Taforalt - Knowledge

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their local environment included acorns, pine nuts, and land molluscs. The site exhibits evidence that the people that lived in this area used the cave year round by the Grey Series while staying there seasonally during the Yellow Series. The perforated marine shells present from the 85,000 – 82,000 year old level at Grotte des Pigeons and other sites in the nearby Maghreb dated from that period reflect an exchange network that likely existed in order to provide shells to communities 40 km from the coast (Taforalt) and further. While the meaning behind the beads cannot be discerned, the presence of an apparently widespread exchange network to facilitate their transport as well as their being worked for apparent ornamentation indicate some significance behind them.

59: 281:. Excavations of the Iberomaurusian layers dating from 15,100 to 14,000 years ago have recovered dozens of burials with some showing evidence of postmortem processing. Some show potential rituals with burials containing animal remains including horns, mandibles, a hoof, and a tooth. The deep and highly stratified cave floor has yielded hearths, lithics, and shell beads, among a variety of artefacts of varying ages. The dryness of the cave has contributed to the notable level of preservation found among the remains and artefacts. 52: 955:." Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2018) also argued that an Iberomaurusian/Taforalt-like population contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians "and not the other way around", and that this Iberomaurusian/Taforalt lineage also contributed around 13% ancestry to modern West Africans "rather than Taforalt having ancestry from an unknown Sub-Saharan African source". Fregel (2021) summarized: "More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations." 601:

approximately 15,077 and 13,892 years ago, corresponding to the base of the Grey Series deposits seen in Sector 8 excavations. Burials situated toward the front of the cave and those higher within the deposits are likely to be progressively younger, and hence contemporary with higher levels in the Grey Series deposits recorded in Sector 8. A range of funerary practices is apparent based on the grave excavations that have taken place. Some remains appear to have been primary

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and a sub-Saharan African component. They also argue that it is the Taforalt people who contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians and not the other way around. More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations, but the presence of an ancestral U6 lineage in the Dzudzuana people is consistent with this population being related to the back migration to Africa.

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the cave about 85,000 years ago to c. 15,000 cal BP. The overlying Grey Series dates from c. 15,000 to 12,500 cal BP ago, and hence accumulated rapidly in some 2500 years. The Grey Series, associated with the later Iberomaurusian, is characterized by extensive hearths and charcoal deposits (hence its colour), along with all of the site's burials. The Yellow Series is associated with the earlier Iberomaurusian, as well as with

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of our model is that it allows for a local North African component in the ancestry of Taforalt, rather than deriving them exclusively from Levantine and Sub-Saharan sources. ... and Taforalt, can all be modeled as a mixture of Dzudzuana and additional 'Deep' ancestry that may represent an even earlier split than the Basal Eurasians.

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Moreover, our model predicts that West Africans (represented by Yoruba) had 12.5±1.1% ancestry from a Taforalt related group rather than Taforalt having ancestry from an unknown Sub-Saharan African source; this may have mediated the limited Neanderthal admixture present in West Africans. An advantage

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lesions while archaeological hunter-gatherers are expected to range between 0% – 14.3% and agriculturalists range between 2.2% - 48.1%. These numbers are likely a result of the acorns and pine nuts which would have been collected and processed, resulting in fermentable carbohydrates. The women in the

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which subsequently led to increased usage of the proximal teeth. Ritual tooth removal is known elsewhere in this region at other points in prehistory and history and likely took place during the entrance to adulthood. The food processing tasks of the teeth are reflected in the heavy chipping, perhaps

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Sector 10, excavated by Humphrey, and the burial deposits excavated by Roche in the 1950s, form a contiguous and spatially demarcated collective burial area with dozens of closely spaced burials. The presence of both articulated and disarticulated bones indicates extensive use and reuse of the burial

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However, a preprint from Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested this conclusion based on new evidence from Paleolithic samples from the Dzudzuana site in Georgia (25,000 years BCE). When these samples are considered in the analysis, Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component

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When compared against modern populations, the Taforalt individuals form a distinct cluster and do not cluster genetically with any modern population; however, they were found to cluster between Middle Easterners or modern North Africans and West/East Africans. The Taforalt individuals also exhibited

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in Grotte des Pigeons, going as deep as 10 m (32.8 ft) as in the case of Roche's excavations, differs slightly throughout the cave but follows a simple pattern based on their colour: the Grey Series overlies the Yellow Series. The Yellow series goes from the beginning of the occupation of

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According to Loosdrecht, since the Natufian samples, which are chronologically younger than the Taforalt samples by several thousands of years, were inferred to lack substantial African ancestry, the researchers also hypothesized that a Maghreb center of evolution for the Natufian-related ancestry

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tests on the ancient Taforalt individuals, directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 cal BP. The Taforalt samples are the oldest human DNA samples from Africa yet recovered. DNA analysis was performed on seven individuals: six males and one female. Only five of the individuals, including four of

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of the site as much of the modern vegetation was utilized by the prehistoric population and follows a set seasonal process of food production. The presence of plant remains that would have been harvested in spring indicate that the cave or nearby environs were inhabited during that season. Proxies

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industry. The increased density of artefacts and evidence of food production in the Grey Series is seen as a sign of year-round occupation at the site whereas the Yellow Series is seen as evidence of seasonal habitation with occasional periods without humans. There is a theorized 2,000 year gap of

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near the community of Taforalt (Tafoughalt) at (34°48′38″ N, 2°24′30″ W). The large mouth of the cave opens to the northeast and has an area > 400 m (4,305.6 sq ft). Today the site lies around 40 km (24.9 mi) from the Mediterranean coast and at an altitude of 720 m

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The highest value is given by the right femur, according to which there are at least 34 individuals. On the basis of cranial specimens (unmarked fragments were not considered), the MNI is 33. Therefore, the MNI of the whole necropolis can be plausibly estimated at 35-40 individuals. This is much

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The inhabitants of Grotte des Pigeons were hunter-gatherers equipped with the knowledge of harvesting plants and animals as the archaeological context suggests some of the burials contained evidence of baskets and grind stones which were used for food preparation. Some of the foods harvested from

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areas. Based on dentition, Joel D. Irish found a relationship between the Iberomaurusians, particularly those from Taforalt, and later Maghreb and other North African samples. Thus, some measure of long-term population continuity in the Maghreb and surrounding region is supported, whereas greater

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they were from a greater depth, and therefore greater age, than those in Sector 10. The recent excavations taking place in Sector 10 have recovered thirteen partially articulated skeletons along with a sample of disarticulated bones. Seven bone samples from Sector 10 yielded age estimates between

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or truncating earlier burials. Some burials were covered by large stones preventing future disturbances by burials. The Roche excavations originally estimated that they had recovered the remains of approximately 180 individuals, but subsequent research adjusted this estimate to between 35 and 40

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backed bladelets became the dominant archaeological material, which has been found at the site. These Iberomaurusian layers contain microlithics, ostrich egg shells, potentially ritualized primary and secondary burials, and a notable increase in land snail remains indicating a shift in dietary

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Lazaridis, Iosif; Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Jakeli, Nino; Kvavadze, Eliso; Lordkipanidze, David; Matzkevich, Zinovi; Meshveliani, Tengiz; Culleton, Brendan J.; Kennett, Douglas J. (21 September 2018).

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Levantines. A two-way admixture scenario using Holocene Levantines and modern West African samples as reference populations inferred that the Taforalt individuals bore 63.5% Levantine-related and 36.5% Sub-Saharan African-related ancestries, with no evidence for additional gene flow from the

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V. Mariotti; B. Bonfiglioli; F. Facchini; S. Condemi; M.G. Belcastro (2009). "Funerary practices of the Iberomaurusian population of Taforalt (Tafoughalt; Morocco, 11-12,000 BP): new hypotheses based on grave skeletal inventory and evidence of deliberate human modification of the remains".

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occupying the top 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 9.8 ft). This same stratification has been encountered in the subsequent excavations in other parts of the cave. Because of the dozens of skeletons located by Roche in the 1950s and the burials located during the Bouzouggar, Barton, and Humphrey

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in studying three Northern African samples from the Pleistocene/Holocene, Taforalt was described as "Caucasoid" and resembled late Pleistocene Europeans, while Afalou was Intermediate. In contrast, the Sudanese remains from Jebel Sahaba included was described as "Negroid".

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culture may be best represented by modern West Africans. Aizpurua-Iraola, Julen et al. (2023) would state that none of the present-day (Hadza/East/West) or ancient Holocene African groups were found to be a suitable proxy population for the source of this component.

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for environmental conditions during the phases of cave occupation are available from both wood charcoal and small mammal evidence. A feature of considerable interest in the charcoal record concerns the fluctuating presence of cedar in the C–F sequence.

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could only be plausible if the admixture that was inferred for the Taforalt individuals either occurred after the population ancestral to the Natufians had moved into the Levant or if that admixture event was a locally confined phenomenon at Taforalt.

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near the village of Taforalt. Human occupation and natural processes in the cave have produced a 10 m (32.8 ft) thick sequence of archaeological layers dating between at least 85,000 and 10,000 years ago. These occupation layers include

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Barton, R. N. E.; Bouzouggar, A.; Collcutt, S. N.; Carrión Marco, Y.; Clark-Balzan, L.; Debenham, N. C.; Morales, J. (2016). "Reconsidering the MSA to LSA transition at Taforalt Cave (Morocco) in the light of new multi-proxy dating evidence".

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The cave was discovered in 1908 and was excavated in 1944–1947, 1950–1955, 1969–1977, and 2003–2018. Much of the field records from the early excavations have been lost. In 1951, Roche's team discovered human remains associated with the

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The lithic collections recovered from the excavations at Grotte des Pigeons reflect a wide range of technologies and include unretouched and retouched flakes and bladelets, single and opposed platform bladelet cores, river cobbles,

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higher levels of indigenous African ("Sub-Saharan African") ancestry than do modern North Africans. The Sub-Saharan African DNA in Taforalt individuals has the closest affinity, most of all, to that of modern West Africans (e.g.

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Mariotti, Valentina; Condemi, Silvana; Belcastro, Maria Giovanna (1 September 2014). "Iberomaurusian funerary customs: new evidence from unpublished records of the 1950s excavations of the Taforalt necropolis (Morocco)".

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layers were dated to come from approximately 32,000 to >40,000 years ago, though other research has found a non-Levallois industry continuing at the site until 25,000 years ago. By about 21,000 years ago, the

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Bonfiglioli, B.; Mariotti, V.; Facchini, F.; Belcastro, M. G.; Condemi, S. (1 November 2004). "Masticatory and non-masticatory dental modifications in the epipalaeolithic necropolis of Taforalt (Morocco)".

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Belcastro, Maria Giovanna; Condemi, Silvana; Mariotti, Valentina (1 June 2010). "Funerary practices of the Iberomaurusian population of Taforalt (Tafoughalt, Morocco, 11–12,000 BP): the case of Grave XII".

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Humphrey, Louise; Bello, Silvia M.; Turner, Elaine; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Barton, Nick (1 February 2012). "Iberomaurusian funerary behaviour: Evidence from Grotte des Pigeons, Taforalt, Morocco".

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habitation between 18,000 and 20,000 uncal BP with this sterile layer being noted in Sector 8 of Barton's excavations, though other excavations near the mouth of the cave challenge this finding.

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d'Errico, Francesco; Vanhaeren, Marian; Barton, Nick; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Mienis, Henk; Richter, Daniel; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; McPherron, Shannon P.; Lozouet, Pierre (22 September 2009).

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however analysis of these shells indicate that they were collected along the Mediterranean shore after they had been dead. Ash lenses from the Aterian levels around 80,000 BP contain large

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With 67 radiocarbon dates, Taforalt is the most extensively dated site of the North African Later Stone Age. Starting in the 1960s, it has been dated with both conventional and

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remains in conjunction with hearths indicating extensive land snail collection and cooking. The earliest layers from approximately 80,000 years ago contain shell beads of the

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lithic technology is apparent. The following (newer) layers contain side scrapers, small radial Levallois cores, and thin, bifacially worked foliate points typical of the

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Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Barton, Nick; Vanhaeren, Marian; d'Errico, Francesco; Collcutt, Simon; Higham, Tom; Hodge, Edward; Parfitt, Simon; Rhodes, Edward (12 June 2007).

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Phenotypic analysis was performed on four of the Taforalt individuals with higher genomic coverage. The Taforalt individuals tested did not carry either of the derived

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genomes were used in the nuclear DNA analysis. Nuclear DNA analysis reveals that the Taforalt individuals were all closely related to each other, showing evidence of a

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North African population heterogeneity during the Late Pleistocene is implied with strong differences with Jebel Sahaba, but similarities between Taforalt and Afalou.

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The vegetation species found inside the cave provide an idea what the environment was like during periods of human habitation with the charred remains of Holm oak (

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years ago. There is archaeological evidence for Iberomaurusian occupation at the site between 23,200 and 12,600 calendar years ago, as well as evidence for

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industries, plus an unusual non-Levallois industry between the Aterian and the Iberomaurusian dating to c. 24,500 cal BP. These industries date from the

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excavations taking place since 2003, Grotte des Pigeons represents what is likely the earliest and most extensively used known prehistoric cemetery in

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Cremaschi, M.; Di Lernia, S.; Garcea, E. A. A. (1998). "Some Insights on the Aterian in the Libyan Sahara: Chronology, Environment, and Archaeology".

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Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2018), as summarized by Rosa Fregel (2021), contested the conclusion of Loosdrecht (2018) and argued instead that the

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component. According to Loosdrecht, the West-Eurasian component shows the relative closest genetic affinity for ancient Epipaleolithic

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Taforalt's stratigraphy in Sector 8. The yellow series appears grey because some of the overlying grey sediment has trickled onto it.

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less than the value given by Ferembach (1962) of 86 adults and adolescents, obtained simply by adding the individuals in each grave.

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while others appear to have sustained secondary inhumation after removal for potentially ritual practices. Evidence of deliberate

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The site is located around steep hills, rocky mountains, and the natural vegetation of the thermo-Mediterranean biozone including

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Fernández-López de Pablo, Javier; Badal, Ernestina; García, Carlos Ferrer; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Serra, Alfred Sanchis (2014).

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allele associated with dark eye color, suggesting that the West-Eurasian migrant group may not have evolved light skin yet.

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and non-masticatory dental modifications among the remains recovered in the 1950s reflected a very high rate (90%) of

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climate. This climatic shift coincides with the dates recovered from Group E and validates the dates recovered there.

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adolescent and adult human skeletons, as well as younger ones, from the Upper Palaeolithic between 15,100 and 14,000

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population do not reflect the same proximal tooth wear as their upper central incisors were typically not removed.

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colouring present on the majority of the nearly intact skeleton. Roche's excavations in the 1950s yielded a single

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The earliest layers of human habitation in the cave, dating from 85,000 to 82,000 years ago, contain evidence of a

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lineage shared between Yoruba and Mende peoples), the Sub-Saharan African DNA in the Taforalt individuals of the

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Humphrey, L. T.; De Groote, I.; Morales, J.; Barton, N.; Collcutt, S.; Bronk Ramsey, C.; Bouzouggar, A. (2014).

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Barton, R. N. E.; Bouzouggar, A.; Hogue, J. T.; Lee, S.; Collcutt, S. N.; Ditchfield, P. (1 September 2013).

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Aizpurua-Iraola, Julen; Abdeli, Amine; Benhassine, Traki; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David (1 June 2023).

5024: 4613: 4484: 2484: 2175: 1379: 1147:"82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior" 3509: 2651: 6249: 6136: 5930: 5704: 5664: 3606: 2893: 2115: 597: 387: 454:, and its presence throughout the Taforalt record highlights a significant vegetation shift since the 6244: 5634: 4742: 3767: 2403: 1531:

Irish, Joel D. (1 October 2000). "The Iberomaurusian enigma: North African progenitor or dead end?".

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indicative of a gritty diet involving bone and shell. Half of the surviving teeth (51.2%) exhibited

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event in their past." Loosdrecht found the Taforalt to be composed of three major components: a

6063: 6058: 5794: 5679: 5014: 4652: 4500: 3982: 3551: 3030: 2965: 2703: 2566: 2466: 1799:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations" 458:. In particular, the vegetation excavated by Barton in Group E is dominated by the presence of 299: 51: 4033: 5649: 5619: 5215: 5075: 4939: 4505: 3719: 3388: 3179: 3164: 2857: 2068: 929: 787: 730: 694:

Tentative List on 1 July 1995, in the Cultural category under the name "Grotte de Taforalt".

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sp.) being recovered after likely being collected and processed by the previous inhabitants.

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A 2000 analysis of non-metric dental traits indicated genetic continuity from the terminal

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area with evidence of secondary burial and selective bone removal being practiced, often

566: 476:. This is consistent with environmental cooling and drying that comes with a change to a 392: 327: 5246: 4548: 3529: 2789: 2723: 1984: 1949: 1933: 1814: 1544: 1486: 1395: 1329: 1286: 1241: 1054: 6184: 5995: 5739: 5729: 5714: 5183: 4564: 4409: 4351: 4252: 4237: 3699: 3689: 3534: 3424: 3412: 3375: 3334: 3231: 2995: 2980: 2799: 2606: 2591: 2052: 1914: 1857:"Scientists uncover ancient migration clues after studying oldest DNA ever from Africa" 1669: 1642: 1613: 1578: 1505: 1470: 1442: 1181: 1146: 791: 715: 518:

though excavations in the 1950s and 2000s, 2010s have revealed burials associated with

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colouring with one grave, Grave XII, containing Individual 1 with both cut marks and

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modification include cut marks that are not indicative of cannibalism and extensive

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tooth. The more sedentary Grey Series phase includes a substantial amount of land

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habitation about 15,000 cal BP. The local environmental data helps establish the

361:. The Roche excavation encountered 10 metres of archaeological deposits with the 278: 3519: 2824: 2586: 2418: 2193: 2102: 1772: 1468: 6079: 6010: 5900: 5644: 5639: 5481: 5466: 5445: 5344: 5287: 5054: 5044: 4999: 4909: 4841: 4700: 4585: 4222: 4043: 3950: 3919: 3909: 3739: 3709: 3679: 3576: 3514: 3366:

Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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individuals. These remains were not directly dated by Roche but based on the

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indicating small scale exploitation of land snails prior to the Grey Series.

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individuals, with slightly greater affinity for the Natufians than later

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A 2018 DNA analysis shows that the Taforalt individuals belonged to the

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Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site

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Europe. The Taforalt individuals also show evidence of limited

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Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site

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currently grows in Morocco only from ≈1,300–2,600 m in the

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Paleogenomics of the Neolithic Transition in North Africa

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alleles associated with lighter skin color, the derived

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In 2018, van de Loosdrecht et al. performed the first

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Animal remains found at the site largely appear to be

309:. The area itself is located in the Eastern part of 1855: 1847: 978:. However, they were found to carry the ancestral 2103:Grotte de Taforalt - UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1796: 1773:Grotte de Taforalt - UNESCO World Heritage Centre 6231: 1895:. The Handbook of Mummy Studies. pp. 1–16. 1797:van de Loosdrecht; et al. (15 March 2018). 188:1944–1947, 1950–1955, 1969-1977, 2003-2018, 2022 1583:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1151:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1766: 470:, with the latter declining at the expense of 2123: 1853: 196:Ruhlmann, Roche, Bouzouggar, Barton, Humphrey 1749: 5160: 253:La Grotte des Pigeons is a cave in eastern 2138:Prehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and 2130: 2116: 1756:Homo: Journal of Comparative Human Biology 673: 233:in North Africa. It contained at least 34 1983: 1965: 1822: 1698:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1668: 1658: 1612: 1594: 1504: 1494: 1180: 1162: 4905:Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site 682: 377: 288: 483: 16:Cave and archaeological site in Morocco 6232: 2006: 1526: 1524: 5835: 5159: 4611: 3765: 2173: 2111: 1886: 1880: 1730: 1690: 1688: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1572: 1570: 1530: 1222: 1220: 1036: 790:Sub-Saharan African lineage (e.g., a 351: 1854:Embury-Dennis, Tom (28 March 2018). 1750:Groves, Colin; Thorne, Alan (1999). 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1521: 716:Guanches § Population genetics 314:(2,362.2 ft) above sea level. 248: 245:occupation as old as 85,000 years. 13: 1685: 1629: 1567: 326:industry where no evidence of the 14: 6261: 3293:Mala Balanica and Velika Balanica 2456:Vézère Valley World Heritage Site 2251:Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes 2091: 2007:Fregel, Rosa (17 November 2021). 1453: 1352: 1301: 1275:Journal of Archaeological Science 1256: 1197: 1125: 1013: 653:onward in the Iberomaurusian and 547: 509: 1868:from the original on 26 May 2022 1731:Irish, Joel D. (November 2000). 936:, possibly suggesting geneflow. 704:Natufian culture § Genetics 585: 334:technological industries. These 58: 57: 50: 34: 19:For the town near the cave, see 6240:Archaeological sites in Morocco 2031: 2000: 1925: 1743: 1724: 745:hunter-gatherer component from 712:Kelif el Boroud § Genetics 373: 217:, is a cave in the province of 1901:10.1007/978-981-15-1614-6_10-1 1418: 1077: 949:Upper Paleolithic North Africa 697: 1: 1893:The Handbook of Mummy Studies 1427:African Archaeological Review 1007: 1496:10.1371/journal.pone.0104898 1404:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.003 1338:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.011 1250:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.085 1099:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.001 1063:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.003 708:Ifri N'Ammar § Genetics 502:culture, and potential rock 488: 284: 7: 5836: 3481:Other caves with decoration 2563:Other caves with decoration 2485:Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil 2161:Caves containing pictograms 985: 687:This site was added to the 564:Aiton) pine nuts, Juniper ( 558:L.) acorns, Maritime pine ( 10: 6266: 4612: 3465:Other World Heritage Sites 2552:Other World Heritage Sites 2174: 2151:Paleoanthropological sites 1958:10.1038/s41598-023-37549-4 1533:Journal of Human Evolution 1384:Journal of Human Evolution 1318:Journal of Human Evolution 1087:Journal of Human Evolution 1043:Journal of Human Evolution 701: 570:L.), Terebinth pistachio ( 317: 40:The cave in September 2017 18: 6201: 6177: 6161: 6145: 6127: 6106: 6088: 6072: 6044: 5848: 5844: 5831: 5567: 5551: 5510: 5454: 5438: 5422: 5404: 5363: 5322: 5301: 5280: 5234: 5208: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5155: 5131: 5110: 5094: 5068: 4897: 4871: 4855: 4834: 4818: 4772: 4751: 4735: 4714: 4693: 4677: 4661: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4607: 4578: 4557: 4531: 4519: 4493: 4462: 4426: 4408: 4392: 4376: 4360: 4344: 4298: 4277: 4261: 4210: 4129: 4108: 4052: 4021: 3975: 3959: 3933: 3872: 3856: 3810: 3794: 3778: 3774: 3761: 3652: 3636: 3615: 3358: 3327: 3301: 3270: 3224: 3193: 3142: 3121: 3105: 3087: 3071: 3055: 3039: 3021: 2958: 2937: 2876: 2848: 2772: 2448: 2432: 2391: 2375: 2334: 2298: 2277: 2222: 2186: 2182: 2169: 2146: 1887:Jeong, Choongwon (2020). 1295:10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.037 403: 293:The cave, seen from below 200: 192: 184: 179: 160: 146: 141: 104: 94: 82: 74: 45: 33: 6129:Northern Mariana Islands 3766: 1230:Quaternary International 805:(Loosdrecht et al. 2018) 803:mtDNA and Y-DNA results 526:horns, and at least one 1824:10.1126/science.aar8380 1660:10.1073/pnas.1318176111 1596:10.1073/pnas.0903532106 1439:10.1023/A:1021620531489 1164:10.1073/pnas.0703877104 974:allele associated with 966:allele associated with 674:Occupation site utility 86:near Taforalt village, 4653:Manyana Rock Paintings 2704:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 2076:Cite journal requires 1553:10.1006/jhev.2000.0430 970:color, or the derived 383: 300:Tetraclinis articulate 294: 229:, possibly the oldest 5216:Actun Tunichil Muknal 930:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 731:population bottleneck 683:World Heritage status 636:of the upper central 381: 292: 185:Excavation dates 75:Alternative name 4790:Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa 3730:Red Lady of Paviland 2622:Mayrières supérieure 917:, as well as to the 573:Pistacia terebinthus 484:Archaeological finds 126:34.81056°N 2.40833°W 5605:Colorado Millennial 4243:Shiraho Saonetabaru 3047:Bukuroshja e Fjetur 1950:2023NatSR..1310395A 1815:2018Sci...360..548V 1589:(38): 16051–16056. 1545:2000JHumE..39..393I 1487:2014PLoSO...9j4898F 1396:2013JHumE..65..266B 1330:2010JHumE..58..522B 1287:2014JArSc..49..488M 1242:2016QuInt.413...36B 1055:2012JHumE..62..261H 976:lactase persistence 807: 628:A 2003 analysis of 576:L.), and wild oat ( 567:Juniperus phoenicea 343:industry marked by 122: / 66:location in Morocco 30: 5423:Dominican Republic 5184:Cueva de las Manos 4080:Huto and Kamarband 3490:Barranc del Migdia 3376:Caves in Cantabria 2800:Hohlenstein-Stadel 2607:Grotte de Gabillou 2592:La Chaire a Calvin 2098:Grotte des Pigeons 1938:Scientific Reports 802: 792:basal West African 452:Eastern High Atlas 413:radiocarbon dating 384: 352:Excavation history 295: 215:Grotte des Pigeons 201:Public access 151:Middle Paleolithic 131:34.81056; -2.40833 78:Grotte des Pigeons 28: 6250:Paleolithic sites 6227: 6226: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6192: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5340:Piedras del Tunjo 5272:Toca da Tira Peia 5151: 5150: 5147: 5146: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3393:Hornos de la Peña 2020:978-90-04-50022-8 1910:978-981-15-1614-6 1809:(6388): 548–552. 1157:(24): 9964–9969. 908:mtDNA haplogroups 904: 903: 768:Upper Paleolithic 395:artefacts of the 306:Pinus halenpensis 208: 207: 6257: 6245:Caves of Morocco 6146:Papua New Guinea 5846: 5845: 5833: 5832: 5785:Stanfield-Worley 5760:Rockhouse Cliffs 5174: 5173: 5157: 5156: 5025:Howieson's Poort 4722:Enkapune Ya Muto 4622: 4621: 4609: 4608: 4075:Eshkaft-e Siahoo 3776: 3775: 3763: 3762: 3530:Peñas de Cabrera 2830:Kleine Feldhofer 2790:Geissenklösterle 2642:Roc-aux-Sorciers 2184: 2183: 2171: 2170: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2086: 2085: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2064: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1987: 1969: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 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coverage 718: 700: 685: 676: 588: 550: 512: 491: 486: 406: 376: 354: 320: 287: 279:Later Stone Age 251: 155:Epipalaeolithic 130: 128: 124: 121: 116: 113: 111: 109: 108: 70: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 62: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6263: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6133: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5871:Beeton Shelter 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5841: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 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2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2156:Cave paintings 2153: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2140:cave paintings 2135: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2092:External links 2090: 2088: 2087: 2078:|journal= 2049:10.1101/423079 2030: 2019: 1999: 1924: 1909: 1879: 1846: 1776: 1765: 1742: 1723: 1710:10.1002/oa.726 1704:(6): 448–456. 1684: 1628: 1566: 1539:(4): 393–410. 1520: 1481:(8): e104898. 1452: 1433:(4): 261–286. 1417: 1390:(3): 266–281. 1351: 1324:(6): 522–532. 1300: 1255: 1196: 1124: 1093:(4): 340–354. 1076: 1049:(2): 261–273. 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 987: 984: 947:population of 945:Iberomaurusian 902: 901: 898: 895: 891: 890: 887: 882: 878: 877: 874: 871: 867: 866: 863: 860: 856: 855: 852: 849: 845: 844: 841: 838: 834: 833: 828: 823: 819: 818: 815: 812: 796:Iberomaurusian 737:West-Eurasian/ 699: 696: 692:World Heritage 684: 681: 675: 672: 587: 584: 561:Pinus pinaster 549: 548:Floral remains 546: 541:Otala punctate 511: 510:Faunal remains 508: 490: 487: 485: 482: 464:and deciduous 405: 402: 375: 372: 363:Iberomaurusian 359:Iberomaurusian 353: 350: 341:Iberomaurusian 324:pre-Mousterian 319: 316: 286: 283: 268:Iberomaurusian 250: 247: 235:Iberomaurusian 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 194: 193:Archaeologists 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 177: 176: 174:Iberomaurusian 162: 158: 157: 148: 144: 143: 139: 138: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 65: 56: 55: 49: 48: 47: 46: 43: 42: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6262: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6214:Cave painting 6212: 6210: 6209:List of caves 6207: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6090:New Caledonia 6087: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:New Guinea II 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5971:Mannalargenna 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5740:On Your Knees 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665:Hidden Valley 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568:United States 5566: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5487:Guilá Naquitz 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5472:Dzibilchaltún 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252:Pedra Pintada 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5166:South America 5163: 5158: 5154: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030:Klasies River 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005:Byneskranskop 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4795:Ifri Oudadane 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4764:Uan Muhuggiag 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4470:Batadombalena 4468: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4326:Ras Baalbek I 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4162:Nahal Me'arot 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3746: 3745:Windmill Hill 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3690:Heathery Burn 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3425:Tito Bustillo 3423: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3406:Las Chimeneas 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3232:Akhshtyrskaya 3230: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3180:Pego do Diabo 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2971:Arene Candide 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2858:Devil's Tower 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2632:Pair-non-Pair 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2617:Le Mas-d'Azil 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2567:Arcy-sur-Cure 2565: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2506:Font-de-Gaume 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2474:Abri Castanet 2473: 2472: 2471:Castel Merle 2470: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2083: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1762:(3): 249–262. 1761: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1003: 1002:Mechta-Afalou 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 941: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 920: 916: 912: 909: 899: 896: 893: 892: 888: 886: 883: 880: 879: 875: 872: 869: 868: 864: 861: 858: 857: 853: 850: 847: 846: 842: 839: 836: 835: 832: 829: 827: 824: 821: 820: 816: 813: 810: 809: 800: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 775: 773: 769: 765: 764:Epigravettian 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 741:component, a 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 717: 713: 709: 705: 695: 693: 690: 680: 671: 668: 664: 659: 656: 652: 647: 644: 639: 635: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 594: 586:Human remains 583: 581: 580: 575: 574: 569: 568: 563: 562: 557: 556: 545: 543: 542: 537: 536:N. gibbosulus 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 507: 505: 501: 497: 481: 479: 475: 474: 469: 468: 463: 462: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 440: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 401: 398: 394: 389: 380: 371: 369: 364: 360: 349: 346: 342: 337: 333: 329: 325: 315: 312: 308: 307: 302: 301: 291: 282: 280: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 256: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 156: 152: 149: 145: 140: 135: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 53: 44: 37: 32: 26: 22: 6021:Wargata Mina 5981:Murrawijinie 5916:Eagles Reach 5911:Devil's Lair 5815:Wilson Butte 5600:Cherry Creek 5590:Bull Thistle 5335:Chiribiquete 5293:Charlie Lake 5221:Barton Creek 5035:Melkhoutboom 4975:Sterkfontein 4965:Plovers Lake 4898:South Africa 4809: 4800:Jebel Irhoud 4785:Ifri N'Ammar 4520:Turkmenistan 4485:Hunugalagala 4269:Iraq ed-Dubb 4034:Jeriji Saléh 3695:High Pasture 3252:Shulgan-Tash 3175:Pedra Furada 2996: 2835:Lichtenstein 2825:Brillenhöhle 2754:Le Regourdou 2714:La Ferrassie 2709:Combe Grenal 2652:Trois Frères 2587:Fontéchevade 2540:La Madeleine 2194:Drachenhöhle 2069:cite journal 2060: 2033: 2024: 2009: 2002: 1944:(1): 10395. 1941: 1937: 1927: 1892: 1882: 1870:. Retrieved 1861: 1849: 1806: 1802: 1768: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1737:ResearchGate 1736: 1726: 1701: 1697: 1653:(3): 954–9. 1650: 1646: 1586: 1582: 1536: 1532: 1478: 1474: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1387: 1383: 1321: 1317: 1278: 1274: 1233: 1229: 1154: 1150: 1118: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1046: 1042: 992:Ifri n'Ammar 957: 942: 938: 905: 776: 751:West African 719: 686: 677: 663:Colin Groves 660: 648: 627: 598:stratigraphy 589: 577: 571: 565: 559: 555:Quercus ilex 553: 551: 539: 535: 513: 492: 471: 465: 459: 448:Middle Atlas 437: 407: 388:stratigraphy 385: 374:Stratigraphy 368:North Africa 355: 321: 304: 298: 296: 252: 214: 210: 209: 25: 6107:New Zealand 5931:Gwion Gwion 5800:Trail Creek 5725:Meadowcroft 5685:Last Supper 5615:Daugherty's 5477:Las Flechas 5262:Rei do Mato 4986:Other caves 4970:Rising Star 4945:Makapansgat 4910:Bolt's Farm 4727:Njoro River 4570:Teshik-Tash 4565:Obi-Rakhmat 4549:Yarımburgaz 4449:Lapuz Lapuz 4427:Philippines 4336:Nachcharini 4331:Ras El Kelb 4290:Tam Pa Ling 4285:Tham An Mah 4167:Nahal Hemar 3915:Zhoukoudian 3890:Guanyindong 3864:Laang Spean 3786:Darra-e Kur 3779:Afghanistan 3725:Portbraddon 3715:Marble Arch 3628:Wildkirchli 3616:Switzerland 3552:Other caves 3525:Ojo Guareña 3505:Maltravieso 3500:Los Casares 3475:Siega Verde 3440:Los Aviones 3435:Santimamiñe 3409:Las Monedas 3402:El Castillo 3309:Čertova pec 3257:Mezmaiskaya 3165:Lagar Velho 3097:Cocev Kamen 2976:Balzi Rossi 2816:Other caves 2805:Sirgenstein 2734:Le Moustier 2724:Fontbrégoua 2684:Bonne-Femme 2664:Other caves 2383:Aetokremnos 2326:Utroba Cave 2232:Claminforge 2229:Belle-Roche 1967:10230/58060 1281:: 488–499. 772:Neanderthal 766:culture of 698:Ancient DNA 667:Alan Thorne 651:Pleistocene 630:masticatory 607:post-mortem 603:inhumations 496:microburins 433:seasonality 348:practices. 345:microlithic 223:Aït Iznasen 129: / 105:Coordinates 6234:Categories 6219:Speleology 6036:Wellington 5991:Naracoorte 5976:Mudgegonga 5961:Madjedbebe 5926:Gabarnmung 5866:Ballawinne 5856:Abrakurrie 5755:Pictograph 5533:Qillqatani 5528:Pikimachay 5523:Guitarrero 5518:Chivateros 5497:Oxtotitlán 5350:Tequendama 5060:Wonderwerk 5040:Nelson Bay 5020:Elands Bay 4980:Swartkrans 4925:Gladysvale 4872:Somaliland 4819:Mozambique 4759:Haua Fteah 4558:Uzbekistan 4223:Minatogawa 4218:Kosegasawa 4172:Nahal Oren 4116:Hazar Merd 4085:Qaleh Bozi 4070:Do-Ashkaft 3967:Satsurblia 3934:East Timor 3811:Azerbaijan 3700:Kendrick's 3665:Bontnewydd 3587:Don Gaspar 3540:Praileaitz 3495:Las Caldas 3413:La Pasiega 3340:Divje Babe 3262:Okladnikov 3247:Ignatievka 3170:Pala Pinta 3079:Għar Dalam 3056:Luxembourg 3031:St Brelade 3013:Villabruna 2924:Stravomyti 2914:Megalakkos 2899:Eileithyia 2884:Alepotrypa 2795:Hohle Fels 2681:Balauzière 2637:Pech Merle 2545:Rouffignac 2519:La Micoque 2501:Cro-Magnon 2460:Bara Bahau 2404:Býčí skála 2352:Vela Spila 2311:Devetashka 2306:Bacho Kiro 1008:References 831:E1b1b1a1b1 774:ancestry. 702:See also: 593:disturbing 516:food waste 260:Mousterian 180:Site notes 166:Mousterian 114:34°48′38″N 21:Tafoughalt 6185:Nanumanga 6169:Falemauga 6080:Makauwahi 5849:Australia 5805:Trinchera 5680:La Grange 5650:Gatecliff 5645:Franktown 5640:Fort Rock 5620:Dry Creek 5538:Toquepala 5502:Sac Actun 5492:Ox Bel Ha 5482:Frightful 5467:Coxcatlan 5446:Long Mile 5200:Quadiriki 5177:Argentina 5015:Diepkloof 5000:Boomplaas 4955:Minnaar's 4940:Kromdraai 4889:Laas Geel 4884:Dhaymoole 4879:Dhambalin 4842:Apollo 11 4743:Liphofung 4669:Shum Laka 4632:Gueldaman 4586:Con Moong 4463:Sri Lanka 4410:Palestine 4384:Padah-Lin 4321:Ksar Akil 4253:Yamashita 4238:Pinza-Abu 4044:Pettakere 4039:Liang Bua 4022:Indonesia 4008:Pahargarh 3993:Bhimbetka 3951:Lene Hara 3941:Jerimalai 3920:Zengpiyan 3910:Yuchanyan 3710:Long Hole 3607:del Valle 3582:dels Bous 3535:la Pileta 3470:Atapuerca 3385:Covalanas 3283:Pešturina 3211:Muierilor 3201:Coliboaia 3113:Svarthola 2929:Theopetra 2919:Petralona 2904:Franchthi 2894:Asphendou 2850:Gibraltar 2820:Baumann's 2810:Vogelherd 2785:Bockstein 2764:Vallonnet 2759:Rochereil 2749:Raymonden 2739:Noisetier 2691:Bruniquel 2612:Marsoulas 2602:Lombrives 2597:La Marche 2523:La Mouthe 2489:Abri Audi 2467:Cap Blanc 2409:Koněprusy 2399:Amatérská 2367:Veternica 2316:Kozarnika 2290:Ledenjača 2214:Tischofer 2204:Lurgrotte 2013:. Brill. 1976:2045-2322 1919:226555687 1833:0036-8075 1718:1099-1212 1605:0027-8424 1447:128380684 1236:: 36–49. 1173:0027-8424 1107:0047-2484 889:E1b1b1a1 876:E1b1b1a1 854:E1b1b1a1 843:E1b1b1a1 811:Sample ID 759:Neolithic 739:Levantine 661:In 1999, 621:from the 489:Artefacts 429:sedentary 393:Levallois 328:Levallois 285:Geography 117:2°24′30″W 90:mountains 6026:Warratyi 6011:Tarragal 6001:Nunamira 5986:Murujuga 5951:Kutikina 5946:Koonalda 5941:Koongine 5901:Cliefden 5896:Cave Bay 5795:Tomaquag 5780:Sisyphus 5710:Mantle's 5700:Lovelock 5695:LoDaisKa 5675:Humboldt 5559:Werehpai 5552:Suriname 5462:Chan Hol 5381:Centella 5371:Ambrosio 5323:Colombia 5288:Bluefish 5132:Zimbabwe 5069:Tanzania 5055:Stadsaal 4960:Motsetsi 4930:Gondolin 4920:Drimolen 4915:Cooper's 4810:Taforalt 4780:Hercules 4706:Swimmers 4678:DR Congo 4662:Cameroon 4641:Botswana 4511:Tham Lod 4501:Pha Taem 4494:Thailand 4475:Belilena 4393:Pakistan 4361:Mongolia 4345:Malaysia 4306:Antelias 4248:Tobayama 4202:Zuttiyeh 4121:Shanidar 3983:Ambadevi 3900:Tianyuan 3880:Baishiya 3857:Cambodia 3597:El Mirón 3592:Guanches 3567:Armintxe 3485:Bacinete 3430:Altxerri 3419:El Pendo 3389:La Garma 3371:Altamira 3328:Slovenia 3319:Jasovská 3302:Slovakia 3288:Risovača 3242:Denisova 3206:Cuciulat 3160:Furninha 3155:Escoural 3143:Portugal 3134:Paradise 3129:Obłazowa 3063:Loschbur 3003:Paglicci 2986:Corbeddu 2868:Vanguard 2863:Gorham's 2744:La Quina 2687:Bouillon 2674:Aurignac 2478:Reverdit 2463:Bernifal 2342:Grapčeva 2299:Bulgaria 2259:Scladina 2246:Naulette 2209:Salzofen 2057:91380277 1994:37369751 1985:10300034 1866:Archived 1841:29545507 1679:24395774 1623:19717433 1561:11006048 1515:25141047 1475:PLOS ONE 1412:23891007 1346:20471665 1191:17548808 1115:19362729 1071:22154088 986:See also 968:blue eye 926:Natufian 922:E1b1b1a1 755:Natufian 749:, and a 747:Tanzania 735:Holocene 638:incisors 634:avulsion 625:levels. 619:mandible 532:Mollusca 520:antelope 504:palettes 456:Holocene 425:U-series 277:and the 239:calendar 231:cemetery 225:region, 211:Taforalt 161:Cultures 83:Location 29:Taforalt 6137:Chugai' 6119:Ruakuri 6054:Gadao's 6031:Warreen 5966:Mammoth 5936:Jenolan 5881:Blanche 5861:Acheron 5838:Oceania 5810:Ventana 5790:Tainter 5765:Russell 5750:Pendejo 5745:Paisley 5705:Mammoth 5625:Durango 5585:Bonfire 5439:Jamaica 5406:Curaçao 5345:Sáchica 5330:El Abra 5314:Milodón 5257:Peruaçu 5247:Maquiné 5139:Bambata 5118:Kalemba 4990:Blombos 4935:Haasgat 4856:Nigeria 4835:Namibia 4773:Morocco 4736:Lesotho 4648:Tsodilo 4625:Algeria 4579:Vietnam 4539:Belbaşı 4525:Dzhebel 4480:Fa Hien 4439:Kalanay 4400:Sanghao 4377:Myanmar 4316:Kaukaba 4299:Lebanon 4187:Raqefet 4157:Misliya 4142:HaYonim 4090:Warwasi 4065:Darband 4060:Bisitun 4029:Harimau 4003:Gudiyam 3998:Edakkal 3960:Georgia 3905:Xianren 3833:Damjili 3828:Buzeyir 3802:Areni-1 3795:Armenia 3720:Oldbury 3685:Gough's 3670:Cathole 3644:Verteba 3637:Ukraine 3194:Romania 3185:Salemas 3150:Aroeira 2981:Cavallo 2966:Addaura 2945:Baradla 2938:Hungary 2889:Apidima 2773:Germany 2729:Lazaret 2657:Villars 2577:Cosquer 2557:Chauvet 2535:Lascaux 2433:Finland 2357:Vindija 2347:Krapina 2335:Croatia 2255:Ramioul 2223:Belgium 2199:Gudenus 2187:Austria 1946:Bibcode 1811:Bibcode 1803:Science 1670:3903197 1614:2752514 1541:Bibcode 1506:4139308 1483:Bibcode 1392:Bibcode 1326:Bibcode 1283:Bibcode 1238:Bibcode 1182:1891266 1051:Bibcode 980:SLC24A4 960:SLC24A5 894:TAF015 881:TAF014 870:TAF013 859:TAF012 848:TAF011 837:TAF010 822:TAF009 655:Capsian 643:carious 623:Aterian 522:horns, 500:Aterian 478:montane 467:Quercus 397:Aterian 336:Aterian 332:Aterian 318:Culture 311:Morocco 264:Aterian 255:Morocco 243:Aterian 227:Morocco 219:Berkane 170:Aterian 147:Periods 142:History 99:Morocco 88:Iznasen 6178:Tuvalu 6114:Moncks 6098:Pindai 6073:Hawaii 6064:Talagi 6059:Mahlac 5921:Fossil 5906:Cloggs 5891:Burrup 5770:Sandia 5715:Marmes 5660:Hidden 5655:Graham 5610:Danger 5595:Burnet 5455:Mexico 5430:Pomier 5391:Patana 5376:Calero 5355:Tibitó 5281:Canada 5242:Gentio 5235:Brazil 5209:Belize 5123:Mumbwa 5111:Zambia 5095:Uganda 5076:Kondoa 5050:Sibudu 4995:Border 4950:Malapa 4826:Ngalue 4701:Beasts 4685:Matupi 4614:Africa 4544:Karain 4532:Turkey 4506:Spirit 4444:Minori 4434:Callao 4418:Shuqba 4262:Jordan 4233:Ōzakai 4228:Muroya 4177:Qafzeh 4147:Kebara 4130:Israel 4100:Yafteh 4095:Wezmeh 3925:Zhiren 3838:Tağlar 3740:Thor's 3675:Coygan 3623:Bichon 3577:Bedmar 3545:Sidrón 3381:Chufín 3314:Domica 3271:Serbia 3225:Russia 3122:Poland 3106:Norway 3040:Kosovo 3023:Jersey 3008:Romito 2950:Szelim 2909:Kleidi 2877:Greece 2582:Cussac 2572:Gargas 2527:Pataud 2449:France 2419:Mladeč 2376:Cyprus 2321:Magura 2285:Badanj 2278:Bosnia 2176:Europe 2055: 2017: 1992: 1982: 1974: 1917: 1907: 1872:17 May 1839: 1831: 1716: 1677: 1667: 1621: 1611: 1603: 1559: 1513: 1503: 1445: 1410: 1344: 1189: 1179: 1171: 1113: 1105: 1069: 934:Levant 900:E1b1b 817:Y-DNA 780:Yoruba 714:, and 689:UNESCO 665:& 524:bovine 473:Cedrus 450:, and 446:, the 439:Cedrus 423:, and 404:Dating 271:lithic 266:, and 95:Region 6162:Samoa 6016:Ubirr 6006:ORS 7 5775:Shoup 5735:Mummy 5730:Modoc 5720:Martz 5670:Hogup 5580:Baker 5396:Pluma 5302:Chile 5267:Santo 5193:Aruba 5162:North 5102:Nyero 5086:Mumba 5010:Cango 4752:Libya 4715:Kenya 4694:Egypt 4591:Ngườm 4454:Tabon 4311:Jeita 4211:Japan 4197:Tabun 4192:Skhul 4182:Qesem 4152:Manot 4013:Tikla 3988:Belum 3976:India 3946:Laili 3895:Luobi 3885:Fuyan 3873:China 3848:Gazma 3823:Azykh 3818:Allar 3705:Kents 3572:Axlor 3562:Antón 3557:Ángel 3515:Nerja 3453:Araña 3359:Spain 3350:Potok 3345:Pekel 3335:Betal 3072:Malta 2997:Felci 2959:Italy 2840:Ofnet 2700:Cauna 2696:Calès 2669:Arago 2647:Renne 2627:Niaux 2424:Šipka 2414:Kůlna 2241:Goyet 2236:Engis 2053:S2CID 1915:S2CID 1443:S2CID 897:U6a1b 873:U6a7b 840:U6a7b 826:U6a6b 814:mtDNA 788:basal 784:Mende 782:, or 743:Hadza 615:ochre 611:ochre 579:Avena 528:horse 213:, or 6205:Cave 6153:Kilu 6046:Guam 5886:Bone 5690:Levi 5630:Dust 5511:Peru 5414:Hato 5386:Cura 5364:Cuba 5309:Fell 5164:and 5081:Bahi 4352:Niah 4278:Laos 4137:Amud 4109:Iraq 4053:Iran 3768:Asia 3735:Sand 3520:Niño 3216:Oase 2991:Deer 2719:Fées 2440:Wolf 2082:help 2015:ISBN 1990:PMID 1972:ISSN 1905:ISBN 1874:2018 1837:PMID 1829:ISSN 1714:ISSN 1675:PMID 1619:PMID 1601:ISSN 1557:PMID 1511:PMID 1408:PMID 1342:PMID 1187:PMID 1169:ISSN 1111:PMID 1103:ISSN 1067:PMID 972:MCM6 964:OCA2 928:and 913:and 865:N/A 862:U6a7 851:U6a7 722:aDNA 386:The 303:and 258:pre- 164:pre- 4863:Rop 3843:Zar 2678:Azé 2264:Spy 2045:doi 1980:PMC 1962:hdl 1954:doi 1897:doi 1819:doi 1807:360 1706:doi 1665:PMC 1655:doi 1651:111 1609:PMC 1591:doi 1587:106 1549:doi 1501:PMC 1491:doi 1435:doi 1400:doi 1334:doi 1291:doi 1246:doi 1234:413 1177:PMC 1159:doi 1155:104 1095:doi 1059:doi 915:M1b 911:U6a 885:M1b 444:Rif 417:OSL 410:AMS 6236:: 2073:: 2071:}} 2067:{{ 2059:. 2051:. 2043:. 2023:. 1988:. 1978:. 1970:. 1960:. 1952:. 1942:13 1940:. 1936:. 1913:. 1903:. 1891:. 1864:. 1860:. 1835:. 1827:. 1817:. 1805:. 1801:. 1779:^ 1760:50 1758:. 1754:. 1735:. 1712:. 1702:14 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