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486:" with example values indicated and on the right is a simple table displaying the same values, along with additional information. Both representations convey essentially the same information, but the tabular representation is arguably more comprehensible to someone who is not familiar with the NFPA 704 standard. The tabular representation may not, however, be ideal for every circumstance (for example because of space limitations, or safety reasons).
1342:
337:
85:. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs, and many other places. The precise conventions and terminology for describing tables vary depending on the context. Further, tables differ significantly in variety, structure, flexibility, notation, representation and use. Information or data conveyed in table form is said to be in
516:
442:
The first column often presents information dimension description by which the rest of the table is navigated. This column is called "stub column". Tables may contain three or multiple dimensions and can be classified by the number of dimensions. Multi-dimensional tables may have super-rows - rows
1023:
The concept of "dimension" is often applied to tables in different contexts and with different meanings. For example, what is described as a "Simple Table" in this article is alternatively described as a "two dimensional array". This is distinct from "multi-dimensional table" as presented in this
446:
In literature tables often present numerical values, cumulative statistics, categorical values, and at times parallel descriptions in form of text. They can condense large amount of information to a limited space and therefore they are popular in scientific literature in many fields of study.
714:
is prominent, emphasize their understandability, as well as the quality and cost advantages of a format allowing systematic inspection, while corresponding shortcomings experienced with a graphical notation were cited in motivating the development of at least two tabular approaches.
514:
443:
that describe additional dimensions for the rows that are presented below that row and are usually grouped in a tree-like structure. This structure is typically visually presented with an appropriate number of white spaces in front of each stub's label.
426:
In multi-dimensional tables, each cell in the body of the table (and the value of that cell) relates to the values at the beginnings of the column (i.e. the header), the row, and other structures in more complex tables. This is an
532:
479:
of information from an unlimited number of different social or scientific contexts. It provides a familiar way to convey information that might otherwise not be obvious or readily understood.
710:
in textual documents through to the use of tabular specification methodologies, examples of which include
Software Cost Reduction and Statestep. Proponents of tabular techniques, among whom
431:: each combination of the values of the headers row (row 0, for lack of a better term) and the headers column (column 0 for lack of a better term) is related to a unique cell in the table:
179:
The following illustrates a simple table with three columns and nine rows. The first row is not counted, because it is only used to display the column names. This is called a "header row".
706:
Tables have uses in software development for both high-level specification and low-level implementation. Usage in software specification can encompass ad hoc inclusion of simple
1220:
Leveson, Nancy G.; Heimdahl, Mats P. E.; Reese, Jon Damon (1999). "Designing
Specification Languages for Process-Control Systems: Lessons Learned and Steps to the Future".
340:
An example of a table containing rows with summary information. The summary information consists of subtotals that are combined from previous rows within the same column.
1132:
517:
1035:
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For example, in the following diagram, two alternate representations of the same information are presented side by side. On the left is the NFPA 704 standard "
1195:
Janicki, Ryszard; Parnas, David Lorge; Zucker, Jeffery (1997). "Tabular representations in relational documents". In Brink, C.; Kahl, W.; Schmidt, G. (eds.).
2024:
718:
At a programming level, software may be implemented using constructs generally represented or understood as tabular, whether to store data (perhaps to
458:
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Modern software applications give users the ability to generate, format, and edit tables and tabular data for a wide variety of uses, for example:
1665:
1086:
Milosevic N, Gregson C, Hernandez R, Nenadic G (February 2019). "A framework for information extraction from tables in biomedical literature".
1994:
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113:. This is a simplified description of the most basic kind of table. Certain considerations follow from this simplified description:
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93:). In books and technical articles, tables are typically presented apart from the main text in numbered and captioned
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There are several specific situations in which tables are routinely used as a matter of custom or formal convention.
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Proceedings of 21st
International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2016)
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2264:
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1155:"Experience of using a lightweight formal specification method for a commercial embedded system product line"
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is also a part of basic terminology. Any "simple" table can be represented as a "multi-dimensional" table by
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The elements of a table may be grouped, segmented, or arranged in many different ways, and even nested
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73:, typically in rows and columns, or possibly in a more complex structure. Tables are widely used in
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is an archaic term for the
English institution which accounted for money owed to the
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has several common synonyms (e.g., field, parameter, property, attribute, stanchion);
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determining the flow of program execution in response to various events or inputs.
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Seventh ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the
Foundations on Software Engineering
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Database systems often store data in structures called tables; in which
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1229:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1687. pp. 127–146.
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Research
Methods in Public Administration and Nonprofit Management
1999:
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a column name can consist of a word, phrase or a numerical index;
27:
Arrangement of information or data, typically in rows and columns
1085:
1036:"Disentangling the Structure of Tables in Scientific Literature"
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1341:
847:
336:
1506:
1314:"The Exchequer: a chequered history? - History of government"
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784:
tables of stacks of coins are a concrete realization of this
128:
1135:. Washington D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from
1034:
Milosevic N, Gregson C, Hernandez R, Nenadic G (June 2016).
691:
70:
55:
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International
Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition
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Column 1 and row 2 will only correspond to cell (2,1) etc.
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985:
Software
Engineering: Evolution and Emerging Technologies
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Column 1 and row 1 will only correspond to cell (1,1);
457:'s "A TABLE of the Apertures of Object-Glasses" from
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551:
Risk levels of hazardous materials in this facility
1194:
147:the intersection of a row and a column is called a
927:
475:As a communication tool, a table allows a form of
36:For information on table syntax in Knowledge, see
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959:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
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1268:"Early Accounting: The Tally and Checkerboard"
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105:A table consists of an ordered arrangement of
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957:Sound and Structure in the Divine Comedy
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356:. A common example of such a table is a
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1197:Relational Methods in Computer Science
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30:For sortable tables in Knowledge, see
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1152:
1045:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
1001:
954:
880:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
875:
754:Historical relationship to furniture
159:. Additionally, a table may include
100:
853:Dependent and independent variables
637:
123:has several common synonyms (e.g.,
24:
722:earlier results), for example, in
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25:
2276:
1334:
1272:The Accounting Historians Journal
1340:
1162:Requirements Engineering Journal
1131:Heitmeyer, Constance L. (2002).
930:Spss for Introductory Statistics
588:
1306:
1259:
934:. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
174:
1079:
1027:
1017:
610:
13:
1:
1399:Biological data visualization
983:Zielinski, Krzysztof (2006).
863:
766:were covered with a piece of
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352:the data values into ordered
171:or other ancillary features.
32:Help:Sorting (disambiguation)
1055:10.1007/978-3-319-41754-7_14
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7:
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10:
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1439:Mathematical visualization
1110:10.1007/s10032-019-00317-0
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464:Philosophical Transactions
35:
29:
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1987:
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1434:Information visualization
1419:Educational visualization
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1284:10.2308/0148-4184.16.2.43
1174:10.1007/s00766-004-0209-1
1133:"Software Cost Reduction"
1610:Charles-René de Fourcroy
1459:Scientific visualization
1386:of technical information
987:. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
750:represent data records.
497:Standard Representation
1235:10.1007/3-540-48166-4_9
1153:Breen, Michael (2005).
926:Morgan, George (2004).
905:. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
500:Tabular Representation
332:Multi-dimensional table
2030:Christopher R. Johnson
1582:Technical illustration
1469:Software visualization
1266:Baxter, W. T. (1989).
901:McNabb, David (2002).
878:How to Conduct Surveys
770:cloth, to count money.
659:Information technology
520:
471:Generic representation
467:
341:
58:
1924:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
1737:Edward Walter Maunder
1661:Charles Joseph Minard
1479:User interface design
1454:Product visualization
955:Robey, David (2000).
876:Fink, Arlene (2005).
685:presentation software
664:Software applications
519:
453:
364:Multiplication table
339:
65:is an arrangement of
45:
2265:Tables (information)
2204:Scientific modelling
2179:Information graphics
1919:Clifford A. Pickover
1869:William S. Cleveland
1777:Henry Norris Russell
1762:Howard G. Funkhouser
1706:Florence Nightingale
1671:Francis Amasa Walker
1567:Statistical graphics
1489:Volume visualization
1464:Social visualization
1349:at Wikimedia Commons
1347:Tables (information)
818:Information graphics
746:are data fields and
702:Software development
690:tables specified in
624:Multiplication table
358:multiplication table
2184:Information science
2147:in computer science
1939:Sheelagh Carpendale
1874:George G. Robertson
1711:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
1646:André-Michel Guerry
1522:Graph of a function
1517:Engineering drawing
1318:history.blog.gov.uk
1199:. Springer Verlag.
552:
493:
365:
184:
131:, n-tuple, vector);
2224:Volume cartography
1988:Early 21st century
1884:Catherine Plaisant
1879:Bruce H. McCormick
1833:Mary Eleanor Spear
1823:Arthur H. Robinson
1757:Arthur Lyon Bowley
1730:Early 20th century
1577:Technical drawings
1449:Molecular graphics
1424:Flow visualization
1414:Data visualization
1139:on March 12, 2012.
1013:Header (computing)
808:Abstract data type
617:Mathematical table
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429:injective relation
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2219:Visual perception
2169:Graphic organizer
2142:Computer graphics
2113:
2112:
2095:Martin Wattenberg
2070:Hanspeter Pfister
2025:Martin Krzywinski
1949:Jock D. Mackinlay
1929:Thomas A. DeFanti
1852:Late 20th century
1772:Ejnar Hertzsprung
1474:Technical drawing
1345:Media related to
1252:978-3-540-66538-0
1064:978-3-319-41753-0
813:Column (database)
604:Table of contents
602:Cross-reference (
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101:Basic description
46:An example table
16:(Redirected from
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2229:Volume rendering
2214:Visual analytics
2209:Spatial analysis
2189:Misleading graph
2040:David McCandless
2015:Gordon Kindlmann
1979:Alfred Inselberg
1974:Leland Wilkinson
1909:Michael Friendly
1843:Howard T. Fisher
1806:Mid 20th century
1747:W. E. B. Du Bois
1651:William Playfair
1641:Adolphe Quetelet
1615:Joseph Priestley
1598:Pre-19th century
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1562:Skeletal formula
1429:Geovisualization
1404:Chemical imaging
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2174:Imaging science
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2090:Fernanda Viégas
2085:Moritz Stefaner
2010:Jessica Hullman
1983:
1954:Alan MacEachren
1904:Ben Shneiderman
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2255:Infographics
2194:Neuroimaging
2154:CPK coloring
2137:Color coding
2075:Hans Rosling
2055:Miriah Meyer
2020:Aaron Koblin
2005:Jeffrey Heer
1899:Edward Tufte
1894:Pat Hanrahan
1864:Nigel Holmes
1742:Otto Neurath
1681:Oliver Byrne
1629:19th century
1571:
1322:. Retrieved
1317:
1308:
1278:(2): 43–83.
1275:
1271:
1261:
1243:11299/217294
1222:
1215:
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1137:the original
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1094:(1): 55–78.
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843:Table (HTML)
782:checkerboard
771:
758:In medieval
757:
741:
717:
712:David Parnas
705:
667:
622:Arithmetic (
592:
559:Flammability
491:Fire diamond
484:fire diamond
481:
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345:
343:
178:
175:Simple table
154:
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86:
62:
60:
2127:Cartography
2065:Ade Olufeko
2035:Manuel Lima
1964:Kwan-Liu Ma
1889:Stuart Card
1859:Borden Dent
1797:Erwin Raisz
1752:Henry Gantt
1049:: 162–174.
1009:Page header
786:information
780:. Thus the
728:hash tables
694:or another
679:spreadsheet
643:Chemistry (
631:Truth table
611:Mathematics
556:Health Risk
354:hierarchies
350:normalizing
165:annotations
157:recursively
67:information
52:web browser
2249:Categories
2050:John Maeda
1828:John Tukey
1792:Harry Beck
1787:Fritz Kahn
1537:Photograph
1324:2023-04-13
1101:1902.10031
1007:see e.g.,
864:References
652:tide table
597:Publishing
562:Reactivity
277:Athanasios
188:First name
183:Age table
38:Help:Table
18:Tabulation
2132:Chartjunk
2100:Bang Wong
1995:Polo Chau
1701:John Snow
1676:John Venn
1557:Schematic
1542:Pictogram
1292:0148-4184
773:Exchequer
768:checkered
738:Databases
346:dimension
288:Jon-Kabat
246:Olatunkbo
235:McGarrett
191:Last name
134:the term
117:the term
91:adjective
2118:Related
1527:Ideogram
1300:40697984
1182:16928695
1118:62880746
1073:19538141
1024:article.
792:See also
565:Special
263:Anthoula
260:Adrienne
249:Chijiaku
207:Elejogun
161:metadata
89:format (
79:research
48:rendered
2000:Ben Fry
1512:Diagram
803:Diagram
778:monarch
744:columns
720:memoize
629:Logic (
576:Level 1
573:Level 2
570:Level 3
302:Thabang
111:columns
87:tabular
2120:topics
1591:People
1498:Image
1392:Fields
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938:
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884:
848:Tensor
764:tables
762:, the
724:arrays
274:Axelia
221:Zapata
218:Javier
197:Gender
169:footer
136:column
125:record
81:, and
54:using
1572:Table
1507:Chart
1500:types
1296:JSTOR
1227:(PDF)
1178:S2CID
1158:(PDF)
1114:S2CID
1096:arXiv
1069:S2CID
1039:(PDF)
798:Chart
730:, or
319:Ellis
316:Rhian
305:Mosoa
129:tuple
63:table
50:in a
1547:Plot
1288:ISSN
1247:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1047:9612
989:ISBN
961:ISBN
936:ISBN
907:ISBN
882:ISBN
748:rows
692:HTML
291:Zinn
232:Lily
204:Tinu
149:cell
127:, k-
109:and
107:rows
71:data
56:HTML
1532:Map
1280:doi
1239:hdl
1231:doi
1170:doi
1106:doi
1051:doi
1011:or
726:or
461:in
194:Age
120:row
69:or
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