857:
such basic conceptual frameworks play a key role in the development of exact scientific theory. .. Allgemeine
Systemtheorie is not directly consistent with an interpretation often put on 'general system theory,' to wit, that it is a (scientific) "theory of general systems." To criticize it as such is to shoot at straw men. Von Bertalanffy opened up something much broader and of much greater significance than a single theory (which, as we now know, can always be falsified and has usually an ephemeral existence): he created a new paradigm for the development of theories.
1319:. It can be viewed as the application of engineering techniques to the engineering of systems, as well as the application of a systems approach to engineering efforts. Systems engineering integrates other disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation and disposal. Systems engineering considers both the business and the technical needs of all customers, with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user's needs.
1339:. Overlooking this and developing software without insights input from the future users (mediated by user experience designers) is a serious design flaw that can lead to complete failure of information systems, increased stress and mental illness for users of information systems leading to increased costs and a huge waste of resources. It is currently surprisingly uncommon for organizations and governments to investigate the project management decisions leading to serious design flaws and lack of usability.
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911:," some theorists recognize that organizations have complex social systems; separating the parts from the whole reduces the overall effectiveness of organizations. This difference, from conventional models that center on individuals, structures, departments and units, separates in part from the whole, instead of recognizing the interdependence between groups of individuals, structures and processes that enable an organization to function.
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interact in behaviours and processes or interrelate through formal contextual boundary conditions (attractors). Passive systems are structures and components that are being processed. For example, a computer program is passive when it is a file stored on the hardrive and active when it runs in memory. The field is related to
2389:
general systems." To criticize it as such is to shoot at straw men. Von
Bertalanffy opened up something much broader and of much greater significance than a single theory (which, as we now know, can always be falsified and has usually an ephemeral existence): he created a new paradigm for the development of theories.
2268:
affected the research project for systems theory in ways that sorely disappointed many of the seminal theorists. Some began to recognize that theories defined in association with systems theory had deviated from the initial general systems theory view. Economist
Kenneth Boulding, an early researcher
1925:
in conventional theory (which has as its subject a single part) as simply an example of changing assumptions. The emphasis with systems theory shifts from parts to the organization of parts, recognizing interactions of the parts as not static and constant but dynamic processes. Some questioned the
2691:
Systems theory is frequently identified with cybernetics and control theory. This again is incorrect. Cybernetics as the theory of control mechanisms in technology and nature is founded on the concepts of information and feedback, but as part of a general theory of systems.... he model is of wide
2629:
both in living and lifeless systems (organisms, organizations, machines), and in combinations of those. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) controls its behavior, processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish those three
2388:
Thus when von
Bertalanffy spoke of Allgemeine Systemtheorie it was consistent with his view that he was proposing a new perspective, a new way of doing science. It was not directly consistent with an interpretation often put on "general system theory", to wit, that it is a (scientific) "theory of
856:
It (General System Theory) was criticized as pseudoscience and said to be nothing more than an admonishment to attend to things in a holistic way. Such criticisms would have lost their point had it been recognized that von
Bertalanffy's general system theory is a perspective or paradigm, and that
2371:
here exist models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relationships or "forces" between them. It seems legitimate to ask for a theory, not of systems of a more or less
1901:
provides detailed discussion of the commonplace critique of educational systems grounded in conventional assumptions about learning, including the problems with fragmented knowledge and lack of holistic learning from the "machine-age thinking" that became a "model of school separated from daily
933:
The systems view is a world-view that is based on the discipline of SYSTEM INQUIRY. Central to systems inquiry is the concept of SYSTEM. In the most general sense, system means a configuration of parts connected and joined together by a web of relationships. The Primer Group defines system as a
2686:
in 1968). Cybernetics arose more from engineering fields and GST from biology. If anything, it appears that although the two probably mutually influenced each other, cybernetics had the greater influence. Bertalanffy specifically made the point of distinguishing between the areas in noting the
532:
General systems theory is about developing broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to concepts and principles specific to one domain of knowledge. It distinguishes dynamic or active systems from static or passive systems. Active systems are activity structures or components that
725:
itself. In this respect, with the possibility of misinterpretations, von
Bertalanffy believed a general theory of systems "should be an important regulative device in science," to guard against superficial analogies that "are useless in science and harmful in their practical consequences."
914:
László explains that the new systems view of organized complexity went "one step beyond the
Newtonian view of organized simplicity" which reduced the parts from the whole, or understood the whole without relation to the parts. The relationship between organisations and their
1346:
estimates that roughly 15% of the estimated $ 1 trillion used to develop information systems every year is completely wasted and the produced systems are discarded before implementation by entirely preventable mistakes. According to the CHAOS report published in 2018 by the
887:
with theory and science in the etymology of general systems, though it also does not translate from the German very well; its "closest equivalent" translates to 'teaching', but "sounds dogmatic and off the mark." An adequate overlap in meaning is found within the word
1270:. Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions. It uses and extends concepts from
520:
depend upon how well the system is engaged with its environment and other contexts influencing its organization. Some systems support other systems, maintaining the other system to prevent failure. The goals of systems theory are to model a system's dynamics,
2463:(interact with one another a lot) then the system cannot be decomposed into different systems. The amount of coupling between parts of a system may differ temporally, with some parts interacting more often than other, or for different processes in a system.
2304:
were an important part of the establishment of systems theory... he two most influential suggestions were the comprehensive sociological versions of systems theory which were proposed by
Talcott Parsons since the 1950s and by Niklas Luhmann since the
2724:
are related fields, but do not try to describe general (universal) complex (singular) systems. The best context to compare the different "C"-Theories about complex systems is historical, which emphasizes different tools and methodologies, from
2109:
that the observer can analyze and use to develop greater insight into the behavior of complex phenomena and to move closer toward a unity of the sciences. System philosophy, methodology and application are complementary to this science.
1492:
System theory has been applied in the field of neuroinformatics and connectionist cognitive science. Attempts are being made in neurocognition to merge connectionist cognitive neuroarchitectures with the approach of system theory and
525:, conditions, and relations; and to elucidate principles (such as purpose, measure, methods, tools) that can be discerned and applied to other systems at every level of nesting, and in a wide range of fields for achieving optimized
504:. Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structure, function and role, and expressed through its relations with other systems. A system is "more than the sum of its parts" when it expresses
925:, who argued—along with the founders of the systems society—that "the benefit of humankind" is the purpose of science, has made significant and far-reaching contributions to the area of systems theory. For the Primer Group at the
892:", which can mean "having the capability to posit long-lasting sense." While the idea of a "general systems theory" might have lost many of its root meanings in the translation, by defining a new way of thinking about science and
4285:
2653:'s differences of eternal interacting actor loops (that produce finite products) makes general systems a proper subset of cybernetics. In cybernetics, complex systems have been examined mathematically by such researchers as
2454:
where all components within the system interact with one another. Sometimes an entire system will be represented inside another system as a part, sometimes referred to as a holon. These hierarchies of system are studied in
1877:
that developed from the same fundamental concepts, emphasising how understanding results from knowing concepts both in part and as a whole. In fact, Bertalanffy's organismic psychology paralleled the learning theory of
515:
Changing one component of a system may affect other components or the whole system. It may be possible to predict these changes in patterns of behavior. For systems that learn and adapt, the growth and the degree of
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Maurer, H. (2021). Cognitive science: Integrative synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of the modern connectionism. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, chap. 1.4, 2., 3.26, ISBN 978-1-351-04352-6.
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of interacting molecules, to create new functions from a set (or library) of molecules with different hierarchical levels and emergent properties. Systems chemistry is also related to the origin of life
3155:
1902:
life." In this way, some systems theorists attempt to provide alternatives to, and evolved ideation from orthodox theories which have grounds in classical assumptions, including individuals such as
2438:
These operate in a recursive relationship, he explained; integrating 'philosophy' and 'theory' as knowledge, and 'method' and 'application' as action; systems inquiry is thus knowledgeable action.
2154:(AAAS), specifically catalyzing systems theory as an area of study. The field developed from the work of Bertalanffy, Rapoport, Gerard, and Boulding, as well as other theorists in the 1950s like
2273:
always prove consequential and that systems theory might address such issues. Since the end of the Cold War, a renewed interest in systems theory emerged, combined with efforts to strengthen an
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Pure success is the combination of high customer satisfaction with high return on value to the organization. Related figures for the year 2017 are: successful: 14%, challenged: 67%, failed 19%.
903:
A system in this frame of reference can contain regularly interacting or interrelating groups of activities. For example, in noting the influence in the evolution of "an individually oriented
3568:
919:
can be seen as the foremost source of complexity and interdependence. In most cases, the whole has properties that cannot be known from analysis of the constituent elements in isolation.
3523:
1928, Kritische
Theorie der Formbildung, Borntraeger. In English: Modern Theories of Development: An Introduction to Theoretical Biology, Oxford University Press, New York: Harper, 1933
1198:
Particularly from the year 2000 onwards, the biosciences use the term widely and in a variety of contexts. An often stated ambition of systems biology is the modelling and discovery of
5513:
1469:, but in addition seems more concerned with societal systems and with the study of motivational, affective, cognitive and group behavior that holds the name engineering psychology."
4282:
2057:(2000), Bertalanffy promoted an embryonic form of GST as early as the 1920s and 1930s, but it was not until the early 1950s that it became more widely known in scientific circles.
2692:
application but should not be identified with 'systems theory' in general ... warning is necessary against its incautious expansion to fields for which its concepts are not made.
1202:
which represents properties of a system whose theoretical description requires the only possible useful techniques to fall under the remit of systems biology. It is thought that
2459:. The amount of interaction between parts of systems higher in the hierarchy and parts of the system lower in the hierarchy is reduced. If all the parts of a system are tightly
2113:
Cognizant of advances in science that questioned classical assumptions in the organizational sciences, Bertalanffy's idea to develop a theory of systems began as early as the
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2741:
with his computer, computers have become an indispensable source of information. One could not imagine the study of complex systems without the use of computers today.
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in Palo Alto to discuss the creation of a "society for the advancement of
General Systems Theory." In December that year, a meeting of around 70 people was held in
565:
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2024:
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knowledge and still remains in the tradition of theorists that sought to provide means to organize human life. In other words, theorists rethought the preceding
2329:
began developing his 'general systems theory' via lectures in 1937 and then via publications from 1946. The concept received extensive focus in his 1968 book,
2708:
have the common goal to explain complex systems that consist of a large number of mutually interacting and interrelated parts in terms of those interactions.
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Bertalanffy aimed to bring together under one heading the organismic science that he had observed in his work as a biologist. He wanted to use the word
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in systems theory, had concerns over the manipulation of systems concepts. Boulding concluded from the effects of the Cold War that abuses of
1988:
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The systems view was based on several fundamental ideas. First, all phenomena can be viewed as a web of relationships among elements, or a
3541:
Van Dyne, George M. "Ecosystems, Systems Ecology, and Systems Ecologists". ORNL- 3975. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1966.
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of systems, where there is less interactions between the different systems than there is the components in the system. The alternative is
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Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence
1966:
philosophers and later psychologists that laid the foundations of modern organizational theory and management by the late 19th century.
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research. Proponents describe systems biology as a biology-based interdisciplinary study field that focuses on complex interactions in
2008:" as an analytical construct), the original systems theorists explored the implications of 20th-century advances in terms of systems.
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family of relationships among the members acting as a whole. Von Bertalanffy defined system as "elements in standing relationship."
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distinguished general systems by how their goals and subgoals could change over time. He distinguished between goal-maintaining,
2325:
Many early systems theorists aimed at finding a general systems theory that could explain all systems in all fields of science.
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Many early systems theorists aimed at finding a general systems theory that could explain all systems in all fields of science.
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871:(or 'Science'). These ideas refer to an organized body of knowledge and "any systematically presented set of concepts, whether
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2053:. Bertalanffy developed the theory via lectures beginning in 1937 and then via publications beginning in 1946. According to
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as a collection of parts and relationships between the parts where the parts of their interrelationships decrease entropy.
2147:
2150:(renamed the International Society for Systems Science in 1988) was established in 1956 thereafter as an affiliate of the
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Systems thinking can date back to antiquity, whether considering the first systems of written communication with Sumerian
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1405:
896:, systems theory became a widespread term used for instance to describe the interdependence of relationships created in
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2237:, known as a radiation ecologist, recognized that the study of general systems required a language that could depict
1950:; they did not lose them. Mechanistic thinking was particularly critiqued, especially the industrial-age mechanistic
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had undertaken efforts to encourage innovation and interdisciplinary research in the social sciences, aided by the
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1918:. The theorists sought holistic methods by developing systems concepts that could integrate with different areas.
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Threads of cybernetics began in the late 1800s that led toward the publishing of seminal works (such as Wiener's
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It received inspiration from systems theory and systems thinking, as well as the basics of theoretical work from
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methodology: the set of models, strategies, methods and tools that instrumentalize systems theory and philosophy
607:
Systems theory is manifest in the work of practitioners in many disciplines, for example the works of physician
5645:
5412:
4695:
4395:
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Schools That Learn: A Fifth Discipline Fieldbook for Educators, Parents, and Everyone Who Cares About Education
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17:
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models and thinking, wherein history represents history and math represents math, while the arts and sciences
1840:
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Others remain closer to the direct systems concepts developed by the original systems theorists. For example,
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There are many definitions of a general system, some properties that definitions include are: an overall
1955:
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865:) "has a much broader meaning in German than the closest English words 'theory' and 'science'," just as
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Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology.
3477:. New York, New York: George Braziller, Inc. (simultaneously with Doubleday Canada, Limited). pp.
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82:
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represent further developments in this field. Important names in contemporary systems science include
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systems to denote a proper subset of the class of general systems, namely those systems that include
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1832:. While modern systems can seem considerably more complicated, they may embed themselves in history.
194:
4646:—— 1956. "Probabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components."
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Shugart, Herman H., and Robert V. O'Neill. "Systems Ecology". Dowden, Hutchingon & Ross, 1979.
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of the interaction between the parts of the system that are not performed by any part on its own.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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3043:, which magnifies and perpetuates changes, converting local irregularities into global features.
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Wu, Jianguo (2013), Rozzi, Ricardo; Pickett, S.T.A.; Palmer, Clare; Armesto, Juan J. (eds.),
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The Systems View of the World: The Natural Philosophy of the New Developments in the Sciences
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of "general system theory" from German into English has "wrought a certain amount of havoc":
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1665:, rudimentary internet and cybernetic system for democratic economic planning developed by
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Bertalanffy's ideas were adopted by others, working in mathematics, psychology, biology,
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1351:, a vast majority of information systems fail or partly fail according to their survey:
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Mutual Causality in Buddhism and General Systems Theory: The Dharma of Natural Systems
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in that they are diverse and composed of multiple, interconnected elements; they are
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distinguished between decomposable, nearly decomposable and nondecomposable systems.
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Systems theory promotes dialogue between autonomous areas of study as well as within
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With the modern foundations for a general theory of systems following World War I,
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Systems Engineering: Principles and Practice of Computer-based Systems Engineering
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2070:(1912–1917), providing the conceptual base for GST. A similar position is held by
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Structural Stability and Morphogenesis: An Outline of a General Theory of Models
3445:, by L. von Bertalanffy, edited by Edgar Taschdjian. New York: George Braziller.
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at any system scale. To fulfill this role, Odum developed a general system, or
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4160:(1st ed.), translated by H-J. Flechtner. DĂĽsseldorf: Econ Verlag GmbH. p. 115.
2078:(1996). Despite this, Bertalanffy never even mentioned Bogdanov in his works.
1882:. Some consider interdisciplinary perspectives critical in breaking away from
496:, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be
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theory: a set of interrelated concepts and principles applying to all systems
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and universal authoritative principles and knowledge to relative and general
1927:
1787:
1722:
1666:
1383:
1315:
approach and means for enabling the realisation and deployment of successful
968:
880:
876:
814:
794:
774:
707:
632:
282:
149:
4547:
The Design of Inquiring Systems: Basic Concepts of Systems and Organizations
2409:
generalized the domains into four integratable domains of systemic inquiry:
1847:
into the (rationalist) hard sciences of the 19th century, also known as the
5650:
5620:
5361:
5261:
5186:
4772:
Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
4562:
4532:
4522:
3622:
3205:
3170:
3145:
3108:
2780:
2701:
2551:
2524:
2474:
2418:
2226:
2001:
1993:
1983:
1922:
1807:
1718:
1714:
1442:
1371:
1262:
Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a
1192:
1013:
963:
897:
867:
830:
526:
402:
232:
153:
4747:
4342:
3898:
Dynamical social psychology: Finding order in the flow of human experience
3665:
3648:
1680:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5271:
5011:
4898:
4815:
4790:
4602:
3743:
Doing it Differently: Systems for Rethinking Infrastructure (2nd Edition)
2987:
2650:
2618:
2613:
2372:
special kind, but of universal principles applying to systems in general.
2280:
In sociology, systems thinking also began in the 20th century, including
2254:
2198:
2174:
1898:
1891:
1879:
1795:
1730:
1684:
1462:
1294:
1259:; it can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology.
1163:
872:
849:
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691:
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628:
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381:
355:
323:
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297:
265:
157:
3968:
3647:
von Kiedrowski, GĂĽnter; Otto, Sijbren; Herdewijn, Piet (December 2010).
5676:
5625:
5366:
5221:
2451:
2402:
2394:
2182:
2090:
2086:
1943:
1811:
1583:
Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
1454:
1431:
1423:
1180:
889:
640:
517:
501:
189:
145:
4639:. 1951 "The General and Logical Theory of Automata." pp. 1–41 in
3871:
670:
endeavor, systems theory brings together principles and concepts from
5640:
5565:
5498:
5031:
4918:
4675:
From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences.
4557:
Systems Thinking, Systems Practice: Includes a 30-Year Retrospective.
3606:
3590:
3240:
3220:
3120:
2769:
2591:
2513:
2447:
2341:
2337:
2066:
1979:
1903:
1783:
1527:
1256:
1038:
742:
715:
699:
695:
394:
185:
52:
4387:
3028:
in that they have the capacity to change and learn from experience.
3349:
2765:
2626:
2509:
2460:
2422:
2414:
2265:
2230:
2102:
2098:
1951:
1662:
1484:) "considers this process in order to create an effective system."
1331:
processes and is necessary to understand the whole impact of a new
893:
671:
315:
4849:
4418:
Sinnott, J. D., and J. S. Rabin. 2012. "Sex Roles." Pp. 411–17 in
2146:
to form a society for the exploration and development of GST. The
4844:
4809:
3895:
3486:
3130:
2806:
2398:
2274:
2034:
1939:
1803:
1481:
1458:
1244:
746:
687:
679:
505:
497:
311:
248:
4210:
2217:
and self-reproducing systems, again with only pencil and paper.
2213:
examined complex systems mathematically; Von Neumann discovered
1274:
and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems.
4888:
3713:
2393:
Bertalanffy outlines systems inquiry into three major domains:
2363:
for those principles that are common to systems in general. In
2320:
2238:
2082:
1316:
1248:
1188:
1118:
973:
493:
4344:
General systems theory : problems, perspectives, practice
1806:
as a systems approach sharing a frame of reference similar to
1179:
Systems biology is a movement that draws on several trends in
4517:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
4267:
General System theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
4045:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
3039:
dampens and reverses disequilibria, CAS are often subject to
2641:
have been widely used as synonyms. Some authors use the term
2331:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
2309:
Elements of systems thinking can also be seen in the work of
2060:
Jackson also claimed that Bertalanffy's work was informed by
1975:
1633:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
4078:. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. pp. 27–49.
2117:, publishing "An Outline for General Systems Theory" in the
4537:
On Human Communication: A Review, a Survey, and a Criticism
3646:
3554:
Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach
2434:
application: the application and interaction of the domains
750:
566:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3308:"Systems Theory – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
4120:
Bailey, 1994; Flood, 1997; Checkland, 1999; Laszlo, 1972.
2342:
parts of the system and relationships between these parts
1457:
in which groups and individuals receive consideration as
929:, Bánáthy defines a perspective that iterates this view:
4839:
4621:
Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living
2480:, multi-goal and reflective (or goal-changing) systems.
4834:
1992:(1687) have historically influenced all areas from the
4239:
Hull, D. L. (1970). "Systemic Dynamic Social Theory".
4129:
Montuori, A. 2011. "Systems Approach." pp. 414–421 in
4440:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 281–301,
4158:
Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology in the Modern World
1600:
Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory
3050:
2140:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
1480:, and attributes of the people interacting with the
1370:
System dynamics is an approach to understanding the
4493:
Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behavior
4304:
Soziale Systeme: GrundriĂź einer allgemeinen Theorie
2152:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
4347:(2nd ed.). Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.
3924:Lester R. Bittel and Muriel Albers Bittel (1978),
3334:"The History and Status of General Systems Theory"
4686:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
4191:. 1950. "An Outline for General Systems Theory."
3872:"MIT System Dynamics in Education Project (SDEP)"
2733:today. Since the beginning of chaos theory, when
1969:
1389:
1344:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
5935:
4793:. 1962. "From Circuit Theory to System Theory."
4757:Weaver, Warren. 1948. "Science and Complexity."
4653:von Neumann, John, and Arthur Burks, eds. 1966.
2441:
4438:Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World
4318:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
4008:
3947:Handbook of Microcomputers in Special Education
3331:
2181:. Subjects that were studied included those of
1322:
5692:
5514:
4865:
4835:International Society for the System Sciences
4194:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
2120:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
1843:represent an important step to introduce the
1818:traced systems concepts to the philosophy of
1465:. Systems psychology "includes the domain of
1288:Systems chemistry is the science of studying
1143:
927:International Society for the System Sciences
466:
4102:Bailey, 1994, pp. 3–8; see also Owens, 2004.
4088:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3910:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3798:. Stockholm: Karnaval Förlag. p. 16,17.
3589:Ludlow, R. Frederick; Otto, Sijbren (2008).
3393:
2321:General systems research and systems inquiry
2049:, who sought a new approach to the study of
3459:. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. 4–11.
2993:
1890:remain separate and many treat teaching as
1213:Subdisciplines of systems biology include:
1187:, claiming that it uses a new perspective (
5699:
5685:
5521:
5507:
4872:
4858:
4577:Synergetics: An Introduction – 3rd Edition
4004:
4002:
4000:
3896:Vallacher, R. R., & Nowak, A. (2007).
3793:
3588:
3004:Complex adaptive systems (CAS), coined by
2483:
1974:Where assumptions in Western science from
1698:received the Nobel Prize for his works on
1472:In systems psychology, characteristics of
1150:
1136:
473:
459:
3664:
3550:
3216:Systematics – study of multi-term systems
3156:Open and closed systems in social science
1753:International Society for Systems Science
844:, in the preface for Bertalanffy's book,
595:Learn how and when to remove this message
5954:Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology
5706:
4712:The Mathematical Theory of Communication
4683:1962. "The Architecture of Complexity."
4623:. Springer Science & Business Media.
4340:
4047:(rev. ed.). New York: George Braziller.
3809:Charette, Robert N. (2 September 2005).
3808:
2023:with the university's interdisciplinary
1934:perspectives. The shift originated from
623:; in the study of ecological systems by
4301:
3997:
3988:
3926:Encyclopedia of Professional Management
3839:
3765:"Algoritmiska larm belastar sjukvĂĄrden"
3517:
3375:A manifesto for the equifinality thesis
1790:, or the feats of engineering with the
907:a systems and developmentally oriented
14:
5936:
5867:Construction and management simulation
5528:
4728:A Mathematical Theory of Communication
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
3864:
3852:from the original on 29 September 2020
3762:
3469:
3454:
3384:. Journal of hydrology, 320(1), 18–36.
3289:List of systems sciences organizations
3012:, and others at the interdisciplinary
2296:. According to Rudolf Stichweh (2011):
1327:Systems thinking is a crucial part of
735:the Center for Complex Quantum Systems
5680:
5502:
4853:
4840:New England Complex Systems Institute
4726:Adapted from Shannon, Claude. 1948. "
4414:
4412:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4277:
4275:
4205:
4203:
4168:
4166:
4149:
4147:
4073:
3969:https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351043526
3821:from the original on 9 September 2020
3692:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
3687:
3448:
3443:Perspectives on General System Theory
3344:(4). Academy of Management: 407–426.
2488:
2405:. In his work with the Primer Group,
2378:Perspectives on General System Theory
2126:In 1954, von Bertalanffy, along with
846:Perspectives on General System Theory
647:; in interdisciplinary areas such as
5903:List of computer simulation software
5481:
4775:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
4238:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
2748:
2492:
2446:General systems may be split into a
2376:In the preface to von Bertalanffy's
2148:Society for General Systems Research
1476:(such as individual needs, rewards,
1453:and others. It makes an approach in
883:" represented, while many associate
548:
5423:Systems theory in political science
4879:
4699:(3rd ed.), vol. 136. The MIT Press.
4655:Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata
4027:
3741:Blockley, David; Godfrey, Patrick,
2253:, based on the circuit language of
1921:Some may view the contradiction of
1406:Systems theory in political science
24:
4740:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
4475:
4431:
4409:
4323:
4272:
4253:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1970.tb00778.x
4200:
4163:
4144:
4139:10.1016/B978-0-12-375038-9.00212-0
4123:
3900:. New York: Guilford Publications.
3775:from the original on 6 August 2020
3712:
1422:Systems psychology is a branch of
220:Evolutionary developmental biology
27:Interdisciplinary study of systems
25:
5975:
4803:
3840:Portman, Henny (3 January 2020).
3745:ICE Publishing, London, England,
3649:"Welcome Home, Systems Chemists!"
3423:
5480:
5468:
5457:
5456:
4822:Introduction to systems thinking
4177:Systems Approaches to Management
4013:. University of Colorado Press.
3332:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig (1972).
3282:
3196:Sociology and complexity science
3067:
3053:
2753:
2497:
1117:
655:; and in the works of educators
553:
5831:Integrated assessment modelling
4641:Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior
4486:An Introduction to Cybernetics.
4462:from the original on 2024-04-21
4434:"Hierarchy Theory: An Overview"
4425:
4398:from the original on 2021-04-13
4380:
4369:from the original on 2024-04-21
4310:
4295:
4259:
4232:
4221:from the original on 2021-05-10
4182:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4067:
4064:see Steiss 1967; Buckley, 1967.
4058:
3982:
3960:
3939:
3918:
3889:
3878:from the original on 2019-02-13
3833:
3802:
3787:
3756:
3735:
3724:from the original on 2006-11-28
3706:
3681:
3640:
3629:from the original on 2024-04-21
3582:
3571:from the original on 2024-04-21
3544:
3535:
3526:
3356:from the original on 2022-04-09
3314:from the original on 2023-07-05
3084:List of types of systems theory
2744:
2546:List of types of systems theory
2085:. Second, all systems, whether
2025:Division of the Social Sciences
2004:'s seminal development of the "
1870:as a formal scientific object.
938:
387:Ordinary differential equations
5646:Philosophy of computer science
5413:Systems theory in anthropology
4696:The Sciences of the Artificial
4597:Introduction to Systems Theory
4420:Encyclopedia of Human Behavior
4388:"start [ProjectsISSS]"
4316:Bertrand Badie et al. (eds.),
4265:Ludwig von Bertalanffy. 1968.
3505:
3463:
3414:
3387:
3367:
3325:
3300:
3201:Structure–organization–process
2768:format but may read better as
2607:
2512:format but may read better as
1970:Founding and early development
1794:. Differentiated from Western
1487:
1396:Systems theory in anthropology
1390:Social sciences and humanities
1359:
1300:
1094:Return on marketing investment
258:Partial differential equations
13:
1:
5418:Systems theory in archaeology
4732:Bell System Technical Journal
4529:University of Illinois Press.
3718:"What is Systems Engineering"
3338:Academy of Management Journal
3294:
2442:Properties of general systems
2352:defines a system in terms of
2225:worked on the foundations of
2201:, researchers such as Ashby,
2045:) was coined in the 1940s by
1505:
1411:
1401:Systems theory in archaeology
1004:Customer lifecycle management
994:Chief Marketing Officer (CMO)
745:, suggesting that they offer
5800:Hydrological transport model
5754:Protein structure prediction
5749:Modelling biological systems
5551:Computational theory of mind
4818:at Principia Cybernetica Web
4657:. Illinois University Press.
4527:Essays on Cellular Automata.
4509:University of Chicago Press.
4446:10.1007/978-94-007-7470-4_24
4179:. London, England: Springer.
4154:von Bertalanffy, Karl Ludwig
3945:Michael M. Behrmann (1984),
3653:Journal of Systems Chemistry
3551:Wilkinson, David M. (2006).
3166:Recursion (computer science)
1863:and others, established the
1631:1968: Bertalanffy publishes
1323:User-centered design process
1277:
7:
5744:Metabolic network modelling
4589:. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
4567:Chaos: Making a New Science
4539:. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
4133:(2nd ed.). Academic Press.
3557:. Oxford University Press.
3046:
1873:Similar ideas are found in
1627:Introduction to Cybernetics
544:
107:Particle swarm optimization
10:
5980:
5857:Business process modelling
4519:New York: George Braziller
4131:Encyclopedia of Creativity
4074:Senge, Peter., Ed (2000).
3842:"Review CHAOS Report 2018"
3794:Söderström, Jonas (2010).
3089:Glossary of systems theory
2997:
2737:accidentally discovered a
2625:and control of regulatory
2611:
2543:
2233:at all. At the same time,
1802:often identified with the
1798:traditions of philosophy,
1500:
1415:
1363:
1333:human computer interaction
1311:Systems engineering is an
1304:
1281:
1232:
1228:
1206:may have created the term
1172:
1168:
1161:
649:human resource development
254:Reaction–diffusion systems
83:Self-organized criticality
5890:
5844:
5818:
5762:
5729:Chemical process modeling
5714:
5541:Computational archaeology
5536:
5452:
5431:
5405:
5117:
5050:
5002:
4993:
4957:
4914:Coupled human–environment
4887:
4754:. Reading, Massachusetts.
4281:Rudolf Stichweh (2011), "
3989:Parsons, Talcott (1951).
3457:Organizational Psychology
3420:Bertalanffy, (1950: 142).
3186:Social rule system theory
3099:Bibliography of sociology
2883:Coupled human–environment
2729:in the beginning to pure
2687:influence of cybernetics:
2577:Ecological systems theory
2300:Since its beginnings the
1897:The contemporary work of
1702:, conciliating important
1562:(1929–1951), among others
1251:approach to the study of
909:organizational psychology
666:, interdisciplinary, and
195:Artificial neural network
5775:Chemical transport model
5739:Infectious disease model
5661:Text Encoding Initiative
5546:Computational philosophy
4549:. New York: Basic Books.
4302:Luhmann, Niklas (1984).
4011:The Science of Synthesis
4009:Hammond, Debora (2003).
3688:Thomé, Bernhard (1993).
3176:Redundancy (engineering)
3151:Multidimensional systems
3094:Autonomous agency theory
2994:Complex adaptive systems
2567:Dynamical systems theory
1930:with the development of
1912:Frederick Winslow Taylor
1829:coincidentia oppositorum
1760:Complex adaptive systems
1644:Second-order cybernetics
1495:dynamical systems theory
1474:organizational behaviour
1069:Organization development
1054:Marketing accountability
1034:Digital asset management
446:Evolutionary game theory
336:Second-order cybernetics
200:Evolutionary computation
116:Collective consciousness
5247:Charles A. S. Hall
4845:System Dynamics Society
4513:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig
4341:Skyttner, Lars (2005).
4189:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig
4041:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig
3659:(1): 1, 1759–2208–1-1.
3266:Structuralist economics
3256:Viable systems approach
3016:, are special cases of
3000:Complex adaptive system
2843:Complex adaptive system
2777:converting this section
2718:artificial intelligence
2521:converting this section
2484:System types and fields
2259:Energy Systems Language
2179:social network analysis
2138:, came together at the
2013:Robert Maynard Hutchins
2011:Between 1929 and 1951,
1560:Robert Maynard Hutchins
1074:Post-merger integration
1064:Marketing effectiveness
1009:Customer lifetime value
224:Artificial intelligence
138:Social network analysis
103:Ant colony optimization
75:Collective intelligence
5959:Complex systems theory
5636:Humanistic informatics
5167:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
4796:Proceedings of the IRE
4760:The American Scientist
4241:Sociological Quarterly
3949:. College Hill Press.
3455:Schein, E. H. (1980).
3141:Irreducible complexity
3075:systems science portal
3061:Systems science portal
2694:
2391:
2374:
2327:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
2307:
2047:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
2043:allgemeine Systemlehre
2035:General systems theory
1816:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1604:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1467:engineering psychology
1357:
1239:Systems ecology is an
1204:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
943:
936:
859:
848:, points out that the
712:family systems therapy
659:and Alfonso Montuori.
613:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
575:by rewriting it in an
437:Rational choice theory
262:Dissipative structures
5908:Mathematical modeling
5852:Biopsychosocial model
5631:Electronic literature
5556:Computers and writing
5444:Principia Cybernetica
5157:Anthony Stafford Beer
5027:Sociotechnical system
4784:A New Kind of Science
4677:W H Freeman & Co.
4111:Bailey 1994, pp. 3–8.
3666:10.1186/1759-2208-1-1
3441:. 1974. "Preface" in
3394:Paolo Rocchi (2000).
3211:System identification
3191:Sociotechnical system
2689:
2684:General System Theory
2587:Sociotechnical system
2582:Living systems theory
2386:
2369:
2365:General System Theory
2298:
2294:social systems theory
2277:view on the subject.
2027:established in 1931.
2017:University of Chicago
1916:scientific management
1849:energy transformation
1708:system thermodynamics
1353:
999:Customer intelligence
979:Business intelligence
931:
905:industrial psychology
854:
787:Anthony Stafford Beer
676:philosophy of science
637:organizational theory
537:, machine logic, and
365:Theory of computation
228:Evolutionary robotics
95:Agent-based modelling
5862:Catastrophe modeling
5708:Scientific modelling
5307:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
5282:Edward Norton Lorenz
5237:Jay Wright Forrester
5042:World-systems theory
5017:Earth system science
4422:(2nd ed.). Elsevier.
3846:Henny Portman's Blog
3811:"Why Software Fails"
3397:Technology + Culture
3261:World-systems theory
3251:Viable system theory
2621:is the study of the
2602:World-systems theory
2572:Earth system science
2223:Jules Henri Poincaré
1855:of this century, by
1329:user-centered design
1223:Systems pharmacology
1218:Systems neuroscience
1089:Process optimization
1084:Predictive modelling
1079:Predictive analytics
1059:Marketing automation
951:Marketing operations
894:scientific paradigms
416:Coupled map lattices
382:Time series analysis
142:Small-world networks
5805:Modular Ocean Model
5611:Digital scholarship
5586:Digital Medievalist
5182:Kenneth E. Boulding
4627:Miller, James Grier
4499:Chapman & Hall.
4488:Chapman & Hall.
3763:Söderström, Jonas.
3591:"Systems chemistry"
3236:Theoretical ecology
2346:emergent properties
2311:James Clerk Maxwell
1960:Newtonian mechanics
1727:Mitchell Feigenbaum
1669:in Chile under the
1638:Other contributors
1386:, and time delays.
1307:Systems engineering
1268:emergent properties
1200:emergent properties
1124:Business portal
743:emergent properties
739:University of Texas
539:systems engineering
441:Bounded rationality
399:Population dynamics
308:Conversation theory
208:Genetic programming
133:Scale-free networks
65:Collective behavior
5898:Data visualization
5882:Input–output model
5795:Hydrological model
5785:Geologic modelling
5561:Cultural analytics
5530:Digital humanities
5312:James Grier Miller
5267:Faina M. Kirillova
5227:Heinz von Foerster
5217:Edsger W. Dijkstra
5177:Alexander Bogdanov
5162:Richard E. Bellman
5137:William Ross Ashby
4613:Maturana, Humberto
4543:Churchman, C. West
4288:2016-03-07 at the
3975:2023-02-05 at the
3380:2017-08-14 at the
3373:Beven, K. (2006).
3014:Santa Fe Institute
2826:Ecological systems
2807:Anatomical systems
2779:, if appropriate.
2698:catastrophe theory
2667:Heinz von Foerster
2523:, if appropriate.
2489:Theoretical fields
2367:(1968), he wrote:
2338:goal of the system
2251:universal language
2219:Aleksandr Lyapunov
2211:Heinz von Foerster
2156:William Ross Ashby
2072:Richard Mattessich
2062:Alexander Bogdanov
1954:for the mind from
1677:Catastrophe theory
1671:Allende government
1648:Heinz von Foerster
1623:William Ross Ashby
1602:is established by
1552:Alexander Bogdanov
1418:Systems psychology
1337:information system
1253:ecological systems
1185:biological systems
1099:Strategic planning
1024:Database marketing
827:Michael C. Jackson
653:Richard A. Swanson
639:; in the study of
619:, and sociologist
609:Alexander Bogdanov
577:encyclopedic style
564:is written like a
432:Prisoner's dilemma
377:Nonlinear dynamics
332:Operationalization
328:Information theory
204:Genetic algorithms
5931:
5930:
5810:Wildfire modeling
5790:Groundwater model
5770:Atmospheric model
5674:
5673:
5496:
5495:
5377:Manuela M. Veloso
5292:Humberto Maturana
5232:Stephanie Forrest
5202:C. West Churchman
5127:Russell L. Ackoff
5113:
5112:
4985:Positive feedback
4980:Negative feedback
4681:Simon, Herbert A.
4667:. The Free Press.
4665:The Social System
4637:von Neumann, John
4455:978-94-007-7469-8
4392:projects.isss.org
4354:978-981-277-475-0
3991:The Social System
3796:Jävla skitsystem!
3751:978-0-7277-6082-1
3407:978-1-58603-035-3
3271:Dependency theory
3104:Cellular automata
3041:positive feedback
3037:negative feedback
2866:Digital ecosystem
2798:
2797:
2739:strange attractor
2710:Cellular automata
2706:complexity theory
2542:
2541:
2471:Russell L. Ackoff
2215:cellular automata
2197:. In fields like
2187:self-organization
2168:C. West Churchman
1910:in sociology and
1875:learning theories
1820:Gottfried Leibniz
1800:C. West Churchman
1792:Egyptian pyramids
1780:
1779:
1700:self-organization
1689:Dynamical systems
1656:Humberto Maturana
1594:The Social System
1451:Humberto Maturana
1313:interdisciplinary
1284:Systems chemistry
1241:interdisciplinary
1160:
1159:
1029:Demand generation
989:Change management
763:Humberto Maturana
704:political science
668:multiperspectival
664:transdisciplinary
605:
604:
597:
510:emergent behavior
490:transdisciplinary
483:
482:
270:Cellular automata
244:Pattern formation
175:Adaptive networks
79:Collective action
48:Self-organization
16:(Redirected from
5971:
5923:Visual analytics
5918:Systems thinking
5836:Population model
5701:
5694:
5687:
5678:
5677:
5616:Digital theology
5606:Digital rhetoric
5601:Digital religion
5591:Digital ontology
5571:Digital classics
5523:
5516:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5484:
5483:
5472:
5460:
5459:
5372:Francisco Varela
5104:Systems thinking
5037:Urban metabolism
5000:
4999:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4851:
4850:
4810:Systems Thinking
4787:. Wolfram Media.
4779:Wolfram, Stephen
4734:27(3): 379–423.
4661:Parsons, Talcott
4648:Automata Studies
4617:Francisco Varela
4583:Holland, John H.
4553:Checkland, Peter
4503:Bateson, Gregory
4470:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4338:
4321:
4320:. Sage New York.
4314:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4279:
4270:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4207:
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4161:
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4142:
4127:
4121:
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4109:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4079:
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4056:
4038:
4025:
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3995:
3994:
3986:
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3964:
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3943:
3937:
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3916:
3915:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3887:
3886:
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3883:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3769:Jävla skitsystem
3760:
3754:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3607:10.1039/B611921M
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3436:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3391:
3385:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3304:
3276:Hierarchy theory
3246:User-in-the-loop
3161:Pattern language
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3010:Murray Gell-Mann
2904:Dynamical system
2793:
2790:
2784:
2775:You can help by
2757:
2756:
2749:
2731:computer science
2727:pure mathematics
2663:John von Neumann
2597:Urban metabolism
2537:
2534:
2528:
2519:You can help by
2501:
2500:
2493:
2465:Herbert A. Simon
2457:hierarchy theory
2413:philosophy: the
2207:John von Neumann
2195:adaptive systems
2170:, among others.
2136:Kenneth Boulding
2064:'s three-volume
2006:political system
1948:history of ideas
1845:systems approach
1824:Nicholas of Cusa
1768:Murray Gell-Mann
1616:Kenneth Boulding
1572:Macy conferences
1556:Nicolai Hartmann
1532:Friedrich Engels
1510:
1509:
1378:over time using
1152:
1145:
1138:
1122:
1121:
984:Business process
948:
947:
819:Warren McCulloch
767:Francisco Varela
684:computer science
651:in the works of
600:
593:
589:
586:
580:
557:
556:
549:
535:systems thinking
475:
468:
461:
352:Systems thinking
278:Self-replication
216:Machine learning
170:Dynamic networks
91:Phase transition
30:
29:
21:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5964:Systems science
5934:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5886:
5840:
5826:Energy modeling
5814:
5758:
5734:Ecosystem model
5710:
5705:
5675:
5670:
5596:Digital physics
5581:Digital library
5576:Digital history
5532:
5527:
5497:
5492:
5448:
5427:
5401:
5342:Anatol Rapoport
5327:Talcott Parsons
5302:Donella Meadows
5277:Allenna Leonard
5197:Mary Cartwright
5192:Kathleen Carley
5152:Gregory Bateson
5147:Béla H. Bánáthy
5109:
5046:
4995:
4989:
4975:Limiting factor
4970:Leverage points
4953:
4891:
4883:
4881:Systems science
4878:
4806:
4799:50(5): 856–865.
4767:Wiener, Norbert
4703:Shannon, Claude
4671:Prigogine, Ilya
4593:Luhmann, Niklas
4569:, Random House.
4478:
4476:Further reading
4473:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4430:
4426:
4417:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4339:
4324:
4315:
4311:
4300:
4296:
4290:Wayback Machine
4280:
4273:
4264:
4260:
4237:
4233:
4224:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4187:
4183:
4173:Mike C. Jackson
4171:
4164:
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4128:
4124:
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4115:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
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4072:
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4039:
4028:
4021:
4007:
3998:
3987:
3983:
3977:Wayback Machine
3965:
3961:
3944:
3940:
3928:, McGraw-Hill,
3923:
3919:
3903:
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3894:
3890:
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3572:
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3545:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3512:Béla H. Bánáthy
3510:
3506:
3468:
3464:
3453:
3449:
3437:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3392:
3388:
3382:Wayback Machine
3372:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3285:
3280:
3231:Systems science
3181:Reversal theory
3073:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3033:control systems
3031:In contrast to
3018:complex systems
3006:John H. Holland
3002:
2996:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2774:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2722:artificial life
2714:neural networks
2630:primary tasks.
2616:
2610:
2548:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2444:
2407:Béla H. Bánáthy
2323:
2313:, particularly
2302:social sciences
2282:Talcott Parsons
2257:, known as the
2164:Gregory Bateson
2132:Ralph W. Gerard
2128:Anatol Rapoport
2115:interwar period
2055:Mike C. Jackson
2021:Ford Foundation
2000:sciences (see,
1972:
1956:interpretations
1868:reference model
1857:Rudolf Clausius
1810:philosophy and
1772:W. Brian Arthur
1764:John H. Holland
1755:is established.
1691:in mathematics.
1652:Gregory Bateson
1612:Ralph W. Gerard
1608:Anatol Rapoport
1590:Talcott Parsons
1544:Vilfredo Pareto
1540:Rudolf Clausius
1536:Herbert Spencer
1508:
1503:
1490:
1447:Gregory Bateson
1436:complex systems
1428:human behaviour
1420:
1414:
1392:
1376:complex systems
1368:
1366:System dynamics
1362:
1325:
1309:
1303:
1286:
1280:
1237:
1235:Systems ecology
1231:
1208:systems biology
1177:
1175:Systems biology
1171:
1166:
1156:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1049:Lead generation
1019:Data warehouses
959:
946:
941:
923:Béla H. Bánáthy
881:philosophically
823:Kathleen Carley
807:Allenna Leonard
803:Robert L. Flood
791:Peter Checkland
783:Gregory Bateson
779:Béla H. Bánáthy
723:systems science
621:Talcott Parsons
617:Béla H. Bánáthy
601:
590:
584:
581:
573:help improve it
570:
558:
554:
547:
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348:Systems science
346:
344:System dynamics
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274:Spatial ecology
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212:Artificial life
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178:
177:
172:
168:
166:Systems biology
164:
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156:
152:
148:
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140:
135:
130:
120:
119:
118:
113:
111:Swarm behaviour
109:
105:
101:
99:Synchronization
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:Social dynamics
67:
57:
56:
55:
50:
34:Complex systems
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5977:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5944:Systems theory
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5913:Systems theory
5910:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5891:Related topics
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5877:Economic model
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5819:Sustainability
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5724:Cellular model
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5656:Systems theory
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
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5573:
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5518:
5511:
5503:
5494:
5493:
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5478:
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5453:
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5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5397:Anthony Wilden
5394:
5392:Jennifer Wilby
5389:
5387:Norbert Wiener
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5357:Claude Shannon
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5332:Ilya Prigogine
5329:
5324:
5322:Howard T. Odum
5319:
5317:Radhika Nagpal
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5287:Niklas Luhmann
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5212:George Dantzig
5209:
5207:Manfred Clynes
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5172:Margaret Boden
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5132:Victor Aladjev
5129:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
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5062:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5022:Living systems
5019:
5014:
5009:
5007:Control theory
5003:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4816:Systems theory
4813:
4812:at Wikiversity
4805:
4804:External links
4802:
4801:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4763:, pp. 536–544.
4755:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4700:
4691:
4678:
4668:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4634:
4633:. Mcgraw-Hill.
4631:Living Systems
4624:
4610:
4600:
4590:
4580:
4573:Haken, Hermann
4570:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4489:
4482:Ashby, W. Ross
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4454:
4424:
4408:
4379:
4353:
4322:
4309:
4294:
4283:Systems Theory
4271:
4258:
4247:(3): 351–363.
4231:
4199:
4181:
4162:
4143:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4095:
4066:
4057:
4026:
4019:
3996:
3981:
3959:
3938:
3917:
3888:
3863:
3832:
3801:
3786:
3755:
3734:
3705:
3698:
3680:
3639:
3601:(1): 101–108.
3595:Chem. Soc. Rev
3581:
3563:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3504:
3462:
3447:
3422:
3413:
3406:
3386:
3366:
3350:10.5465/255139
3324:
3298:
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3188:
3183:
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3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Grey box model
3133:
3128:
3126:Engaged theory
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3064:
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2998:Main article:
2995:
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2878:
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2868:
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2857:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2831:Living systems
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2796:
2795:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2659:Norbert Wiener
2647:feedback loops
2635:systems theory
2612:Main article:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Control theory
2559:
2557:Complex system
2554:
2544:Main article:
2540:
2539:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2350:Derek Hitchins
2322:
2319:
2315:control theory
2290:Niklas Luhmann
2243:thermodynamics
2235:Howard T. Odum
2203:Norbert Wiener
2097:, have common
2051:living systems
1971:
1968:
1928:closed systems
1908:Émile Durkheim
1894:conditioning.
1888:specialization
1884:industrial age
1853:thermodynamics
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1756:
1749:
1746:Anthony Wilden
1742:Context theory
1738:
1735:James A. Yorke
1711:
1706:concepts with
1704:systems theory
1696:Ilya Prigogine
1692:
1673:
1659:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1619:
1596:
1586:
1578:Norbert Wiener
1574:
1564:
1563:
1548:Émile Durkheim
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1489:
1486:
1416:Main article:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1384:feedback loops
1364:Main article:
1361:
1358:
1349:Standish Group
1324:
1321:
1305:Main article:
1302:
1299:
1282:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1272:thermodynamics
1264:complex system
1233:Main article:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1173:Main article:
1170:
1167:
1162:Main article:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:Systems theory
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1044:Infrastructure
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:Best practices
966:
960:
957:
956:
953:
952:
945:
942:
940:
937:
837:among others.
811:Radhika Nagpal
771:Russell Ackoff
751:living systems
741:, has studied
731:Ilya Prigogine
657:Debora Hammond
625:Howard T. Odum
603:
602:
561:
559:
552:
546:
543:
486:Systems theory
481:
480:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
452:
451:
430:
425:
424:
421:
420:
407:Multistability
380:
375:
374:
371:
370:
340:Self-reference
301:
294:Systems theory
292:
291:
288:
287:
247:
242:
241:
238:
237:
193:
184:
183:
180:
179:
131:
126:
125:
122:
121:
87:Herd mentality
68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
51:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
18:Systems Theory
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5976:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:Crime mapping
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5780:Climate model
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:Environmental
5761:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5697:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5667:
5666:Transliteracy
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5489:
5488:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:Organizations
5430:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5382:Kevin Warwick
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Margaret Mead
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:Lydia Kavraki
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Barbara Grosz
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Ruzena Bajcsy
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:Doubling time
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4829:Organizations
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:0-252-72546-8
4718:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4707:Warren Weaver
4704:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:. SUNY Press.
4608:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4563:Gleick, James
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4533:Cherry, Colin
4531:
4528:
4524:
4523:Burks, Arthur
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4313:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4268:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4091:
4085:
4077:
4070:
4061:
4054:
4053:0-8076-0453-4
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4020:9780870817229
4016:
4012:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3955:0-933014-35-X
3952:
3948:
3942:
3935:
3934:0-07-005478-9
3931:
3927:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3899:
3892:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3820:
3816:
3815:IEEE Spectrum
3812:
3805:
3797:
3790:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3701:
3699:0-471-93552-2
3695:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3570:
3566:
3564:9780198568469
3560:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3514:, 1997: ¶ 22.
3513:
3508:
3500:
3499:0-8076-0636-7
3496:
3495:0-8076-0637-5
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:Laszlo, Ervin
3466:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3440:
3439:László, Ervin
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3417:
3409:
3403:
3400:. IOS Press.
3399:
3398:
3390:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3283:Organizations
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Systemography
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3065:
3062:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:Formal system
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2893:Deterministic
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:Deterministic
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2783:is available.
2782:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2762:This section
2760:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:Edward Lorenz
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2696:Cybernetics,
2693:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:W. Ross Ashby
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:communication
2620:
2615:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2536:
2527:is available.
2526:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2506:This section
2504:
2495:
2494:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:action theory
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:connectionism
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:Margaret Mead
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2076:Fritjof Capra
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1964:Enlightenment
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:conventional
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:Figures like
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:Maya numerals
1785:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:Edward Lorenz
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:Stafford Beer
1664:
1660:
1658:, and others)
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1558:(1882–1950),
1557:
1554:(1873–1928),
1553:
1550:(1858–1917),
1549:
1546:(1848–1923),
1545:
1542:(1822–1888),
1541:
1538:(1820–1903),
1537:
1534:(1820–1895),
1533:
1530:(1818–1883),
1529:
1526:(1760–1825),
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:Predecessors
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:that studies
1425:
1419:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:stocks, flows
1377:
1374:behaviour of
1373:
1367:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1255:, especially
1254:
1250:
1247:that takes a
1246:
1242:
1236:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1165:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
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5406:Applications
5362:Katia Sycara
5262:James J. Kay
5252:Mike Jackson
5187:Murray Bowen
5099:
5085:Pharmacology
5080:Neuroscience
4828:
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4791:Zadeh, Lofti
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3302:
3206:Systemantics
3171:Reductionism
3146:Meta-systems
3109:Chaos theory
3030:
3025:
3021:
3003:
2899:Mathematical
2871:Experimental
2862:(philosophy)
2789:October 2022
2786:
2781:Editing help
2763:
2745:System types
2702:chaos theory
2695:
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2678:in 1948 and
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2533:October 2022
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2419:epistemology
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2382:Ervin László
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1987:
1984:Isaac Newton
1973:
1932:open systems
1923:reductionism
1920:
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1872:
1864:
1861:Josiah Gibbs
1851:. Then, the
1844:
1834:
1827:
1808:pre-Socratic
1781:
1719:David Ruelle
1715:Chaos theory
1703:
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1565:
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1478:expectations
1471:
1443:Roger Barker
1440:
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866:
862:
861:Theorie (or
860:
855:
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799:Brian Wilson
728:
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5347:John Seddon
5337:Qian Xuesen
5272:George Klir
5075:Engineering
5012:Cybernetics
4994:Theoretical
4944:Recommender
4934:Multi-agent
4929:Information
4824:– 55 slides
4579:, Springer.
4306:. Suhrkamp.
3035:, in which
3020:: they are
2958:Multi-agent
2941:Measurement
2931:Information
2926:Holarchical
2680:Bertalanffy
2675:Cybernetics
2651:Gordon Pask
2649:. However,
2639:cybernetics
2619:Cybernetics
2614:Cybernetics
2608:Cybernetics
2475:goal-seekin
2255:electronics
2199:cybernetics
2175:game theory
2074:(1978) and
1899:Peter Senge
1892:behaviorist
1880:Jean Piaget
1841:Sadi Carnot
1837:James Joule
1796:rationalist
1731:Steve Smale
1685:E.C. Zeeman
1570:1946–1953:
1524:Saint-Simon
1488:Informatics
1463:homeostasis
1382:, internal
1360:Mathematics
1301:Engineering
1295:abiogenesis
1266:exhibiting
1191:instead of
1164:Systems art
873:empirically
850:translation
835:Edgar Morin
761:as made by
759:autopoiesis
755:distinction
692:engineering
645:Peter Senge
629:Eugene Odum
615:, linguist
523:constraints
427:Game theory
411:Bifurcation
391:Phase space
356:Sensemaking
324:Homeostasis
303:Autopoiesis
298:cybernetics
266:Percolation
5938:Categories
5716:Biological
5626:E-research
5367:Eric Trist
5222:Fred Emery
5119:Scientists
5095:Psychology
5090:Philosophy
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4748:Thom, René
4650:34: 43–98.
4466:2022-04-09
4402:2021-04-07
4373:2022-04-09
4225:2021-03-13
3993:. Glencoe.
3882:2016-10-28
3728:2006-11-26
3633:2020-04-14
3575:2020-11-12
3360:2023-05-18
3318:2023-07-05
3295:References
3114:Complexity
2855:Coordinate
2850:Conceptual
2802:Biological
2643:cybernetic
2633:The terms
2452:heterarchy
2425:of systems
2403:technology
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2183:complexity
2107:properties
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1944:perceptual
1940:conceptual
1812:Heraclitus
1661:1971–1973
1642:1970–1990
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1598:1954: The
1592:publishes
1580:publishes
1506:Precursors
1455:psychology
1432:experience
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4599:, Polity.
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4211:"History"
4156:. 1970.
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3957:. p. 212.
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2103:behaviors
2067:Tectology
1989:Principia
1980:Aristotle
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1784:cuneiform
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1566:Founders
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1372:nonlinear
1278:Chemistry
1243:field of
1210:in 1928.
1193:reduction
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4781:. 2002.
4769:. 1965.
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