Talk:Hoodoo (spirituality)

2693:

possession by ancestral spirits and the Holy Ghost, animal sacrifice, the ring shout, pouring of libations, African American quilt making, African-American folklore, the tricking or the folk magic part, and other practices. Commercialized (marketeered or tourist) hoodoo does not include these practices. It's selling candles, oils and other things. Also, some white witches and non-blacks think hoodoo is about spells and lighting candles for love and money, hexing people and jar magic. There are some older and younger African-Americans that practice Hoodoo the traditional way, such as, only using oil lamps or only using white candles for conjure because 7 day glass encased candles and colored candles were not used on the plantations during slavery. Colored candles and glass encased candles were used for conjure in the 20th century. African-Americans gathered plants from their back yards and used local dirts. However, I am still unsure which way to go with the spelling of the word. A few sources capitalize Hoodoo throughout some scholarly articles and books. Others lowercase the word, and others go back and fourth between upper and lower case. In this Knowledge article I was thinking to make a distinction between traditional Hoodoo of Black America and commercialized hoodoo that developed in the 20th century which is marketed as traditional hoodoo. Hope this helps

1368:---separate two cents: I agree. my great great grandpa was a hoodoo man of creek-Chickasaw-Choctaw-natchez run-away from Louisiana to the hills in Tennessee where he took on a nativized English street name as a last name with his bro-han. the most annoying thing about this whole article is the misinfo propagated, and the fact that hoodoo is of swamp indian origin, while voodoo is a hybrid word of vodun and hoodoo as far as I've been able to deduce. I mean it all makes sense, hoodoo was in Louisiana before the French claimed it, and then later runaways and people were brought there bringing buju and vodun. hoodoo+vodun might = voodoo. i'd say that the quote may or may not be a joke, keep in mind in the era when this quote was collected, there was often literal 'as-heard-scripting-of-writing' albeit, somewhat non-accurate, I think both parties were trying to be good people, as is usually the case everywhere in everything. I mean, I know if you've ever been to anywhere where there are alligators, there are sometimes just people I can't even understand. but i'm a youngster, too. do know of hoodoo tho. that's a plus.... 1590:, divination, etc.' (I am trying to work out Leviticus 20:6 from the Ancient Hebrew to a better English understanding. The verse speaks of 'prostitution' towards mediums, etc. in the ancient Hebrew text which is a turn away from God. In Hoodoo reading, their is guidance asked from God himself for knowledge and clarity into a situation.) I state this because in these types of works, as stated in the original article, God is always in control. The 'black arts' or 'black magic' that is spoken of refers to attempting to summon demonic forces or false gods for power whereas Hoodoo, at least in all of the works I have studied, is sort of a physical representation of prayer. To state that these works in their entirety is considered an abomination would conflict with ideas such as holy water and annointing oils used in the Church to this day. These are actually practices used in Hoodoo as a petition to God and His angels who protect us. Do not confuse Hoodoo with the forms of witchcraft and sorcery that were used during the timeframe in which Leviticus and Deuteronomy were written (approx. 1450-1400 BC). 2155:

and beyond, and while the practice of voudou isn't as prevalent here in the edge of the hills and in the mississippi delta as it was once, it's still here. so is hoodoo. a "hoodoo" is still used here and there, no matter what the language. here, it came from blacks and indians, and where they got it from is so lost in the fog now one will ever know to a point of being irrefutable truth. many of the mexicans here also are ... afraid?... of a hoodoo. as are many blacks. some whites are also. maybe this, maybe that, it's still around. not sure if i'll say i believe, but i'm just going to hedge my bets. for my two bits worth though, i'll say i believe that hoodoo, and/or the word, came from celtic europe and africa both, with celtic women being enslaved and bred with black slaves until it was outlawed. from there it came on in on the backs of slaves through the carribean and blended with native american beliefs and such.

1377:

which his informants spoke. Many of these interviews were recorded and then later transcribed and he did a fairly good job at capturing the dialect of his informants. He was no professional linguist, so the methodology of his transcriptions can be criticized, but NOT the fact that he chose to capture their dialects as honestly as he could. To do otherwise, to give his informants perfect English, would have been dishonest. And what, by the way, is demeaning about capturing the way someone speaks? As someone raised in an area where people speak in a similar fashion, and as someone who speaks similarly with some family members, I find this direct quote neither personally nor academically demeaning. The only argument to be made is that those who look upon others who speak this way with scorn are the ones who most often feel that a direct quote of this type is demeaning.

513: 2170:"...anyway, just to clarify for those who have seen "roots," Indians were slaves. not slave-owners, ever. the scene in roots with the creek dude buying someone at auction was probably the underground railroad at that time, seeing as how at that time there were hyanusee's or whatever the word is for free-towns in the southern Appalachians, where muskoki speaking people met haudenossee speaking people after their ..." I read that while sitting here about five miles from where indian chief Greenwood Leflore had his plantation headquarters, owning slaves and himself being a prominent businessman in central and north Mississippi. Been living around here in the hills and delta most of my life, and the words i have in parentheses above just ain't so. now if yall will excuse me, it's midnight, and i have some hoodoo stuff do do here. 2611:"Many of the spells in the white witch community were appropriated from Hoodoo, such as honey jars, love spells, binding spells, and many hex (curse) spells come from Hoodoo. White witches publish books about hexing and love spells as though they do not come from Hoodoo. These authors do not give credit to the origin of the spells they are writing about. This is problematic, because it is implying that African Americans do not have a culture rooted in spirituality, and that Hoodoo is all about how to use spells to get rich and harm people, making Hoodoo a trend. This furthers the stereotype that the practice of Hoodoo is a selfish form of magic. In addition, social media has become a hub for this kind of appropriation. These authors are making money on Hoodoo which is a tradition that has its beginnings in slavery." 1524:"When you come into the land which the LORD your God gives you, you shall not learn to follow the abominable practices of those nations. There shall not be found among you any one who burns his son or his daughter as an offering, any one who practices divination, a soothsayer, or an augur, or a sorcerer, or a charmer, or a medium, or a wizard, or a necromancer. For whoever does these things is an abomination to the LORD; and because of these abominable practices the LORD your God is driving them out before you. You shall be blameless before the LORD your God. For these nations, which you are about to dispossess, give heed to soothsayers and to diviners; but as for you, the LORD your God has not allowed you so to do" (Deuteronomy 18:9-14). 761:

how at that time there were hyanusee's or whatever the word is for free-towns in the southern Appalachians, where muskoki speaking people met haudenossee speaking people after their families had escaped northeast to the Appalachians going upriver from the plantations in Louisiana where Indians, Africans, and south-Indians were enslaved by a few wealthy families, who did not represent the status quo of the Louisiana purchase at the time. circa 1700's ad. yoruba African religion was similar to hoodoo. different, but similar. and later there was cultural conglomeration between hoodoo religion and yoruba belief systems/religion. maybe.

1809:

from Catholicism and that many people comfortably practice Hoodoo and Catholicism side by side. The point I am making is - if you say the Catholic Church teaches differently - you need a secondary source about this subject - not quotes from the bible. There should be some sources as I believe the Catholic Church has spoken out on these matters and there have been issues about the state recognition of Vodou, for example, in Haiti. What you really can't do though is take bits of a primary religious text and use it to illustrate a current church's views on another religion.

641:(1907). So what's the beef? Are we restricted to only the use of "coinage" which has "entered the popular lexicon"? I know of no such rule for Knowledge articles, otherwise, the articles on Chemistry and Biology subjects would be scant and thin indeed. Moreover, the usage is not pretentious, it is accurate and precisely correct in the way in which it is used here IMO. And, in what way is it deleterious? Make your point, don't just let it dangle there unexpounded. How does the use of the term "folkway" cause "harm or damage" to this article? 373: 1610:(1)Not relative to the subject of Hoodoo as an academic article towards the subject, and; (2)Biased based on perspective of the translation of the terms "wizard", "medium", "sorcerer", "divination", "soothsayer", "augur", "conjurer", etc. The definition of these terms, originally written in Hebrew from the timeframe of 1450-1400 BC, must not be skewed to represent a generalized idea of what the English language interprets the definition to mean almost three and a half millenia later. 546: 739:

would be an relevant, and interesting discussion to have. We will have to sort out what specifically in hoodoo is of African origin and what is of Native American and European origin. Too often I read people who write about the African origins without citation. It's as if they are saying, "if it's a predominantly black tradition, then it must come from Africa." Again, I'm not saying that it's not African origin, but asking what parts of it are African origin? Why is it not

1837:). Leviticus and Deuteronomy are two of those first five books. If the content of those books condemns hoodoo practices (by name, no less!!!), then that must be made known as part of a balanced approach! If this is done with direct quotes and without any interpretation necessary, then there is no reason to exclude it from the article... indeed, no interpretation is needed! It is explicitly stated in the primary resource (which hoodoo believers themselves use today)! 394: 74: 53: 170: 180: 142: 262: 2949: 2884: 305: 284: 156: 691:

seeing the reference to African etymology in the text but there needs to be some sort of documentation and references. I don't have the sources that make these arguments so I can't quote them here and thus removed the reference in the article in order to conform with NPOV. It's interesting to note that regarding the association of Hoodoo as linquistically related to Voodoo, Zora Neale Hurston contributed to this belief in her book

2608:"The New Age community is known for appropriating the spiritual traditions of people of color and spreading misinformation online about Hoodoo. To correct the narrative, some African American women created social media accounts on Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, and other platforms to inform their communities what is and what is not Hoodoo. The African American women interviewed primarily use Hoodoo for healing." 22: 478: 1451:

by - undermines itself by describing a vast stretch of the African coastline as being the "home" of Hoodoo, from the far southeast past the Bight of Benin, an area comprising a large number of cultures, languages, religious traditions, etc. This is a paragraph with pretensions to precision, but under the bluster it's pretty well devoid of content. So I'm deleting it.

2657:

records and archeology evidence. The deletion of that section was not explained by True Pagan Warrior. It should be restored because there is plenty of evidence that animal sacrifice is a part of the practice. It shouldn't have been deleted. All the sources from interviews with African Americans who practiced hoodoo said they sacrificed chickens.

1447:"Hoodoo shows obvious and evident links to the practices and beliefs of African folk magico-religious culture. The Hoodoo practiced in the U.S. by the enslaved Africans was brought from West and Central Africa, specifically, the area that is now known as the Congo and Angola, Togo, Nigeria and other West African regions." 2961: 1175:

always confuse them is that they are always spoken of in tandem. If we stop this now, we will reinforce their independence from each other. Does the article on Christianity have to have a section called "Differences Between Christianity and Judaism"? That's why there are separate articles for each topic.

981:, commissioned in 1895, was referred to by nickname as the "Old Hoodoo" due to a series of incidents that occurred after she was commissioned that gave her a reputation as an unlucky ship. The code letter "H" that was assigned to the Texas at that time may have also contributed to the inspiration. At the 938:, commissioned in 1895, was referred to by nickname as the "Old Hoodoo" due to a series of incidents that occurred after she was commissioned that gave her a reputation as an unlucky ship. The code letter "H" that was assigned to the Texas at that time may have also contributed to the inspiration. At the 2154:

been reading this, and while it's all well and good to bandy about the vagaries of languages, hoodoo and voodoo, while different, are still tied together at the hip here in mississippi. (wearing a hoodoo fetish around my neck as i type this.) 58 year old white male, been around different places here

1808:

Ah but the article shouldn't argue with itself! The bit you quote describes Hoodoo. Hopefully that bit is properly sourced as a description of Hoodoo. The next point is - what if any is the relationship with Catholicism? There is material, apparently sourced, which claims Hoodoo borrowed a great deal

1321:

The quotations are indeed word for word from their references. Moreover, the references are entirely valid and arguably the most authoritative sources on the subject (Hyatt and Huston are at any rate). These are direct quotes from a folklorists trying to document both the beliefs and the dialect of

2726:

Choosing to use capitalization to make a distinction between uses of the word seems like a terrible idea, however, because it completely excludes anyone who uses text-to-voice services from knowing that it's done at all. Capitalization has no pronunciation in English, and the solution to that is to

2614:

These are very subjective statements and I'm not sure if the belong on Knowledge. There are a lot of very definitive sounding statements that are unsourced and feel like personal speculation on the part of the author. There is a lot of serious, scholarly research on folk magic beliefs and practices,

1829:

Fainites, if the beliefs of hoodoo and those presented in the Bible are at odds, it is inevitable that the article will argue with itself! On the other hand, one can take it as a balanced representation of hoodoo beliefs and the weak points of their belief system. If they use the Bible as a source

1546:

believed that God gave them these laws through Moses and the laws contradict some aspects of hoodoo belief, it is therefore necessary that the hoodoo belief that Moses (and, by logical extension, God) is a conjuror (in the hoodoo sense) should be called into question as a Biblically supported idea.

1450:

OK, first of all - African folk magico-religious culture? What, pray tell, is this? Is there some kind of unitary religious/magical perspective which comes from being African? Also, the claim that Hoodoo comes from "specific" parts of "West and Central Africa" - not backed up with a citation, by the

1399:

Sure there is. A lot of us don't speak Ebonics, or Afro-English, or whatever it is. The dude, while it may sound like "chew" clearly means the second person pronoun and not the action of mastication. There's a difference between having an accent and mangling the language. Presenting the quotation in

1270:

Are the quotations in this article word for word from their references? And how valid are the references? Quoting African Americans in this way seems pretty racist to me. If you were quoting a mexican american, you wouldn't write the quote with a mexican accent. These quotations do not fit within an

1246:

etymology. I think the old etymology deriving it from the word 'voodoo' has come into disfavor. Instead, the view that it is from the Hausa word related to hu'du'ba - "to arouse resentment, produce retribution" - has become more prominent. However, if you search the terms 'hoodoo', 'etymology', and

1123:

It's seems pretty clear from this, when taken at face value, that the usage of the word "Gypsy" doesn't necessary carry connotations of racism or disrespect, but the point is taken. However, the term "Gypsy" is widely recognized as an exonym for Romani peoples, and in a way that is self-claimed not

1094:

Until we get some documentation, I've deleted the reference to Gypsies practicing hoodoo. I don't think that there is an historical record of this. However, recently there are a number of sources that pretty much anyone can use to learn these practices. Therefore, if there are a number of gypsies

837:

Before I get to cut-happy with deleted irrelevant sections, I propose that we eliminate the subsections Military history and Sports. Neither of these sections contribute to our understanding of hoodoo. If someone has information on the use of hoodoo on the battlefield by soldiers, that would be an

2604:

A lot of this article reads like an opinion piece rather than an objective overview of a spiritual/religious practice. Lots of links to non-academic, opinion articles from places like Cosmopolitan and Vice, particularly in the "Hoodoo vs. Marketeered Hoodoo" in the article. I feel like a section on

1902:

So Fainites, you're saying that, if the Bible says "necromancy is an abomination" in a few Biblical books that Moses wrote down (I can easily find a reliable source that proves he did) and hoodoo says "we practice necromancy," then it's OK to keep that as an entry in an encyclopedia like Knowledge?

908:

In English, Australian, and New Zealand sports journalism, the word hoodoo is sometimes used to refer to a team's inability to achieve a certain goal - such as beating a particular opponent or winning a certain trophy. This usage jokingly implies that there is some supernatural force preventing the

760:

Hoodoo is a Natchez/Choctaw/Chickasaw word. maybe creek at this point. anyway, just to clarify for those who have seen "roots," Indians were slaves. not slave-owners, ever. the scene in roots with the creek dude buying someone at auction was probably the underground railroad at that time, seeing as

738:

In following with my point about the linquistic origins of Hoodoo, I deleted the sentence referring to Hoodoo being a well accepted and current practice in Africa. I am not arguing that this is not the case, but we have had no discussion or documentation of sources regarding origins. I think this

690:

I have seen different etymologies for the word. The most popular being it's either an Ewe influence related to Vodu, Voodoo, or it's a Hausa word related to hu'du'ba. I'm not an African linquist but I've studied linguistics long enough to know that the latter is a stronger argument. I don't mind

2996:

In other folk religions articles, I have seen there is a separate article about the history of the practice and then another article about the practices. Maybe split the articles into two, one about the practices and one about the history. Like the Palo and the Santeria have two separate articles,

2656:

I have seen the word capitalized in several scholarly sources, and some sources it changes from lower to upper case depending on the meaning. Also the deletion of the section on animal sacrifice was not explained. There is historical evidence that animal sacrifice is a part of Hoodoo in historical

1906:

If hoodoo believers say "Moses is a great conjuror" and Moses (in his writings, in the Bible) says to his people (essentially), "don't conjure" and "worship God alone" (not some snake or your ancestors), then we should take hoodoo believers at their word and ignore what Moses told his people about

1376:

No, the quote is not a joke. And if you follow the reference you can see that there is a significant scholarly work dedicated to hoodoo and the people who practice it. While Hyatt may have been an amateur folklorist, he worked hard to document these practices and beliefs AS WELL AS the manner in

1079:

and soforth, there is an informant who says something along the lines of, "if I cross someone, and it works, then it happened with God's permission." This isn't exact but just an approximation. If any of you have access to this book and find it before I do, can you add it and the citation in the

2692:

The distinction of traditional African American Hoodoo and the commercialized hoodoo needs to be understood. Traditional African American Hoodoo created by enslaved Black people in the United States include a variety of practices from burial practices influenced by Bakongo and Igbo people, spirit

2637:

I noticed that the capitalization of this topic was inconsistent throughout the article, and after reviewing the etymological source (Merriam-Webster), I opted to be bold and make the use of the word lower case. I recognize that capitalization carries emotional weight for some individuals, and I

1174:

I propose that we deleted this section. Though the words sound the same, we all know that they are very different. I think that the article is developed enough that a reader will be able to tell the difference by reading it, then reading the article on Voodoo. I think part of the reason people

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636:

It is not a "coinage" at random. It is a well-known and well-defined word in the lexicon of sociology. It has been in wide use in that field since 1907 when an entire book on the subject was published by an Ivy League professor, and there is an Encyclopaedia Brittanica article about both the word

1915:

If, as you seem to think, this is not the place to make a correction to the reality of the situation, then where is a good place? Should I create a new Knowledge page devoted to the Biblical stance on conjuring, necromancy, divining, charm-making and usage, and the like? If the answer is that

1790:

P.S. I didn't mention Catholic teaching in this post at all because it is not called for. I merely cited a primary resource and directly quoted from it to show a bit of ideological conflict (namely that Moses, the man who wrote Deuteronomy, from which this direct quote is taken, and who hoodoo

1346:

While I have no evidence as to whether or not the whole thing is a joke, I think this should be written in proper English, rather than how it might have sounded due to the persons accent. It's demeaning and simply not accurate. We know they would have been saying "that you" and not "da' chew".

1247:'Irish' you'll find an interesting argument for the Irish origins of the word. There's too much guess work in etymology for my skills. However, it would be nice to get some documentation and references on the subject. As yet, no one has stepped up to provide a thorough case for the etymology. 1074:

I added the above section and two subsections "Moses-as conjuror" and "bible-as-talisman". My goal was to add some more description to what hoodoo is by discussing some of the underlying symbolism and worldview. I'm missing a quote that I haven't been able to track down, in Hyatt's book vol 1

1191:

By the way, thanks for the splendid job you are doing on the article. I noticed that you need a cite for the Pow Wows refernce. If you want, you can cite my online book "Hoodoo in Theory and Practice." Knowledge allows citations from web books published by people who are already recognized and

1159:

I added a new section on cultural influences. My thinking is that we need three sections to discuss each of the three regions that the article claims had an influence on Hoodoo: Africa, Europe, and Native America. I am not versed enough in African or Native American influences to write those

1855:

For this separate article on hoodoo, in which no mention of Catholicism is previously made, I cannot justify a mention of Catholic teaching or, therefore, any citation of Catholic thoughts. This is about the primary resource. They are citing it from ancient times, and so am I. I'm doing no

2672:

The removal of much of the animal sacrifice section was not intended; I apologize for that and I am glad you noticed it. On capitalization, I again invite discussion to arrive at consensus. The phrase "hoodoo is sometimes spelled Hoodoo" is a distinction without a difference, and would be

718:

Correct me if I am wrong, but that's not what NPOV is about. What you are describing is "unreferenced material", material without citations for their source. NPOV can occur even when the material is sourced, but does not overall accurately reflect a consensus view of the issues presented.

1724:

section says (and I quote), "...primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Knowledge editors."

2519:

states, "Current estimates are that about 12 million to 12.8 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic over a span of 400 years." - not all of those went to North America - I don't have any reliable sources at hand to check how many were sent to North America - cheers -

2459:

Shouldn't this be reinstated? Despite this user's remark, many entries gave information where the hoodoo occurs, sometimes even citing song lyrics. How exactly should this information be referenced anyway? With a timestamp for songs and movies? With a page number for stories?

1745:

Here's the definition of necromancy according to dictionary.reference.com/browse/necromancy: "1. a method of divination through alleged communication with the dead; black art; 2. magic in general, esp. that practiced by a witch or sorcerer; sorcery; witchcraft; conjuration.

1860:

Do you see what I'm saying yet? It's not about interpretation. They say Moses is a conjuror. Moses says not to conjure. They are necromancers. Moses wrote down that his people are not to allow necromancy. It's right there in the same source they use... fair is fair!

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From the Knowledge article on Romani people: "The word Gypsy in English has become so pervasive that many Romani organizations use it in their own organizational names." and "However, the word is often considered derogatory because of its negative and stereotypical

1489:

for many of its ideas, in many places the text of the Old Testament itself explicitly condemns use of some methods that hoodoo employs. Take, for example, these excerpts from the Book of Leviticus and Deuteronomy (two of the five Biblical books received by

675:

I deleted these sections because they do not contribute to our of blues singers in relation to Hoodoo. However, this section needs work as well it needs to be flushed out with more detail that will explain the relevance of the the Hoodoo/Blues connection.

2463:

I could be wrong, of course, but I have the impression this user simply didn't like the section for whatever reason and removed it wholesale. This is not the approach I value with Knowledge and I find this excision of good information regrettable.

1424:

It's a quote from an historically significant book. That is the way the author presented the material he collected, which is here being quoted. Do you propose to regularize the usage and style of, say, Robert Burns' deeply dialectic poetry as well?

695:

by stating that Hoodoo was Voodoo according to white people. However, Just because some white folk don't always understand the practices of other cultures doesn't mean that their misunderstandings determine the the true history of the word.

1910:

That's akin to your father telling you not to smoke or roll cigarettes, and then later in life someone telling you that your own father was a great smoker and cigarette roller! Shouldn't we take Moses, the very man himself, at his word?

1473:

I am trying to post this addition. If there are any objections, please voice your concerns or any areas in which there are factual problems. Otherwise, please do not remove my additions. Here is the addition as I would like to add it:

2859:

In this source this author goes back and forth between upper and lowercase spelling of the word Hoodoo. They use Hoodoo when discussing the traditional Hoodoo of Black America, and hoodoo when discussing the appropriated modern version.

2490:

Information that is not referenced can be removed at any time, without discussion. Any items that are returned should have reliable, verifiable sources attached. What this article does not need is more unreferenced or poorly sourced

1533:

is believed to have written down himself. Considering the weight that hoodoo believers give to Moses-as-conjuror, this is an important point to recognize. These views are based on an ancient Jewish understanding of the laws that the

2638:

encourage discussion based on sources to arrive at a consensus if this bold decision doesn't sit right with some. (If a consensus to revert is reached, please note I made a few other typographical edits which should be preserved.)

2605:

the commercialization of hoodoo practices is fine to have in the article but it needs to have a more academic tone and not read like a personal essay. Passages like this particularly stand out to me as an example of this-

838:

great thing to include under the section. Same with sports. However, again these sections as they stand now are documentations of the use of the word and not a documentation of the tradition or its influence in history.

594:

I removed the reference which claimed that "I can still hear that old hound dog barking, chasin' down a hoodoo there" (from the Credence Clearwater Revival song) was an example of hoodoo used as an adjective. It isn't.

2942: 1185:

I would prefer that you leave the "Differences" section in place, revising it as you see fit. See the very first scomment on this talk page. It's an ongoing prolem, and ignoring it will not change the need for disussing

1840:

Furthermore, in this hoodoo article, there is no previous mention of Catholicism anywhere that I could find. If this is not present, I find it unnecessary and inappropriate to introduce the Catholic view on hoodoo.

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I haven't heard any responses to the contrary, so until we can connect these sections to how they are important to our understanding of hoodoo, I've deleted them. here they are in case we want to replace them:

2400:

There may be more unreliable sources, but this is a start in cleaning up the references. Unless someone can show that these works meet the Knowledge guidelines for a reliable source, they will be deleted. -

1465: 1242:

Badagani . . . First, my apologies for the late reply on your comment. Please see the explanation above on why the etymology of the word 'hoodoo' is absent. In short, it is difficult to establish an

1009:

I have also deleted the reference to "Mama Zogbe" as an author, since i can find no books by her -- or, indeed, any mention of her outside of this wikipedia article and its various internet clones.

1551:, the same source from which hoodoo believers draw their ideas of God- and Moses-as-conjuror. Such a contradictory set of viewpoints stemming from the same source must be carefully scrutinized. 2515:

The article states, "Approximately 388,000 enslaved Africans from various ethnic groups were transported to North America from the 17th to 19th centuries" - that number seems low - the article

787:

or it doesn't count. I've been a linguist all my adult life, with a doctorate in the subject, and this smells of "Well, I heard it somewhere, or something like it, so it must be so." Compare

562: 2985: 2230: 832: 1619: 2896: 2877: 1784:. For whoever does these things is an abomination to the LORD; and because of these abominable practices the LORD your God is driving them out before you" (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). 1568: 2248: 2244: 1095:

that use hoodoo (and not just the individual who added the word), then we should perhaps deal with it in a new section . . . something like "Prevalence in Contemporary Culture".

2318:

states that, “Material such as an article, book, monograph, or research paper that has been vetted by the scholarly community is regarded as reliable.” Some are self-published (

1517:"If a person turns to mediums and wizards, playing the harlot after them, I will set my face against that person, and will cut him off from among his people" (Leviticus 20:6). 699:

In short, I'd like to recommend that we not refer to the etymology at all since it contributes little to the article. It doesn't reveal much about Hoodoo as a socio-cultural

1715: 2599: 685: 902:, there is also a Monster named Hoodoo in the Halloween Town. In the latest Nancy Drew video game, "The Legend of the Crystal Skull", Hoodoo is one of the central themes. 2177: 1358: 1731:"The goal of hoodoo is to allow people access to supernatural forces to improve their daily lives by gaining power in many areas of life, including luck, money, love, 1124:

to be an offensive slur, so it still seems appropriate to use it as a link between the people being discussed and the hoodoo subject of the article. Agree? Disagree?

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African origin and Muslim African origin? I certainly see a lot of similarities between hoodoo and Muslim magical practices from North Africa, and many of the slaves

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Hi, I found a source on the Library of Congress website that estimates about 400,000 African people came to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade.

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To summarize my reasoning for the above response, the addition of the section regarding "Moses & The Old Testament on Conjuring/Witchcraft/Wizards/Mediums" is:

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I had to redo this because the links didn't show up for you to click on and read them in the previous post. Here are sources that capitalize the word Hoodoo. 1.

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Now, I don't want to start a silly edit war but I found this information quite interesting and useful. In fact, it's the reason I revisited the article.

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It looks as if Black - meaning someone of African heritage - is sometimes capitalized and sometimes is lower case. It seems white is always lower case.

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This is even more dire when one considers that Moses, who they present as a conjuror, wrote down the first five books of the Bible (commonly called the

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implies an acceptance of voodoo practices by the Catholic Church, there is a basis for speaking about Catholic teaching. These are separate articles.

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teaches is a conjuror, explicitly condemns the very practices that hoodoo employs). I'd say that's a pretty serious factual flaw in this article.

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The repeated use of the term "folkway" (a coinage which never entered the popular lexicon) is both pretentious and deleterious to this article.

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Conversations over one year old have been archived. To read these conversations, please see the archive box at the top of the page. Thanks.

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make better word choices that will make the context clear. I do look forward to see those sources you left unnamed in your comment, however.

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deliberately incorrect phonetics is insulting to both the source, and the language, and, like the above mentioned, the mark of an amateur.

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There is no argument to be made in favor of FALSIFYING the manner in which this informant speaks by transforming it into 'proper' English!

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Ok, I understand making Knowledge accessible to others who may not be able to read and have to listen to an audio version of the article.

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Finkelstein, I., Silberman, NA., The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, p.68

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11. The Hindu in Hoodoo: Fake Yogis, Pseudo-Swamis, and the Manufacture of African American Folk Magic | Philip Deslippe - Academia.edu

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already. Certainly you may create a page on the Biblical stance on these matters but not sourced from your interpretation of the Bible!

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These are only some of the places in which hoodoo practices are Biblically condemned; in fact, these citations are all from books that

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But this article is about Hoodoo. It's not about what the Bible says that can be interpreted as contrary to the practices of Hoodoo.

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When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

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Once again, please let me know what the issue(s) is/are... if there are no posts within 12 hours, I will re-post my addition.

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It's not especially helpful, as I was hoping for "a discussion based on sources," which to me means linking to those sources.

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there is an enemy named a hoodoo, and has the ability to go invisible and cast forcefields at will. In the Global version of

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I therefore have decided that either the Mama Zogbe reference was a spoof or Mama Zogbe is not a notable writer on hoodoo.

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The following are not scholarly works and may be unreliable or questionable sources not appropriate for an encyclopedia:

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https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/78339/AfricanSpiritualityInAmerica_ThesisPaper.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

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sections, so I just included Europe. I have two other grimoires to talk about, I'll add them when I've finished them.

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Any references to burning Hoodoo practitioners like those in Puritan New England ? A comparison would be something.

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contains references to goofer dust and using a hoodoo-like ritual to summon a demon to a crossroads to make a pact.

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related articles on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join

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This entire section was scrapped on 16 July 2017 by a user with the remark "removing unreferenced information".

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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the

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sentence marked (citation)? I think Hyatt even mentions this quote in his introduction if I remember correctly.

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https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/78329/African_Spirituality_Poster_Final.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

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2. Religions | Free Full-Text | Looking for Black Religions in 20th Century Comics, 1931–1993 | HTML (mdpi.com)

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including hoodoo, out there, and I think this article would really benefit from consulting those resources.

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5. The Problem : Religion within the World of Slaves | Current Anthropology: Vol 61, No S22 (uchicago.edu)

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If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with

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team from doing so and derives from the false notion that hoodoo magic consists only, or primarily, of

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https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mojo_Workin/FL05AUXiW18C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=capitalization

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It's not a question of "sides". It's a question of sources. There will undoubtedly be an article on

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I think this is a good idea. A size of 276,934 bytes and 22,000 words makes this article unwieldy.

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https://www.crt.state.la.us/Assets/OCD/archaeology/discoverarchaeology/virtual-books/PDFs/BTGH.pdf

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their informants. Because of this, the quote as written is acceptable in an educational article.

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on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join

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on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between

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Isn't that pretty cut and dry? It doesn't seem that there is any need for a secondary resource.

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https://www.abhmuseum.org/how-many-africans-were-really-taken-to-the-u-s-during-the-slave-trade/

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before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template

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was written down much later, after centuries of oral and written transmission. Copied here from

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one about the practices of Palo and Santeria and one about the history of the folk religions.

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https://web.archive.org/web/20110102004212/http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hoodoo

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Even if that's the case, both sides of the issue should be represented in this article.

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There had at some point been a great section about Hoodoo featured in popular culture.

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https://www.rutgers.edu/news/rutgers-camden-scholar-clears-misconceptions-about-hoodoo

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If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with

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I have taken the liberty of breaking the books section into non-fiction and fiction.

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released in 1993. A hoodoo stick, hoodoo bow and jinxed hoodoo skin are all items in

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and then see if you can find a secondary source on Catholic/Hoodoo interelationship.

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8. Rutgers-Camden Scholar Clears up Misconceptions about Hoodoo | Rutgers University

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Muslim, as well as indigenous. Point being, we need a discussion and documentation.

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Wiki Education assignment: ARH 371_The TransAtlantic_Cross-Cultural Representations

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of teaching, they should understand what it actually says about their practices!

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I can't find where it is explained in the article the exact etymology of "hoodoo."

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It would be great to have an approach that is consistent throughout the article.–

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This is even more necessary considering the explicit condemnation present in the

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History Crash Course #36: Timeline: From Abraham to Destruction of the Temple

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Any claim that Moses wrote anything had better be supported by indisputably

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are different from traditional definitions of 'mediums, wizards, augurs,

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And here is a list of scholarly sources that capitalize the word Hoodoo.

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article, which infers strong connections between Catholicism and voodoo

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https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/african/beginnings/

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Moses & The Old Testament on Conjuring/Witchcraft/Wizards/Mediums

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10. UI Press | Katrina Hazzard-Donald | Mojo Workin' (uillinois.edu)

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The Pentateuch: An introduction to the first five books of the Bible

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league at the Rec (Bath RFC Home Ground) in their 134 year history.

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Regarding My Post Addition Attempts and Their Subsequent Reversions

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confounding to anyone using a spoken word form of this article.--

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Lowcountry Voodoo: Beginner's Guide to Tales, Spells and Boo Hags

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The Holy Bible: Revised Standard Version- Second Catholic Edition

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http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol4no6/4.6-11HoodooReligion.pdf

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educational article and should be replaced with something else.

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This article cites a number of sources that may be unreliable (

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Wiki Education assignment: Contemporary Black Popular Culture

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Here are some quotes directly from the current wiki article:

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This article has been marked as needing immediate attention.

1542:) believe were given to them by God through Moses. If the 1535: 866:

refers to the use of a five-spot symbol as protection, and

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Subsections Television, Games, Sports, and Military History

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https://www.odwirafo.com/Akan_Origin_of_the_Term_Hoodoo.pdf

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for additional information. I made the following changes:

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Now, after that small bit of critical thinking, here is a

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6. AfricanSpiritualityInAmerica_ThesisPaper.pdf (osu.edu)

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Britain, Catholic Biblical Association of Great (2006).

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Hoodoo (and Voodoo) are a central part of the plot to

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believe that the written books were a product of the

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https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/709843

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MOJO WORKIN’: The Old African American Hoodoo System

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Tone issues in article, needs more scholarly sources

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Deleted references to etymological origins of Hoodoo

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https://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Linguistics/irish5.html

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https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hoodoo

2840:https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/?id=p078767 2086:Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction 3102:Knowledge requested images of religious subjects 3028: 2221:http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hoodoo 2862:https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/14527 1057:Sorry for interfering, but it was bugging me. 783:"Natchez/Choctaw/Chickasaw word. maybe creek"? 199:, a project to improve Knowledge's articles on 2229:This message was posted before February 2018. 2760:4. 4.6-11HoodooReligion.pdf (jpanafrican.org) 1662: 1574:Divineofficer, the works of Hoodoo involving 2779:by Katrina Hazzard-Donald (review) (jhu.edu) 1772:, a soothsayer, or an augur, or a sorcerer, 1706:http://www.trinity-ottumwa.com/leviticus.pdf 1684:https://en.wikipedia.org/Hoodoo_(folk_magic) 1170:Delete Differences between Hoodoo and Voodoo 2808:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/6/400/htm 2118:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2045: 1720:OK Fainites, here's the thing: Knowledge's 2199:I have just modified one external link on 2082: 1033:< "newbell niles puckett" hoodoo : --> 1029:< "harry middleton hyatt" hoodoo : --> 1002:Books section revised -- and why i did it 520:may be able to locate suitable images on 3077:Mid-importance African diaspora articles 2054:Reference Library. New York: Doubleday. 1105:please refrain from using racial slurs. 1070:added section "Hoodoo Conceptual System" 801:https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hoodoo 1954:Tell you what Divine, we could ask the 1668: 1650: 19: 3029: 2349:Hoodoo—Conjuration—Witchcraft—Rootwork 1049:< "catherine yronwode" hoodoo : --> 1045:< "zora neale hurston" hoodoo : --> 796:https://www.etymonline.com/word/voodoo 330:Knowledge:WikiProject African diaspora 3082:WikiProject African diaspora articles 2178:2602:306:CF71:6F90:C495:F667:284:9058 1983:Moses didn't write anything. All the 1192:print-published authors in the field. 734:Deleted Reference to Hoodoo in Africa 333:Template:WikiProject African diaspora 2769:7. PowerPoint Presentation (osu.edu) 1695:https://en.wikipedia.org/Black_magic 743:origin? Or, why is it specifically 671:Deleted Other Artists and Folk Humor 472: 399:This article is within the scope of 310:This article is within the scope of 191:This article is within the scope of 79:This article is within the scope of 15: 3062:Religion articles needing attention 2836:https://muse.jhu.edu/article/580442 1916:simple, please let me know ASAP!!! 1735:, revenge, health, employment, and 38:It is of interest to the following 13: 3092:Mid-importance Skepticism articles 2957: 2953: 2892: 2888: 1673:. Thomas Nelson Publishing. p. 88. 1625:Thanks Divineofficer. Please read 1155:New Section, "Cultural Influences" 879:Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Father 476: 260: 14: 3113: 3072:C-Class African diaspora articles 2562:Capitalization of Black and white 2203:. Please take a moment to review 2114:: CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( 917:is said to have a hoodoo against 518:Openverse Creative Commons Search 3057:Mid-importance Religion articles 2960:. Further details are available 2947: 2895:. Further details are available 2882: 2844:https://www.academia.edu/7713281 1041:< "ishmael reed" hoodoo : --> 544: 431:Knowledge:WikiProject Skepticism 392: 371: 303: 282: 178: 168: 154: 140: 72: 51: 20: 3097:WikiProject Skepticism articles 1037:< "jim haskins" hoodoo : --> 974:of the United States Navy, the 931:of the United States Navy, the 451:This article has been rated as 434:Template:WikiProject Skepticism 350:This article has been rated as 247:This article has been rated as 119:This article has been rated as 3042:Mid-importance Occult articles 3022:23:14, 10 September 2024 (UTC) 3007:18:20, 10 September 2024 (UTC) 2757:3. Mojo Workin' - Google Books 2628:21:30, 16 September 2021 (UTC) 2076: 2067: 2038: 1699: 1688: 1677: 1342:quote from hoodoo practitioner 1016:< "mama zogbe" hoodoo : --> 1012:A google search on the terms 227:Knowledge:WikiProject Religion 1: 3067:WikiProject Religion articles 2986:03:34, 25 February 2024 (UTC) 2976:— Assignment last updated by 2927:— Assignment last updated by 2186:06:02, 19 February 2016 (UTC) 1972:17:06, 31 December 2010 (UTC) 1950:10:28, 31 December 2010 (UTC) 1931:01:08, 31 December 2010 (UTC) 1890:22:54, 30 December 2010 (UTC) 1873:21:35, 30 December 2010 (UTC) 1819:20:57, 30 December 2010 (UTC) 1803:18:41, 30 December 2010 (UTC) 1639:16:56, 30 December 2010 (UTC) 1620:08:20, 14 December 2013 (UTC) 1600:08:04, 14 December 2013 (UTC) 1569:05:18, 30 December 2010 (UTC) 1485:Although hoodoo draws on the 1443:What on earth does this mean? 1257:21:23, 29 December 2009 (UTC) 1025:< "emma bull" hoodoo : --> 425:and see a list of open tasks. 324:and see a list of open tasks. 230:Template:WikiProject Religion 93:and see a list of open tasks. 2937:04:37, 6 December 2022 (UTC) 2484:18:59, 9 February 2021 (UTC) 2440:15:56, 15 January 2021 (UTC) 2411:23:32, 8 November 2020 (UTC) 2297:10:30, 7 December 2017 (UTC) 2150:16:30, 2 February 2014 (UTC) 2083:McDermott, John J., (2002). 2046:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1992). 1390:20:57, 8 December 2009 (UTC) 1363:10:51, 25 October 2009 (UTC) 1332:21:30, 8 December 2009 (UTC) 1237:02:12, 1 December 2007 (UTC) 1222:02:57, 27 October 2020 (UTC) 1202:04:55, 22 October 2007 (UTC) 1180:02:27, 20 October 2007 (UTC) 1165:02:27, 20 October 2007 (UTC) 1100:18:14, 18 October 2007 (UTC) 1085:21:12, 17 October 2007 (UTC) 1065:07:50, 16 October 2007 (UTC) 994:18:21, 18 October 2007 (UTC) 951:18:21, 18 October 2007 (UTC) 843:19:12, 12 October 2007 (UTC) 756:22:45, 11 October 2007 (UTC) 708:18:54, 11 October 2007 (UTC) 681:18:16, 11 October 2007 (UTC) 666:21:10, 25 October 2007 (UTC) 611:20:29, 10 January 2017 (UTC) 313:WikiProject African diaspora 99:Knowledge:WikiProject Occult 7: 3087:C-Class Skepticism articles 3047:WikiProject Occult articles 2364:The Voodoo Hoodoo Spellbook 102:Template:WikiProject Occult 10: 3118: 2703:13:59, 16 April 2022 (UTC) 2687:17:25, 15 April 2022 (UTC) 2667:19:11, 14 April 2022 (UTC) 2652:18:24, 14 April 2022 (UTC) 2505:18:27, 14 April 2022 (UTC) 2260:(last update: 5 June 2024) 2196:Hello fellow Wikipedians, 1435:10:53, 29 April 2012 (UTC) 1145:11:27, 20 April 2015 (UTC) 729:11:12, 20 April 2015 (UTC) 651:11:41, 20 April 2015 (UTC) 457:project's importance scale 356:project's importance scale 253:project's importance scale 125:project's importance scale 3052:C-Class Religion articles 2992:Reduction of article size 2751:1. BTGH.pdf (state.la.us) 2542:Sources vary on numbers. 2511:Transatlantic slave trade 2333:McQuillar, Tayannah Lee, 1856:different than they are. 1115:04:43, 27 June 2011 (UTC) 450: 387: 349: 336:African diaspora articles 298: 268: 246: 163: 118: 67: 46: 2873:01:13, 17 May 2022 (UTC) 2855:01:13, 17 May 2022 (UTC) 2795:03:49, 14 May 2022 (UTC) 2741:14:03, 12 May 2022 (UTC) 2722:14:00, 12 May 2022 (UTC) 2594:20:52, 4 July 2021 (UTC) 2579:20:32, 4 July 2021 (UTC) 2556:21:50, 2 July 2021 (UTC) 2530:19:04, 2 July 2021 (UTC) 2347:Hyatt, Harry Middleton. 2165:03:40, 28 May 2015 (UTC) 2089:. Pauline Press. p. 21. 2027:01:25, 14 May 2019 (UTC) 1461:20:01, 6 June 2010 (UTC) 1416:20:13, 4 July 2011 (UTC) 1276:10:11, 4 July 2009 (UTC) 1197:Cordially, cat yronwode 983:battle of Santiago, Cuba 940:battle of Santiago, Cuba 827:01:13, 14 May 2019 (UTC) 631:04:16, 14 May 2014 (UTC) 485:It is requested that an 217:standards, or visit the 3037:C-Class Occult articles 2344:. Pineapple Press, 2009 2192:External links modified 1060:cat yronwode (yes, me) 895:Rayman 3: Hoodlum Havoc 777:05:33, 5 May 2014 (UTC) 637:"folkway" and the book 1554:---END OF ADDITION--- 1212:are all the same thing 1017:turns up only 25 pages 657:Archived Conversations 514:Free Image Search Tool 507:media request template 481: 402:WikiProject Skepticism 265: 28:This article is rated 2978:Elizabethhawkins21315 2966:Elizabethhawkins21315 2964:. Student editor(s): 2899:. Student editor(s): 2388:. Createspace, 2010 ( 2373:. Createspace, 2010 ( 2366:. Weiser Books, 2011. 2337:. Destiny Books, 2020 2006:(c. 5th century BCE). 1050:turns up 6,380 pages. 1046:turns up 5,350 pages, 1042:turns up 3,380 pages, 1038:turns up 1,150 pages, 915:Gloucester Rugby Club 495:Hoodoo (spirituality) 480: 264: 2517:Atlantic slave trade 2446:"In popular culture" 2371:The Conjure Cookbook 2241:regular verification 2000:Babylonian captivity 1960:no original research 1780:, or a wizard, or a 1770:practices divination 1090:Gypsies and hoodoo?? 524:and other web sites. 195:WikiProject Religion 2907:). Peer reviewers: 2310:) or questionable ( 2231:After February 2018 2201:Hoodoo (folk magic) 1958:noticeboard or the 1716:Another Explanation 1026:turns up 250 pages, 913:. For example, the 503:improve its quality 501:in this article to 437:Skepticism articles 2962:on the course page 2897:on the course page 2775:9. Project MUSE - 2285:InternetArchiveBot 2236:InternetArchiveBot 2004:post-Exilic period 1077:Hoodoo-Conjuration 1034:turns up 450 pages 1030:turns up 425 pages 482: 266: 207:assess and improve 82:WikiProject Occult 34:content assessment 2470:comment added by 2426:comment added by 2340:Zepke, Terrance. 2261: 2188: 2176:comment added by 2095:978-0-8091-4082-4 1996:Biblical scholars 1969: 1947: 1887: 1816: 1763:no interpretation 1636: 1580:Bible-as-Talisman 1406:comment added by 1353:comment added by 1313: 1299:comment added by 1283:comment added by 1199:Catherineyronwode 1148: 1131:comment added by 1062:Catherineyronwode 889:World of Warcraft 868:"Crossroad Blues" 767:comment added by 613: 601:comment added by 587: 586: 568: 567: 538: 537: 525: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 366: 365: 362: 361: 277: 276: 273: 272: 233:Religion articles 221:for more details. 135: 134: 131: 130: 3109: 2988: 2970:article contribs 2959: 2955: 2951: 2939: 2905:article contribs 2894: 2893:13 December 2022 2890: 2889:1 September 2022 2886: 2486: 2442: 2335:The Hoodoo Tarot 2302:Reliable sources 2295: 2286: 2259: 2258: 2237: 2171: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2042: 2015:reliable sources 1994:The majority of 1967: 1945: 1885: 1850:and additionally 1844:However, in the 1814: 1759:original context 1755:primary resource 1708: 1703: 1697: 1692: 1686: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1634: 1470:Hello everyone, 1418: 1365: 1312: 1293: 1292: 1147: 1125: 968:Military history 925:Military history 785:Reliable sources 779: 741:African American 596: 582: 559: 558: 548: 540: 534: 532: 511: 509:where possible. 479: 473: 439: 438: 435: 432: 429: 396: 389: 388: 383: 375: 368: 367: 338: 337: 334: 331: 328: 327:African diaspora 318:African diaspora 307: 300: 299: 294: 290:African diaspora 286: 279: 278: 235: 234: 231: 228: 225: 219:wikiproject page 188: 183: 182: 172: 165: 164: 159: 158: 157: 152: 144: 137: 136: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 76: 69: 68: 63: 55: 48: 47: 31: 25: 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3039: 3025: 3024: 2993: 2990: 2954:9 January 2024 2944: 2941: 2879: 2876: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2783: 2780: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2724: 2690: 2689: 2634: 2633:capitalization 2631: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2447: 2444: 2417: 2414: 2398: 2397: 2386:Voodoo Conjure 2384:Felix, Talia, 2382: 2369:Felix, Talia, 2367: 2360: 2345: 2338: 2316:WP:SCHOLARSHIP 2303: 2300: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2224: 2223: 2215:Added archive 2193: 2190: 2169: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2094: 2075: 2066: 2059: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2007: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1914: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1859: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1698: 1687: 1676: 1661: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1612:128.221.224.57 1608: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1592:128.221.224.57 1527: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1467: 1464: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 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