446:
competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class. During the observation phase involving training or practice, all athletes in this class may be asked to demonstrate their skills in athletics, such as running or jumping. A determination is then made as to what classification an athlete should compete in. Classifications may be
Confirmed or Review status. For athletes who do not have access to a full classification panel, Provisional classification is available; this is a temporary Review classification, considered an indication of class only, and generally used only in lower levels of competition.
1365:
1049:
158:
131:
78:
139:
functional muscle mass. As a result, they often use a specialized sprinting technique called “Leg-Over-Leg”. This technique involves using hip extensions to avoid deceleration caused by the prosthetic leg hitting the ground. Use of a specially made carbon fibre running prosthetic leg assists runners in this class in lowering their heart rate compared to using a prosthetic not designed for running. Runners in this class can have lower metabolic costs compared to elite runners over middle and long distances.
90:
498:
425:
142:
A study was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer
Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between women in A1, A2 and A3 in the 100 meter race, men in A1, A2 and A3 in the 100 meter race, and men in A1, A2, A3 and A4 in
445:
For this class, classification generally has four phases. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees in this class, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in
193:
People with arm amputations in this class can have elevated padded blocks to place their stumps on for the start of the race. These blocks need to be in a neutral color or a color similar to that of the track, and they must be placed entirely behind the starting line. Their location needs to be
138:
This class includes ISOD A2 classified athletes. People in this class use a prosthetic limb when competing in athletics. It has four parts: a socket, a knee, a shank and a foot. Above the knee amputees have difficulty using standard able-bodied splint actions because of the differences in their
189:
In relay events involving T40s classes, no baton is used. Instead, a hand off takes place via touch in the exchange zone. People in this class who are lower limb amputees are required to wear their leg prosthesis when they are on the track, and they must run. They cannot hop.
428:
168:
The nature of an A9 athlete's amputations can effect their physiology and sports performance. Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems with intact upper limbs for people in this class include
427:
433:
431:
426:
66:
defined this class in 2011 as: "Single above knee amputees and athletes with other impairments that are comparable to a single above knee amputation. This includes athletes with loss of muscle power in the lower limbs consistent with Class F57 or F58 class." The
432:
630:
569:
430:
415:
and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation."
638:
576:
165:
Members of the ISOD A9 class compete in T42, T43, T44, F42, F43, F44, F56, F57, and F58. The shank length of people in this class can differ dramatically, and is not uniform across the class.
71:
defined the T42 to T44 classifications on their website in July 2016 as, "Lower limb affected by limb deficiency, leg length difference, impaired muscle power or impaired range of movement".
429:
868:
671:
46:
competing in track and jump events. This classification is one of several classifications for athletes with ambulant related disabilities. Similar classifications are
1029:
1516:
1345:
1272:
1262:
259:
There are a number of different events open to people in this class internationally. Many competitions have their own minimum qualifying standards.
30:(track and jump events only), applying to athletes with single above the knee amputations or a disability that is comparable. This class includes
763:
1022:
839:
1338:
959:
77:
1015:
879:
733:"The (Non)sense of the Present-Day Classification System of Sports for the Disabled, Regarding Paralysed and Amputee Athletes"
520:
1331:
679:
1435:
1687:
89:
995:
412:
68:
63:
1565:
818:
715:
1470:
1375:
1354:
1038:
111:
31:
486:
also compete in the T42 classification, both achieved T42 world records and won T42 Paralympic Gold medals.
1620:
1530:
483:
764:"Is Increased Residual Shank Length a Competitive Advantage for Elite Transtibial Amputee Long Jumpers?"
896:"Paralympic Classification Today". International Paralympic Committee. 22 April 2010. p. 3.
521:"Understanding Classification: A Guide to the Classification Systems used in Paralympic Sports"
914:
1666:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
174:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
27:
8:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
152:
125:
575:. Queensland, Australia: International Paralympic Committee. p. 42. Archived from
601:
157:
130:
991:
929:
901:
814:
786:
711:
170:
1364:
1048:
732:
1456:
930:"Paralympic Classification: Conceptual Basis, Current Methods, and Research Update"
778:
524:
455:
987:
The
Cultural Politics of the Paralympic Movement: Through an Anthropological Lens
985:
808:
705:
570:"Research Report - IPC Athletics Classification Project for Physical Impairments"
475:
1323:
1007:
546:
1451:
1446:
1441:
463:
23:
1681:
503:
459:
438:
240:
178:
790:
467:
227:
782:
762:
Nolan, Lee; Patritti, Benjamin L.; Stana, Laura; Tweedy, Sean M. (2011).
479:
471:
116:
People who are amputees compete in this class, including ISOD A2 and A9.
194:
such that they do not interfere with the start of any other athlete.
928:
Tweedy, Sean M.; Beckman, Emma M.; Connick, Mark J. (August 2014).
214:
965:. Sydney Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2 July 2010
1596:
1591:
1606:
1601:
761:
631:"CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY"
197:
In throwing events, implement weights are as follows:
730:
161:
Type of amputation for an A9 classified sportsperson.
134:
Type of amputation for an A2 classified sportsperson.
927:
849:. United States Olympic Committee. December 11, 2013
807:
Miller, Mark D.; Thompson, Stephen R. (2014-04-04).
493:
952:
95:
Disability type for some T42 classified competitors
840:"PARALYMPIC TRACK & FIELD: Officials Training"
454:Notable current competitors in this class include
1353:
1037:
83:Colour guide for understanding full body diagrams
1679:
146:
602:"IPC Athletics Classification & Categories"
810:DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
806:
561:
1339:
1023:
743:. International Medical Society of Paraplegia
549:. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee
512:
539:
1346:
1332:
1030:
1016:
960:"CLASSIFICATION Information for Athletes"
889:
731:van Eijsden-Besseling, M. D. F. (1985).
707:Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes
423:
184:
156:
129:
834:
832:
830:
625:
623:
621:
518:
1680:
934:Paralympic Sports Medicine and Science
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
567:
419:
411:The classification was created by the
119:
1327:
1011:
802:
800:
703:
983:
827:
699:
697:
618:
100:
977:
771:Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly
653:
13:
876:International Paralympic Committee
861:
797:
413:International Paralympic Committee
69:International Paralympic Committee
64:International Paralympic Committee
34:classified A2 and A9 competitors.
14:
1699:
724:
694:
181:and peripheral nerve entrapment.
1363:
1047:
547:"Summer Sports » Athletics"
496:
441:turns around on the track at AIS
88:
76:
921:
704:Broad, Elizabeth (2014-02-06).
869:"ATHLETICS: RIO QUALIFICATION"
755:
594:
449:
1:
1355:Amputee sports classification
1039:Para-athletics classification
568:Tweedy, Sean (16 July 2010).
489:
478:. Double above knee amputees
147:Upper and lower limb amputees
112:Amputee sports classification
37:
16:Para-athletics classification
813:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
235:1.00 kg (2.20 lb)
222:4.00 kg (8.82 lb)
219:6.00 kg (13.23 lb)
7:
678:. June 2012. Archived from
105:
42:This classification is for
10:
1704:
1688:Parasports classifications
984:Howe, David (2008-02-19).
406:
232:1.50 kg (3.3 lb)
150:
123:
109:
1615:
1560:
1525:
1465:
1430:
1370:
1361:
1180:
1054:
1045:
384:
364:
344:
324:
304:
284:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
254:
400:2016 Summer Paralympics
380:2016 Summer Paralympics
360:2016 Summer Paralympics
340:2016 Summer Paralympics
320:2016 Summer Paralympics
300:2016 Summer Paralympics
248:600 g (21 oz)
245:800 g (28 oz)
519:Buckley, Jane (2011).
442:
162:
135:
1436:Wheelchair basketball
1055:Track and jump events
783:10.1123/apaq.28.3.267
436:
185:Performance and rules
160:
133:
672:"Classification 101"
175:shoulder impingement
143:the 400 meter race.
44:disability athletics
28:disability athletics
420:Becoming classified
153:A9 (classification)
126:A2 (classification)
120:Lower limb amputees
26:classification for
682:on August 16, 2016
606:www.paralympic.org
443:
163:
136:
1675:
1674:
1321:
1320:
909:Missing or empty
484:Richard Whitehead
434:
404:
403:
252:
251:
101:Disability groups
1695:
1457:4.5 point player
1367:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1051:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
964:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
925:
919:
918:
912:
907:
905:
897:
893:
887:
886:
884:
878:. Archived from
873:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
844:
836:
825:
824:
804:
795:
794:
768:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
728:
722:
721:
701:
692:
691:
689:
687:
668:
651:
650:
648:
646:
641:on April 4, 2015
637:. Archived from
635:Queensland Sport
627:
616:
615:
613:
612:
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
581:
574:
565:
559:
558:
556:
554:
543:
537:
536:
534:
532:
527:on 11 April 2011
523:. Archived from
516:
506:
501:
500:
499:
456:Kelly Cartwright
435:
262:
261:
200:
199:
92:
80:
24:disability sport
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1611:
1556:
1521:
1461:
1426:
1368:
1357:
1352:
1322:
1317:
1181:Throwing events
1176:
1052:
1041:
1036:
1006:
1005:
998:
982:
978:
968:
966:
962:
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
926:
922:
910:
908:
899:
898:
895:
894:
890:
882:
871:
867:
866:
862:
852:
850:
842:
838:
837:
828:
821:
805:
798:
766:
760:
756:
746:
744:
729:
725:
718:
702:
695:
685:
683:
670:
669:
654:
644:
642:
629:
628:
619:
610:
608:
600:
599:
595:
585:
583:
579:
572:
566:
562:
552:
550:
545:
544:
540:
530:
528:
517:
513:
502:
497:
495:
492:
476:Martina Caironi
452:
437:T42 competitor
424:
422:
409:
257:
187:
155:
149:
128:
122:
114:
108:
103:
96:
93:
84:
81:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:4 point player
1449:
1447:3 point player
1444:
1442:2 point player
1439:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1004:
1003:
997:978-1134440825
996:
976:
951:
920:
888:
885:on 2016-08-18.
860:
826:
819:
796:
777:(3): 267–276.
754:
723:
716:
693:
652:
617:
593:
582:on 14 May 2012
560:
538:
510:
509:
508:
507:
491:
488:
464:Heinrich Popow
451:
448:
421:
418:
408:
405:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
362:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
342:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
237:
236:
233:
230:
224:
223:
220:
217:
211:
210:
207:
204:
186:
183:
148:
145:
121:
118:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
87:
85:
82:
75:
39:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1700:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1010:
999:
993:
990:. Routledge.
989:
988:
980:
961:
955:
939:
935:
931:
924:
916:
903:
892:
881:
877:
870:
864:
848:
841:
835:
833:
831:
822:
820:9781455742219
816:
812:
811:
803:
801:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
758:
742:
738:
734:
727:
719:
717:9781466507562
713:
710:. CRC Press.
709:
708:
700:
698:
681:
677:
673:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
640:
636:
632:
626:
624:
622:
607:
603:
597:
578:
571:
564:
548:
542:
526:
522:
515:
511:
505:
504:Sports portal
494:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Scott Reardon
457:
447:
440:
439:Scott Reardon
417:
414:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
383:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
363:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
343:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
303:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
283:
263:
260:
247:
244:
242:
241:Javelin throw
239:
238:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
191:
182:
180:
179:epicondylitis
176:
172:
171:rotator cuffs
166:
159:
154:
144:
140:
132:
127:
117:
113:
91:
86:
79:
74:
73:
72:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1619:
1564:
1529:
1476:
1469:
1434:
1374:
1126:
986:
979:
967:. Retrieved
954:
942:. Retrieved
937:
933:
923:
891:
880:the original
875:
863:
851:. Retrieved
846:
809:
774:
770:
757:
745:. Retrieved
740:
736:
726:
706:
684:. Retrieved
680:the original
676:Blaze Sports
675:
643:. Retrieved
639:the original
634:
609:. Retrieved
605:
596:
584:. Retrieved
577:the original
563:
551:. Retrieved
541:
529:. Retrieved
525:the original
514:
468:Earle Connor
453:
444:
410:
258:
228:Discus throw
196:
192:
188:
167:
164:
141:
137:
115:
41:
19:
18:
969:19 November
586:19 November
553:19 November
531:12 November
480:Vanessa Low
472:Wojtek Czyz
450:Competitors
911:|url=
737:Paraplegia
611:2016-07-22
490:References
388:long jump
368:long jump
348:high jump
151:See also:
124:See also:
110:See also:
38:Definition
1471:Athletics
853:August 6,
173:tearing,
1682:Category
1621:Swimming
944:July 25,
902:cite web
791:21725118
747:July 25,
686:July 24,
645:July 23,
385:Women's
305:Women's
274:AQS/MQS
215:Shot put
106:Amputees
1531:Cycling
1376:General
407:History
265:Gender
209:Female
1566:Skiing
994:
817:
789:
714:
365:Men's
345:Men's
337:25.98
334:25.14
325:Men's
317:17.62
314:16.23
297:12.61
294:12.48
285:Men's
280:Event
271:Class
268:Event
255:Events
62:. The
1597:LW6/8
1592:LW5/7
963:(PDF)
883:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
767:(PDF)
580:(PDF)
573:(PDF)
397:3.66
394:3.88
377:5.57
374:6.07
357:1.73
354:1.78
328:200m
308:100m
288:100m
203:Event
22:is a
1607:LW12
992:ISBN
971:2011
946:2016
940:(85)
915:help
855:2016
847:USOC
815:ISBN
787:PMID
749:2016
712:ISBN
688:2016
647:2016
588:2011
555:2011
533:2011
482:and
474:and
391:T42
371:T42
351:T42
331:T42
311:T42
291:T42
277:BQS
206:Male
58:and
32:ISOD
1667:S10
1602:LW9
1587:LW4
1582:LW3
1577:LW2
1572:LW1
1552:LC4
1547:LC3
1542:LC2
1537:LC1
1517:F58
1512:F57
1507:F56
1502:T47
1497:T46
1492:T45
1487:T44
1482:T43
1477:T42
1313:F57
1308:F56
1303:F55
1298:F54
1293:F53
1288:F52
1283:F51
1278:F46
1273:F45
1268:F44
1263:F43
1258:F42
1253:F41
1248:F40
1243:F38
1238:F37
1233:F36
1228:F35
1223:F34
1218:F33
1213:F32
1208:F31
1203:F20
1198:F13
1193:F12
1188:F11
1172:T54
1167:T53
1162:T52
1157:T51
1152:T47
1147:T46
1142:T45
1137:T44
1132:T43
1127:T42
1122:T41
1117:T40
1112:T38
1107:T37
1102:T36
1097:T35
1092:T34
1087:T33
1082:T32
1077:T20
1072:T13
1067:T12
1062:T11
779:doi
60:T46
56:T45
52:T44
48:T43
20:T42
1684::
1662:S9
1657:S8
1652:S7
1647:S6
1642:S5
1637:S4
1632:S3
1627:S2
1422:A9
1417:A8
1412:A7
1407:A6
1402:A5
1397:A4
1392:A3
1387:A2
1382:A1
936:.
932:.
906::
904:}}
900:{{
874:.
845:.
829:^
799:^
785:.
775:28
773:.
769:.
741:23
739:.
735:.
696:^
674:.
655:^
633:.
620:^
604:.
470:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
177:,
54:,
50:,
1347:e
1340:t
1333:v
1031:e
1024:t
1017:v
1000:.
973:.
948:.
938:6
917:)
913:(
857:.
823:.
793:.
781::
751:.
720:.
690:.
649:.
614:.
590:.
557:.
535:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
