:. Nearby Israeli settlers built two additional and unauthorized houses in the 280:

declared the entire area owned by Palestinians an archeological site, and the

5123: 4915: 4890: 4885: 4263: 4259: 3893: 2191: 2187: 1675: 1386:

3 The Southern Hebron Hills: Susiya, Eshtemoa, Ma'on (in Judea), and Ḥ. 'Anim

1298: 1183: 984: 933: 913: 850: 832: 774: 385: 297: 257: 252: 124: 111: 28: 3924:"Jews react to slayings with bullets Cycle of reprisals claims another life" 2534:

Note that in the late 19th century, it had been suggested that Sussia was a

1886:

Settling in the Hearts: Fundamentalism, Time, and Space in Judea and Samaria

765:

says "This ruin has also been at one time a place of importance...." In the

4976: 4839: 4707: 4306: 4147:"Main fireplace breaks out at Susya archaeological website in Hebron hills" 3647: 3387: 1987:, tr. Ruth Tuschling, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000 p. 151 1841:"Disputed territories - Forgotten facts about the West Bank and Gaza strip" 884: 854: 784:. German accounts later stated that it was a remnant of an ancient church. 631: 471: 455: 308:

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank

261: 4479:

Ancient Synagogues of Southern Palestine, 300–800 C.E.: Living on the Edge

2933:"Aggressive Zionist body wins court order to demolish Palestinian village" 2335:

Steven Fine, "Synagogues in the Land of Israel", in Suzanne Richard (ed.)

1694:"Israel seeks to demolish Palestinian village on 'archaeological' grounds" 1417:

Ancient Synagogues of Southern Palestine, 300–800 C.E.: Living on the Edge

1111:

A Palestinian demonstration against the demolition of the village of Susya

928:, refers to Khirbat Susya as ruins in contrast to nearby villages such as 799:

maps of 1858 and 1865, and the Osborn map of 1859 showed it as a village.

592:

was also tesselated, surviving only most fragmentarily. The figure, in an

462: 4971: 4728: 4547: 4067: 4011: 3485: 3288: 3158: 2928: 2539: 2474:

The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach

2204:

Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman world: toward a new Jewish archaeology

2199: 1870:

The Holy Land: an Oxford archaeological guide from earliest times to 1700

1722: 1653: 1464: 1448: 1301:, was indicted for the 2007 murder of a Palestinian shepherd from Susya. 1286: 1182:, Deputy Defense Minister and new head of Israel's Civil Administration, 1096: 1058:, ten caves inhabited by Susya Palestinian families were blown up by the 1051: 997: 993: 925: 675: 562: 502: 445: 341: 244: 27:

This article is about the ancient site. For the Palestinian village, see

3285:"How can you weather the storm when you're barred from building a home?" 2908:, (Phd Dissertation) Hebrew University 2009, cited in Stuart S. Miller, 2147:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Vol. 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

2028: 5103: 4956: 4657: 4614: 4433:

The Missing Century: Palestine in the fifth century: growth and decline

4175:

Amit, David (1998). Urman, Dan; Flesher, Paul Virgil McCracken (eds.).

4107: 3659: 3604: 3543: 3427: 2723:

Bartholomew's quarter-inch map of Palestine with orographical colouring

2640: 2383: 2093:. Ancient Judaism and early Christianity, Volume 5. Brill. p. 56. 2010: 1770:, "On Being Unfree:Fences, Roadblocks and the Iron Cage of Palestine", 1270: 1217: 1175: 1172: 1140:

Beer Sheva, and Jerusalem came to mount a peaceful protest on 22 June.

1039: 651: 4254:(in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. 3466:

Palestinians fighting order to demolish their village in the West Bank

2787: 444:

of a synagogue during a trial dig. He, together with Ze'ev Yeivin and

4692: 4652: 4364: 3499:"In shadow of settlement, Susiya villagers vow to fight displacement" 2195: 1985:

Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the fourth century

1920:

See the drawing of the reconstruction and groundplan in Zeev Safrai,

1360: 1192:

On 24 August, a further demolition took place. On 29 August 2012 the

1131:

The Jewish settlers of Susya and the Israeli pro-settler association

1017: 929: 781: 707: 566: 433: 393: 333: 232: 216: 153: 4251:

Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine

4121:"Major fire breaks out at Susya archaeological site in Hebron hills" 3080:"Susya residents: If the village get demolished, we'll turn to Haag" 2873:"The origin of the expulsion – A Brief history of Palestinian Susya" 1747:פוקא), and a smaller number in other khirbahs, such as Shuyukha and 1258:

began from May through to September in the following year. on 1,800

924:

from 1945 does not mention Susya and a survey from 1967, done after

264:

involved seasonal dwellings in the area's caves and ruins of Susya.

4875: 4775: Ancient synagogues (Second Temple and Talmudic periods) 4662: 4647: 4055: 3963: 3960:"6 years later: Life sentence for Palestinian who murdered Israeli" 3644:"EU protests against Israeli plans to demolish Palestinian village" 3451: 3258: 2648: 1650:"Civil Administration threatens to demolish most of Susiya village" 1152: 1088: 963: 863: 512: 496: 491: 4395:"Studien zur mittelalterlichen Geographie und Topographie Syriens" 2460:

Between Rome and Babylon: studies in Jewish leadership and society

645:

was built in the courtyard of the former synagogue. It featured a

268:

privately owned by the Palestinian Susya's villagers. In 1983, an

4687: 4677: 4093:, Gesher Multicultural Film Fund uploaded to Youtube 26 June 2012 4076: 4038: 4020: 3985: 3834: 3817: 3668: 3613: 3591: 3552: 3521: 3436: 3432:"High Court asks Palestinians to drop land case against settlers" 3189: 3108: 2972: 2735:

F.J. Salmon, Commissioner for Lands & Surveys, Palestine 1936

2447: 1698: 1486: 1168: 917: 714: 611: 581: 536: 521: 475: 441: 4771: 4543: 3185:"West Bank settlers stealing tons of soil from Palestinian land" 2011:"Excavations at Carmel (Kh. Susiya) in 1984: Preliminary Report" 1503:

Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories

4935: 4829: 4682: 4606: 3797: 3609:"IDF razes Palestinian infrastructure in West Bank communities" 1274: 1246: 921: 667: 646: 642: 607: 597:

from the remaining final Hebrew letters remaining, namely -el,

577: 557: 531: 425: 420: 260:

culture present in the area since the early 19th century whose

236: 179: 158: 1751:, which was a large cave settlement in the early 19th century. 527:

In contrast to most Galilean synagogues with their façade and

276:

was established next to the Palestinian village. In 1986, the

5098: 5077: 4961: 4667: 3548:"Israeli demolition firm takes pride in West Bank operations" 1618:"Susiya: a Community at Imminent Risk of Forced Displacement" 1259: 615: 589: 551: 545: 539:

has three mosaic panels, the eastern one a Torah Shrine, two

528: 292:

The Israeli government, which has issued injunctions against

4482:. The Brill Reference Library of Judaism. pp. 136–181. 4312:

The Archaeology of the Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine

3981:"Court: Palestinian homes in southern Hebron Hills can stay" 2995:"Susya: The Palestinian lie - the village that didn't exist" 2932: 2266:, Brill 2001, pp. 67, 228. For its reconstruction see p. 53. 2462:, Mohr Siebeck, 2005 p. 389, sets it in the amoraic period. 2352:

How should rabbinic literature be read in the modern world?

858: 451: 401: 231:

periods, including the ruins of an archeologically notable

3627:"Israeli court approves demolition of Palestinian village" 3383:"West Bank villagers' daily battle with Israel over water" 1316:

with 3 wooden huts was set up on the archaeological site.

1204:

that would endanger in their view the two-state solution.

432:

Susiya is the site of an archaeologically notable ancient

370: 5140:

Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques

1132: 1080: 4523: 3139:"IDF maps village of Susya as forced displacement looms" 211:; Susiyeh, Susiya, Susia) is a location in the southern 807:

The Bartholomew's quarter-inch map of Palestine by The

355: 4181:. Studia Post Biblica, Volume 47. Brill. p. 132. 3705:"US warns Israel against demolishing Palestinian town" 3229:

Freedom and Despair: Notes from the South Hebron Hills

1789:

Freedom and Despair: Notes from the South Hebron Hills

1102: 826: 3848:"Barbed Wire, Bullets Mark Israeli Push in West Bank" 2286:

Galilee through the centuries: confluence of cultures

1843:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 February 2003 1120:

State replied:'We don't know. They are unfortunates,

814:

In 1937, the building to the north was identified by

811:

and the F.J. Salmon map of 1936 show Susya as ruins.

388:. Part of Negev's theory is that, in the wake of the 4270:. New York and London: Continuum. pp. 482–484. 3302:

Dark hope: working for peace in Israel and Palestine

2679:

to accompany his book "Palestine, Past and Present"

2515:"Identifications of the settlement at Horvat Susiya" 1482:"Should 250 Cave Dwellers Interfere With the Fence?" 735:

The Land of Israel: A Journal of travel in Palestine

4418:(RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) 2693:. C.W.M. van de Velde, Map of the Holy Land, 1958, 2452:

qedushat mari rabbi Issi ha-cohen ha-mehubad berabi

2217:

Galilee through the centuries: cultures in conflict

1526: 1198:

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

706:troops were garrisoned at nearby Chermala (Khirbet 576:in the lion's den, as in the mosaics discovered at 4436:. Palaestina antiqua, Vol. 9. Peeters Publishers. 3517:"A tale of two West Bank building permit requests" 3046: 3044: 2889:"The 'Mother of the Settlements' recognizes Susya" 1158:A local Palestinian declared to the Hebrew press: 657: 305:fields that remain to them of their former lands. 4421:(in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana. 4034:"Alleged Jewish terrorist: I know God is pleased" 3272:The second Palestinian Intifada: civil resistance 2639: 1872:, 5th ed. Oxford University Press US, 2008 p. 351 1563:. University of California Press. pp. 107–. 1239:In 1982 the Israeli government together with the 956: 802: 5121: 4532:Website for The Susya Sustainable Energy Project 4524:Website for Israeli communal settlement of Susya 3331:Amnesty International. Israel-rapport 17.09.2001 2580:Daniel Jacobs, Shirley Eber, Francesca Silvani, 2458:, p. 260; Aharon Oppenheimer, Nili Oppenheimer, 1932:, p. 127 (no access on Google Books as of 2021). 1444:A Chronicle of Dispossession: Facts about Susiya 4597: 4302:(No access to text on Google Books as of 2021). 4222: 3041: 2242:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader, Eisenbrauns 821: 621: 278:Israeli Defense Ministry's Civil Administration 3570:West Bank village struggles against demolition 3203: 3201: 3199: 2456:The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture 2426:The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture 1763: 1761: 1759: 1680:proprietà ma senza il permesso per costruire." 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1499: 818:and A. Reifenberg as the site of a synagogue. 4755: 4583: 4359: 4315:. Vol. 1. Eisenbrauns. pp. 99–104. 2914:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2015 p. 20 n. 9 2819: 2817: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1234: 1087:, the inhabitants of Susya, are faced with a 899:Map of Kh. Susya and Rujum al-Hamri from 1936 720: 4389: 4144: 4072:"West Bank chaos, just a stone's throw away" 4052:Teitel indicted for murder, attempted murder 3877: 3875: 3873: 3214:, Vol. 39, Issue 1, February/March 2009 p. 1 2924: 2922: 2920: 2866: 1688: 1686: 1536:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 238–. 1207: 1012:discriminating between the two communities. 598: 4400:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 4348:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund 4258: 4238:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund 3684:"EU warns Israel over West Bank bulldozing" 3564: 3562: 3196: 3098: 3096: 2811:the village of Susiya in the Hebron Hills." 2592: 2590: 2508: 2506: 2253:or incense censers. See Steven Fine, p. 195 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 1756: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1623:. United Nations. June 2015. Archived from 1595: 1556: 1520: 939: 4762: 4748: 4590: 4576: 3739: 3737: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2814: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2150:, Cambridge University Press, 1984 p. 540. 2131: 2129: 2004: 2002: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1493: 1423: 1337:Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region 4469:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 3870: 3867:, Columbia University Press, 2011 p. 183. 2917: 2626:Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. 2622: 2620: 2607: 2605: 2108: 1683: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1550: 837: 728: 5135:Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel 4457: 4411: 3886:"Jewish settler kills bound Palestinian" 3765: 3763: 3559: 3514: 3304:, University of Chicago Press, 2007 pp. 3115: 3093: 3012: 2841: 2835: 2587: 2503: 2302:Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman world 2206:, Cambridge University Press, 2005 p. 88 2105:(No Google Books access as of Oct 2021). 2051: 1739: 1728: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1245: 1106: 974: 920:was reported as inhabited), the British 894: 501: 461: 450: 419: 406: 312:; the Israeli government disputes this. 4305: 3945:, University of Chicago Press, 2007 p. 3734: 2980: 2740: 2660: 2658: 2512: 2126: 1999: 1948: 1855: 1833: 1807: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 14: 5122: 4475: 4426: 4379:(Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. 4336: 4244: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2759:"I Am an Illegal Alien on My Own Land" 2651:, Israel: Am Oved. pp. 5352–5353. 2617: 2602: 2582:Israel and the Palestinian Territories 2088: 1577: 1382: 1304: 987:. Palestinian residents (2012) pay 25 458:at the entrance of the Susya synagogue 392:(132–135), when the Romans garrisoned 5160:Archaeological sites in the West Bank 4743: 4571: 4552: 4504:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 25: 3760: 3050: 2633: 2117: 2008: 1882: 1474: 1403: 699:, confirmed the gift from Baffumeth. 5165:Ancient Jewish settlements of Judaea 5150:Populated places established in 1983 4174: 3775:Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem 3681: 3515:Levinson, Chaim (26 November 2013). 3174:, Taylor & Francis, 2011 p. 155. 2655: 2538:(ruined former settlement) close to 1705: 1383:Werlin, Steven H. (1 January 2015). 1378: 1376: 415: 356:Late Roman and Byzantine period town 3777:. 18 September 1999. Archived from 3771:"Expanding the settlement of Susya" 3274:, Taylor & Francis, 2010 p. 43. 2770: 2584:. 2nd ed. Rough Guides, 1998 p. 414 2322:John Brian Harley, David Woodward, 1128:dwells on their own land in Susya. 1103:Legal fight & demolition orders 827:Khirbet Susya (Palestinian village) 599: 208: 200: 24: 2954:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2542:; see: Röhricht, 1887, vol 10, p. 2338:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader 2194:, Horvat Rimmon 1 in the southern 2066:Negev & Gibson (2001), p. 482. 1996:Negev & Gibson (2001), p. 484. 1744:. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. p. 226. 1254:Work on the Israeli settlement of 695:, with the consent of his mother, 572:A motif that probably represented 31:. For the Israeli settlement, see 25: 5176: 4553:Booth, William (28 August 2016). 4498: 3051:Booth, William (28 August 2016). 2937:Jews for Justice for Palestinians 2844:Live in the caves of Mount Hebron 1469:"The Lurking Shadow of Expulsion" 1373: 5015: 4770: 4510:The Israel Antiquities Authority 4138: 4113: 4096: 4083: 4061: 4045: 4027: 4005: 3992: 3969: 3952: 3935: 3916: 3899: 3857: 3840: 3824: 3805: 3785: 3757:, United Nations, New York 1984. 3714: 3697: 3675: 3653: 3636: 3620: 3598: 3579: 3537: 3508: 3492: 3475: 3458: 3443: 3421: 3402:"Truth and Lies in South Hebron" 3394: 3372: 3354: 3342:Susya Sustainable Energy Project 3335: 3324: 3321:, Routledge, London 2007 p. 322. 3311: 3294: 3277: 3264: 3247: 3217: 2439:Galilee throughout the centuries 2354:, Gorgias Press LLC, 2006 p. 214 1963:"Archaeology of a dispossession" 1506:. Penguin Books. pp. 133–. 809:Edinburgh Geographical Institute 223:with extensive remains from the 83: 76: 4167: 3344:, Comet Middle East (Comet-ME) 3177: 3164: 3148: 3131: 3072: 3030: 2960: 2942: 2898: 2882: 2856: 2826: 2797: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2574: 2561: 2548: 2528: 2490: 2480: 2465: 2431: 2410: 2398: 2389: 2373: 2357: 2344: 2329: 2316: 2307: 2294: 2278: 2269: 2256: 2247: 2234: 2225: 2209: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2138: 2082: 2069: 2042: 1990: 1977: 1968: 1935: 1914: 1875: 1777: 1774:Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008, pp. 13–32 1663: 1642: 1155:outpost, without interference. 678:. In a document dated September 658:Crusader/Ayyubid period village 654:, in the early eighth century. 310:illegal under international law 5087:Italy, Iberia and North Africa 4540:, Palestine Solidarity Project 4534:, Comet Middle East (Comet-ME) 4125:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 2950:"Behind the Headlines: Susiya" 2089:Milson, David William (2007). 1922:The economy of Roman Palestine 1557:Neve Gordon (2 October 2008). 1454: 957:Land ownership and master plan 803:British Mandate period village 13: 1: 5145:Religious Israeli settlements 4145:danilfineman (30 July 2020). 3682:Tait, Robert (21 July 2015). 3102:Barak Ravid, Chaim Levinson, 2365:Galilee through the centuries 1367: 670:, and he donated the land of 371:Theory: Susya as "new Carmel" 320:The site is called in Arabic 84: 4089:Dani Rosenberg, Yoav Gross, 2764:The New York Review of Books 1891:Wayne State University Press 1350:Ancient synagogues in Israel 1312:In 2011, an illegal Israeli 1145:Israeli Civil Administration 822:Israeli-Palestinian conflict 702:In the 12th–13th centuries, 622:Early Islamic period village 424:Susya synagogue mosaic with 7: 5155:Synagogues in the West Bank 5130:Har Hevron Regional Council 4599:Har Hevron Regional Council 3723:, A/38/409 14 October 1983 3319:War, Citizenship, Territory 3234:University of Chicago Press 2341:, Eisenbrauns, 2003 p. 459. 1965:, Qantara.de 27 April 2015. 1794:University of Chicago Press 1330: 1280: 767:Survey of Western Palestine 763:Survey of Western Palestine 754:buildings built in stone." 440:in 1969, who uncovered the 436:. The site was examined by 376:correspond to the Biblical 10: 5181: 4476:Werlin, Steven H. (2015). 3907:Jewish Terrorism in Israel 3865:Jewish Terrorism in Israel 2805:Truth in the Shadow of War 2788:"Susya: A History of Loss" 2647:(in Hebrew). Vol. 6. 2428:, Mohr Siebeck, 1998 p. 65 2168:Amit (1998), pp. 148–155 . 2016:Israel Exploration Journal 1352: - covers the modern 1241:World Zionist Organization 1235:Susya (Israeli settlement) 830: 789:Palestine Exploration Fund 759:Palestine Exploration Fund 721:Mamluk period: abandonment 662:By 1107, a Crusader named 350: 26: 5086: 5055: 5024: 5013: 4990: 4944: 4853: 4787: 4780: 4716: 4633: 4605: 4016:"Adding insult to injury" 3852:Christian Science Monitor 3255:"West Bank attack filmed" 2968:"The Law, Ass or Donkey?" 2842:Havakook, Yaakov (1985). 2513:Ehrlich, Michael (1996). 2496:Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 1592:Magness (2003), p. 99–104 1208:International involvement 506:Interior of the synagogue 294:the Israeli Supreme Court 169: 152: 140: 105: 71: 64: 45: 3793:"Azit, the settler goat" 2643:(1978). "Susiya—Judea". 2554:Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 1868:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, 1740:Grossman, David (1994). 1533:From Beirut to Jerusalem 940:2010s Bedouin settlement 4373:. Vol. 2. Boston: 4236:. Vol. 3. London: 3407:3 November 2018 at the 3348:15 October 2009 at the 2893:Rabbis for Human Rights 2877:Rabbis for Human Rights 2792:Rabbis for Human Rights 2395:Amit (1998), pp. 152–3. 2288:, Eisenbrauns, 1999 p. 2009:Negev, Avraham (1985). 1883:Feige, Michael (2009). 1815:"The Geneva Convention" 1500:Bregman, Ahron (2014). 749:was first described by 499:lay in that direction. 315: 5056:Greece and the Balkans 4375:Crocker & Brewster 3366:2 October 2009 at the 3170:Amanda Cahill Ripley, 2219:, Eisenbrauns 1999 p. 1974:Safrai (1998), p. 101. 1389:. Brill. p. 136. 1339: - covers entire 1251: 1167:In an exchange in the 1165: 1112: 1077: 1048: 1027: 900: 893: 842:Khirbet Susya, called 838:Origins and background 729:19th century explorers 507: 467: 459: 429: 412: 384:), a proposal made by 344:widely growing there. 282:Israeli Defense Forces 4635:Community settlements 3472:, Monday, 2 July 2012 3212:Amnesty International 1420:, Brill, 2015 p. 136. 1249: 1160: 1143:On 26 June 2013, the 1110: 1072: 1068:Amnesty International 1056:Amnesty International 1044: 1023: 975:Additional expulsions 903:In June 1986, Israel 898: 889: 881:1948 Arab–Israeli War 505: 465: 454: 423: 410: 328:, which means "Ruin ( 262:transhumant practices 171: • Summer ( 125:31.39194°N 35.11222°E 5025:Asia Minor and Syria 3391:, 14 September 2011. 3300:David Dean Shulman, 3024:Palestine Remembered 2689:4 March 2016 at the 2675:4 March 2016 at the 2231:Amit (1998), p. 156. 2177:Amit (1998), p. 146. 2159:Amit (1998), p. 138. 2135:Amit (1998), p. 129. 1250:Susya main synagogue 879:expelled during the 877:Palestinian refugees 791:map of 1878 and the 739:Henry Baker Tristram 396:, identified as the 243:of Palestine in the 4560:The Washington Post 4452:The desert of Juda 4024:, 5 September 2010. 3753:9 July 2015 at the 3709:The Times of Israel 3703:Itamar Sharon/JTA, 3689:The Daily Telegraph 3440:, 23 December 2013. 3361:BBC World Challenge 3126:The Times of Israel 3058:The Washington Post 2471:Gideon Avni (2014) 2405:The Israel yearbook 2275:Steven Fine, p. 195 1983:Günter Stemberger, 1924:, Routledge, 1994, 1560:Israel's Occupation 1528:Friedman, Thomas L. 1305:Archaeological park 947:The Washington Post 664:Gauterius Baffumeth 221:archaeological site 121: / 4058:. 12 November 2009 4042:. 12 November 2009 3966:, 12 October 2007. 3837:30 September 2021. 3801:. 6 February 2008. 3556:, 28 November 2011 3400:David D. Shulman, 2823:Havakook pp. 25–31 2645:Ariel Encyclopedia 2611:Guérin, 1869, pp. 2596:Tristram, 1865, p. 2313:Steven Fine, p. 95 1941:Safrai (1998), p. 1893:. pp. 75–76. 1821:. 10 December 2009 1768:David Dean Shulman 1630:on 11 October 2015 1490:13 September 2004. 1414:Steven H. Werlin, 1325:the Jerusalem Post 1252: 1113: 901: 508: 468: 460: 430: 413: 342:wild plant species 270:Israeli settlement 235:, repurposed as a 213:Hebron Governorate 130:31.39194; 35.11222 5117: 5116: 5011: 5010: 4737: 4736: 4514:Wikimedia commons 4454:, 1967–8, Israel. 3929:The Baltimore Sun 3890:Houston Chronicle 3731:6 September 1982. 3631:Ma'an News Agency 3617:, 30 August 2012. 3503:Ma'an News Agency 3291:, 8 January 2015. 3283:Nasser Nawaj'ah, 3270:Julie M. Norman, 3242:978-0-226-56665-8 3193:, 10 October 2012 3137:Mairav Zonszein, 2262:Rachel Hachlili, 2100:978-90-04-15186-4 1900:978-0-8143-2750-0 1802:978-0-226-56665-8 1570:978-0-520-94236-3 1543:978-0-374-70699-9 1513:978-1-84614-735-7 1396:978-90-04-29840-8 1269:Former Christian 1180:Jewish Home Party 1173:Joint List Member 883:from the area of 416:Ancient synagogue 394:Khirbet el-Karmil 190: 189: 97:Location of Susya 40:Village in Hebron 33:Susya, Har Hebron 16:(Redirected from 5172: 5019: 4785: 4784: 4774: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4528: 4493: 4472: 4450:Shalem, Nathan, 4447: 4422: 4408: 4378: 4351: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4268:Susiya (Khirbet) 4255: 4241: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4117: 4111: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4065: 4059: 4049: 4043: 4031: 4025: 4009: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3956: 3950: 3939: 3933: 3932:, 24 March 1993. 3920: 3914: 3903: 3897: 3882:Associated Press 3879: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3844: 3838: 3828: 3822: 3811:Chaim Levinson, 3809: 3803: 3802: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3781:on 6 April 2012. 3767: 3758: 3741: 3732: 3718: 3712: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3679: 3673: 3672:, 9 August 2012. 3657: 3651: 3642:Peter Beaumont, 3640: 3634: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3596: 3585:Chaim Levinson, 3583: 3577: 3566: 3557: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3512: 3506: 3496: 3490: 3479: 3473: 3462: 3456: 3455:23 January 2012. 3447: 3441: 3425: 3419: 3414:Jewish Quarterly 3398: 3392: 3376: 3370: 3358: 3352: 3339: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3298: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3251: 3245: 3221: 3215: 3205: 3194: 3183:Chaim Levinson, 3181: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3152: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3119: 3113: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3048: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2999: 2991: 2978: 2977: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2926: 2915: 2902: 2896: 2886: 2880: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2812: 2801: 2795: 2794:7 November 2013. 2785: 2768: 2755: 2738: 2737:, Sheet 10, 1936 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2615: 2609: 2600: 2594: 2585: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2463: 2450:correspondence ( 2435: 2429: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2377: 2371: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2333: 2327: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2215:Eric M. Meyers, 2213: 2207: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2086: 2080: 2075:Amit (1998), p. 2073: 2067: 2064: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2006: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1961:Ylenia Gostoli, 1959: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1811: 1805: 1781: 1775: 1765: 1754: 1753: 1737: 1726: 1719:"Khirbet Susiya" 1716: 1703: 1692:Chaim Levinson, 1690: 1681: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1629: 1622: 1614: 1593: 1590: 1575: 1574: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1497: 1491: 1478: 1472: 1458: 1452: 1440: 1421: 1412: 1401: 1400: 1380: 1341:Palestine region 1153:Mitzpeh Avigayil 681: 628:Islamic conquest 602: 601: 404:-based economy. 210: 202: 176: 136: 135: 133: 132: 131: 126: 122: 119: 118: 117: 114: 87: 86: 80: 43: 42: 21: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5082: 5063:Agora of Athens 5051: 5020: 5007: 4986: 4940: 4881:Hammat Tiberias 4849: 4776: 4768: 4738: 4733: 4724:Mitzpe Eshtemoa 4712: 4629: 4601: 4596: 4526: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4444: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4293: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4266:, eds. (2001). 4228:Kitchener, H.H. 4211: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4170: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4102:Allison Deger, 4101: 4097: 4088: 4084: 4066: 4062: 4050: 4046: 4032: 4028: 4010: 4006: 3998:Shulman, 2007, 3997: 3993: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3957: 3953: 3941:David Shulman, 3940: 3936: 3921: 3917: 3904: 3900: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3845: 3841: 3829: 3825: 3810: 3806: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3755:Wayback Machine 3742: 3735: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3698: 3680: 3676: 3658: 3654: 3641: 3637: 3625: 3621: 3603: 3599: 3595:, 27 June 2013. 3584: 3580: 3567: 3560: 3542: 3538: 3527: 3525: 3513: 3509: 3497: 3493: 3480: 3476: 3463: 3459: 3448: 3444: 3426: 3422: 3409:Wayback Machine 3399: 3395: 3377: 3373: 3368:Wayback Machine 3359: 3355: 3350:Wayback Machine 3340: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3299: 3295: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3252: 3248: 3222: 3218: 3206: 3197: 3182: 3178: 3169: 3165: 3153: 3149: 3136: 3132: 3120: 3116: 3101: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2981: 2976:. 18 June 2012. 2966: 2965: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2939:, 14 June 2012. 2927: 2918: 2903: 2899: 2887: 2883: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2803:Yaacov Hasdai, 2802: 2798: 2786: 2771: 2767:, 28 June 2012. 2756: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2691:Wayback Machine 2677:Wayback Machine 2663: 2656: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2588: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2533: 2529: 2517: 2511: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2470: 2466: 2436: 2432: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2378: 2374: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2334: 2330: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2295: 2284:Eric M. Meyers 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2214: 2210: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2087: 2083: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1960: 1949: 1940: 1936: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1880: 1876: 1867: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1824: 1822: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1782: 1778: 1766: 1757: 1738: 1729: 1717: 1706: 1691: 1684: 1669:Stefano Pasta, 1668: 1664: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1596: 1591: 1578: 1571: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1498: 1494: 1479: 1475: 1459: 1455: 1441: 1424: 1413: 1404: 1397: 1381: 1374: 1370: 1354:State of Israel 1333: 1314:settler outpost 1307: 1283: 1237: 1216:. According to 1210: 1105: 1009:Israeli outpost 977: 959: 942: 870:Yaakov Havakook 844:Susya al-Qadima 840: 835: 829: 824: 805: 747:Khirbet Susiyeh 731: 723: 679: 660: 624: 466:Susya synagogue 438:Shmarya Guttman 418: 398:biblical Carmel 373: 358: 353: 324:, also spelled 318: 287:Israeli outpost 241:Muslim conquest 219:. It houses an 170: 129: 127: 123: 120: 115: 112: 110: 108: 107: 101: 100: 99: 98: 95: 94: 93: 92: 88: 67: 60: 55: 50: 48: 41: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5178: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4825:Ma'on (Daroma) 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4782: 4781:Land of Israel 4778: 4777: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4550: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4521: 4516: 4500: 4499:External links 4497: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4473: 4459:Tristram, H.B. 4455: 4448: 4442: 4424: 4409: 4387: 4357: 4334: 4321: 4303: 4276: 4264:Gibson, Shimon 4260:Negev, Avraham 4256: 4242: 4220: 4187: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4137: 4112: 4110:20 April 2015. 4095: 4082: 4060: 4044: 4026: 4004: 3991: 3979:" Yuval Yoaz, 3968: 3951: 3934: 3915: 3905:Ami Pedahzur, 3898: 3869: 3863:Ami Pedahzur, 3856: 3839: 3823: 3804: 3784: 3759: 3733: 3729:Jerusalem Post 3713: 3696: 3674: 3652: 3635: 3619: 3597: 3578: 3576:, 5 July 2012. 3574:Deutsche Welle 3558: 3536: 3507: 3491: 3474: 3457: 3442: 3420: 3393: 3371: 3353: 3334: 3323: 3310: 3293: 3276: 3263: 3246: 3216: 3195: 3176: 3163: 3147: 3130: 3114: 3092: 3071: 3040: 3029: 3011: 2979: 2959: 2941: 2916: 2904:Yuval Baruch, 2897: 2881: 2865: 2855: 2846:. p. 56. 2834: 2832:Havakook p. 65 2825: 2813: 2796: 2769: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2654: 2632: 2616: 2601: 2586: 2573: 2560: 2547: 2527: 2502: 2489: 2479: 2464: 2430: 2409: 2397: 2388: 2372: 2356: 2343: 2328: 2315: 2306: 2293: 2277: 2268: 2255: 2246: 2233: 2224: 2208: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2152: 2137: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2099: 2081: 2068: 2050: 2041: 2023:(4): 231-52 . 1998: 1989: 1976: 1967: 1947: 1934: 1913: 1899: 1874: 1854: 1832: 1806: 1776: 1755: 1749:Khirbet Zanuta 1727: 1704: 1702:28 March 2015. 1682: 1662: 1641: 1594: 1576: 1569: 1549: 1542: 1519: 1512: 1492: 1473: 1471:, 15 May 2002. 1461:Oren Yiftachel 1453: 1422: 1402: 1395: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1345:Land of Israel 1332: 1329: 1306: 1303: 1282: 1279: 1236: 1233: 1225:European Union 1209: 1206: 1149:European Union 1104: 1101: 976: 973: 958: 955: 941: 938: 839: 836: 831:Main article: 828: 825: 823: 820: 804: 801: 771:H.H. Kitchener 730: 727: 722: 719: 659: 656: 623: 620: 417: 414: 372: 369: 362:Late Antiquity 357: 354: 352: 349: 322:Khirbet Susiya 317: 314: 251:village named 188: 187: 177: 167: 166: 156: 150: 149: 144: 138: 137: 103: 102: 96: 90: 89: 82: 81: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 62: 61: 49: 46: 39: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5177: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5073:Philippopolis 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5004: 5003:Ma'on (Negev) 5001: 4999: 4998:Horvat Rimmon 4996: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891:Kfar Hananiah 4889: 4887: 4886:Hurvat Amudim 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Livne (Shani) 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4491: 4489:9789004298408 4485: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4443:9789068319859 4439: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4324: 4322:9781575060705 4318: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4307:Magness, Jodi 4304: 4299: 4287: 4279: 4277:0-8264-1316-1 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4205: 4190: 4188:9789004112544 4184: 4180: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4080:4 March 2011. 4079: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3989:, 08/09/2004. 3988: 3987: 3982: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3958:Efrat Weiss, 3955: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3922:Doug Struck, 3919: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3821:, 3 May 2015. 3820: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3727:, citing the 3726: 3722: 3717: 3711:17 July 2015. 3710: 3706: 3700: 3693:. p. 15. 3692: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3650:21 July 2015. 3649: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3568:Kate Laycock 3565: 3563: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3464:Anne Barker, 3461: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3224:David Shulman 3220: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3143:+972 Magazine 3140: 3134: 3128:26 July 2015. 3127: 3123: 3118: 3112:26 July 2015. 3111: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3081: 3075: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3015: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2859: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641:Vilnai, Ze'ev 2636: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2599: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2577: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2507: 2499: 2493: 2483: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2363:Eric Meyers, 2360: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2310: 2304:, pp. 196–197 2303: 2300:Steven Fine, 2297: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2250: 2244:, 2003 p. 449 2243: 2237: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:Upper Galilee 2189: 2188:Khirbet Shema 2183: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2078: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2045: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2005: 2003: 1993: 1986: 1980: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1938: 1931: 1930:9780203204863 1927: 1923: 1917: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1842: 1836: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1784:David Shulman 1780: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1752: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1689: 1687: 1678: 1677: 1676:La Repubblica 1672: 1666: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1626: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1572: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1553: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1477: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1323:According to 1321: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1299:Yaakov Teitel 1295: 1291: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1214:cause célèbre 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1184:Eli Ben Dahan 1181: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050:According to 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1005: 1001: 999: 995: 990: 986: 982: 981:David Shulman 979:According to 972: 968: 965: 954: 951: 949: 948: 944:According to 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 909: 906: 897: 892: 888: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 865: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 834: 833:Khirbet Susya 819: 817: 812: 810: 800: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 780: 776: 775:Claude Conder 772: 768: 764: 760: 757:In 1883, the 755: 752: 748: 743: 740: 736: 726: 718: 716: 711: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 685: 677: 673: 669: 665: 655: 653: 648: 644: 639: 636: 633: 629: 619: 617: 613: 609: 604: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 559: 554: 553: 548: 547: 542: 538: 533: 530: 525: 523: 518: 514: 504: 500: 498: 493: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 464: 457: 453: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 427: 422: 411:View of Susya 409: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 390:Second Revolt 387: 386:Avraham Negev 383: 379: 368: 365: 363: 348: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 313: 311: 306: 302: 299: 295: 290: 288: 283: 279: 275: 271: 265: 263: 259: 258:cave-dwelling 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 225:Second Temple 222: 218: 214: 206: 198: 194: 185: 181: 178: 174: 168: 164: 160: 157: 155: 151: 148: 145: 143: 139: 134: 106:Coordinates: 104: 79: 70: 63: 59: 54: 44: 38: 34: 30: 29:Khirbet Susya 19: 5037:Dura-Europos 4977:Ein Keshatot 4925: 4840:Umm el-Umdan 4708:Teneh Omarim 4697: 4673:Ma'ale Hever 4558: 4478: 4463: 4451: 4432: 4428:Safrai, Zeev 4417: 4413:Röhricht, R. 4404: 4398: 4391:Röhricht, R. 4369: 4361:Robinson, E. 4342: 4338:Palmer, E.H. 4326:. Retrieved 4311: 4267: 4250: 4232: 4224:Conder, C.R. 4192:. Retrieved 4177: 4168:Bibliography 4154:. Retrieved 4151:Danilfineman 4150: 4140: 4128:. Retrieved 4124: 4115: 4098: 4085: 4075: 4063: 4047: 4037: 4029: 4019: 4007: 3994: 3984: 3971: 3954: 3942: 3937: 3927: 3918: 3906: 3901: 3864: 3859: 3854:13 June 1991 3842: 3830:Judy Maltz, 3826: 3816: 3807: 3796: 3787: 3779:the original 3716: 3699: 3687: 3677: 3667: 3655: 3648:The Guardian 3638: 3622: 3612: 3600: 3590: 3581: 3551: 3539: 3526:. Retrieved 3520: 3510: 3505:4 June 2015. 3494: 3477: 3460: 3450: 3445: 3435: 3423: 3412: 3396: 3388:The Guardian 3386: 3374: 3356: 3337: 3326: 3318: 3313: 3301: 3296: 3279: 3271: 3266: 3261:12 June 2008 3253:Tim Franks, 3249: 3228: 3219: 3188: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3150: 3145:10 May 2015. 3133: 3117: 3107: 3083:. Retrieved 3074: 3062:. Retrieved 3056: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3002:. Retrieved 2971: 2962: 2944: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895:25 May 2015. 2884: 2879:25 June 2012 2868: 2858: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2828: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2762: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2699:1865 edition 2644: 2635: 2581: 2576: 2563: 2550: 2535: 2530: 2524:(82): 173–4. 2521: 2492: 2482: 2473: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2438: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2420:, in Hebrew 2418:benei qartah 2417: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2375: 2364: 2359: 2351: 2346: 2337: 2331: 2323: 2318: 2309: 2301: 2296: 2285: 2280: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2249: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2216: 2211: 2203: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2155: 2146: 2140: 2119: 2110: 2090: 2084: 2071: 2044: 2032:. Retrieved 2020: 2014: 1992: 1984: 1979: 1970: 1937: 1921: 1916: 1904:. Retrieved 1885: 1877: 1869: 1845:. Retrieved 1835: 1825:27 September 1823:. Retrieved 1818: 1809: 1788: 1779: 1745: 1741: 1697: 1674: 1665: 1657: 1644: 1632:. Retrieved 1625:the original 1559: 1552: 1532: 1522: 1502: 1495: 1485: 1480:Nir Hasson, 1476: 1456: 1451:29 July 2015 1443: 1416: 1385: 1322: 1318: 1311: 1308: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1268: 1264: 1253: 1238: 1229: 1222: 1211: 1202: 1191: 1188: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1093: 1078: 1073: 1063: 1049: 1045: 1038:, Susya and 1028: 1024: 1014: 1006: 1002: 978: 969: 960: 952: 945: 943: 910: 905:expropriated 902: 890: 874: 868: 848: 843: 841: 813: 806: 797:van de Velde 786: 762: 756: 746: 745:The site of 744: 734: 733:In his book 732: 724: 712: 701: 688: 671: 666:was Lord of 663: 661: 640: 637: 632:Hebron hills 625: 605: 593: 571: 550: 544: 526: 520:synagogue's 509: 488: 472:Jodi Magness 469: 456:Burial stone 431: 374: 366: 359: 346: 337: 329: 325: 321: 319: 307: 303: 291: 266: 192: 191: 37: 5094:Bova Marina 4972:Kfar Devora 4729:Mitzpe Yair 4527:(in Hebrew) 4294:|work= 4212:|work= 4068:Gideon Levy 4012:Gideon Levy 3846:Peter Ford 3633:4 May 2015. 3379:David Hirst 3161:8 June 2008 3037:1945 census 2697:, also the 2558:–75, No 293 2540:Majdal Yaba 2477:, OUP, p225 2422:benei ha'ir 2381:Divine name 2200:Steven Fine 2048:1 Samuel:25 1725:1 Jan 2013. 1465:Neve Gordon 1287:Gush Emunim 1097:Mitzpe Yair 1085:David Hirst 1007:In 2002 an 994:Mitzpe Yair 926:Six-Day War 816:L. A. Meyer 693:Baldwin III 676:Hospitalers 563:Judaization 446:Ehud Netzer 428:inscription 382:Joshua 15:5 340:)" after a 272:also named 249:Palestinian 245:7th century 142:Governorate 128: / 5124:Categories 5104:Hammam-Lif 4957:Ein Nashut 4945:Gaulanitis 4658:Beit Hagai 4615:Beit Yatir 4519:google-map 4467:. London: 4407:: 195–344. 4246:Guérin, V. 4108:Mondoweiss 3660:Amira Hass 3605:Amira Hass 3544:Amira Hass 3428:Amira Hass 2500:–13, No 57 2487:Sussia..." 2416:in Aramaic 1368:References 1271:Afrikaners 1218:Amira Hass 1176:Dov Khenin 1040:Beit Yatir 936:and more. 885:Ramat Arad 682:28, 1110, 652:Al-Walid I 626:After the 586:Ein Samsam 239:after the 113:31°23′31″N 4952:Deir Aziz 4906:Nabratein 4896:Maoz Haim 4871:Capernaum 4845:Wadi Qelt 4835:Theodotos 4365:Smith, E. 4296:ignored ( 4286:cite book 4214:ignored ( 4204:cite book 4194:8 October 4156:12 August 4130:12 August 4000:pp. 57–63 3943:Dark Hope 3244:pp.13-14. 3085:24 August 3064:29 August 3004:14 August 3000:. Regavim 2757:Shulman, 2725:, ca.1920 2695:section 7 2668:. Osborn 2571:". p. 132 2196:Shephelah 2190:, in the 2034:2 October 1906:8 October 1847:22 August 1634:18 August 1361:Ezra Nawi 1018:Ezra Nawi 930:At-Tuwani 782:monastery 779:Byzantine 751:V. 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