Emperor Taizong of Tang

2139: 1887:, a suggestion that Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji, and Pei Ji agreed with. Li Shimin opposed, however, and the plan was not carried out. Meanwhile, Li Shimin himself was sending his confidants to Luoyang to build up personal control of the army there. After an incident in which Li Shimin suffered a severe case of food poisoning after feasting at Li Jiancheng's palace—an event that both Emperor Gaozu and Li Shimin apparently interpreted as an assassination attempt—Emperor Gaozu considered sending Li Shimin to guard Luoyang to prevent further conflict, but Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, after consulting each other, believed that this would only give Li Shimin an opportunity to build up his personal power there, and therefore opposed it. Emperor Gaozu therefore did not carry out the plan. Meanwhile, the rivalry continued. Traditional historical accounts also indicated that at one point, when Li Shimin visited Li Yuanji's mansion, Li Yuanji wanted to assassinate Li Shimin, but Li Jiancheng, who could not resolve to kill a brother, stopped the plot. There was yet another incident in which Li Jiancheng, knowing that a horse threw its rider easily, had Li Shimin ride it, causing Li Shimin to fall off from it several times. 2374: 3107: 2236:. When Li Shentong, as his distant uncle, objected to being ranked under Fang and Du, Emperor Taizong personally explained how Fang and Du's strategies allowed him to be successful, and this managed to get the other objectors to quiet down, as Emperor Taizong was even willing to rank low such an honored individual as Li Shentong. Emperor Taizong also buried Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji with honors due imperial princes and had their staff members attend the funeral processions. Meanwhile, he appeared to begin to reshuffle government further—which he had already begun after being created crown prince—by dismissing his father's trusted advisors 2984: 5912: 1781:

himself, was overshadowed by his younger brother. The court became divided into a faction favoring the Crown Prince and a faction favoring the Prince of Qin. The rivalry was particularly causing problems within the capital, as the commands of the Crown Prince, the Prince of Qin, and the Prince of Qi Li Yuanji were said to have the same force as the emperor's edicts, and the officials had to carry conflicting orders out by acting on the ones that arrived first. Li Shimin's staff was full of talented men, but Li Jiancheng was supported by Li Yuanji, as well as Emperor Gaozu's

77: 3748: 1749: 3576: 3822:, Gansu), with instructions to Li Zhi that if Li Shiji hesitated, to execute him immediately, and if he did not, to recall him after Emperor Taizong's death and make him chancellor. Li Shiji, when receiving the order and realizing that his life was at stake, immediately departed for Die Prefecture. (After Emperor Taizong's death, Li Zhi would indeed recall Li Shiji and make him chancellor.) Soon thereafter, Emperor Taizong, after entrusting Li Zhi to 2526: 2674: 6976:"...territories within his empire. He took the title "Heavenly Khan," thus designating himself as their ruler. A little later the Western Turks, although then at the height of their power, were badly defeated, and the Uighurs, a Turkish tribe, were detached from them and became sturdy supporters of the T'ang in the Gobi. The Khitan, Mongols in Eastern Mongolia and Southern Manchuria, made their submission (630). In the Tarim basin..." 1230: 36: 1856:) rebelled. Emperor Gaozu sent Li Shimin against Yang, offering to make him crown prince after he returned. After Li Shimin left, however, Feng Deyi (now a chancellor), Li Yuanji, and the concubines all spoke on Li Jiancheng's behalf, and after Li Shimin returned, Emperor Gaozu did not depose Li Jiancheng, but instead blamed the discord between him and Li Shimin on Li Jiancheng's staff members Wang Gui and Wei Ting ( 1371:(Chai's wife) had also risen in rebellion in support of him, and she was able to gather a sizeable army and capture some cities. She joined forces with Li Shimin and her husband Chai Shao. Soon, Li Yuan reconsolidated his forces and put Chang'an under siege. In winter 617, after defeating a large Sui army, he captured Chang'an from imperial forces and declared Yang You emperor (as Emperor Gong). He had himself made 2130: 1760: 2244:, making his own trusted advisors chancellors. (Xiao, however, was soon restored to being chancellor, although his career during Emperor Taizong's reign would see repeated dismissals and repeated restorations.) However, he also began to greatly pay attention to the officials' submissions and their criticism of imperial governance, making changes where he saw needed. He also particularly began to trust 226: 5926: 3034:), the chieftain of the Qibi Tribe, was kidnapped by his own subordinates and taken to Xueyantuo. In order to ransom Qibi, Emperor Taizong made a promise to eventually give his daughter Princess Xinxing to Yinan in marriage, and Yinan released Qibi. In the winter 642, an event took place in Goguryeo that would eventually precipitate wars between Tang and Goguryeo. According to Chinese accounts 139: 5940: 7000:, but this appeared to be a temporary measure during the Goguryeo campaign with Emperor Taizong out of Tang territory and Li Zhi in charge temporarily. Xu, Gao, Zhang (each of whom would be later made chancellor) were not again referred to as chancellors until they were made chancellors after Emperor Taizong's death, even though they were not explicitly removed. 6937:,"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Chinese-Tang Taizhong Posthumous name.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1334:, Jiangsu), as emperor. He made both Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin major generals and advanced southwest, toward Chang'an. He gave Li Shimin the title of Duke of Dunhuang. After defeating local Sui forces loyal to Emperor Yang, he defeated a Sui army of 30,000 men under the command of a veteran general of the wars in Korea outside of modern-day Beijing. 1673:. When the armies engaged at Hulao, Li Shimin defeated Dou and captured him. He took Dou back to Luoyang and displayed him to Wang Shichong. Wang, in fear, considered abandoning Luoyang and fleeing south to Xiangyang, but as his generals pointed out that his only hope was Dou, he surrendered. Xia forces, after initially fleeing back to their capital 2497:(who advocated leaving the Turks within China's borders to serve as a defense perimeter) and Wei (who advocated leaving them outside the borders). Emperor Taizong accepted Wen's suggestion and established a number of prefectures to accommodate the Turks, leaving them governed by their chieftains without creating a new khan to govern them. 1681:), also surrendered. Zheng and Xia territory were Tang's. Li Shimin returned to Chang'an in a grand victory procession and, to reward Li Shimin, Emperor Gaozu awarded both him and Li Yuanji three mints so that they could mint money of their own. He also bestowed on Li Shimin the special title of "Grand General of Heavenly Strategies" ( 3115: 1592:, yield the throne to him in 619, establishing a new state of Zheng as its emperor. When Li Shimin arrived at the Zheng capital Luoyang, Wang offered peace, but Li Shimin rebuffed him and put Luoyang under siege. Meanwhile, his subordinates took Zheng cities one by one. By winter 620, most of Zheng territory, other than Luoyang and 925:. Under the Zhenguan era, Tang China flourished economically and militarily. For more than a century after his death, China enjoyed prosperity and peace brought about by the solidification of imperial protection over the Chinese regions. In territorial extent, it covered most of the territories previously held by the 3466:

After Li Chengqian was deposed, Emperor Taizong briefly promised Li Tai that he would be made crown prince. However, as the investigations continued, Emperor Taizong came to the belief that Li Chengqian's downfall was driven by Li Tai's machinations, and therefore resolved to depose Li Tai as well.

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and the Yellow River. However, the Turks were fearful of Xueyantuo and initially refused to head to their new location. Emperor Taizong issued an edict to Yinan that he and Li Simo keep their peace and not attack each other, and after receiving from Yinan the assurance that he would not attack, the

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instead. Li Yuanji was given command of much of the army previously under Li Shimin's control, further troubling Li Shimin, who believed that with the army in Li Yuanji's hands, he would be unable to resist an attack. Li Shimin had Yuchi summon Fang and Du back to his mansion secretly, and then on

1810:

suggested that Li Jiancheng needed to enhance his own reputation in battle, and so Li Jiancheng volunteered for the mission. Emperor Gaozu thus sent Li Jiancheng, assisted by Li Yuanji, to attack Liu. Li Jiancheng defeated Liu around the new year of 623, and Liu was subsequently betrayed by his own

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By spring 621, Luoyang was in desperate situation, and Xia forces had not yet arrived, but Tang troops had also suffered serious casualties, as Luoyang's defenses, aided by powerful bows and catapults, were holding. Emperor Gaozu, hearing that Dou had decided to come to Wang's aid, ordered Li Shimin

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and Silla requesting aid, Emperor Taizong decided to prepare for a campaign to conquer Goguryeo. He arrested the emissaries that Yeon sent to the Tang court, accusing them of disloyalty to King Yeongnyu. By winter 644, the mobilization was in full force. (Apparently because of Tang's preparation

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not arriving, Qu Zhisheng surrendered. Wei Zheng suggested that Emperor Taizong allow Qu Zhisheng to remain king, pointing out that the monetary and human costs would be high to keep a permanent garrison at Gaochang, but Emperor Taizong disagreed, and he converted Gaochang into two prefectures and

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the Prince of Wei, who by this point was beginning to be highly favored by him. He further allowed Li Tai to engage literary men to serve as his assistants, as Li Tai favored literature. From this point on, Li Tai would be so favored that there began to be talks that Emperor Taizong might let him

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of Li Shimin's forces, Emperor Gaozu agreed to create Li Shimin crown prince. Li Jiancheng's and Li Yuanji's sons were killed, and Li Shimin took Li Yuanji's wife Princess Yang as a concubine. Two months later, with Li Shimin firmly in control of power, Emperor Gaozu yielded the throne to him (as

1556:

against him, but by winter 619, Liu had crushed Pei's forces and taken over nearly all of modern Shanxi. Emperor Gaozu, shocked at the development, considered abandoning the region altogether. Li Shimin opposed doing so and offered to lead the army against Liu. Emperor Gaozu agreed and commissioned

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Emperor Taizong further composed laudatory poems for each of the six horses depicted in the stone reliefs. Constructed between 636 and 649 CE, the stone reliefs "exemplify the beauty of early Tang sculpture; the images are realistic yet powerful, created with simplicity and matured craftsmanship."

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in 618, reportedly after Emperor Gaozu first offered the position to Li Shimin due to his contributions, were locked in an intense rivalry, as Li Shimin's accomplishments caused people to speculate that he would displace Li Jiancheng as crown prince, and Li Jiancheng, while an accomplished general

1510:

of 645.) Xue Ju, in light of his victory, was ready to launch an assault on Chang'an itself, under Hao Yuan's advice, but suddenly died of an illness in fall 618 and was succeeded by Xue Rengao. Emperor Gaozu then sent Li Shimin against Xue Rengao. Three months after Xue Rengao took the throne, Li

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the Prince of Jin to depart from the palace in the morning and use that opportunity to attack the palace. On the day they planned, however, Li Zhi did not leave the palace, and Ashina Jiesheshuai attacked anyway but was quickly defeated, captured, and executed. After this incident, however, the

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In fall 638, Tibet's Songtsän Gampo, displeased that Emperor Taizong had declined to give him a Tang princess in marriage and believing that Murong Nuohebo had persuaded Emperor Taizong to decline the marriage proposal, launched a major attack with forces of 200,000 on Tuyuhun and then on several

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to Chang'an to explain to Emperor Gaozu that if he did withdraw, Wang would recover and again be a major threat in the future. Emperor Gaozu agreed and allowed Li Shimin to continue to siege Luoyang. When Xia forward troops arrived first, Li Shimin surprised and defeated them, and then sent Dou a

3771:

After the victory over Xueyantuo, Emperor Taizong again turned his attention toward to Goguryeo, cutting off relations once more and considering another campaign. Under suggestions by some of his officials, he decided to launch harassment campaigns against Goguryeo's northern region on a yearly

1411:

the Duke of Wei, Li Yuan sent Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin to Luoyang, ostensibly to aid the Sui forces at Luoyang but instead intending to test whether Luoyang might submit to him. The officials at Luoyang rebuffed his attempt at rapprochement, and Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin, not wanting to fight

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However, the capable defense put up by Ansi's commanding general stymied Tang forces and, in late fall, after suffering some casualties, with winter fast approaching and his food supplies running out, Emperor Taizong withdrew. He much regretted launching the campaign and made the comment, "If

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after finding that Gao had held back submissions from his deputy Wang Gui. Viewing Sui's Emperor Yang as a negative example, he frequently solicited criticism, rewarding those officials willing to offer them, particularly Wei and Wang Gui. His openness to opposing ideas was also evident in his

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toward Duomozhi's location, with the direction to either accept his submission or destroy him. Duomozhi surrendered and was taken to Chang'an, ending Xueyantuo's rule over the region. The other tribes formerly submissive to Xueyantuo offered Emperor Taizong the title of "Heavenly Khan" and

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Since I engaged in military campaigns, those war chargers which carried me rushing on the enemy and breaking the line, and which rescued me from perils, their true images should be portrayed on stone and be placed left and right of my tomb to demonstrate the righteousness of "curtain and

2763:), of a total of force of 50,000 to counterattack, and Niu, who commanded the forward forces, defeated Tibetan forces at Song Prefecture. Songsän Gampo withdrew and sued for peace, but still sought to marry a Tang princess. Emperor Taizong agreed this time. Also in 638, believing that 3475:), crown prince, who was considered kinder and gentler, while exiling Li Chengqian and Li Tai. However, starting later that year, Emperor Taizong began to doubt whether Li Zhi's personality was sufficiently strong to serve as emperor, and he toyed with the idea of making another son, 3462:

Taizong's eldest son Li Chengqian chose to speak Turkic, dress in Turkic clothes and even set up a tent in his residence in imitation of a Turkic khan. Taizong removed him from the position of heir apparent and chose as his successor Li Zhi, who embraced Han Chinese cultural heritage.

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one night submitted an accusation to Emperor Gaozu that Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji were committing adultery with Emperor Gaozu's concubines. Emperor Gaozu, in response, issued summonses to Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji for the next morning, convening the senior officials Pei Ji,

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Fuyun sought to have a Tang princess marry his son the Prince of Zun, but the marriage negotiations broke down over Emperor Taizong's insistence that the Prince of Zun come to Chang'an for the wedding. In summer 634, Emperor Taizong had the generals Duan Zhixuan and Fan Xing

1375:(with the title of grand chancellor) and created the Prince of Tang. (Meanwhile, most of the Sui territories and armies did not recognize Emperor Gong as emperor and continued to recognize Emperor Yang as emperor and not as retired emperor.) He made Li Shimin the Duke of Qin. 1577:) in relatively low-level engagements. Eventually, in spring 620, when Liu and Song ran out of food supplies, they retreated, and Li Shimin gave chase, dealing Song a major defeat. Yuchi and Xun surrendered, and after Li Shimin chased further, both Liu and Song fled to the 1669:) that he should instead attack Tang's prefectures in modern southern Shanxi, he marched toward Luoyang. Anticipating Dou's maneuver, Li Shimin left a small detachment, commanded by Li Yuanji, at Luoyang, while marching east himself, taking up position at the strategic 2716:) belonged to as the highest, a decision that Emperor Taizong rebuked, as he pointed out that Gao was merely again looking at tradition and not the recent contributions. He therefore personally intervened in revising the work, reducing Cui's clan to the third class. 2504:

scheme, where the contributors to his reign were given, in addition to their current posts, additional posts as prefectural governors, to be passed on to their descendants. Soon, however, receiving much opposition to the plan, the strongest of which came from

1527:, in modern Xianyang as well), and once he did, his soldiers began surrendering to Li Shimin en masse. Xue Rengao was himself forced to surrender. Li Shimin had him delivered to Chang'an, where he was executed. Around new year 619, Emperor Gaozu made Li Shimin 2647:

Also in 635, Emperor Gaozu died, and Emperor Taizong, observing a mourning period, briefly had Li Chengqian serve as regent, and after he resumed his authorities less than two months later, he still authorized Li Chengqian to thereafter rule on minor matters.

2517:, and Emperor Taizong, while at times tempted by the proposal, was repeatedly dissuaded from doing so by Wei, who pointed out the expenses and the labors that would be imposed on the people as a result, and also that this would open China's borders to attack. 1506:, in modern Xianyang), crushing Tang forces and inflicting 50–60% casualties. Li Shimin was forced to withdraw back to Chang'an, and Liu and Yin were removed from their posts. (This would be Li Shimin's only defeat recorded in historical records until the 6938: 3744:), while submissive to Tang, for some time tried to take control over the region himself, but was subsequently assassinated in 648, and there would be no other organized attempt by Huige to take over the region until for about another century.) 1273:, who soon rose against Wang, killed him, and captured Emperor Yang's secondary palace near Taiyuan. Li Yuan also became fearful of a prophecy that the next emperor would be named Li—Emperor Yang had previously killed another official, Li Hun ( 2710:), with the intent of dividing the clans into nine classes based on their past contributions, good deeds, and ill deeds. In an initial draft that Gao submitted, he nevertheless ranked the branch of the Cui clan that the official Cui Min'gan ( 3018:

to take actions that would clarify that Li Chengqian's position was secure, Emperor Taizong attempted to do so by making repeated statements to that effect, but his continued favoring of Li Tai led to continued speculation among officials.

2578:) lead forces against Tuyuhun, but with Tuyuhun's forces highly mobile and avoiding direct confrontation, Duan, while not defeated, could not make major gains. Once Duan withdrew, Tuyuhun resumed hostilities. In winter 634, with the 2323:(Yuwen Huaji's brother) to investigate, and in fear, Li Youliang's staff members plotted to hold him hostage and rebel. When this was discovered, Emperor Taizong forced Li Youliang to commit suicide. Late in the year, Wang Junkuo ( 2541:, to examine the circuits to see whether the local officials were capable, to find out whether the people were suffering, to comfort the poor, and to select capable people to serve in civil service. (Li Jing initially recommended 2138: 1849:

In 624, when Li Jiancheng was found to have, against regulations, tried to add soldiers to his guard corps, Emperor Gaozu was so angry that he put Li Jiancheng under arrest. In fear, Li Jiancheng's guard commander Yang Wen'gan

3486:– 50,000 horses, 10,000 cows and camels, and 100,000 sheep—a price that Yinan agreed to, but could not immediately collect and deliver. Emperor Taizong used it as an excuse to cancel the marriage agreement. Meanwhile, as 2798:

officials began advocating sending the Turks away from the heart of the state. In fall 639, Emperor Taizong created a Turkish prince who had served him faithfully, Li Simo (né Ashina Simo) as the khan of a newly recreated

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Also in 627, Emperor Taizong, seeing that there were too many prefectures and counties, consolidated and merged many of them, and further created another level of local political organization above prefectures—the circuit

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Taizong is considered to be one of the greatest emperors in China's history, and henceforth his reign became regarded as the exemplary model against which all future emperors were measured. His era, the "Reign of Zhenguan

1486:, Gansu) and Emperor Gaozu sent Li Shimin to resist Xue. Li Shimin established his defenses and refused to engage Xue to try to wear Xue Ju out, but at that time, he was afflicted with malaria, and he let his assistants 3776:

and Niu Jinda in command, and would reoccur. All this was in preparation of another campaign in 649 with forces totaling 300,000, but Taizong died before this campaign and the campaign was stalled into Gaozong's reign.

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In summer 637, Emperor Taizong recreated the feudal scheme that he had considered and abandoned in 631, creating 35 hereditary prefect posts. (By 639, however, the system was again abandoned after much opposition.)

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In spring 636, Emperor Taizong commissioned his brothers and sons as commandants and changed their titles in accordance with the commands that they received, sending them to their posts—with the exception of his son

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By 642, it was clear that Li Tai had ambitions on replacing his brother Li Chengqian, and the governmental officials began to be divided into pro-Li Chengqian and pro-Li Tai factions. After urging by Wei Zheng and

1726:, and proclaimed himself the Prince of Handong. Emperor Gaozu finally sent Li Shimin and Li Yuanji against him in 622 and, after some indecisive battles, Li Shimin defeated him by first erecting a dam across the 1306:, which Pei was in charge with and had allowed Li Yuan to do so), all of them would be slaughtered. Li Yuan agreed to rebel, and after secretly summoning Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji from Hedong and his son-in-law 3077:

In spring 643, Wei died, and Emperor Taizong mourned him bitterly, authoring Wei's monument himself and, prior to Wei's death, promising to give his daughter Princess Hengshan in marriage to Wei's son Wei Shuyu

3396:) had often placed on him, killed Quan and declared a rebellion. Emperor Taizong sent Li Shiji against Li You, but before Li Shiji could engage Li You, Li You was captured by his own subordinate Du Xingmin ( 3494:

as chancellors, Emperor Taizong came to suspect that Wei was part of the plot as well. He destroyed the monument he had authored for Wei and cancelled the betrothal between Wei Shuyu and Princess Hengshan.

3555:) subsequently captured Long Lipozhun and briefly occupied Yanqi, although he then, not wanting a direct confrontation with Tang, withdrew, and the Yanqi nobles made Long Tuqizhi's cousin Long Xuepoanazhi ( 7727:

Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route

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3455:, along with the officials in charge of the supreme court and the legislative and examination bureaus of the government to carry out a joint investigation. At the suggestion of the mid-level official 7204: 3042:

and was plotting with his other officials to kill Yeon. When Yeon received the news, he started a coup and killed the king and the high level officials. He declared King Yeongnyu's nephew Go Jang (

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the Prince of Yan—a late-Sui warlord who later submitted to Tang, who associated with Li Jiancheng—fearing that Emperor Taizong would eventually take action against him, rebelled at Bin Prefecture (

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The death of Li You drew out news of another plot. Li Chengqian, who had been fearful that Emperor Taizong would eventually remove him and replace him with Li Tai, had begun to conspire with

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killed the Prince of Tianzhu and surrendered. Emperor Taizong created Murong Shun the new khan, although Murong Shun was soon assassinated. Emperor Taizong then created Murong Shun's son

1296:. Once Li Shimin's plans matured, he had Pei inform Li Yuan of them—and also had Pei warn Li Yuan that if it were revealed that Li Yuan had had sexual relations with some of Emperor Yang's 3693:

Bazhuo (son of Yinan, who had died earlier in 645) launched attacks against Tang's border prefectures, with largely inconclusive results. In spring 646, the Tang generals Qiao Shiwang (

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Sometime before 638, Emperor Taizong, disgusted with the traditional noble clans of Cui, Lu, Li, and Zheng and believing that they were abusing their highly honored names, commissioned

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Also by 642, Xueyantuo had posed a sufficiently serious threat (albeit still formally submissive) that Emperor Taizong saw two alternatives—destroying it by force or forming into a

3433:, Du Ruhui's son) to overthrow Emperor Taizong. During the investigations in the aftermaths of Li You's rebellion, one of the co-conspirators, Li Chengqian's guard Gegan Chengji ( 8665: 8116: 3812:. Believing Li Shiji to be capable but fearing that he would not be submissive to Li Zhi, he demoted Li Shiji out of the capital to be the commandant at remote Die Prefecture ( 1698:

rose against Tang rule, claiming to be avenging Dou, whom Emperor Gaozu had executed against Li Shimin's wishes after he had been brought back to Chang'an. Liu was allied with

3352:, location of the Sui capital Sui Chang'an, according to the 16th-century Persian traveler Hajji Mahomed, or Chaggi Memet). This account may correspond to the conquest of the 1988: 7060:

History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting

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to accompany Princess Wencheng to Tibet to preside over the wedding. In winter 641, believing that Emperor Taizong was about to carry out sacrifices to heaven and earth at

2787:), the younger brother of Ashina Shibobi, whom Emperor Taizong did not favor and gave little recognition to, formed a conspiracy with Ashina Shibobi's son Ashina Hexiangu ( 1288:

Fearful for his life, Li Yuan considered rebellion. However, he did not know that Li Shimin had also been secretly discussing plans for rebellion with Li Yuan's associates

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to try to persuade Li Shimin to withdraw, but Li Shimin detained Li Dashi and gave no response. Meanwhile, during the campaign, Li Shimin chose some 1,000 elite soldiers (

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opined that Emperor Taizong achieved greatness by enduring criticism which others would find difficult to accept whilst trying hard not to abuse his absolute power (using

2545:, but Emperor Taizong declined sending Wei, stating that Wei needed to stay to point out his faults and that he could not afford to have Wei away even for a single day.) 3836:). His death was initially kept a secret, and three days later, after his casket had been returned to Chang'an, his death was announced, and Li Zhi took the throne as 3074:). When Emperor Taizong received the news, there were suggestions that an attack be launched against Goguryeo, suggestions that Emperor Taizong initially declined. 2063: 1981: 983: 3479:

the Prince of Wu, a son of his concubine Consort Yang (Emperor Yang of Sui's daughter), crown prince, but did not do so due to strong opposition by Zhangsun Wuji.

3936:), to be carved with the portraits of his favorite horses. These were the horses he had ridden in overcoming his rivals and securing the borders of the country. 3738:

thereafter largely became submissive to Tang. Tang nominally established seven command posts and six prefectures over the region. (Huige's khan Yaoluoge Tumidu (

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Meanwhile, coming to the belief that he made an ill-advised promise to Yinan to give him Princess Xinxing in marriage, Emperor Taizong demanded a large amount of

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also broke away and formed its own khanate, and Emperor Taizong entered into an alliance with Xueyantuo's leader Yinan, creating Yinan the Zhenzhupiqie Khan (or

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and Liu Wuzhou would attack Taiyuan. Li Yuan initially ordered retreat, but at the earnest opposition by Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin, continued to advance. After

8650: 2405:. With their khaganate in turmoil, Ashina Duobi was no longer able to protect the last late-Sui rebel ruler who alone remained standing against Tang pressure— 3808:

By summer of 649, Emperor Taizong was seriously ill—with some believing that his illness was caused by the medicine he was administered by Buddhists or his

3439:), was implicated by association, and in order to save himself, he revealed Li Chengqian's plot. Emperor Taizong was shocked by the news, and he appointed 1394:, Shaanxi), temporarily causing Xue Ju to toy with the idea of surrendering to Li Yuan, although Xue was subsequently dissuaded by his strategist Hao Yuan ( 3459:, Emperor Taizong deposed, but did not kill, Li Chengqian, while ordering Li Yuanchang to commit suicide and executing Hou Junji, Li Anyan, Zhao, and Du. 2899:). Qu Zhisheng offered to submit, but Hou demanded a surrender, which Qu Zhisheng refused. However, Hou put Gaochang under siege, and with aid from the 3637:. Emperor Taizong personally led about 30,000 Tang and tribal forces and defeated a 150,000 force commanded by two Gogureyo generals and then put Ansi ( 2172:

from the palace and returning them to their homes, so that they could be married. He made his wife Princess Zhangsun the empress, and their oldest son

1191:), a general call was made for men to join the army to help rescue the emperor. Li Shimin answered that call and served under the general Yun Dingxing ( 1037:

and claims of signs from the heavens. He also modified important rites in order to ease the burden of agricultural labour. The modern Chinese historian

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at multiple points. The army was successful in its attacks, forcing Ashina Duobi to flee, and by late spring 630, Ashina Duobi had been captured, and

5829: 5772: 2248:, accepting much advice from Wei as far as his personal conduct was concerned. He was also willing to demote his own trusted advisors, as he demoted 1500:) take command, ordering them not to engage Xue Ju. Liu and Yin, however, did not take Xue Ju seriously, and Xue Ju ambushed them at Qianshui Plain ( 7121:

The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages

8655: 2335:, roughly modern Beijing), also rebelled, but was defeated quickly and killed in flight. However, although there were also reports that Feng Ang ( 3949:

After Taizong's death, the monuments were situated along the east and west sides of the "spirit path" at the North Gate of the tomb complex named

8080: 3725:), Zhishi Sili, Qibi Heli, Xue Wanche, and Zhang Jian, against Xueyantuo. With Xueyantuo under attack from multiple sides, Bazhuo was killed by 3672: 3348:(582–602 AD) the northerners wearing "black coats" conquered the "red coats" of the south (black being a distinctive color worn by the people of 2996: 2216:

Late in 626, Emperor Taizong ranked the contributors to Tang rule and granted them titles and fiefs, naming among the first rank of contributors

2102: 2917:) in Chinese) as an emissary to Tang, offering tributes and again requesting marriage. Emperor Taizong created a daughter of a clansman as the 883:

in 617. Taizong subsequently played a pivotal role in defeating several of the dynasty's most dangerous opponents and solidifying its rule over

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An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East

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Bishop, Charles W. "Horses of T'ang T'ai Tsung.", 'The Museum Journal' Volume IX (Nos. 3–4) : Page/Fig./Plate: 265–272, figs. 75, 76, 1918

6233: 5561: 2992: 1946:

to examine Li Shimin's accusations. As Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji approached the central gate leading to Emperor Gaozu's palace, Xuanwu Gate (

8247: 8147: 2738: 2554: 2058: 1201:, he brought Li Shimin with him to Taiyuan, while leaving at least three other sons – Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji, and Li Zhiyun ( 8390: 8112: 5671: 2890: 2605: 2601: 2567:, under instigation by his strategist the Prince of Tianzhu, had been repeatedly attacking Tang prefectures on the borders. At one point, 2486:

chieftains all submitted to Tang. Emperor Taizong spared Ashina Duobi but detained him at Chang'an, and he considered what to do with the

2414: 5987:

day of the 8th month of the 9th year of the Wude era of Tang Gaozu's reign. This date corresponds to 4 Sep 626 on the Gregorian calendar.

2197:), launched a major incursion toward Chang'an, and just 19 days after Emperor Taizong took the throne, the two khans were just across the 1824:

For the next few years, the rivalry intensified, although during the meantime both Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin served as generals when the

3682: 3660: 2397:

In 628, with Ashina Duobi and Ashina Shibobi having a falling out, Ashina Shibobi submitted to Emperor Taizong, as did the chieftains of

2386: 1507: 1359:(i.e., the Chang'an region). Once he did, he headed for Chang'an himself, while sending Li Jiancheng to capture the territory around the 5652:, a 1983 Hong Kong television series produced by TVB. It featured a young Li Shimin prominently as one of its three leading characters. 2893:, to launch a major attack on Gaochang. As they approached Gaochang, Qu Wentai died in fear and was succeeded by his son Qu Zhisheng ( 2636:), to attack Tuyuhun. In 635, Li Jing's forces crushed Tuyuhun forces. Murong Fuyun was killed by his own subordinates, and his son 1337:

However, when Li Yuan arrived near Hedong, his army was bogged down by the weather. With food running out, there were rumors that the

1412:

either them or Li Mi for control of Luoyang at this stage, withdrew. Li Yuan subsequently changed Li Shimin's title to Duke of Zhao.

871:

of China, ruling from 626 to 649. He is traditionally regarded as a co-founder of the dynasty for his role in encouraging his father

6520:

The Lost History of Christianity: the Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia – and How It Died

2824: 2085: 991: 157: 49: 6300:

The Middle Kingdom and the Dharma Wheel – Aspects of the Relationship Between the Buddhist Samgha and the State in Chinese History

7877: 3246: 2368: 2053: 973: 6422: 1842:, Jiangsu), Emperor Gaozu briefly commissioned Li Shimin to attack Fu, but soon cancelled the order and sent Li Shimin's cousin 7994: 3000: 8670: 8645: 8096: 7750: 7714: 7674: 7364: 7269: 7232: 7110: 7079: 7048: 7027: 6814: 6772: 6533: 6481: 6456: 6389: 6193: 6082: 6055: 6030: 6005: 5953: 3028:

relationship by marrying one of his daughters to Yinan. This particularly became an issue after the Tang general Qibi Heli (

1521:), Li Shimin crushed Zong's forces, and then attacked Xue Rengao. Xue Rengao was forced to withdraw into the city of Gaozhi ( 3715:) tribes took the opportunity to rebel and attack him. Hearing this, Emperor Taizong launched a major attack, commanded by 3611:

In spring 645, Emperor Taizong departed from Luoyang and led the troops northeast, behind a vanguard of 60,000 commanded by

3336:

but the people were wise and lived by just laws. He depicted the Chinese empire as being divided by a great river (i.e. the

1691:). Meanwhile, Li Shimin's staff, already full of generals and strategists, were supplemented with a number of literary men. 8068: 8064: 7886: 5871: 3819: 1929:

were making another attack, and under Li Jiancheng's suggestion, Emperor Gaozu, instead of sending Li Shimin to resist the

248: 3600:, fearing an attack from Xueyantuo at a time that Tang would be ill-equipped to assist, panicked and abandoned their khan 8056: 7375:

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires)

3953:. The six stone horse reliefs remained at the Mausoleum until the early twentieth century, when four were removed to the 3809: 2836: 3663:." He reerected the monument he authored for Wei and summoned Wei's wife and children to meet him, treating them well. 1610:. Dou, reasoning that if Tang were able to destroy Zheng, his own Xia state would be next, agreed. He sent his official 8675: 8408: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7471: 7452: 7409: 6503: 6362: 6335: 6308: 6281: 6121: 3147: 1952:), Li Shimin carried out the ambush he had set. He personally fired an arrow that killed Li Jiancheng. Subsequently, 1873: 1706:

and who had submitted to Tang after Wang's defeat. Liu dealt successive defeats to Emperor Gaozu's cousin Li Shentong (

1660: 1415:

In summer 618, when news arrived at Chang'an that Emperor Yang had been killed at Jiangdu in a coup led by the general

6251:

Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 19.

8140: 7689: 7507: 7346: 7308: 7185: 7164: 6258: 3202: 193: 175: 120: 98: 63: 3402:) and delivered to Chang'an, where Emperor Taizong ordered him to commit suicide and executed 44 of his associates. 91: 8060: 8052: 5803: 3384:

Also in 643, Emperor Taizong would see major turmoil among his own closest family. In spring 643, his son Li You (

1351:, also in modern Yuncheng), he decided to leave a small contingent to watch over Hedong while advancing across the 7645:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." 6563:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." 2345:

region, was rebelling, Emperor Taizong, at Wei's suggestion, sent messengers to comfort Feng, and Feng submitted.

1476:

The first thing that Li Shimin had to deal with was another incursion by Xue Ju, as Xue attacked Jing Prefecture (

3536: 3504: 3341: 3008: 2073: 2068: 1003: 999: 976:. This made Tang the dominant power in East and Central Asia, and Emperor Taizong subsequently took the title of 17: 8685: 7428: 7421:

Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)

7214: 6960: 3978: 3276:

The expansion of China's power into Central Asia under Emperor Taizong seems to have been noticed in the West.

2373: 2209:, was forced to meet Ashina Duobi across the river and personally negotiate peace terms, including tributes to 892: 821: 730: 617: 3587:

in 598, 612, 613 & 614. Taizong campaign (map) was in 645. Gaozong's campaigns were in 661, 667 & 668.

1149:). Li Yuan named Li Shimin "Shimin" as a shortened form of the phrase "save the earth and pacify the people" ( 8630: 8092: 7553: 6898: 6103: 3986: 3950: 3262: 3085: 2856: 2090: 325: 3788:, but first attacking Yanqi and killing Long Xuepoanazhi and replacing him with his cousin Long Xiannazhun ( 8133: 5691: 3106: 1593: 55: 1973: 8680: 8660: 8156: 7870: 7541: 7537: 5730: 3123: 3101: 2078: 2026: 1563:) but did not engage him, choosing to try to wear Song out, only having his subordinates Yin Kaishan and 1197:), apparently doing so with distinction. In 616, when Li Yuan was put in charge of the important city of 1007: 149: 6963:(Li Bian) recognized that status by treating Emperors Gaozu and Taizong, as well as his adoptive father 2881:, who had previously been submissive to Tang, had become increasingly hostile to Tang, allying with the 1802:), the Prince of Huaiyang, he again regained most of former Xia territory. Li Jiancheng's staff members 1407:(where the officials in charge did not recognize Li Yuan's authorities) under attack by the rebel ruler 8690: 8178: 7706: 7404:(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. 7156: 6669: 5958: 5755: 4833: 4254: 4146: 3619:. At the same time, Zhang Liang led the other 40,000 from sea. By summer 645, Tang forces had captured 2830: 2725: 2513:, Emperor Taizong's officials repeatedly requested that he carry out sacrifices to heaven and earth at 2107: 1803: 1584:

In summer 620, Emperor Gaozu again commissioned Li Shimin against a major enemy—the former Sui general

1448: 1127:), the Duke of Shenwu, and his wife, Northern Zhou's Princess Xiangyang. Li Shimin was also of partial 1046: 1734:, while Li Shimin then headed east and defeated Xu. After leaving Li Shiji, Li Shentong, and Ren Gui ( 1694:

The former Xia territory did not remain in Tang hands for long. In the winter of 621, the Xia general

8423: 7927: 7912: 7725: 6867:"Zhaoling:The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong" 'Sino-Platonic Papers', No. 187, April 2009, p. 140. 5747: 5742: 3519:), who had assisted the Tang campaign to conquer Gaochang, turning against Tang and allying with the 3270: 2312: 3772:

basis, to weaken Goguryeo gradually. The first of these campaigns was launched in spring 647, with

1552:, who had been in charge there, to flee, and then continued his offensive south. Emperor Gaozu sent 8044: 8009: 7979: 7969: 7964: 7944: 6877: 6864: 5760: 4218: 4170: 3958: 3605: 3597: 3546: 3520: 2983: 2930: 2900: 2882: 2852: 2840: 2799: 2510: 2494: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2453: 2438: 2402: 2210: 2180: 1793: 1731: 1578: 1386:

toward Chang'an. Li Yuan sent Li Shimin to resist Xue Rengao, and Li Shimin defeated Xue Rengao at

1338: 1266: 1262: 1172: 995: 965: 954: 85: 1722:. By the end, he had recovered almost all of the former Xia territory, established his capital at 1167:) in marriage as his wife; he was 14 and she was 12. In 615, when Emperor Wen's son and successor 8036: 7984: 7954: 7938: 7917: 7907: 7817: 6184:

Wechsler, Howard J.; Twitchett, Dennis C. (1979). Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John K. (eds.).

5854: 4417: 3837: 3468: 3198: 2794: 2586:

making overtures to marry a Tang princess as well, Emperor Taizong sent the emissary Feng Dexia (

2014: 1620:), clad in black uniform and black armor, commanded by himself, to serve as advance troops, with 280: 6699:) was different, with 40000 Tang soldiers against over 100000 Goguryeo troops allied with Mohe ( 3699:) and Zhishi Sili counterattacked, defeating Bazhuo's forces, causing him to flee. His vassals 2908: 1378:

Li Yuan's control of the Chang'an region became almost immediately contested by the rebel ruler

8604: 8413: 8193: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8040: 8004: 7999: 7989: 7974: 7959: 7949: 7863: 7146: 5895: 4631: 4134: 2767:

was growing increasingly strong and difficult to control, Emperor Taizong granted Yinan's sons

2593: 2534: 2457: 2168:

One of the first actions that Emperor Taizong carried out as emperor was releasing a number of

2148: 2036: 1821:

and returned to Chang'an in triumph. China was, by this point, roughly united under Tang rule.

1557:

him with an army. He crossed the Yellow River and approached Liu's major general Song Jingang (

1512: 961: 235: 102: 6379: 6298: 3926:

After consolidating the Tang Empire, Emperor Taizong ordered six large stone panels, known as

8478: 8212: 8072: 8048: 8032: 7933: 7897: 7793: 7102: 6850: 6806: 6764: 6525: 6518: 6408: 6352: 6325: 6271: 5700: 5219: 4712: 3570: 3333: 3277: 2097: 1922:, who remained on Li Shimin's staff, continued to try to persuade Li Shimin to attack first. 1910:

persuaded Emperor Gaozu to remove Fang and Du, as well as Li Shimin's trusted guard generals

1890:

By 626, Li Shimin was fearful that he would be killed by Li Jiancheng, and his staff members

1818: 1785:, who had better relationships with Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji than they did with Li Shimin. 1723: 1674: 1659:

letter suggesting that he withdraw. Dou would not do so, and, against the advice of his wife

1553: 1464: 1363:

region to prevent Sui forces at Luoyang from reinforcing Chang'an and Li Shimin north of the

1289: 1082: 495: 270: 6880:"Zhaoling:The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong" 'Sino-Platonic Papers', No. 187, April 2009 1730:

and then destroying it, with the resultant flood destroying the rebel army. Liu fled to the

8695: 5820: 5786: 3539:. Guo caught Long Tuqizhi by surprise and captured him, making his brother Long Lipozhun ( 3097: 3035: 2661:

died. Emperor Taizong mourned her bitterly and personally wrote the text of her monument.

2592:) to Tibet with an eye toward an alliance against Tuyuhun. In winter 634, he commissioned 2378: 2048: 1771: 921:

systems. He asked his officials to be loyal to policies, not people, in order to eliminate

918: 3767:," also known as "Whirlwind Victory" and is housed at the Penn Museum in Philadelphia, PA. 3729:

forces, and the remaining Xueyantuo people fled and supported Bazhuo's cousin Duomozhi as

2529:

Detail of Yan Liben's painting on the reception of the Tibetan envoy, showing Tang Taizong

1883:

incursions, seriously considered burning Chang'an to the ground and moving the capital to

8: 8640: 8635: 8380: 8173: 7744: 6146: 5602: 3899: 3297: 2681: 2112: 1408: 1234: 1168: 1042: 7644: 7041:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

6562: 8014: 7651: 7175: 7019: 6959:, which claimed inheritance of Tang heritage, was established, as its founding emperor 6569: 6134: 6074:

Donors of Longmen: Faith, politics and patronage in medieval Chinese Buddhist sculpture

5725: 4702: 3903: 3747: 3357: 3258: 3043: 2939:). Li Simo was forced to retreat inside the Great Wall. Emperor Taizong commissioned 2778: 1902:

were repeatedly encouraging Li Shimin to attack Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji first—while

1538: 1094: 653: 645: 8237: 7710: 7685: 7670: 7503: 7467: 7448: 7424: 7405: 7360: 7342: 7304: 7265: 7228: 7210: 7181: 7160: 7150: 7106: 7075: 7044: 7023: 6820: 6810: 6778: 6768: 6529: 6477: 6452: 6385: 6358: 6331: 6304: 6277: 6254: 6189: 6078: 6051: 6026: 6001: 5717: 5675: 3781: 3676: 3345: 3216: 3004: 2918: 2777:) both lesser khan titles, to try to create dissensions between them. In summer 639, 2169: 1368: 1184: 1146: 805: 797: 601: 593: 345: 7721:

See especially : Ch. 4, T'ai-tsung (626–49) the Consolidator. pp. 150–241.

2583: 2311:, Gansu), was accused of allowing his staff to oppress the people and to trade with 1548:

launched a major offensive against Tang. He captured Taiyuan in summer 619, forcing

913:

in ancient Chinese history and was treated as required studying material for future

8599: 8285: 7835: 7800: 7548: 7532: 6996: 6142: 6098: 5945: 5815: 5070: 4461: 4384: 4348: 3472: 3390:) the Prince of Qi, angry over restrictions that his secretary general Quan Wanji ( 3281: 3160: 3142: 3136: 2658: 2295:) and killed in flight. Later that year, when Emperor Gaozu's cousin Li Youliang ( 2155: 1218: 1164: 1062: 864: 776: 753: 702: 671: 558: 527: 336: 4695:

Lady of Talent, of the Wu clan; 624–705, personal name Mei (媚), known commonly as

3110:

Fanciful modern representation of the Byzantine embassy to Tang Taizong in 643 CE.

1159:). Li Shimin apparently showed talent early in his life, and in 613, the official 8609: 8594: 7702:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part 1

7700: 7696: 7640: 7438: 7336: 6718: 6072: 5868: 5850: 5841: 5619: 4314: 3927: 3620: 3365: 3261:, which may have also prompted the Byzantines to send envoys to China amid their 3242: 3186: 3051: 2560: 2041: 2031: 1648: 1387: 1342: 1324:

the Prince of Dai, nominally in charge at Chang'an with Emperor Yang at Jiangdu (

1297: 420: 7740: 7225:

The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium

6253:

Edited by John Woronoff. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth: The Scarecrow Press, p. 26,

4672:

Lady of Bright Countenance, of the Wei clan (昭容韋氏／韦氏), personal name Nizi (尼子)

3114: 7855: 7844: 7684:(1st paperback ed.), Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 7560: 7296: 6498: 6167: 6116: 5979: 5931: 3887: 3730: 3490:

had, prior to his death, recommended Hou Junji and Li Chengqian's staff member

3254: 3194: 3119: 2868: 2641: 2579: 2428: 2382: 2188: 1748: 1320:, he declared a rebellion, claiming to want to support Emperor Yang's grandson 1098: 1010:. Eventually, the Tang defeated and annexed the Western Turkic Khaganate after 978: 579: 231: 8125: 6693:

According to the Old book of Tang, the number of soldiers in Battle of Zhubi (

6186:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I

3320:, with a capital city roughly 1,500 miles northeast from India that he called 8624: 8548: 8508: 8458: 8320: 7036: 6956: 6824: 6782: 5863: 5708: 5443: 5089: 4409: 4098: 4086: 3823: 3648: 3444: 3440: 3373: 3238: 3071: 3039: 2860: 2673: 2506: 2398: 2221: 2217: 2206: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1899: 1891: 1825: 1776:

By this point, Li Shimin and his older brother Li Jiancheng, who was created

1703: 1585: 1118: 1114: 1074: 1050: 505: 297: 6955:

His status as co-founder on par with Gaozu appeared certain by the time the

8528: 8443: 8360: 8222: 8203: 7807: 7764: 7067: 5917: 5837: 5811: 5565: 5281: 4967: 4360: 4278: 3954: 3907: 3879: 3868: 3827: 3794:). Ashina She'er advanced on Qiuzi and captured its king Bai Helibushibi ( 3763:, from the tomb of Emperor Taizong, c. 650. The relief shown here depicts " 3353: 3313: 3168: 3015: 2693: 2564: 2446: 2308: 2229: 2184: 2173: 2006: 2003: 1957: 1953: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1880: 1777: 1764: 1753: 1629: 1625: 1568: 1424: 1420: 1352: 1132: 1131:

descent. Duchess Dou bore Li Yuan four sons—an older brother to Li Shimin,

1086: 1034: 950: 914: 884: 868: 783: 709: 565: 485: 6800: 6758: 3871: 2158:

of Emperor Taizong (located center) dated to AD 642, located in Cave 220,

8563: 8553: 8543: 8533: 8513: 8483: 8473: 8418: 8375: 8340: 8325: 8315: 8300: 8295: 8242: 8164: 7827: 6838: 6802:

Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall

6760:

Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall

5738: 4938: 4290: 4206: 4074: 4062: 3962: 3911: 3601: 3580: 3491: 3483: 3329: 3182: 2848: 2803: 2689: 2637: 2475: 2406: 2320: 2249: 2202: 1843: 1699: 1491: 1487: 1416: 1317: 1293: 1265:

incursions and the growing strength of agrarian rebels, particularly the

1160: 1102: 1090: 1022: 1015: 1011: 987: 926: 876: 473: 448: 368: 314: 2289:, in modern Xianyang), but was quickly crushed by the official Yang Ji ( 1956:

killed Li Yuanji. Li Shimin's forces entered the palace and, under the

8573: 8568: 8558: 8488: 8438: 8433: 8355: 8335: 8310: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8252: 7669:. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 7444: 7139:

Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History

5879: 5615: 5611: 4326: 4230: 4038: 3853: 3764: 3716: 3690: 3666: 3616: 3575: 3415:) the Prince of Han (Emperor Taizong's brother), the general Li Anyan ( 3234: 3226: 2965:), to attack Xueyantuo. Li Shiji soon defeated Dadu at Nuozhen River ( 2950: 2922: 2811: 2768: 2697: 2627: 2617: 2613: 2525: 2465: 2460:

with overall command of a multi-pronged army, assisted by the generals

2437:) killed Liang Shidu and surrendered, finally uniting China. With the 2241: 1943: 1829: 1727: 1670: 1621: 1603: 1564: 1545: 1451:, while continuing to have Li Shimin serve as a major general as well. 1383: 1270: 1180: 969: 922: 910: 382: 8578: 8538: 8518: 8498: 8493: 8468: 8453: 8428: 8385: 8370: 8305: 8290: 8232: 8227: 8188: 7922: 6911: 6020: 5798: 5479: 4895: 4696: 4682: 4194: 4158: 4050: 3686: 3656: 3634: 3487: 3406: 3285: 3266: 2926: 2886: 2764: 2742: 2609: 2597: 2542: 2514: 2501: 2442: 2410: 2390: 2245: 2233: 2198: 1934: 1903: 1807: 1789: 1782: 1695: 1655: 1589: 1549: 1483: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1307: 1238: 1208: 1142: 1058: 1021:

Unlike much of the nobility in his time, Emperor Taizong was a frank

814: 723: 610: 301: 7384:

The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589–906

2933:, Yinan launched a major attack on them, commanded by his son Dadu ( 2810:

who had surrendered as his subordinates, to be settled north of the

957:'s reign, which is considered to be the height of the Tang dynasty. 8463: 8448: 8350: 8183: 7303:, vol. V:7: 'The Gunpowder Epic', Cambridge University Press, 5768: 5686: 5656: 5607: 5556:

Emperor Taizong was the subject of a 64-chapter (in eight volumes)

5255: 4445: 4302: 4242: 4182: 4122: 3883: 3773: 3734: 3630: 3612: 3584: 3510: 3471:

the Prince of Jin (who, like Li Chengqian and Li Tai, were born of

3452: 3250: 3190: 3171:

or Middle East), beginning in 643 with an embassy sent by the king

2940: 2878: 2461: 2424: 2258: 2225: 2159: 1895: 1884: 1719: 1611: 1331: 1321: 1258: 1106: 1078: 1054: 946: 942: 631: 7174:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),

6238:

The Poetics of Sovereignty: On Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty

5636:

produced a television series about Li Shimin's adventure based on

2509:, Emperor Taizong cancelled the scheme. After the conquest of the 1541:) and put him in charge of Tang operations east of the Tong Pass. 1245:

Emperor Yang was soon dissatisfied with Li Yuan and Wang Rengong (

1229: 1224: 8503: 8345: 7840: 6217: 5794: 4801: 4266: 4026: 3891: 3760: 3467:

At Zhangsun's suggestion, Emperor Taizong created a younger son,

3448: 3349: 3317: 3309: 3245:, sent diplomats to China for securing aid from Emperor Taizong ( 2807: 2538: 2342: 2316: 2237: 1939: 1839: 1419:, Li Yuan had Emperor Gong yield the throne to him, establishing 1404: 1279:), and Li Hun's clan over his fear that Li Hun's nephew, Li Min ( 1198: 1128: 1110: 1038: 1030: 953:. This era of consolidation and conquest laid the foundation for 934: 880: 872: 480: 468: 6878:

http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp187_taizong_emperor.pdf

6865:

http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp187_taizong_emperor.pdf

2793:) to assassinate Emperor Taizong. They had planned to wait for 2657:

displace Li Chengqian, whose favors began to wane. In fall 636,

2533:

In 634, Emperor Taizong sent 13 high level officials, including

2409:

the Emperor of Liang, and in summer 628, with the Tang generals

2187:(Ashina Duobi), along with his nephew the subordinate Tuli Khan 8365: 8330: 6990:

Xu Jingzong, Gao Jifu, and Zhang Xingcheng were referred to as

6964: 6357:(2nd Enlarged ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 77. 5883: 5712: 4660: 4372: 4110: 3994: 3875: 3861: 3756: 3752: 3644: 3604:, fleeing into Tang territory. Emperor Taizong reabsorbed the 3456: 3337: 3230: 3127: 2972: 2864: 2653: 2568: 2452:

In late 629, believing the time ripe for a major attack on the

2280: 2254: 1863: 1817:) and delivered to Li Jiancheng. Li Jiancheng executed Liu in 1759: 1379: 1372: 1188: 938: 900: 239: 7393:

Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War

6642: 6640: 3633:, Liaoning), and headed southeast toward the Goguryeo capital 3376:) or even the name of the contemporary ruler Emperor Taizong. 3316:), was a great eastern empire in the Far East that ruled over 2129: 1743: 1515:

between Li Shimin and Xue Rengao's major general Zong Luohou (

1459: 225: 4579: 3895: 3857: 3785: 3726: 3700: 3592: 3476: 3305: 3164: 3061: 3024: 2301:) the Prince of Changle, the commandant at Liang Prefecture ( 2152: 1678: 1607: 1391: 1026: 930: 7440:

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy

3733:, but soon offered to submit to Tang. Emperor Taizong sent 2559:

Around this time, Tang was having increasing conflicts with

1740:) to continue attacking Xu, Li Shimin returned to Chang'an. 6637: 5781: 3864: 3038:, the king of Goguryeo, was apprehensive about his general 2859:

in 657 under Taizong's successor, Gaozong. The kingdoms of

3961:, China and two were sold and subsequently donated to the 1702:, a former agrarian rebel general who was nominally under 7682:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics

7328:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics

7262:

The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb

5660: 5633: 5618:

to stand guard outside his bedroom to protect him from a

5606:

details a fictional account of the origin of the Chinese

5550: 3915: 3849: 3659:

were still alive, he would never have let me launch this

3265:. Tang Chinese sources also recorded how Sassanid prince 2867:

surrendered to the Chinese in 632, as did the kingdom of

1427:

but created Li Shimin the Prince of Qin, also making him

1211:

Lady Wan) – at the ancestral home Hedong (

826: 735: 650: 636: 622: 6716: 4525:; 624–682), personal name Mengjiang (孟姜), 10th daughter 3914:

religions in his personal religion that was enforced by

3608:

into Tang, while making Li Simo a general in his army.)

3193:. These histories also provided cursory descriptions of 2179:

Emperor Taizong also immediately faced a crisis, as the

1906:

was encouraging Li Jiancheng to attack Li Shimin first.

1045:

as a negative example), as well as by employing capable

3088:

to commemorate the 24 great contributors to his reign.

2147:

Left: Hanging Portrait of Emperor Taizong, kept in the

1796:, defeating and killing Li Shimin's cousin Li Daoxuan ( 1437:), the head of the executive bureau of the government ( 1093:, and a nephew, by marriage, to Sui's founding emperor 7730:. London: Hakluyt Society. Accessed 21 September 2016. 6986: 6984: 6982: 6561:

Hirth, Friedrich (2000) . Arkenberg, Jerome S. (ed.).

6446: 6021:

Picken, Laurence E.R.; Nickson, Noël J., eds. (2007).

5570:

The Biography of the Prince of Qin of the Tang Dynasty

2741:, Sichuan) under siege. Emperor Taizong commissioned 2271:), and Emperor Taizong was at least a nominal Taoist. 1588:, who had Sui's last emperor, Emperor Yang's grandson 6738: 6025:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. 3091: 3084:). Later in spring, Emperor Taizong commissioned 24 3046:) king, while taking power himself with the title of 2907:

In winter 640, Songsän Gampo sent his prime minister

2362: 1879:

Later that year, Emperor Gaozu, troubled by repeated

802: 788: 714: 598: 584: 570: 7177:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

6910:

She was the wife of Emperor Taizong's full brother,

6472:

Jonathan Karem Skaff (2009). Nicola Di Cosmo (ed.).

6471: 6330:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 60. 6077:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii press. p. 88. 6050:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 66. 5907: 4470:; 633–644), personal name Mingda (明达), 19th daughter 3667:

Campaign against Xueyantuo and conquest of the Kucha

7253:

The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1–2

7244:

Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492

7173: 6979: 6726:(4th ed., reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 144 3271:

conquest of Persia by the growing Islamic caliphate

2987:

Emperor Taizong's campaign against the oasis states

1596:, defended by Wang Shichong's nephew Wang Honglie ( 1367:to capture territory there. Meanwhile, Li Shimin's 234:, created during the Ming dynasty era, kept in the 6517: 3906:, which was a major institution in that branch of 2493:The main opposing views were from the chancellors 1581:. All of Dingyang territory fell into Tang hands. 1163:, impressed with him, gave him a niece (the later 8666:Tang dynasty generals at war against the Göktürks 7482:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan 6276:. Marshall Cavendish Editions. 2007. p. 68. 6183: 5827:Portrayed by Zheng Guo Lin in the 2014 TV series 2818: 1606:the Prince of Xia, who controlled most of modern 1471: 8622: 7885: 7639: 7090:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 6560: 6273:Chinese Strategists – Beyond Sun Zi's Art of War 6188:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–227. 5983:recorded that Taizong assumed the throne on the 5698:Portrayed by Shen Xiaohai in the 2006 TV series 5638:The Novel of the Prince of Qin of the Great Tang 5558:The Novel of the Prince of Qin of the Great Tang 3498: 2201:from Chang'an. Emperor Taizong, accompanied by 8155: 7282:, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 6634:Yule (1915), pp 29–31; footnote No. 3 on p. 31. 6556: 6554: 6423:"The Emperor's Preface to the Sacred Teachings" 6350: 3918:that demanded his subjects practice tolerance. 3596:to attack Goguryeo, however, the reconstituted 3523:, Emperor Taizong sent the general Guo Xiaoke ( 2431:, Shaanxi), Liang Shidu's cousin Liang Luoren ( 2377:Emperor Taizong depicted giving an audience to 2319:tribesmen, Emperor Taizong sent the chancellor 1454: 1225:Participation in the rebellion against Sui rule 152:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 6476:. Harvard University Press. pp. 183–185. 1654:to withdraw, but Li Shimin sent his secretary 1423:as its Emperor Gaozu. He created Li Jiancheng 8651:Tang dynasty generals at war against Goguryeo 8141: 7871: 7072:Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire 6700: 6694: 5780:Portrayed by Yoon Seung-won in the 2012–2013 5641: 5593: 5583: 5573: 5110: 5101: 5083: 5074: 5060: 5051: 5040: 5031: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4991: 4982: 4976: 4961: 4952: 4946: 4932: 4923: 4912: 4903: 4889: 4880: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4840: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4765: 4745: 4736: 4725: 4716: 4675:Imperial Concubine, of a certain clan (下嫔某氏) 4664: 4657:Able Consort, of the Zheng clan (賢妃郑氏／贤妃郑氏) 4647: 4635: 4623: 4612: 4603: 4592: 4583: 4571: 4560: 4551: 4540: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4451: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4403: 4394: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4352: 3931: 3831: 3813: 3795: 3789: 3739: 3720: 3710: 3704: 3694: 3638: 3624: 3556: 3550: 3540: 3530: 3524: 3514: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3360:(r. 581–604). Simocatta names their ruler as 3233:), who forced the Byzantines to pay tribute. 3220: 3210: 3176: 3154: 3126:, due to efforts of the Christian missionary 3079: 3029: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2944: 2934: 2912: 2894: 2872: 2855:and Tang would continue until the defeat and 2788: 2782: 2772: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2739:Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture 2732: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2631: 2621: 2587: 2573: 2469: 2432: 2418: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2266: 2192: 1989: 1947: 1867: 1857: 1851: 1833: 1812: 1797: 1735: 1713: 1707: 1664: 1639: 1633: 1615: 1597: 1572: 1558: 1532: 1522: 1516: 1501: 1495: 1477: 1432: 1395: 1346: 1325: 1311: 1301: 1280: 1274: 1252: 1246: 1212: 1202: 1192: 1136: 1122: 758: 676: 532: 388: 374: 213: 7502:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, 7423:, U of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, 7359:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, 6655:Yule (1915), p. 29; footnote No. 4 on p. 29. 6646:Yule (1915), p. 30; footnote No. 2 on p. 30. 6551: 6351:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006). 6323: 6179: 6177: 6000:. Pasadena: Salem Press. 2000. p. 613. 5754:Portrayed by Song Yong-tae in the 2006–2007 4534:), and had issue (three sons, two daughters) 3673:Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo 3344:, yet during the reign of Byzantine Emperor 3185:) to Emperor Taizong, bearing gifts such as 3065: 3055: 2851:, around 640. These hostilities between the 2847:) and their allies, the oasis states of the 2401:tribes, who had previously submitted to the 7484:, Institute for Asian and African Studies 7 6847:Premier tortoise in the storehouse of books 6666:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature 6451:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. 4663:(賢妃徐氏／贤妃徐氏; 627–650), personal name Hui ( 4438:Married Du He of Jingzhao, Duke Xiangyang ( 4007: 3830:, died at his summer palace Cuiwei Palace ( 3269:(636–679) fled to Tang China following the 2993:Emperor Taizong's campaign against Goguryeo 2731:Tang prefectures, putting Song Prefecture ( 2700:to compile a work later to be known as the 2668: 2548: 2456:, Emperor Taizong commissioned the general 1828:made incursions. In 623, when the general 1792:returned east after receiving aid from the 1744:Struggle against Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 8148: 8134: 7878: 7864: 7667:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire 7289:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 7280:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire 7250: 7209:, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, 7152:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 6589:Ball (2016), pp. 152–153, see endnote 114. 6449:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 5830:Heroes of Sui and Tang Dynasties 3 & 4 3852:, although his vision of it was a greatly 3848:Emperor Taizong stated he believed in the 3810:taking of pills given to him by alchemists 2555:Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun 1996: 1982: 1933:as he first was inclined, decided to send 1602:), had submitted to Tang. Wang sought aid 1403:In spring 618, with Sui's eastern capital 224: 7724:Yule, Henry (1915). Henri Cordier (ed.), 7695: 7399: 7381: 7341:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6174: 2520: 2263:Emperor's Preface to the Sacred Teachings 1113:general during Sui's predecessor dynasty 960:In 630, Emperor Taizong sent his general 230:Portrait of Emperor Taizong of Tang on a 194:Learn how and when to remove this message 176:Learn how and when to remove this message 121:Learn how and when to remove this message 7466:, United States: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 7286: 7118: 7087: 6720:The Chinese, Their History and Culture, 6384:. Oxford University Press. p. 109. 4931:Married Gao Lüxing of Bohai, Duke Shen ( 4859:Married Dou Kui of Henan, Baron Xindou ( 4794:Married Xiao Rui of Lanling, Duke Song ( 4708:Lady of Talent, of the Xiao clan (才人萧氏) 4692:Lady of Beauty, of the Xiao clan (美人萧氏) 4528:Married Zhou Daowu of Runan, Duke Qiao ( 3746: 3574: 3253:in Central Asia) during the loss of the 3113: 3105: 2982: 2885:. In 640, Emperor Taizong commissioned 2825:Tang campaigns against the Western Turks 2672: 2524: 2372: 1969: 1758: 1747: 1712:), the Prince of Huai'an; Li Xiaochang ( 1458: 1261:, Shanxi), over their inability to stop 1228: 998:. During his reign, Tang armies annexed 84:This article includes a list of general 8656:Chancellors under Emperor Gaozu of Tang 7464:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China 7325: 7295: 7277: 7241: 7096: 7035: 7013: 6515: 6490: 6398: 4681:Married Tang Yishi (唐義識／唐义识), a son of 3784:, commanded by Ashina She'er, aimed at 2978: 2369:Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks 2359:)—dividing his state into 10 circuits. 1846:the Prince of Zhao Commandery instead. 1382:, the Emperor of Qin, who sent his son 1145:– and at least one daughter (the later 1135:, and two younger brothers, Li Yuanba ( 1065:also proved to be a capable assistant. 14: 8623: 7447:: State University of New York Press, 7334: 7193: 7136: 7127: 7057: 6744: 6377: 6070: 5551:Literary and other cultural references 5350: 5346: 5336: 5236: 5135: 5131: 4996:) in 636, and had issue (one daughter) 4960:Married Cheng Huailiang, Duke Dong'a ( 4839:Married Liu Xuanyi of Henan, Duke Yu ( 4826:Married Wang Jingzhi, Baron Nancheng ( 4678:Princess Yuzhang (豫章公主), 6th daughter 3755:of a soldier and horse with elaborate 3340:) that served as the boundary between 2500:In 631, Emperor Taizong established a 804: 652: 600: 8129: 7859: 7643:(2000) . Arkenberg, Jerome S. (ed.). 7461: 7436: 7418: 7372: 7259: 7222: 7202: 7145: 6794: 6792: 6691:]. Vol. 3. Emperor Taizong. 6465: 6404: 6296: 5954:Chinese emperors family tree (middle) 5893:Portrayed by Ma Yue in the TV series 5610:. Emperor Taizong asked his generals 5507: 5504: 5494: 5478: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5448: 5442: 5432: 5420: 5410: 5406: 5394: 5391: 5381: 5368: 5358: 5354: 5333: 5323: 5311: 5301: 5297: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5254: 5244: 5240: 5224: 5218: 5208: 5195: 5185: 5181: 5169: 5166: 5156: 5143: 5139: 4888:Married Chai Lingwu, Duke Xiangyang ( 3591:Also in 644, with Goguryeo attacking 3421:), and his brothers-in-law Zhao Jie ( 3379: 2329:), the commandant at You Prefecture ( 1977: 1117:. Li Shimin's mother, Li Yuan's wife 875:(Emperor Gaozu) to rebel against the 439:Emperor Wen Wu Dasheng Daguang Xiao ( 7515: 7497: 7390: 7354: 7316: 7066: 6837: 6798: 6756: 6682: 6524:. New York: Harper Collins. p. 6420: 6147:10.3969/j.issn.1004-3381.2019.08.062 5767:Portrayed by Yu Shaoqun in the 2012 5626: 3820:Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 3800:), making his brother king instead. 3681:Meanwhile, in the aftermaths of the 3564: 3368:, either correlating to the Chinese 3229:, governor of Syria before becoming 2815:Turks advanced to the new location. 2274: 1251:), the governor of Mayi Commandery ( 132: 70: 29: 7488: 7301:Science & Civilisation in China 7130:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia 7074:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 6509: 6045: 4874:; 613–669), and had issue (one son) 4622:Virtuous Consort, of the Yan clan ( 3263:recent loss of Syria to the Muslims 2806:), giving him all of the Turks and 2684:of Emperor Taizong on a Tang stele. 1567:engage the other Dingyang generals 258:4 September 626 – 10 24: 7525: 7479: 7251:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), 6789: 6474:Military Culture in Imperial China 6421:Poon, Vincent (10 February 2017). 6222:Outlines of the History of Chinese 5888:Peace in Palace, Peace in Chang'An 5560:(大唐秦王詞話 Datang Qin Wang Cihua) by 4456:) in 643, and had issue (two sons) 3843: 3092:Contacts with the Byzantine Empire 2975:, Inner Mongolia), and Dadu fled. 2363:Campaign against the Eastern Turks 1874:Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture 1447:) and a post considered one for a 1097:. Li Shimin's grandmother Duchess 984:campaigns against the oasis states 90:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 8707: 7734: 7206:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900 7099:The Woman Who Discovered Printing 6928:Given in final version as of 754. 6717:Kenneth Scott Latourette (1964). 5334:Emperor Taizong of Tang (598–649) 4685:, in 637, and had issue (one son) 4550:Noble Consort, of the Yang clan ( 4504:Noble Consort, of the Wei clan ( 4491:Married Wei Zhengju of Jingzhao ( 4412:, in 633, and had issue (one son) 4402:Married Zhangsun Chong of Henan ( 4393:; 621–643), personal name Lizhi ( 4351:, of the Zhangsun clan of Henan ( 3122:, Emperor Taizong recognized the 3001:campaign against the oasis states 2596:, assisted by the other generals 2253:attempt to reconcile traditional 1866:, exiling them to Xi Prefecture ( 1663:and secretary general Ling Jing ( 1300:at the secondary Jinyang Palace ( 1105:, both of whom were daughters of 411:September 626 – 10 45:This article has multiple issues. 27:Emperor of China from 626 to 649 7330:, University of California Press 7119:Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), 5938: 5924: 5910: 5804:Heroes in Sui and Tang Dynasties 5774:Heroes of Sui and Tang Dynasties 5724:Portrayed by Ma Yue in the 2006 5019:Married Yang Renlu of Hongnong ( 4951:; 624–664), personal name Jing ( 4482:Married Zhangsun Quan of Henan ( 3241:(r. 632–651), last ruler of the 2213:, before Ashina Duobi withdrew. 2137: 2128: 1511:Shimin engaged him, and after a 968:, defeating and capturing their 137: 75: 34: 7137:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), 7007: 6970: 6967:, all as founders of his state. 6949: 6904: 6892: 6883: 6870: 6857: 6831: 6750: 6710: 6676: 6658: 6649: 6628: 6619: 6610: 6601: 6592: 6583: 6542: 6447:Patricia Buckley Ebrey (2010). 6440: 6414: 6371: 6344: 6317: 6290: 6264: 6243: 6227: 6211: 6202: 6160: 6127: 5998:Directory of historical figures 5741:and Lee Joo-hyeon in 2006–2007 5010:Married Wei Si'an of Jingzhao ( 4981:; 628–659), personal name Shu ( 4911:Married Shi Renbiao, Duke Dou ( 4510:; 597–665), personal name Gui ( 3874:, and incorporated elements of 3505:Tang campaigns against Karasahr 3219:) and their commander "Mo-yi" ( 3009:Tang campaigns against Karasahr 2929:and would be unable to aid the 1862:) and Li Shimin's staff member 982:. He also launched a series of 929:as well as parts of modern-day 917:. Taizong continued to develop 851:January 598 – 10 827: 736: 651: 637: 623: 53:or discuss these issues on the 7373:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012), 7264:, Cambridge University Press, 7198:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 7097:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), 7043:, Princeton University Press, 6931: 6922: 6695: 6616:Schafer (1985), pp. 10, 25–26. 6109: 6091: 6064: 6048:Buddhism, diplomacy, and trade 6039: 6014: 5990: 5971: 5866:in the 2021 Chinese TV series 5642: 5082:Married Fang Yi'ai of Qinghe ( 5059:Married Zhangsun Xi of Henan ( 4990:Married Dou Huaizhe of Henan ( 4644:Li Xiao, Prince Shang of Jiang 3999: 3990: 3982: 3932: 3832: 3796: 3790: 3740: 3721: 3711: 3695: 3625: 3557: 3541: 3535:, i.e., Gaochang) to launch a 3515: 3435: 3423: 3417: 3392: 3356:and reunification of China by 3284:historian during the reign of 3155: 3066: 3056: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2945: 2913: 2819:Campaign against Western Turks 2789: 2783: 2773: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2712: 2622: 2588: 2574: 2470: 2419: 2389:of a painting by court artist 2355: 2337: 2303: 2291: 2267: 1948: 1868: 1858: 1852: 1834: 1813: 1736: 1687: 1682: 1640: 1634: 1616: 1573: 1559: 1517: 1502: 1496: 1478: 1472:Campaign to reunify the empire 1443: 1438: 1433: 1302: 1275: 1253: 1213: 1203: 1193: 1155: 1150: 1123: 905: 896: 803: 789: 759: 715: 677: 599: 585: 571: 533: 404: 214: 13: 1: 8081:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 7462:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), 7437:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2006), 7419:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), 7402:Chinese History: A New Manual 7319:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang 5964: 5896:Ode to Daughter of Great Tang 5568:. The novel is also known as 4894:; d. 653), the second son of 4724:Li Ming, Prince Gong of Cao ( 3499:Campaign against the Karasahr 3086:portraits at Lingyan Pavilion 2857:conquest of the Western Turks 1964: 1141:), who would die in 614, and 1073:Li Shimin was born in 598 at 1068: 8671:7th-century Chinese monarchs 8646:Emperors of the Tang dynasty 7887:Emperors of the Tang dynasty 7680:Schafer, Edward H. (1985) , 7400:Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). 7395:, University of Hawaii Press 7386:, Cambridge University Press 7382:Twitchett, Denis C. (1979), 7223:Graff, David Andrew (2016), 7180:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 7123:, Princeton University Press 6548:Adshead (1995), pp. 104–106. 6249:Victor Cunrui Xiong (2009), 5692:The Prince of Qin, Li Shimin 5590:Romance of the Prince of Qin 4661:Able Consort, of the Xu clan 4450:Married Xue Guan of Hedong ( 3921: 3124:Nestorian Church of the East 2474:, Xue Wanjun's brother) and 2423:) sieging the Liang capital 1718:), the Prince of Yi'an; and 1455:During Emperor Gaozu's reign 1121:, was a daughter of Dou Yi ( 544:"Great Ancestor of the Tang" 7: 8157:Transition from Sui to Tang 7741:The biographies of the sons 7665:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). 7326:Schafer, Edward H. (1985), 7291:, Columbia University Press 7278:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009), 7014:Adshead, S. A. M. (1995) , 6378:Richey, Jeffrey L. (2008). 6327:Eurasian Core and Its Edges 5903: 5731:The Rise of the Tang Empire 5121: 5039:Married Dugu Mou of Henan ( 4591:Li Yin, Prince Dao of Shu ( 4570:Consort, of the Yang clan ( 3968: 3647:, Liaoning) fortress under 3529:), the commandant at Anxi ( 3163:), which they equated with 3102:Europeans in Medieval China 2904:annexed it into his state. 2745:, assisted by Zhishi Sili ( 1285:), would seize the throne. 1237:, by the Tang court artist 351: 249:Emperor of the Tang dynasty 10: 8712: 7707:Cambridge University Press 7157:Cambridge University Press 7018:(2nd ed.), New York: 6805:(1st ed.). New York: 6763:(1st ed.). New York: 6670:Cambridge University Press 5959:Turks in the Tang military 5348: 5230: 5133: 4755:Lady, of the Gao clan (高氏) 4602:Consort, of the Yin clan ( 4479:; 634–663), 21st daughter 4363:, Prince Min of Hengshan ( 3951:Zhaoling or Zhao Mausoleum 3670: 3568: 3502: 3148:several embassies made by 3095: 2997:campaign against Xueyantuo 2990: 2943:, assisted by Zhang Jian ( 2831:Turks in the Tang military 2828: 2822: 2726:Tibetan attack on Songzhou 2723: 2720:Tibetan attack on Songzhou 2552: 2366: 1918:, from Li Shimin's staff. 1769: 1646: 8676:Politicians from Xianyang 8587: 8399: 8261: 8202: 8163: 8030: 8021: 7893: 7833: 7824: 7814: 7798: 7790: 7785: 7758: 7377:, Oxford University Press 7194:Golden, Peter B. (1992), 7088:Barfield, Thomas (1989), 6701: 6023:Music from the Tang Court 5594: 5584: 5574: 5488: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5426: 5408: 5400: 5375: 5356: 5352: 5317: 5299: 5291: 5264: 5242: 5238: 5202: 5183: 5175: 5150: 5137: 5111: 5102: 5084: 5079:; d. 653), 17th daughter 5075: 5061: 5052: 5041: 5032: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4992: 4983: 4977: 4962: 4953: 4947: 4933: 4924: 4913: 4904: 4890: 4881: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4841: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4766: 4746: 4744:Li Yun, Prince of Jiang ( 4737: 4726: 4717: 4711:Princess Consort, of the 4665: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4613: 4604: 4593: 4584: 4572: 4561: 4552: 4541: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4506: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4452: 4440: 4435:; d. 671), 16th daughter 4431: 4422: 4404: 4395: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4339: 3965:in Philadelphia in 1921. 3814: 3782:launched another campaign 3705: 3639: 3551: 3531: 3525: 3429: 3411: 3398: 3386: 3364:, which he claimed meant 3288:(r. 610–641), wrote that 3237:highlights the fact that 3221: 3211: 3177: 3080: 3030: 2971:, flowing through modern 2935: 2895: 2873: 2733: 2706: 2632: 2468:, Chai Shao, Xue Wanche ( 2433: 2350: 2331: 2325: 2297: 2285: 2279:Also in 627, the general 2261:, as demonstrated in his 2193: 2022: 2009:expansion under emperors 1798: 1714: 1708: 1665: 1598: 1533: 1523: 1396: 1347: 1326: 1312: 1281: 1247: 1137: 1061:. Emperor Taizong's wife 838: 820: 813: 796: 782: 775: 770: 766: 752: 747: 729: 722: 708: 701: 696: 692: 684: 670: 665: 644: 630: 616: 609: 592: 578: 564: 557: 552: 548: 540: 526: 522: 515: 501: 491: 479: 467: 456: 454: 447: 440: 431: 426: 419: 402: 397: 389: 375: 366: 361: 357: 344: 332: 320: 307: 290: 286: 276: 266: 254: 247: 223: 210: 7760:Emperor Taizong of Tang 7499: 7356: 7287:Millward, James (2009), 7260:Lorge, Peter A. (2008), 7203:Graff, David A. (2002), 7022:and St. Martin's Press, 6842: 6684: 5853:in the 2018 Korean film 4928:; d. 701), 9th daughter 4885:; d. 653), 7th daughter 4856:; d. 651), 4th daughter 4791:; d. 651), 1st daughter 4735:Lady, of the Wang clan ( 4031:(626, 627, 630, 643–646) 4008:Chancellors during reign 3856:version. He believed in 3803: 3780:In 648, Emperor Taizong 3537:surprise attack on Yanqi 3167:(which may refer to the 2669:Treatment of Noble Clans 2549:Campaign against Tuyuhun 2511:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 2439:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 2381:, the ambassador of the 1187:(present-day Daixian in 211:Emperor Taizong of Tang 7818:Emperor Gaozong of Tang 7489:Xue, Zongzheng (1992), 7480:Xu, Elina-Qian (2005), 7391:Wang, Zhenping (2013), 7338:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution 7317:Rong, Xinjiang (2013), 7147:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 6625:Luttwak (2009), p. 168. 6607:Yule (1915), pp. 54–55. 6598:Yule (1915), pp. 48–49. 6516:Jenkins, Peter (2008). 5680:Tang Taizong, Li Shimin 4832:), the youngest son of 4814:; d. 636), 2nd daughter 4701:Lady of Talent, of the 4559:Li Fu, Prince of Zhao ( 4539:Li Shen, Prince of Ji ( 3342:two rival states at war 3247:considered the suzerain 2441:weakened, their vassal 1763:Tomb soldier figurine, 1089:, was a general of the 992:against their main ally 845:Emperor Taizong of Tang 398:Era name and dates 105:more precise citations. 7335:Shaban, M. A. (1979), 7242:Haywood, John (1998), 7016:China in World History 6303:. Brill. p. 121. 6297:Jülch, Thomas (2016). 6224:, vol. 2, pp. 495–499. 6208:CHofC, vol. 3, p. 189. 5689:in the 2004 TV series 5678:54 episodes TV series 4823:; d. 650), d daughter 4634:, Prince Jing of Yue ( 4611:Li You, Prince of Qi ( 3943: 3768: 3588: 3513:'s king Long Tuqizhi ( 3334:idolatry was practiced 3324:(from the Turkic word 3131: 3111: 2988: 2685: 2530: 2521:Middle reign (634–641) 2394: 2149:National Palace Museum 1811:official Zhuge Dewei ( 1767: 1756: 1638:), and Zhai Zhangsun ( 1468: 1242: 1081:, Shaanxi. His father 974:destroying their power 855:July 649), previously 236:National Palace Museum 8686:Writers from Xianyang 7794:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 7355:Sima, Guang (2015), 7128:Bregel, Yuri (2003), 7103:Yale University Press 7058:Asimov, M.S. (1998), 6851:Zhonghua Book Company 6427:Vincent's Calligraphy 6381:Teaching Confucianism 6354:China – A New History 6324:Ooi Kee Beng (2016). 5701:Initiating Prosperity 5220:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 4966:), the second son of 4785:Princess Xiangcheng ( 4713:Yang clan of Hongnong 4617:; c.621–643), 5th son 4444:; 616–643), a son of 4375:, Prince Gong of Pu ( 3938: 3750: 3598:Eastern Turkic people 3578: 3549:viceroy Ashina Quli ( 3278:Theophylact Simocatta 3183:Constans II Pogonatos 3117: 3109: 3096:Further information: 2986: 2829:Further information: 2676: 2528: 2376: 2027:Establishment of Tang 1970:Early reign (626–633) 1832:rebelled at Danyang ( 1762: 1751: 1644:) as his assistants. 1467:, father of Li Shimin 1465:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 1463:Portrait painting of 1462: 1232: 311:10 July 649 (aged 51) 8631:Wei clan of Jingzhao 7516:Yule, Henry (1915), 7246:, Barnes & Noble 6683:Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945). 6672:. 2010. p. 273. 6139:d.wanfangdata.com.cn 6071:McNair, Amy (2007). 6046:Sen, Tansen (2003). 5821:The Empress of China 5787:Dream of the Emperor 5109:Princess Changshan ( 5088:; d. 653), a son of 4937:), the first son of 4565:; 634–670), 13th son 4429:Princess Chengyang ( 4344:Consorts and Issue: 3098:Sino-Roman relations 2979:Late reign (642–649) 2909:Gar Tongtsen Yülsung 2800:Eastern Turkic state 2563:, whose Busabo Khan 2379:Gar Tongtsen Yulsung 2341:), a warlord in the 1772:Xuanwu Gate Incident 1343:defeating Sui forces 919:imperial examination 7745:Traditional Chinese 7498:Yuan, Shu (2001), 7062:, UNESCO Publishing 6994:chancellors by the 6767:. pp. 70, 71. 5603:Journey to the West 4922:Princess Dongyang ( 4868:Married Wang Dali ( 4774:Li Jian, Prince Dai 4762:Li Kuan, Prince Chu 4730:; d. 682), 14th son 4652:; d. 632), 11th son 4640:; 627–688), 8th son 4588:; 619–653), 3rd son 4545:; d. 689), 10th son 4519:Princess Linchuan ( 4473:Princess Xincheng ( 4426:; 628–683), 9th son 4381:; 620–653), 4th son 4369:; 618–645), 1st son 3979:traditional Chinese 3900:Syriac Christianity 3215:; the Arabs of the 3203:how it was besieged 2871:in 635. Qu Wentai ( 2837:series of campaigns 1925:In summer 626, the 1752:Armoured horseman, 1316:) from the capital 1235:Emperor Yang of Sui 1043:Emperor Yang of Sui 909:)" is considered a 8681:Poets from Shaanxi 8661:Tang dynasty poets 7830:(Emperor of Liang) 7652:Fordham University 7500:柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代 7020:Palgrave Macmillan 6799:Chua, Amy (2007). 6757:Chua, Amy (2007). 6570:Fordham University 5840:in the 2016 movie 5505:Princess Xiangyang 5050:Princess Xinxing ( 4975:Princess Lanling ( 4817:Princess Nanping ( 4770:; b. 619), 2nd son 4750:; d. 674), 7th son 4703:Cui clan of Qinghe 4597:; d. 667), 6th son 4283:(644–647, 648–649) 4199:(630–632, 632–643) 4103:(627–628, 645–649) 4091:(626–643, 643–648) 4079:(626–627, 638–647) 3987:simplified Chinese 3904:Church of the East 3769: 3589: 3380:Succession dispute 3358:Emperor Wen of Sui 3259:Rashidun Caliphate 3132: 3112: 2989: 2921:, and in 641 sent 2779:Ashina Jiesheshuai 2686: 2531: 2395: 2176:the crown prince. 1961:Emperor Taizong). 1819:his former capital 1788:Late in 622, when 1768: 1757: 1539:Three Excellencies 1469: 1243: 1033:, openly scorning 340:(m. 613; died 636) 156:You can assist by 8691:Chinese duellists 8618: 8617: 8238:Princess Pingyang 8123: 8122: 7854: 7853: 7815:Succeeded by 7716:978-0-521-21446-9 7697:Twitchett, Dennis 7675:978-0-674-03519-5 7520:, Hakluyt Society 7366:978-957-32-0876-1 7271:978-0-521-60954-8 7234:978-0-415-46034-7 7112:978-0-300-12728-7 7101:, Great Britain: 7092:, Basil Blackwell 7081:978-0-415-72078-6 7050:978-0-691-13597-7 7029:978-0-333-62132-5 6816:978-0-385-51284-8 6774:978-0-385-51284-8 6535:978-0-06-147280-0 6483:978-0-674-03109-8 6458:978-0-521-12433-1 6391:978-0-19-531160-0 6195:978-0-521-21446-9 6084:978-0-8248-2994-0 6057:978-0-8248-2593-5 6032:978-0-521-62100-7 6007:978-0-89356-334-9 5718:Carol of Zhenguan 5674:in 1993 Taiwan's 5627:Television/Cinema 5547: 5546: 5056:), 15th daughter 5036:), 14th daughter 5030:Princess Ankang ( 5007:), 13th daughter 5001:Princess Jin'an ( 4987:), 19th daughter 4957:), 11th daughter 4945:Princess Qinghe ( 4879:Princess Baling ( 4850:Princess Sui'an ( 4808:Princess Ru'nan ( 4488:; 636–659) in 649 4366:恆山愍王李承乾／恒山愍王李承亁 4337: 4336: 3818:, roughly modern 3719:, Ashina She'er ( 3683:Goguryeo campaign 3677:Conquest of Kucha 3571:Goguryeo–Tang War 3565:Goguryeo-Tang War 3255:Persian heartland 3217:Umayyad Caliphate 3118:According to the 3005:Conquest of Kucha 2919:Princess Wencheng 2757:), and Liu Jian ( 2737:, roughly modern 2644:as the new khan. 2307:, roughly modern 2275:Li Yi's Rebellion 2170:ladies in waiting 2121: 2120: 1872:, roughly modern 1688:tiāncè shàngjiàng 1508:Goguryeo campaign 1482:, roughly modern 1400:) from doing so. 1298:ladies in waiting 1257:, roughly modern 1185:Yanmen Commandery 1147:Princess Pingyang 1031:scientific reason 972:Ashina Duobi and 863:, was the second 842: 841: 834: 833: 822:Yale Romanization 777:Standard Mandarin 743: 742: 731:Yale Romanization 703:Standard Mandarin 661: 660: 638:tong4 taai3 zung1 618:Yale Romanization 559:Standard Mandarin 511: 510: 463: 462: 296:Qingshan Palace, 204: 203: 196: 186: 185: 178: 131: 130: 123: 68: 16:(Redirected from 8703: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8127: 8126: 8025: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7857: 7856: 7836:Emperor of China 7825:Preceded by 7801:Emperor of China 7791:Preceded by 7781: 7774: 7756: 7755: 7720: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7641:Hirth, Friedrich 7549:New Book of Tang 7533:Old Book of Tang 7521: 7512: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7457: 7433: 7415: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7369: 7351: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7292: 7283: 7274: 7256: 7247: 7237: 7219: 7199: 7190: 7169: 7142: 7133: 7124: 7115: 7093: 7084: 7063: 7053: 7032: 7001: 6997:New Book of Tang 6988: 6977: 6974: 6968: 6953: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6887: 6881: 6874: 6868: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6849:]. Beijing: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6697: 6689:Old Book of Tang 6680: 6674: 6673: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6635: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6617: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6558: 6549: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6523: 6513: 6507: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6418: 6412: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6268: 6262: 6247: 6241: 6231: 6225: 6215: 6209: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6181: 6172: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6131: 6125: 6113: 6107: 6099:New Book of Tang 6095: 6089: 6088: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6018: 6012: 6011: 5994: 5988: 5975: 5948: 5946:Biography portal 5943: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5882:in the upcoming 5856:The Great Battle 5816:Hunan Television 5645: 5644: 5597: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5392:Dou Yi (519–583) 5282:Empress Yuanzhen 5167:Li Bing (d. 573) 5127: 5126: 5115:), 20th daughter 5114: 5113: 5106:), 18th daughter 5105: 5104: 5098:Princess Jinshan 5087: 5086: 5078: 5077: 5071:Princess Gaoyang 5064: 5063: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5043: 5035: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5015: 5014: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4994: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4979: 4965: 4964: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4949: 4936: 4935: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4915: 4908:), 8th daughter 4907: 4906: 4902:Princess Pu'an ( 4893: 4892: 4884: 4883: 4873: 4872: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4854: 4844: 4843: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4821: 4813: 4812: 4799: 4798: 4790: 4789: 4782:; 631), 12th son 4781: 4780: 4769: 4768: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4739: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4719: 4668: 4667: 4651: 4650: 4639: 4638: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4595: 4587: 4586: 4582:, Prince of Wu ( 4575: 4574: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4497:; d. 663) in 660 4496: 4495: 4487: 4486: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4462:Princess Jinyang 4455: 4454: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4424: 4407: 4406: 4399:), 5th daughter 4398: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4385:Princess Changle 4380: 4379: 4368: 4367: 4356: 4355: 4012: 4011: 4001: 3992: 3984: 3935: 3934: 3902:(as well as the 3835: 3834: 3817: 3816: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3743: 3742: 3724: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709:), and Tongluo ( 3708: 3707: 3698: 3697: 3642: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3583:tried to invade 3560: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3545:) regent. (The 3544: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3473:Empress Zhangsun 3438: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3409:, Li Yuanchang ( 3401: 3400: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3224: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3180: 3179: 3161:Byzantine Empire 3158: 3157: 3143:New Book of Tang 3137:Old Book of Tang 3083: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3033: 3032: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2959:), and Li Xiyu ( 2958: 2957: 2953:, Zhang Shigui ( 2948: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2916: 2915: 2898: 2897: 2876: 2875: 2835:Taizong began a 2792: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2776: 2775: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2736: 2735: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2702:Records of Clans 2659:Empress Zhangsun 2635: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2591: 2590: 2577: 2576: 2478:, attacking the 2473: 2472: 2436: 2435: 2422: 2421: 2357: 2352: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2270: 2269: 2196: 2195: 2141: 2132: 2017: 1998: 1991: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1951: 1950: 1871: 1870: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1837: 1836: 1826:Eastern Göktürks 1816: 1815: 1801: 1800: 1739: 1738: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1689: 1684: 1668: 1667: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1619: 1618: 1601: 1600: 1576: 1575: 1562: 1561: 1536: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1481: 1480: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1399: 1398: 1350: 1349: 1329: 1328: 1315: 1314: 1305: 1304: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1216: 1215: 1206: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1171:was ambushed by 1165:Empress Zhangsun 1157: 1152: 1140: 1139: 1126: 1125: 1101:was a sister of 1063:Empress Zhangsun 1014:defeated Qaghan 1000:Karakhoja in 640 907: 906:Zhēnguàn Zhī Zhì 898: 859:, personal name 854: 850: 830: 829: 809: 808: 807: 792: 791: 768: 767: 762: 761: 739: 738: 718: 717: 694: 693: 680: 679: 657: 656: 655: 640: 639: 626: 625: 605: 604: 603: 588: 587: 586:T'ang T'ai-tsung 574: 573: 550: 549: 536: 535: 513: 512: 458: 442: 433: 414: 410: 406: 392: 391: 378: 377: 359: 358: 261: 228: 219: 218: 217: 208: 207: 199: 192: 181: 174: 170: 167: 161: 141: 140: 133: 126: 119: 115: 112: 106: 101:this article by 92:inline citations 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 8711: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8583: 8401: 8395: 8263: 8257: 8198: 8159: 8154: 8124: 8119: 8026: 8023: 8019: 7889: 7884: 7849: 7838: 7831: 7820: 7811: 7805: 7803:(most regions) 7796: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7761: 7737: 7717: 7656: 7654: 7528: 7526:Further reading 7510: 7501: 7474: 7455: 7431: 7412: 7367: 7358: 7349: 7311: 7297:Needham, Joseph 7272: 7235: 7217: 7188: 7167: 7113: 7082: 7051: 7030: 7010: 7005: 7004: 6989: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6954: 6950: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6909: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6875: 6871: 6862: 6858: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6817: 6797: 6790: 6775: 6755: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6715: 6711: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6668:. Vol. 1. 6664: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6559: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6514: 6510: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6445: 6441: 6431: 6429: 6419: 6415: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6248: 6244: 6232: 6228: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6182: 6175: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6114: 6110: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6044: 6040: 6033: 6019: 6015: 6008: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5869:The Long Ballad 5851:Park Sung-woong 5665:The Grand Canal 5629: 5620:vengeful spirit 5580:Romance of Tang 5553: 5548: 5196:Empress Jinglie 5124: 4507:貴妃京兆韋氏／贵妃京兆韦氏 4342: 4315:Zhang Xingcheng 4010: 3971: 3928:Zhaoling Liujun 3924: 3846: 3844:Religious views 3838:Emperor Gaozong 3806: 3679: 3671:Main articles: 3669: 3621:Yodong Fortress 3573: 3567: 3507: 3501: 3382: 3282:Byzantine Greek 3257:to the Islamic 3243:Sasanian Empire 3104: 3094: 3011: 2981: 2911:("Lu Dongzan" ( 2877:), the king of 2833: 2827: 2821: 2728: 2722: 2678:Fountain Memory 2671: 2557: 2551: 2523: 2371: 2365: 2277: 2255:Taoist religion 2166: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2133: 2122: 2117: 2064:Western Regions 2018: 2004: 2002: 1972: 1967: 1774: 1746: 1651: 1649:Battle of Hulao 1571:and Xun Xiang ( 1544:In spring 619, 1474: 1457: 1227: 1207:, by Li Yuan's 1179:) forces under 1071: 1025:and scholar of 1004:Karasahr in 644 852: 848: 685:Literal meaning 541:Literal meaning 435: 421:Posthumous name 412: 408: 380: 339: 328: 313:Cuiwei Palace, 312: 295: 281:Emperor Gaozong 259: 243: 215: 212: 200: 189: 188: 187: 182: 171: 165: 162: 155: 142: 138: 127: 116: 110: 107: 97:Please help to 96: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Taizong of Tang 15: 12: 11: 5: 8709: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8405: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8209: 8207: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8161: 8160: 8153: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8130: 8121: 8120: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7936: 7931: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7860: 7852: 7851: 7845:Inner Mongolia 7832: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7813: 7797: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7786:Regnal titles 7783: 7782: 7773:28 January 598 7762: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7736: 7735:External links 7733: 7732: 7731: 7722: 7715: 7699:, ed. (1979). 7693: 7678: 7663: 7637: 7561:Zizhi Tongjian 7557: 7545: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7513: 7508: 7495: 7491:Turkic peoples 7486: 7477: 7473:978-0810860537 7472: 7459: 7454:978-0791482681 7453: 7434: 7429: 7416: 7411:978-0674088467 7410: 7397: 7388: 7379: 7370: 7365: 7352: 7347: 7332: 7323: 7314: 7309: 7293: 7284: 7275: 7270: 7257: 7248: 7239: 7233: 7220: 7215: 7200: 7191: 7186: 7171: 7165: 7143: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7111: 7094: 7085: 7080: 7064: 7055: 7049: 7037:Andrade, Tonio 7033: 7028: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6978: 6969: 6948: 6930: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6882: 6876:Xiuquin Zhou, 6869: 6863:Xiuquin Zhou, 6856: 6830: 6815: 6809:. p. 71. 6788: 6773: 6749: 6747:, p. 126. 6737: 6709: 6675: 6657: 6648: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6609: 6600: 6591: 6582: 6550: 6541: 6534: 6508: 6499:Zizhi Tongjian 6489: 6482: 6464: 6457: 6439: 6413: 6397: 6390: 6370: 6364:978-0674018280 6363: 6343: 6337:978-9814620970 6336: 6316: 6310:978-9004322585 6309: 6289: 6283:978-9812613714 6282: 6263: 6242: 6226: 6210: 6201: 6194: 6173: 6168:Zizhi Tongjian 6159: 6126: 6117:Zizhi Tongjian 6108: 6090: 6083: 6063: 6056: 6038: 6031: 6013: 6006: 5989: 5980:Zizhi Tongjian 5977:Volume 191 of 5969: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5935: 5932:History portal 5921: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5891: 5876: 5860: 5847: 5834: 5825: 5808: 5791: 5778: 5765: 5752: 5735: 5722: 5705: 5696: 5683: 5668: 5653: 5650:The Foundation 5647: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5599: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5359: 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4699: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4673: 4670: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4641: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4589: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4489: 4471: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4448: 4427: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4382: 4370: 4354:文德皇后河南長孫氏／长孙氏 4341: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211:(636–643, 645) 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3970: 3967: 3923: 3920: 3912:Middle Eastern 3888:Zoroastrianism 3845: 3842: 3805: 3802: 3731:Yitewushi Khan 3668: 3665: 3569:Main article: 3566: 3563: 3547:Western Turkic 3503:Main article: 3500: 3497: 3381: 3378: 3195:Constantinople 3093: 3090: 2980: 2977: 2889:, assisted by 2823:Main article: 2820: 2817: 2751:), Niu Jinda ( 2724:Main article: 2721: 2718: 2670: 2667: 2642:Murong Nuohebo 2584:Songtsän Gampo 2553:Main article: 2550: 2547: 2522: 2519: 2484:Eastern-Turkic 2383:Tibetan Empire 2367:Main article: 2364: 2361: 2276: 2273: 2189:Ashina Shibobi 2181:Eastern Turkic 2146: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1986: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1770:Main article: 1745: 1742: 1677:(now Guangfu, 1647:Main article: 1473: 1470: 1456: 1453: 1444:Shàngshū Shěng 1267:Eastern Turkic 1263:Eastern Turkic 1233:A portrait of 1226: 1223: 1173:Eastern Turkic 1085:, the Duke of 1070: 1067: 840: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 824: 818: 817: 815:Yue: Cantonese 811: 810: 800: 794: 793: 786: 780: 779: 773: 772: 771:Transcriptions 764: 763: 756: 750: 749: 745: 744: 741: 740: 733: 727: 726: 724:Yue: Cantonese 720: 719: 712: 706: 705: 699: 698: 697:Transcriptions 690: 689: 686: 682: 681: 674: 668: 667: 663: 662: 659: 658: 648: 642: 641: 634: 628: 627: 624:Tòhng Taaijūng 620: 614: 613: 611:Yue: Cantonese 607: 606: 596: 590: 589: 582: 576: 575: 568: 562: 561: 555: 554: 553:Transcriptions 546: 545: 542: 538: 537: 530: 524: 523: 520: 519: 509: 508: 503: 499: 498: 493: 489: 488: 483: 477: 476: 471: 465: 464: 461: 460: 452: 451: 445: 444: 424: 423: 417: 416: 400: 399: 395: 394: 364: 363: 355: 354: 348: 342: 341: 334: 330: 329: 326:Zhao Mausoleum 324: 322: 318: 317: 309: 305: 304: 294:28 January 598 292: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 256: 252: 251: 245: 244: 232:hanging scroll 229: 221: 220: 202: 201: 184: 183: 145: 143: 136: 129: 128: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8708: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8549:Shan Xiongxin 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8509:Zhangsun Wuji 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8459:Fang Xuanling 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8321:Wang Shichong 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8213:Emperor Gaozu 8211: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8144: 8139: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8029: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7874: 7869: 7867: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7829: 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Cambridge: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7690:0-520-05462-8 7687: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7519: 7514: 7511: 7509:957-32-4273-7 7505: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7478: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7368: 7362: 7357:柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤 7353: 7350: 7348:0-521-29534-3 7344: 7340: 7339: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7312: 7310:0-521-30358-3 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7227:, Routledge, 7226: 7221: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7189: 7187:0-618-13384-4 7183: 7179: 7178: 7172: 7168: 7166:0-521-66991-X 7162: 7158: 7155:, Cambridge: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7122: 7117: 7114: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7068:Ball, Warwick 7065: 7061: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7011: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6973: 6966: 6962: 6961:Emperor Liezu 6958: 6957:Southern Tang 6952: 6942: 6934: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6907: 6900: 6895: 6886: 6879: 6873: 6866: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6753: 6746: 6741: 6725: 6724: 6721: 6713: 6706: 6690: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6652: 6643: 6641: 6631: 6622: 6613: 6604: 6595: 6586: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6557: 6555: 6545: 6537: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6512: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6374: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6293: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6259:0-8108-6053-8 6256: 6252: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6178: 6171:, Scroll 249. 6170: 6169: 6163: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6112: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6067: 6059: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5970: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5936: 5933: 5922: 5919: 5908: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5878:Portrayed by 5877: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5865: 5862:Portrayed by 5861: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5849:Portrayed by 5848: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5836:Portrayed by 5835: 5833: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5810:Portrayed by 5809: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5793:Portrayed by 5792: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5748:Yeon Gaesomun 5744: 5740: 5737:Portrayed by 5736: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5709:Tang Guoqiang 5707:Portrayed by 5706: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5685:Portrayed by 5684: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5670:Portrayed by 5669: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5655:Portrayed by 5654: 5651: 5648: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5591: 5581: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5444:Empress Taimu 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5141: 5129: 5128: 5108: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5090:Fang Xuanling 5081: 5080: 5072: 5069: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5022:弘農楊仁輅／弘农杨仁辂 5018: 5009: 5008: 5000: 4989: 4988: 4974: 4969: 4959: 4958: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4929: 4921: 4910: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4886: 4878: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4849: 4838: 4835: 4825: 4824: 4816: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4775: 4772: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4649:江殤王李囂／江殇王李嚣 4645: 4642: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4610: 4609: 4601: 4590: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4538: 4527: 4526: 4518: 4517: 4503: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4472: 4463: 4460: 4449: 4447: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4410:Zhangsun Wuji 4401: 4400: 4386: 4383: 4374: 4371: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4349:Empress Wende 4347: 4346: 4345: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4099:Zhangsun Wuji 4097: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4087:Fang Xuanling 4085: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4002: 3996: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955:Beilin Museum 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3910:), and other 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3829: 3825: 3824:Zhangsun Wuji 3821: 3811: 3801: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3702: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3606:Eastern Turks 3603: 3599: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3562: 3548: 3538: 3522: 3521:Western Turks 3512: 3509:In 644, with 3506: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445:Fang Xuanling 3442: 3441:Zhangsun Wuji 3427:) and Du He ( 3408: 3403: 3377: 3375: 3374:Son of Heaven 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318:Turkic people 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239:Yazdegerd III 3236: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3208: 3204: 3201:, as well as 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3138: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3075: 3073: 3072:Generalissimo 3063: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040:Yeon Gaesomun 3037: 3036:King Yeongnyu 3027: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2952: 2942: 2932: 2931:Eastern Turks 2928: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2901:Western Turks 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:Western Turks 2880: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853:Western Turks 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841:Western Turks 2838: 2832: 2826: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2780: 2771:and Jialibi ( 2770: 2766: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2717: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2666: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2628:Gao Zengsheng 2620:, Li Daoyan ( 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Zhangsun Wuji 2503: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2488:Eastern Turks 2485: 2481: 2480:Eastern Turks 2477: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:Eastern Turks 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403:Eastern Turks 2400: 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1755: 1750: 1741: 1733: 1732:Eastern Turks 1729: 1725: 1721: 1705: 1704:Wang Shichong 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586:Wang Shichong 1582: 1580: 1579:Eastern Turks 1570: 1566: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1537:, one of the 1530: 1514: 1513:fierce battle 1509: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1430: 1429:Shangshu Ling 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1340: 1339:Eastern Turks 1335: 1333: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1222: 1220: 1210: 1200: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1144: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1116: 1115:Northern Zhou 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:Fang Xuanling 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035:superstitions 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:Western Turks 993: 989: 985: 981: 980: 979:Tengri Qaghan 975: 971: 967: 966:Eastern Turks 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:crown princes 912: 908: 902: 894: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 857:Prince of Qin 846: 837: 825: 823: 819: 816: 812: 806: 801: 799: 795: 787: 785: 781: 778: 774: 769: 765: 757: 755: 751: 746: 734: 732: 728: 725: 721: 713: 711: 707: 704: 700: 695: 691: 687: 683: 675: 673: 669: 664: 654: 649: 647: 643: 635: 633: 629: 621: 619: 615: 612: 608: 602: 597: 595: 591: 583: 581: 577: 569: 567: 563: 560: 556: 551: 547: 543: 539: 531: 529: 525: 521: 518: 514: 507: 506:Empress Taimu 504: 500: 497: 496:Emperor Gaozu 494: 490: 487: 484: 482: 478: 475: 472: 470: 466: 453: 450: 446: 438: 430:Emperor Wen ( 429: 425: 422: 418: 401: 396: 386: 384: 372: 370: 365: 360: 356: 353: 352:§ Family 349: 347: 343: 338: 337:Empress Wende 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 316: 310: 306: 303: 299: 293: 289: 285: 282: 279: 275: 272: 271:Emperor Gaozu 269: 265: 257: 253: 250: 246: 241: 237: 233: 227: 222: 209: 206: 198: 195: 180: 177: 169: 159: 153: 151: 146:This article 144: 135: 134: 125: 122: 114: 104: 100: 94: 93: 87: 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 8605:Qianshuiyuan 8524:Wei Wensheng 8444:Cheng Yaojin 8361:Yang Xuangan 8223:Li Jiancheng 8217: 8179:Empress Xiao 8174:Emperor Yang 8069:N. Dynasties 8065:S. Dynasties 7902: 7834: 7806: 7799: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7726: 7701: 7681: 7666: 7657:10 September 7655:. Retrieved 7647: 7559: 7547: 7531: 7517: 7490: 7481: 7463: 7439: 7420: 7401: 7392: 7383: 7374: 7337: 7327: 7318: 7300: 7288: 7279: 7261: 7252: 7243: 7224: 7205: 7195: 7176: 7170:(paperback). 7151: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7098: 7089: 7071: 7059: 7040: 7015: 7008:Bibliography 6995: 6991: 6972: 6951: 6933: 6924: 6906: 6894: 6885: 6872: 6859: 6846: 6839:Wang, Qinruo 6833: 6801: 6759: 6752: 6740: 6728:. Retrieved 6723: 6719: 6712: 6692: 6688: 6678: 6665: 6660: 6651: 6630: 6621: 6612: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6575:14 September 6573:. Retrieved 6565: 6544: 6519: 6511: 6497: 6492: 6473: 6467: 6448: 6442: 6430:. Retrieved 6426: 6416: 6405:Xiong (2006) 6400: 6380: 6373: 6353: 6346: 6326: 6319: 6299: 6292: 6272: 6266: 6250: 6245: 6237: 6234:Jack W. Chen 6229: 6221: 6213: 6204: 6185: 6166: 6162: 6150:. Retrieved 6138: 6135:"万方数据知识服务平台" 6129: 6115: 6111: 6097: 6093: 6073: 6066: 6047: 6041: 6022: 6016: 5997: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5973: 5918:China portal 5894: 5887: 5867: 5855: 5842: 5838:Winston Chao 5828: 5819: 5814:in the 2014 5812:Zhang Fengyi 5802: 5797:in the 2013 5785: 5773: 5761:Dae Jo Yeong 5759: 5746: 5729: 5716: 5699: 5690: 5679: 5664: 5659:in the 1987 5649: 5637: 5632:Hong Kong's 5601: 5589: 5579: 5569: 5566:Ming dynasty 5562:Zhu Shenglin 5557: 5097: 4968:Cheng Zhijie 4800:), a son of 4773: 4761: 4718:王妃弘農楊氏／弘农杨氏 4643: 4408:), a son of 4361:Li Chengqian 4343: 4279:Chu Suiliang 3998: 3974: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3925: 3908:Christianity 3880:Confucianism 3847: 3828:Chu Suiliang 3807: 3779: 3770: 3680: 3653: 3643:, in modern 3629:, in modern 3610: 3590: 3508: 3481: 3465: 3461: 3404: 3383: 3369: 3361: 3354:Chen dynasty 3325: 3321: 3314:Northern Wei 3301: 3293: 3289: 3275: 3206: 3172: 3169:Roman Empire 3149: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3076: 3048:Dae Mangniji 3047: 3023: 3021: 3016:Chu Suiliang 3012: 2906: 2844: 2839:against the 2834: 2729: 2701: 2694:Linghu Defen 2692:, Wei Ting, 2687: 2677: 2663: 2650: 2646: 2565:Murong Fuyun 2558: 2532: 2499: 2492: 2451: 2447:Zhenzhu Khan 2396: 2393:(600–673 AD) 2354: 2347: 2278: 2262: 2230:Yuchi Jingde 2215: 2185:Illig Qaghan 2178: 2174:Li Chengqian 2167: 2037:Qianshuiyuan 2010: 1958:intimidation 1954:Yuchi Jingde 1924: 1916:Cheng Zhijie 1912:Yuchi Jingde 1908:Li Jiancheng 1889: 1878: 1876:, Sichuan). 1848: 1838:, in modern 1823: 1787: 1778:crown prince 1775: 1765:Tang dynasty 1754:Tang dynasty 1693: 1686: 1652: 1630:Cheng Zhijie 1626:Yuchi Jingde 1583: 1569:Yuchi Jingde 1543: 1528: 1475: 1442: 1428: 1425:crown prince 1421:Tang dynasty 1414: 1402: 1377: 1353:Yellow River 1336: 1330:, in modern 1287: 1244: 1217:, in modern 1176: 1169:Emperor Yang 1154: 1133:Li Jiancheng 1103:Empress Dugu 1077:, in modern 1072: 1020: 1008:Kucha in 648 977: 964:against the 959: 951:Central Asia 904: 889: 885:China proper 869:Tang dynasty 860: 856: 844: 843: 828:Léih Saimàhn 784:Hanyu Pinyin 737:Chèuhn Wohng 710:Hanyu Pinyin 572:Táng Tàizōng 566:Hanyu Pinyin 517:Tang Taizong 516: 436: 427: 381: 367: 205: 190: 172: 166:January 2024 163: 150:copy editing 148:may require 147: 117: 108: 89: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 8696:Fratricides 8564:Yin Kaishan 8554:Pei Xingyan 8544:Wang Bodang 8534:Zhang Xutuo 8514:Gao Shilian 8484:Yuwen Shiji 8474:Liu Wenjing 8424:Yang Yichen 8419:Li Xiaogong 8409:Empress Cao 8402:key figures 8376:Wagang Army 8341:Yuwen Huaji 8326:Xu Yuanlang 8316:Shen Faxing 8301:Lin Shihong 8296:Liang Shidu 8262:Independent 8248:Li Shentong 8243:Li Xiaogong 8061:16 Kingdoms 7941:(2nd reign) 7930:(2nd reign) 7828:Liang Shidu 7780:10 July 649 7765:House of Li 7648:Fordham.edu 7493:, 中国社会科学出版社 7255:, Macmillan 6745:Drompp 2005 6566:Fordham.edu 6496:See, e.g., 6432:24 February 6407:, pp. 5739:Seo In-seok 4939:Gao Shilian 4797:蘭陵蕭銳／兰陵箫锐 4747:蔣王李惲/蒋王李恽 4628:; 609–671) 4614:齊王李佑／齐王李佑 4562:趙王李福／赵王李福 4553:貴妃楊氏／贵妃杨氏 4542:紀王李慎／纪王李慎 4453:河東薛瓘／河东薛瓘 4420:, Gaozong ( 4357:; 601–636) 4291:Xu Jingzong 4255:Zhang Liang 4207:Yang Shidao 4075:Gao Shilian 4063:Yuwen Shiji 3963:Penn Museum 3854:syncretized 3581:Sui dynasty 3492:Du Zhenglun 3484:bride price 3328:, meaning, 3159:; i.e. the 3120:Xi'an Stele 3064:: 3054:: 3044:King Bojang 2849:Tarim Basin 2804:Qilibi Khan 2690:Gao Shilian 2682:calligraphy 2638:Murong Shun 2476:Su Dingfang 2449:in short). 2427:(in modern 2407:Liang Shidu 2321:Yuwen Shiji 2250:Gao Shilian 2203:Gao Shilian 2151:. Right: A 2049:Xuanwu Gate 1844:Li Xiaogong 1700:Xu Yuanlang 1661:Empress Cao 1492:Yin Kaishan 1488:Liu Wenjing 1417:Yuwen Huaji 1390:(in modern 1294:Liu Wenjing 1269:-supported 1221:, Shanxi). 1161:Gao Shilian 1156:jìshì ānmín 1119:Duchess Dou 1095:Emperor Wen 1091:Sui dynasty 1047:chancellors 1023:rationalist 1016:Ashina Helu 1012:Su Dingfang 988:Tarim Basin 927:Han dynasty 877:Sui dynasty 688:King of Qin 449:Temple name 369:Family name 267:Predecessor 103:introducing 8641:649 deaths 8636:598 births 8625:Categories 8574:Luo Shixin 8569:Chen Shuda 8559:Liu Hongji 8489:Chen Shuda 8439:Yuchi Gong 8434:Qin Shubao 8391:Lu Mingyue 8356:Fu Gongshi 8336:Xue Rengao 8311:Liu Wuzhou 8281:Gao Kaidao 8276:Fu Gongshi 8271:Dou Jiande 8264:contenders 8253:Li Daozong 8053:3 Kingdoms 7839:(northern 7751:唐太宗百字箴与百字铭 7430:0892641371 7216:0415239559 6730:8 February 6152:4 November 5965:References 5886:TV series 5880:Qin Junjie 5818:TV series 5801:TV series 5784:TV series 5771:TV series 5758:TV series 5745:TV series 5728:TV series 5715:TV series 5672:Wilson Lam 5663:TV series 5616:Yuchi Gong 5612:Qin Shubao 5085:清河房遺愛／房遗爱 5062:河南長孫曦／长孙曦 5042:河南獨孤謀／独孤谋 5013:京兆韋思安／韦思安 4993:河南竇懷悊／窦怀哲 4842:河南劉玄意／刘玄意 4531:汝南周道務／周道务 4494:京兆韋正矩／韦正矩 4485:河南長孫詮/长孙诠 4405:河南長孫衝／长孙冲 4327:Cui Renshi 4231:Cen Wenben 4039:Chen Shuda 3765:Autumn Dew 3717:Li Daozong 3691:Duomi Khan 3617:Li Daozong 3366:Son of God 3298:Old Turkic 3235:Henry Yule 3227:Muawiyah I 3189:and green 3130:in 635 CE. 2991:See also: 2951:Li Daliang 2923:Li Daozong 2891:Xue Wanjun 2812:Great Wall 2698:Cen Wenben 2618:Li Daliang 2614:Li Daozong 2606:Xue Wanche 2602:Xue Wanjun 2466:Li Daozong 2415:Xue Wanjun 2387:later copy 2242:Chen Shuda 1965:As emperor 1944:Chen Shuda 1830:Fu Gongshi 1783:concubines 1728:Ming River 1671:Hulao Pass 1622:Qin Shubao 1604:Dou Jiande 1565:Qin Shubao 1546:Liu Wuzhou 1449:chancellor 1384:Xue Rengao 1345:at Huoyi ( 1271:Liu Wuzhou 1181:Shibi Khan 1109:, a major 1069:Early life 970:Jiali Khan 923:corruption 911:golden age 580:Wade–Giles 403:Zhenguan ( 383:Given name 158:editing it 86:references 50:improve it 8579:Yu Shinan 8539:Qutu Tong 8529:Lai Hu'er 8519:Tang Jian 8499:Hou Junji 8494:Feng Deyi 8469:Wei Zheng 8454:Chai Shao 8429:Yuwen Shu 8386:Zhai Rang 8371:Xiao Xian 8306:Liu Heita 8291:Li Zitong 8233:Li Yuanji 8228:Li Xuanba 8218:Li Shimin 8189:Yang Tong 7928:Zhongzong 7923:Wu Zetian 7913:Zhongzong 7843:/western 6912:Li Yuanji 6841:(1960). 6825:123079516 6807:Doubleday 6783:123079516 6765:Doubleday 6722:Vols. 1–2 6705:) tribes. 5799:Dragon TV 5608:door gods 5482:(507–556) 5480:Yuwen Tai 5446:(569–613) 5258:(503–557) 5222:(566–635) 5076:高陽公主／高阳公主 5053:新興公主/新兴公主 5004:晉安公主／晋安公主 4978:蘭陵公主／兰陵公主 4925:東陽公主／东阳公主 4896:Chai Shao 4705:(才人清河崔氏) 4697:Wu Zetian 4683:Tang Jian 4637:越敬王李貞／李贞 4522:臨川公主／临川公主 4467:晉陽公主/晋阳公主 4432:城陽公主／城阳公主 4390:長樂公主／长乐公主 4271:(644–648) 4259:(643–646) 4247:(643–649) 4235:(642–645) 4223:(639–645) 4195:Hou Junji 4187:(630–633) 4175:(630–637) 4171:Wen Yanbo 4163:(629–642) 4159:Wei Zheng 4151:(628–633) 4139:(628–634) 4127:(628–629) 4115:(627–628) 4067:(626–627) 4055:(626–627) 4051:Feng Deyi 4018:In office 4003:) 627–649 3922:Monuments 3869:Confucian 3687:Xueyantuo 3657:Wei Zheng 3635:Pyongyang 3561:) king.) 3488:Wei Zheng 3407:Hou Junji 3332:), where 3286:Heraclius 3267:Peroz III 3199:its walls 3191:gemstones 3187:red glass 2927:Mount Tai 2887:Hou Junji 2765:Xueyantuo 2743:Hou Junji 2610:Qibi Heli 2598:Hou Junji 2543:Wei Zheng 2515:Mount Tai 2495:Wen Yanbo 2443:Xueyantuo 2411:Chai Shao 2391:Yan Liben 2246:Wei Zheng 2234:Hou Junji 2199:Wei River 2103:Xueyantuo 2069:Karakhoja 1935:Li Yuanji 1904:Wei Zheng 1808:Wei Zheng 1790:Liu Heita 1696:Liu Heita 1656:Feng Deyi 1594:Xiangyang 1590:Yang Tong 1550:Li Yuanji 1484:Pingliang 1365:Wei River 1361:Tong Pass 1357:Guanzhong 1308:Chai Shao 1241:(600–673) 1239:Yan Liben 1209:concubine 1177:Dongtujue 1143:Li Yuanji 1059:Wei Zheng 861:Li Shimin 790:Lǐ Shìmín 748:Li Shimin 455:Taizong ( 441:文武大聖大廣孝皇帝 407:): 4 302:Sui China 277:Successor 56:talk page 8464:Du Ruhui 8449:Xu Shiji 8351:Du Fuwei 8194:Yang Hao 8184:Yang You 8010:Zhaozong 7995:Xuānzong 7980:Jingzong 7970:Xianzong 7965:Shunzong 7945:Xuanzong 7850:628–649 7812:626–649 7564:, vols. 7536:, vols. 7299:(1986), 7149:(1999), 7070:(2016), 7039:(2016), 6992:de facto 6504:vol. 196 6122:vol. 282 5904:See also 5843:Xuanzang 5769:Hunan TV 5687:Peter Ho 5657:Sean Lau 5256:Dugu Xin 5122:Ancestry 5092:, in 648 5045:) in 643 4970:, in 633 4862:河南竇逵／窦逵 4845:) in 643 4836:, in 637 4834:Wang Gui 4779:代王李簡／李简 4767:楚王李寬／李宽 4758:Unknown 4446:Du Ruhui 4303:Gao Jifu 4243:Li Shiji 4183:Dai Zhou 4147:Wang Gui 4123:Du Ruhui 4000:zhēnguàn 3975:Zhenguan 3969:Era name 3884:Buddhism 3774:Li Shiji 3761:stirrups 3735:Li Shiji 3703:, Pugu ( 3661:campaign 3631:Liaoyang 3613:Li Shiji 3585:Goguryeo 3453:Li Shiji 3330:Chang'an 3312:clan of 3302:Tabghach 3251:Ferghana 3146:mention 2941:Li Shiji 2879:Gaochang 2462:Li Shiji 2425:Shuofang 2259:Buddhism 2226:Du Ruhui 2162:, Gansu. 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Knowledge

Emperor Taizong of Tang

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