1793:, and the absence of labialization have caused the consonant systems of Berber languages to differ significantly by region. Berber languages found north of, and in the northern half of, the Sahara have greater influence from Arabic, including that of loaned phonemes, than those in more southern regions, like Tuareg. Most Berber languages in northern regions have additionally undergone spirantization, in which historical short stops have changed into fricatives. Northern Berber languages (which is a subset of but not identical to Berber languages in geographically northern regions) commonly have labialized velars and uvulars, unlike other Berber languages.
1152:
1171:
1797:
196:
924:
1917:
756:
398:
2584:, and case in most Berber languages, with gender being feminine or masculine, number being singular or plural, and case being in the construct or free state. Some Arabic borrowings in Northern and Eastern Berber languages do not accept these affixes; they instead retain the Arabic article regardless of case, and follow Arabic patterns to express number and gender.
1802:
1801:
1798:
1803:
4511:
involvement in the
Carthaginian Empire. As a result, the role of autochthonous populations has been largely overlooked in studies of Carthage and its empire. Genetic approaches are well suited to examine such assumptions, and here we show that North African populations contributed substantially to the genetic makeup of Carthaginian cities.
1800:
3658:
terms related to learning, or words for plants or useful objects. Use of these terms varies by language. For example, Tuareg does not retain the Latin agricultural terms, which relate to a form of agriculture not practiced by the Tuareg people. There are some Latin loans that are only known to be used in
Shawiya.
1922:
1919:
1804:
3610:
Above all in the area of basic lexicon, the Berber languages are very similar. However, the household-related vocabulary in sedentary tribes is especially different from the one found in nomadic ones: whereas
Tahaggart has only two or three designations for species of palm tree, other languages may
1580:
After gaining independence from France in 1962, Algeria committed to a policy of
Arabisation, which, after the imposition of the Circular of July 1976, encompassed the spheres of education, public administration, public signage, print publication, and the judiciary. While primarily directed towards
1166:
Algeria is the country with the second greatest number of speakers of Berber languages. In 1906, the total population speaking Berber languages in
Algeria, excluding the thinly populated Sahara region, was estimated at 1,305,730 out of 4,447,149, or 29%. Secondary sources disagree on the percentage
7185:
Les chiffres se rapportent, non pas au dernier recensement, celui de 1911, mais au précédenl, celui de 1906. C'est le seul sur lequel on avait, et même on a encore maintenant, des données suffisantes. Voici ces chiffres. Sur une population indigène totale de 4 447 149 hab., nous trouvons 1 305 730
3657:
loans"), precolonial non-African
Romance loans, and colonial and post-colonial Romance loans. It can be difficult to distinguish Latin from African Romance loans. There are about 40 likely Latin or African Romance loanwords in Berber languages, which tend to be agricultural terms, religious terms,
1920:
1831:
There is still, however, common consonant features observed across Berber languages. Almost all Berber languages have bilabial, dental, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and laryngeal consonants, and almost all consonants have a long counterpart. All Berber languages, as is common in
Afroasiatic
3672:
The most influential external language on the lexicon of Berber languages is Arabic. Maarten
Kossmann calculates that 0-5% of Ghadames and Awdjila's core vocabularies, and over 15% of Ghomara, Siwa, and Senhadja de Sraïr's core vocabularies, are loans from Arabic. Most other Berber languages loan
1552:
After gaining independence from France in 1956, Morocco began a period of
Arabisation through 1981, with primary and secondary school education gradually being changed to Arabic instruction, and with the aim of having administration done in Arabic, rather than French. During this time, there were
2792:
Nouns or pronouns — optionally extended with genitival pronominal affixes, demonstrative clitics, or pre-nominal elements, and then further modified by numerals, adjectives, possessive phrases, or relative clauses — can be built into noun phrases. Possessive phrases in noun phrases must have a
4510:
The contribution of autochthonous North
African populations in Carthaginian history is obscured by the use of terms like 'Western Phoenicians', and even to an extent, 'Punic', in the literature to refer to Carthaginians, as it implies a primarily colonial population and diminishes indigenous
2587:
Gender can be feminine or masculine, and can be lexically determined, or can be used to distinguish qualities of the noun. For humans and "higher" animals (such as mammals and large birds), gender distinguishes sex, whereas for objects and "lesser" animals (such as insects and lizards), it
831:'s continuous history of convergence and differentiation along new lines makes an definition of branches arbitrary. Moreover, mutual intelligibility and mutual influence render notions such as "split" or "branching" rather difficult to apply except, maybe, in the case of Zenaga and Tuareg.
2764:
Number can be singular or plural, which is marked with prefixation, suffixation, and sometimes apophony. Nouns usually are made plural by one of either suffixation or apophony, with prefixation applied independently. Specifics vary by language, but prefixation typically changes singular
2443:. With the exception of a handful of Arabic loanwords in most languages, Berber languages do not have proper adjectives. In Northern and Eastern Berber languages, adjectives are a subcategory of nouns; in Tuareg, relative clauses and stative verb forms are used to modify nouns instead.
1534:, aimed partly at displacing French from its colonial position as the dominant language of education and literacy. Under this policy the use of the Berber languages was suppressed or even banned. This state of affairs has been contested by Berbers in Morocco and Algeria—especially
895:
branches, due to the marked difference in features at each end of the continuum. Otherwise, subclassifications by different linguists typically combine various blocks into different branches. Western Moroccan languages, Zenati languages, Kabyle, and Ghadames may be grouped under
939:
found that 3,894,805 Moroccans over five years of age spoke Tashelhit, 2,343,937 spoke Central Atlas Tamazight, and 1,270,986 spoke Tarifit, representing 14.6%, 8.8%, and 4.8% respectively of the surveyed population, or roughly 28.2% of the surveyed population combined. The
4331:, however, the Berbers were in retreat, subjected to Arabization of two very different kinds. The predominance of written Arabic had ended the writing of Amazigh (Berber) languages in both the old Libyan and the new Arabic script, reducing its languages to folk languages.
1921:
1934:
Phonetic correspondences between Berber languages are fairly regular. Some examples, of varying importance and regularity, include ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and . Words in various Berber languages are shown to demonstrate these phonetic correspondences as follows:
4444:: "The word tifinagh (singular tafinəq < *ta-finəɣ-t) is thought by some scholars to be a Berberized feminine plural cognate or adaptation of the Latin word 'Punicus', (meaning 'Punic' or 'Phoenician') through the Berber feminine prefix ti- and the root
661:"Tamazic languages" to refer to the Berber languages. Amazigh people typically use "Tamazight" when speaking English. Historically, Berbers did not refer to themselves as Berbers/Amazigh but had their own terms to refer to themselves. For example, the
7910:
2818:
Verb bases are formed by stems that are optionally extended by prefixes, with mood, aspect, and negation applied with a vocalic scheme. This form can then be conjugated with affixes to agree with person, number, and gender, which produces a word.
10601:
Zavadovskij gives statistics for the percentage of Berber words in North African Muslim Arabic dialects: 10–15 percent Berber components in the Moroccan Arabic lexicon, 8–9 percent in Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and only 2–3 percent in Libyan
1421:
is likely extinct, with the last speaker having died in the 1970s. Ghadamés, though not indigenous to Tunisia, is estimated to have 3,100 speakers throughout the country. Chenini is one of the rare remaining Berber-speaking villages in Tunisia.
1602:
On January 5, 2016, it was announced that Tamazight had been added as a national and official language in a draft amendment to the Algerian constitution; it was added to the constitution as a national and official language on February 7, 2016.
3669:. Not every language uses every month. For example, Figuig appears to use only eight of the months. These names may be precolonial non-African Romance loans, adopted into Berber languages through Arabic, rather than from Latin directly.
803:
was developed following the introduction of the Latin script in the nineteenth century by the West. The nineteenth century also saw the development of Neo-Tifinagh, an adaptation of Tuareg Tifinagh for use with other Berber languages.
3134:
Many Berber languages have lost use of their original numerals from three onwards due to the influence of Arabic; Tarifit has lost all except one. Languages that may retain all their original numerals include Tashelhiyt, Tuareg,
1799:
553:
are some of the most commonly spoken Berber languages. Exact numbers are impossible to ascertain as there are few modern North African censuses that include questions on language use, and what censuses do exist have known flaws.
3867:
A number of extinct populations are believed to have spoken Afro-Asiatic languages of the Berber branch. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence suggests that the peoples of the
3465:
Existential, attributive, and locational sentences in most Berber languages are expressed with non-verbal sentences, which have no finite verb. In these sentences, the predicate follows the noun, with the predicative particle
2462:
Berber languages have both independent and dependent pronouns, both of which distinguish between person and number. Gender is also typically distinguished in the second and third person, and sometimes in first person plural.
618:"Tamazight" and "Berber languages" are often used interchangeably. However, "Tamazight" is sometimes used to refer to a specific subset of Berber languages, such as Central Tashlhiyt. "Tamazight" can also be used to refer to
2889:
Different languages may have more stems and aspects, or may distinguish within the above categories. Stem formation can be very complex, with Tuareg by some measures having over two hundred identified conjugation subtypes.
2588:
distinguishes size. For some nouns, often fruits and vegetables, gender can also distinguish the specificity of the noun. The ways in which gender is used to distinguish nouns is shown in as follows, with examples from
931:
Morocco is the country with the greatest number of speakers of Berber languages. As of 2022, Ethnologue estimates there to be 13.8 million speakers of Berber languages in Morocco, based on figures from 2016 and 2017.
1581:
the erasure of French in Algerian society, these policies also targeted Berber languages, leading to dissatisfaction and unrest amongst speakers of Berber languages, who made up about one quarter of the population.
702:. A number of extinct populations are believed to have spoken Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branch. According to Peter Behrens and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst, linguistic evidence suggests that the peoples of the
9105:
The Berber languages do not diverge from this trend, as no sonority restriction is imposed on their consonant clusters. Word-initial CC may consist of a sequence of stops or obstruent-sonorant, each with their
1880:
is rare in Berber languages. Tuareg languages had previously been reported to have contrastive vowel length, but this is no longer the leading analysis. A complex feature of Berber vowel systems is the role of
1623:
and have called for it to be granted co-official status with Arabic in a prospective new constitution, it does not have official status in Libya as in Morocco and Algeria. As areas of Libya south and west of
908:
The vast majority of speakers of Berber languages are concentrated in Morocco and Algeria. The exact population of speakers has been historically difficult to ascertain due to lack of official recognition.
900:; Awjila is often included as an Eastern Berber language alongside Siwa, Sokna, and El Foqaha. These approaches divide the Berber languages into Northern, Southern (Tuareg), Eastern, and Western varieties.
6159:
6237:
Libya Antiqua: Report and Papers of the Symposium Organized by Unesco in Paris, 16 to 18 January 1984 – "Language and migrations of the early Saharan cattle herders: the formation of the Berber branch"
1918:
565:. Recognition of the Berber languages has been growing in the 21st century, with Morocco and Algeria adding Tamazight as an official language to their constitutions in 2011 and 2016 respectively.
8294:
8182:
6038:
626:, as in the Moroccan and Algerian constitutions respectively. In Morocco, besides referring to all Berber languages or to Standard Moroccan Tamazight, "Tamazight" is often used in contrast to
5863:
Tamazight in Morocco is divided by linguists into three major dialect areas usually referred to as: Taselhit in the south, Tamazight in the Middle Atlas mountains, and Tarifit in the north.
5509:
2416:, but this analysis has fallen out of favor due to the lexical significance of vowels in Berber languages, as opposed to their primarily grammatical significance in Semitic languages.
695:
subfamilies of the Indo-European family. In contrast, the split of the group from the other Afroasiatic sub-phyla is much earlier, and is therefore sometimes associated with the local
2796:
There are a limited number of pre-nominal elements, which function similarly to pronoun syntactic heads of the noun phrase, and which can be categorized into three types as follows:
2446:
The gender, number, and case of nouns, as well as the gender, number, and person of verbs, are typically distinguished through affixes. Arguments are described with word order and
935:
In 1960, the first census after Moroccan independence was held. It claimed that 32 percent of Moroccans spoke a Berber language, including bi-, tri- and quadrilingual people. The
823:. Different linguists take different approaches towards drawing boundaries between languages in this continuum. Maarten Kossmann notes that it is difficult to apply the classic
5985:
4183:
6195:
The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography – "Linguistic evidence for the prehistory of livestock in Sudan" (2000)
1167:
of self-declared native Berber speakers in the 1966 census, the last Algerian census containing a question about the mother tongue. Some give 17.9% while other report 19%.
6016:
6290:
5247:
3458:(VSO). Some linguists have proposed opposing analyses of the word order patterns in Berber languages, and there has been some support for characterizing Taqbaylit as
478:, although they are sometimes referred to as a single collective language, often as "Berber", "Tamazight", or "Amazigh". The languages, with a few exceptions, form a
10516:
Textes touaregs en prose de Charles de Foucauld et Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski. Édition critique avec traduction par Salem Chaker, Hélène Claudot, Marceau Gast.
7616:
6098:
5692:
2753:) is also called the "direct case" or "accusative case." When present, case is always expressed through nominal prefixes and initial-vowel reduction. The use of the
10944:
6163:
10855:
3634:
loanwords, although the overall influence of Phoenician-Punic on Berber languages is negligible. A number of loanwords could be attributed to Phoenician-Punic,
1840:. The consonants which may undergo gemination, and the positions in a word where gemination may occur, differ by language. They have also been observed to have
200:
Berber-speaking populations are dominant in the coloured areas of Africa. Other areas, especially in North Africa, contain minority Berber-speaking populations.
1584:
After the 1994-1995 general school boycott in Kabylia, Tamazight was recognized for the first time as a national language. In 2002, following the riots of the
7677:
4598:
10659:
4828:
3118:
Verb phrases are built with verb morphology, pronominal and deictic clitics, pre-verbal particles, and auxiliary elements. The pre-verbal particles are
10724:
944:
found that 14.1% of the population spoke Tashelhit, 7.9% spoke Central Atlas Tamazight, and 4% spoke Tarifit, or about 26% of the population combined.
6053:
3649:
origin have been introduced into Berber languages over time. Maarten Kossman separates Latin loanwords in Berber languages into those from during the
8429:
8240:
4494:
11398:
10840:
3642:. The similar vocabulary between these Semitic languages, as well as Arabic, is a complicating factor in tracing the etymology of certain words.
5912:
5483:
4560:
10502:
10404:
10355:
10306:
10252:
10200:
10151:
10090:
9941:
8649:
6622:
6509:
5606:
5272:
5203:
5137:
4802:
4732:
4214:
8467:
1453:
In total, there are an estimated 3.6 million speakers of Berber languages in countries outside of Morocco and Algeria, summarized as follows:
8498:
1450:
There are an estimated 1.5 million speakers of various Berber languages in France. A small number of Tawellemmet speakers live in Nigeria.
8384:
7639:
6974:
10588:
7577:
7357:
7205:
5850:
5340:
3927:
3561:
Non-verbal sentences may use the verb meaning "to be," which exists in all Berber languages. An example from Tarifit is given as follows:
7894:
5460:
5421:
5382:
4253:
1636:
government forces in early summer 2011, Berber workshops and exhibitions sprang up to share and spread the Berber culture and language.
10445:
6137:
5724:
5977:
3768:. Their influence is also seen in some languages in West Africa. F. W. H. Migeod pointed to strong resemblances between Berber and
9063:
Lahrouchi, Mohamed (2018). "Syllable structure and vowel/zero alternations in Moroccan Arabic and Berber". In Agwuele, Augustine;
5560:
3932:
5534:
2484:
When clitics precede or follow a verb, they are almost always ordered with the indirect object first, direct object second, and
1661:
10717:
6008:
3455:
2806:
The four pre-nominal elements roughly meaning "son(s) of" and "daughter(s) of", which commonly denote group identity and origin
2451:
483:
8532:
5301:
4167:
10834:
10806:
10582:
10478:
10380:
10331:
10282:
10228:
10176:
10115:
10054:
9975:
9905:
9856:
9821:
9774:
9724:
9672:
9632:
9590:
9543:
9505:
9461:
9411:
9371:
9321:
9261:
9214:
9179:
9078:
9039:
9004:
8957:
8925:
8880:
8833:
8768:
8721:
8674:
8613:
8563:
8131:
8096:
8046:
7996:
7946:
7857:
7807:
7757:
7707:
7610:
7571:
7477:
7430:
7392:
7320:
7295:
7066:
6901:
6740:
6662:
6586:
6534:
6473:
6361:
6284:
6274:
6131:
6084:
5503:
5454:
5415:
5376:
5334:
5233:
5220:
5167:
5101:
5054:
5004:
4948:
4888:
4696:
4366:
4247:
7026:
6251:
6209:
5699:
2781:
respectively. The number of mass nouns are lexically determined. For example, in multiple Berber languages, such as Figuig,
1844:
and lax consonants, although the status of tense consonants has been the subject of "considerable discussion" by linguists.
11934:
7472:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. pp. 77, 160, 208–210, 220–221, 233, 322, 363.
482:. There is a debate as to how to best sub-categorize languages within the Berber branch. Berber languages typically follow
411:
9092:
8060:
8010:
7960:
7871:
7821:
7771:
7721:
7491:
7444:
6915:
6600:
6398:
6312:
Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications".
4710:
4402:
Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications".
771:
Berber languages are primarily oral languages without a major written component. Historically, they were written with the
11391:
10546:
10129:
10068:
9919:
9870:
9788:
9738:
9686:
9557:
9425:
9335:
8971:
8894:
8847:
8782:
8735:
8688:
8627:
6815:
6676:
6581:. Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal, Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal (First ed.). Oxford. pp. 283–285.
5667:
5181:
5115:
5068:
5018:
4962:
4902:
4691:. Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal, Rainer Vossen, Gerrit Jan Dimmendaal (First ed.). Oxford. pp. 281–282.
415:
7538:
7233:. Connaissance du monde arabe. Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans. pp. 375–397.
6941:
10792:
10685:
6203:
7244:
5746:
2454:, although some linguists believe alternate descriptors would better categorize certain languages, such as Taqbaylit.
1599:
Tamazight has been taught for three hours a week through the first three years of Algerian middle schools since 2005.
455:. The languages are primarily spoken and not typically written. Historically, they have been written with the ancient
11123:
10710:
10653:
10523:
9275:
9228:
9129:
8577:
8324:
8288:
8176:
7904:
7524:
7398:
7238:
7080:
6851:
6801:
6774:
6548:
6487:
6375:
5943:
5776:
5653:
5592:
4380:
4315:
4290:
4088:
4000:
2826:
in the Berber languages very differently. Kossman roughly summarizes the basic stems which denote aspect as follows:
1371:
As of 2018 and 2014 respectively, there were an estimated 420,000 speakers of Tawellemmet and 378,000 of Tamasheq in
572:, as well as from other languages. For example, Arabic loanwords represent 35% to 46% of the total vocabulary of the
9143:
8356:
7110:
7004:
6865:
1852:
The vowel systems of Berber languages also vary widely, with inventories ranging from three phonemic vowels in most
1111:
Calculated via reported percentages. As in the 2004 census, only individuals over age 5 were surveyed for language.
11914:
11668:
10924:
10910:
7172:
1538:—and was addressed in both countries by affording the language official status and introducing it in some schools.
4656:
11924:
11673:
1672:
1188:
is the second most commonly spoken Berber language in Algeria. Other Berber languages spoken in Algeria include:
4586:
3150:
Original Berber numerals agree in gender with the noun they describe, whereas the borrowed Arabic forms do not.
1556:
The 2000 Charter for Education Reform marked a change in policy, with its statement of "openness to Tamazight."
11884:
11700:
11384:
9897:
Corpus-based studies of lesser-described languages : the CorpAfroAs corpus of spoken AfroAsiatic languages
6245:
4824:
3611:
have as many as 200 similar words. In contrast, Tahaggart has a rich vocabulary for the description of camels.
2741:
from the free state. The construct state is also called the "construct case, "relative case," "annexed state" (
7191:
6465:
We are Imazigen : the development of Algerian Berber identity in twentieth-century literature and culture
11919:
11899:
11894:
4452:
PNQ < Latin Punicus; thus tifinagh could possibly mean 'the Phoenician (letters)' or 'the Punic letters'."
1820:
Two languages that illustrate the resulting range in consonant inventory across Berber languages are Ahaggar
1616:
1559:
Planning for a public Tamazight-language TV network began in 2006; in 2010, the Moroccan government launched
557:
Following independence in the 20th century, the Berber languages have been suppressed and suffered from low
11929:
11546:
10784:
3459:
2440:
1907:
either have no lexical stress (Northern Berber languages) or have grammatically significant lexical stress.
1553:
riots amongst the Amazigh population, which called for the inclusion of Tamazight as an official language.
9900:. Amina Mettouchi, Martine Vanhove, Dominique Caubet. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 2015. pp. 237–238.
3470:
sometimes in between. Two examples, one without and one with a subject, are given from Kabyle as follows:
11909:
11799:
11688:
11347:
11088:
1828:; Kabyle has two more places of articulation and three more manners of articulation than Ahaggar Tuareg.
581:
558:
440:
288:
10670:
11904:
11541:
11422:
10868:
9945:
5628:
5353:
Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing from Arabic, as well as from other languages.
5276:
4467:
1657:
687:
from which the modern group is derived was probably comparatively recent, comparable to the age of the
613:
4993:
Mettouchi, Amina; Fleisch, Axel (2010). "Topic-focus articulation in Taqbaylit and Tashelhit Berber".
807:
There are now three writing systems in use for Berber languages: Tifinagh, the Arabic script, and the
11879:
11794:
11627:
11516:
11480:
11460:
11219:
11095:
11055:
7631:
5876:
4794:
4206:
1853:
1648:
have been recognized as national languages and have been part of school curriculums since the 1960s.
1547:
897:
619:
315:
257:
120:
17:
10691:
8391:, adopted on April 10, 2002, allotting in particular to "Tamazight" the status of national language.
7272:
3126:
and their variants, which correspond to the meanings of "non-realized" and "negative" respectively.
1134:
Additional Berber languages include Senhaja Berber (86,000 speakers) and Ghomara (10,000 speakers).
947:
These estimates, as well as the estimates from various academic sources, are summarized as follows:
11719:
11494:
11455:
11169:
11012:
8475:
2758:
1857:
1575:
892:
845:
654:
623:
360:
135:
125:
11806:
11712:
8507:
3681:
vocabulary, 25% of Tashelhiyt vocabulary, and 5% of Tuareg vocabulary, including non-core words.
1927:
1873:
635:
542:
444:
237:
8381:
7313:
The Nomadic Alternative Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes
1151:
11789:
11783:
11752:
11683:
11678:
11561:
11551:
11436:
11196:
10972:
10965:
10951:
10896:
10769:
8280:
8168:
7655:
6966:
4437:
3881:
2893:
The aspectual stems of some classes of verbs in various Berber languages are shown as follows:
2734:("buttermilk") in Figuig. Mass nouns have lexically determined gender across Berber languages.
1729:
1695:
1585:
772:
715:
284:
10665:
10643:
10572:
8268:
8204:
8156:
7600:
7561:
7337:
7199:
6074:
5324:
4462:, 146 BCE. In the usual theory, Carthaginians were western Phoenicians. But maybe not so much:
4361:. Christopher Moseley (2nd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 58–59.
779:
and in various sepulchres; the oldest known variations of the script dates to inscriptions in
11526:
11521:
11475:
11429:
11407:
11299:
11116:
10959:
10875:
10861:
7671:
5814:
5495:
5444:
5405:
5366:
4996:
The expression of information structure : a documentation of its diversity across Africa
4851:
4237:
3451:, which has a unique intonation in the sentence, precedes all other arguments in both types.
2485:
808:
800:
684:
678:
601:
464:
319:
108:
91:
11841:? (unclassified; possibly East Chadic (B.1.3), Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate)
10419:
8506:
6121:
3684:
On the one hand, the words and expressions connected to Islam were borrowed, e.g. Tashlhiyt
1566:
On July 29, 2011, Tamazight was added as an official language to the Moroccan constitution.
1170:
11159:
11154:
2823:
2409:
1361:
1357:
1146:
1091:
1033:
941:
936:
918:
11030:
7802:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. pp. 208–210.
6896:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. pp. 223–224.
3614:
Some loanwords in the Berber languages can be traced to pre-Roman times. The Berber words
3136:
1885:, which vary in occurrence and function across languages; there is a debate as to whether
1391:
8:
11313:
8220:
5228:. Mohamed Madani, Driss Maghraoui, Saloua Zerhouni. Stockholm, Sweden. 2012. p. 16.
3752:
vocabulary, it contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of
3631:
1718:
1703:
859:
southwestern and central Moroccan languages (Tashelhiyt, most of Central Atlas Tamazight)
11838:
7425:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. pp. 55–57.
11650:
11177:
10812:
10798:
10496:
10398:
10349:
10300:
10246:
10194:
10145:
10084:
9935:
8643:
8232:
7260:
7164:
6764:
6616:
6503:
6429:
6329:
5904:
5842:
5622:
5266:
5197:
5131:
4726:
4648:
4552:
4486:
4419:
3447:
Sentences in Berber languages can be divided into verbal and non-verbal sentences. The
2581:
2577:
1764:
750:
688:
646:
593:
346:
10819:
8401:
5556:
4845:, have coexisted with other North African forms of expression since pre-Islamic times.
4525:"Writing and rewriting Amazigh/Berber identity: Orthographies and language ideologies"
3855:= "of" (though likely a common inheritance from Proto-Afro-Asiatic; cf. A.Eg genitive
186:
11825:
11774:
11707:
11355:
11327:
11305:
11252:
11204:
11149:
10888:
10578:
10519:
10484:
10474:
10437:
10432:
10386:
10376:
10337:
10327:
10288:
10278:
10234:
10224:
10182:
10172:
10121:
10111:
10060:
10050:
9981:
9971:
9911:
9901:
9862:
9852:
9827:
9817:
9780:
9770:
9730:
9720:
9678:
9668:
9638:
9628:
9596:
9586:
9549:
9539:
9511:
9501:
9467:
9457:
9417:
9407:
9377:
9367:
9327:
9317:
9267:
9257:
9220:
9210:
9185:
9175:
9135:
9125:
9084:
9074:
9045:
9035:
9010:
9000:
8963:
8953:
8921:
8886:
8876:
8839:
8829:
8774:
8764:
8727:
8717:
8680:
8670:
8619:
8609:
8569:
8559:
8421:
8417:
8320:
8284:
8236:
8224:
8172:
8137:
8127:
8126:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 267.
8102:
8092:
8091:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 363.
8052:
8042:
8002:
7992:
7991:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 221.
7952:
7942:
7941:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 160.
7900:
7863:
7853:
7852:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 322.
7813:
7803:
7763:
7753:
7752:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 220.
7713:
7703:
7702:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 233.
7606:
7567:
7530:
7520:
7483:
7473:
7436:
7426:
7388:
7316:
7291:
7234:
7156:
7072:
7062:
6907:
6897:
6857:
6847:
6807:
6797:
6770:
6736:
6706:
6668:
6658:
6592:
6582:
6540:
6530:
6479:
6469:
6433:
6421:
6367:
6357:
6280:
6241:
6199:
6127:
6090:
6080:
5939:
5908:
5896:
5846:
5834:
5718:
5659:
5649:
5598:
5588:
5530:
5499:
5450:
5411:
5372:
5330:
5239:
5229:
5173:
5163:
5107:
5097:
5060:
5050:
5010:
5000:
4954:
4944:
4894:
4884:
4772:
4702:
4692:
4640:
4556:
4544:
4490:
4372:
4362:
4286:
4243:
4179:
3937:
3745:
3623:
3448:
2754:
1869:
1833:
1593:
1589:
1437:
1213:
1205:
820:
776:
692:
585:
479:
475:
142:
8041:(Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications. p. 77.
4468:"A Genetic History of Continuity and Mobility in the Iron Age Central Mediterranean"
11889:
11742:
11729:
11693:
11663:
11504:
11489:
11470:
11270:
11265:
11242:
11232:
11144:
11136:
11109:
11102:
11082:
10986:
10774:
10764:
10427:
8529:
8413:
8348:
8276:
8216:
8164:
8035:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Burkina Faso".
7647:
7349:
7148:
6413:
6321:
5888:
5826:
5815:"The Politics of Unofficial Language Use: Walloon in Belgium, Tamazight in Morocco"
5491:
5293:
4762:
4632:
4536:
4478:
4411:
4175:
4023:
3959:
3907:
3900:
3639:
3630:
cultivation into North Africa from Egypt. Around a dozen Berber words are probable
3140:
2467:
1861:
1821:
1714:
1699:
1645:
1629:
1612:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1184:
speakers account for the vast majority of speakers of Berber languages in Algeria.
1159:
888:
851:
738:
597:
589:
550:
546:
375:
306:
261:
151:
130:
10680:
8451:"Algeria's new constitution recognizes Tamazight as national, official language".
6793:
Dictionary of languages : the definitive reference to more than 400 languages
5892:
5645:
Dictionary of languages : the definitive reference to more than 400 languages
4540:
11844:
11831:
11762:
11757:
11737:
11604:
11531:
11465:
11365:
11340:
11260:
11237:
11182:
11074:
11067:
11040:
11025:
11020:
10979:
10930:
10916:
8536:
8388:
7985:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Mauritania".
7519:. Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. pp. 8–9.
7030:
6235:
6193:
4999:. Ines Fiedler, Anne Schwarz. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. pp. 194–199.
4141:
3884:
3869:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3741:
3678:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3635:
3144:
2836:
2738:
2699:
2589:
2412:. Berber apophony has been historically analyzed as functioning similarly to the
1865:
1825:
1809:
1633:
1620:
1433:
1395:
1387:
1209:
1201:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1155:
819:
With the exception of Zenaga, Tetserret, and Tuareg, the Berber languages form a
764:
718:
703:
699:
627:
573:
568:
Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing and influence from the
538:
534:
336:
297:
247:
222:
86:
79:
9964:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
9810:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
9621:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
9579:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
9494:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
9450:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
9360:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
9168:
Maarten, Kossmann (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
8710:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
8663:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
4877:
Kossmann, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
4524:
11860:
11658:
11622:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11573:
11536:
11319:
11227:
10937:
9028:
Kossman, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
8946:
Kossman, Maarten (2012). "Berber". In Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
6437:
5830:
3911:
3769:
2420:
1790:
1768:
1625:
1447:
As of 2009, there were an estimated 122,000 Tamasheq speakers in Burkina Faso.
1418:
1403:
530:
195:
10537:
9088:
8141:
8120:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Nigeria".
8106:
8056:
8006:
7956:
7867:
7846:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Tunisia".
7817:
7767:
7717:
7651:
7487:
7440:
7419:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Algeria".
7385:
Langues d'ici et d'ailleurs : Transmettre l'arabe et le berbère en France
6911:
6890:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Morocco".
6596:
6417:
4767:
4750:
4706:
4482:
11873:
11747:
11632:
11556:
11360:
11209:
11045:
10902:
10488:
10441:
10390:
10341:
10292:
10238:
10186:
10125:
10064:
9985:
9915:
9866:
9831:
9784:
9734:
9682:
9642:
9600:
9553:
9515:
9471:
9421:
9381:
9331:
9271:
9224:
9189:
9049:
9014:
8967:
8890:
8843:
8778:
8731:
8684:
8623:
8573:
8425:
8228:
8085:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "France".
7160:
7076:
6937:
6811:
6710:
6672:
6544:
6483:
6425:
6371:
6094:
5900:
5838:
5663:
5326:
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Aaronsohn-Cyril VI
5243:
5177:
5111:
5064:
5014:
4958:
4898:
4776:
4644:
4548:
4376:
3896:
3848:
3753:
2852:
1882:
1399:
923:
796:
788:
734:
666:
662:
468:
456:
9139:
8340:
7935:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Egypt".
7796:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Libya".
7696:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Niger".
7534:
6861:
11847:? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate)
11035:
10847:
10826:
10702:
10648:
9068:
9064:
8352:
8205:"Language attitudes in Morocco following recent changes in language policy"
8121:
8086:
8036:
7986:
7936:
7847:
7797:
7747:
7746:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Mali".
7697:
7467:
7420:
7387:, Les Cahiers de l'Ined (in French), Paris: Ined Éditions, pp. 61–81,
7353:
7228:
6891:
6576:
4686:
4118:
3674:
3650:
3454:
Verbal sentences have a finite verb, and are commonly understood to follow
2413:
1877:
1560:
1410:
562:
514:
452:
75:
10468:
10370:
10321:
10272:
10218:
10166:
10105:
10044:
9965:
9895:
9846:
9811:
9764:
9714:
9662:
9622:
9580:
9533:
9495:
9451:
9401:
9361:
9311:
9251:
9204:
9169:
9029:
8994:
8947:
8870:
8823:
8758:
8711:
8664:
8603:
8553:
7152:
7056:
6791:
6652:
6524:
6463:
6351:
5768:
5738:
5643:
5602:
5157:
5091:
5044:
4994:
4938:
4878:
4356:
4304:
3895:. This in turn suggests that the C-Group population—which, along with the
2568:
The allowed positioning of different kinds of clitics varies by language.
1432:
As of 2018 and 2017 respectively, there were an estimated 200 speakers of
733:. This in turn suggests that the C-Group population—which, along with the
683:
Since modern Berber languages are relatively homogeneous, the date of the
172:
9119:
7514:
7380:
7102:
6996:
6841:
5962:
Vourlias, Christopher (25 January 2010). "Moroccan minority's net gain".
5587:. H. A. R. Gibb, P. J. Bearman (New ed.). Leiden: Brill. 1960–2009.
1868:
has the vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/, while Ayer Tuareg has the vowels /i/, /
1813:
1531:
726:
11376:
10539:
Du Punique au Maghribi :Trajectoires d'une langue sémito-méditerranéenne
7168:
7136:
6192:
Bechaus-Gerst, Marianne (2014). Blench, Roger; MacDonald, Kevin (eds.).
3899:, inhabited the Nile valley immediately before the arrival of the first
737:, inhabited the Nile valley immediately before the arrival of the first
6333:
5798:
Sanga, Oumar; Mackie, Chris (31 October 2022). "Education in Morocco".
5582:
5557:"Cushitic languages | Phonetics & Phonology | Britannica"
5531:"Berber Language Family | History & Culture | Britannica"
4652:
4624:
4459:
4423:
4309:
1837:
1441:
1379:
1054:
868:
824:
696:
522:
518:
6526:
The Berber identity movement and the challenge to North African states
5936:
The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States
5046:
The Berber identity movement and the challenge to North African states
2726:
An example of nouns with lexically determined gender are the feminine
2470:
divides pronouns in Berber languages into three morphological groups:
1671:
In linguistics, the phonology of Berber languages is written with the
1457:
Estimated number of speakers of Berber languages in various countries
645:
has been the subject of debate due to its historical background as an
529:. There are also likely a few million speakers of Berber languages in
11333:
8920:. Porta linguarum orientalium. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 143.
7516:
Textes en linguistique berbère : introduction au domaine berbère
3627:
1841:
658:
180:
166:
162:
6325:
5877:"The question of languages and the medium of instruction in Morocco"
4636:
4415:
4333:[In other words, Tamazight had earlier been the dominant spoken
867:
Zenatic (a dialect continuum stretching from eastern Morocco to the
755:
10649:"What does Berber sound like?" (Thamazight poems as text & MP3)
7466:
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022).
4455:
4441:
4129:
3918:, likely belonged to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family.
3915:
3891:
that are of Berber origin, including the terms for sheep and water/
3888:
3551:
3536:
3503:
3488:
2480:
Indirect object clitics; prepositional suffixes; adnominal suffixes
2405:
784:
760:
729:
that are of Berber origin, including the terms for sheep and water/
722:
584:/ʕ/ and /ħ/, the (nongeminated) uvular stop /q/, and the voiceless
460:
419:
405:
31:
9769:. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 436–438.
9667:. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 431–433.
9406:. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 433–434.
9316:. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 429–431.
7338:"Répartition des berbérophones algériens (au recensement de 1966)"
11276:
10734:
10617:. Kegan, Paul, Trench & Trübner, London 1913. pages 232, 233.
5049:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 2–3.
4597:(2). New Jersey: Amazigh Cultural Association in America (ACAA).
3704:); on the other, Berber adopted cultural concepts such as Kabyle
2432:
1535:
1527:
1414:
631:
577:
502:
494:
490:
448:
275:
62:
10626:
Richard Hayward, 2000, "Afroasiatic", in Heine & Nurse eds,
9719:. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 72–76.
7646:(2): N. 2 (2021): Journal of African Languages and Literatures.
4943:. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 83–86.
4266:
Most languages of the Berber branch are mutually unintelligible.
3153:
The numerals 1–10 in Tashelhiyt and Mali Tuareg are as follows:
835:
Kossmann roughly groups the Berber languages into seven blocks:
669:
identified themselves as "Ishawiyen" instead of Berber/Amazigh.
665:
use the term "Leqbayel" to refer to their own people, while the
10749:
8406:
Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series
6529:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 75.
4126:
3749:
3737:
2830:
2761:
varies by language. Eastern Berber languages do not have case.
2488:
2447:
2436:
1662:
Afroasiatic_languages § Similarities_in_grammar_and_syntax
780:
650:
569:
497:
natively speak a Berber language, as do smaller populations of
8807:
Kossmann, Marteen; Stroomer, H.J. (1997). "Berber Phonology".
5294:"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language"
3989:
3980:
3622:"loose woody tissue around the palm tree stem" originate from
1382:
estimates there to be 285,890 speakers of Berber languages in
10675:
9538:. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 435.
8916:
Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber". In Edzard, Lutz (ed.).
8382:« Loi n° 02-03 portent révision constitutionnelle »
4827:. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology, at Harvard.
4077:
3877:
3873:
3689:
3646:
1886:
1426:
1383:
1365:
792:
711:
707:
526:
510:
498:
9851:. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 77.
6843:
Multilingualism, cultural identity, and education in Morocco
2809:
Pre-nominal elements which expand on the meaning of the noun
2737:
Most Berber languages have two cases, which distinguish the
1223:
Estimated number of speakers of Berber languages in Algeria
1063:
Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco
951:
Estimated number of speakers of Berber languages in Morocco
862:
northwestern Moroccan languages (Ghomara, Senhadja de Sraïr)
811:, with the Latin alphabet being the most widely used today.
474:
The Berber languages have a similar level of variety to the
10002:
Hinrichs, Leipzig 1899, § 169; Transcription modified.
9253:
Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities
9206:
Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities
8828:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 508–509.
8555:
Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities
7058:
Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities
6353:
Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities
4062:
4038:
3992:
3971:
3892:
3653:("Latin loans"), from after the fall of the Roman empire ("
2428:
2424:
1372:
730:
506:
27:
Family of languages and dialects indigenous to North Africa
6701:
Blažek, Václav (2010). "On the Classification of Berber".
6356:. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 139–141.
5446:
Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook
10697:
9627:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67.
9585:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55.
9500:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–61.
9174:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–34.
9034:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–33.
6657:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 181–182.
5966:. Vol. 417, no. 10. Penske Business Media, LLC.
5687:
5685:
5365:
Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007).
5222:
The 2011 Moroccan constitution : a critical analysis
4883:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23.
4236:
Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007).
4059:
4047:
4032:
3965:
2404:
Berber languages characteristically make frequent use of
7381:"Unités et diversités : la place des berbèrophones"
6735:. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 133–134.
6123:
Berber Culture on the World Stage: From Village to Video
4112:
4106:
4100:
3827:
3808:
3789:
2871:
Intensive Aorist, also called habitative or inaccompli:
2491:
clitic last. An example in Tarifit is shown as follows:
1402:
speakers in Libya is listed as negligible, and the last
1192:, with 76,300 speakers; Tashelhit, with 6,000 speakers;
5038:
5036:
4587:"Which Script for Tamazight, Whose Choice is it ?"
3906:
Additionally, historical linguistics indicate that the
827:
of historical linguistics towards the Berber languages:
8999:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 625.
8875:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 530.
8499:"Amid a Berber Reawakening in Libya, Fears of Revenge"
7563:
International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 4-Volume Set
5682:
4788:
4786:
2450:. When sentences have a verb, they essentially follow
443:. They comprise a group of closely related but mostly
9970:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
9816:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
9456:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
9366:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
9256:. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 139.
9209:. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 137.
8952:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 28.
8918:
Semitic and Afroasiatic: challenges and opportunities
8763:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
8716:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26.
8669:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 27.
8558:. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 132.
8547:
8545:
7061:. Lutz Edzard. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 138.
5927:
4089:
4071:
4050:
4044:
4026:
4001:
3983:
3977:
3962:
2833:, also called aoriste, without a preceding particle:
1728:
voiced uvular fricative (in IPA, this represents the
1084:
Semitic and Afroasiatic: Challenges and Opportunities
9572:
8119:
8084:
8034:
7984:
7934:
7845:
7795:
7745:
7695:
7465:
7418:
7050:
7048:
6889:
6516:
5033:
4074:
4065:
4053:
4029:
1812:, one of the Berber languages, spoken by a man from
1588:, Tamazight was recognized for the second time as a
1057:
in 2015. Only individuals over age 5 were included.
30:"Tamazight" redirects here. Not to be confused with
10577:. State University of New York Press. p. 174.
9395:
9393:
9391:
8341:"Population, Health, and Human Well-Being: Algeria"
8317:
Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East
8080:
8078:
8030:
8028:
7980:
7978:
7930:
7928:
7841:
7839:
7791:
7789:
7741:
7739:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7605:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 133.
7598:
7592:
7310:
7304:
6796:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 89.
6345:
6343:
6068:
6066:
4783:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4080:
4041:
4035:
3974:
3968:
3887:today contains a number of key pastoralism related
2866:
states (such as "to want, to know"), in stative use
1901:
allow for any combination of CC consonant clusters.
580:. Almost all Berber languages took from Arabic the
10266:
10264:
10262:
10212:
10210:
9959:
9957:
9955:
9758:
9756:
9708:
9706:
9704:
9656:
9654:
9652:
9616:
9614:
9612:
9610:
9489:
9487:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9445:
9443:
9355:
9353:
8542:
8262:
8260:
8258:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6720:
5957:
5955:
2564:"He gave it to him (in this direction)." (Tarifit)
1889:is a proper phoneme of Northern Berber languages.
783:from 600 BC. Usage of this script, in the form of
604:phylum, Berber languages are not tonal languages.
9305:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9293:
8802:
8800:
8597:
8595:
7896:Change in Tunisia: Studies in the Social Sciences
7676:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
7045:
6570:
6568:
6566:
5151:
5149:
5147:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4792:
4755:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4204:
3677:estimates that Arabic loanwords represent 38% of
3673:from 6–15% of their core vocabulary from Arabic.
2552:
1530:countries to varying degrees pursued a policy of
1390:, 22,800 speakers of Tamahaq, 13,400 speakers of
11871:
10698:Amawal: The online open source Berber dictionary
10031:Lexique français-touareg, dialecte de l’Ahaggar.
9388:
9163:
9161:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8806:
8468:"Libya's mountain Berber see opportunity in war"
8275:, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 213–220,
8163:, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 219–220,
8075:
8025:
7975:
7925:
7836:
7786:
7736:
7684:
7412:
7204:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 105.
6758:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6340:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6063:
5442:
5288:
5286:
4992:
4825:"Imazighen – Amazigh Aesthetics & Symbology"
4744:
4742:
4613:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
1219:Population estimates are summarized as follows:
1162:languages in the central-eastern part of Algeria
887:The Zenatic block is typically divided into the
10259:
10207:
9952:
9890:
9888:
9763:Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology".
9753:
9701:
9661:Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology".
9649:
9607:
9532:Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology".
9478:
9440:
9400:Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology".
9350:
9310:Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber Morphology".
8993:Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012).
8992:
8869:Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012).
8868:
8822:Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012).
8821:
8757:Frajzyngier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin, eds. (2012).
8756:
8255:
7559:
7553:
7130:
7128:
7019:
6885:
6883:
6717:
5952:
5215:
5213:
4466:Moots, Hannah M.; et al. (13 March 2022).
4358:The Routledge handbook of scripts and alphabets
3731:
3720:. Even expressions such as the Arabic greeting
1425:There are an estimated 20,000 Siwi speakers in
787:, has continued into the present day among the
576:and represent 51.7% of the total vocabulary of
10654:Map of Berber language from the LL-Map Project
10529:
9290:
8797:
8592:
8314:
7285:
6930:
6835:
6833:
6696:
6694:
6563:
6522:
6399:"Secularism in the Moroccan Amazigh Discourse"
5978:""Respecting Identity: Amazigh Versus Berber""
5933:
5144:
5042:
4977:
4917:
4859:
4671:
3569:
2533:
2518:
2499:
1930:language as spoken by a professor from France.
1406:speaker is thought to have died in the 1950s.
775:. Early uses of the script have been found on
486:. Their phonological inventories are diverse.
49:
11392:
10718:
9158:
9070:The Routledge handbook of African linguistics
8934:
7566:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 221.
7137:"Répartition de la Langue Berbère en Algérie"
6749:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6266:
6191:
6178:
5938:. University of Texas Press. pp. 14–17.
5364:
5283:
4739:
4341:
4281:in Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek, editors,
4235:
3526:
3478:
1330:Journal of African Languages and Literatures
10732:
10574:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews
9885:
7892:
7654:(inactive 11 September 2024). Archived from
7644:Journal of African Languages and Literatures
7342:Travaux de l'Institut de Géographie de Reims
7125:
6961:
6959:
6880:
6272:
6000:
5210:
2841:unmarked (taking aspect from preceding verb)
2685:varies, but typically fruits and vegetables
1778:indicates the following segment is emphatic
1356:As of 1998, there were an estimated 450,000
7186:berbérophones; c'est un peu moins du tiers.
6830:
6691:
6396:
6273:Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul (4 July 2013).
6160:"DDL : Evolution – Themes and actions"
5970:
5797:
5488:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
4623:Silverstein, Paul; Crawford, David (2004).
4271:
3928:List of Berber-language television channels
3834:
3815:
3796:
3736:The Berber languages have influenced local
1911:
11399:
11385:
10725:
10711:
10501:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10403:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10354:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10305:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10251:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10199:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10150:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10089:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9940:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9249:
9202:
8915:
8648:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8551:
8266:
8154:
8123:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
8088:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
8038:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
7988:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
7938:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
7849:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
7799:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
7749:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
7699:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
7469:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
7422:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
7054:
6893:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
6783:
6730:
6629:
6621:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6508:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6455:
6349:
6276:The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology
6079:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 124.
6072:
5271:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5202:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5136:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4731:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4522:
3724:"Peace be upon you!" were adopted (Tuareg
2749:or the "nominative case"; the free state (
1290:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
11406:
10431:
9124:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 42.
9062:
7893:Stone, Russell A.; Simmons, John (1976).
7637:
6956:
4766:
4625:"Amazigh Activism and the Moroccan State"
4580:
4578:
4454:The adjective "Punic" commonly refers to
3601:"He is always here." (habitual) (Tarifit)
1364:speakers, and 20,000 Tamahaq speakers in
795:, some Berber scholars also utilized the
463:. Today, they may also be written in the
10620:
10466:
10368:
10319:
10270:
10216:
10164:
10103:
10042:
10000:Handbuch des Schilhischen von Tazerwalt.
9963:
9844:
9809:
9762:
9712:
9660:
9620:
9578:
9531:
9493:
9449:
9399:
9359:
9309:
9073:. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 171.
8709:
8662:
8601:
8530:Waiting game for rebels in western Libya
8465:
8281:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006
8169:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006
6762:
6578:The Oxford handbook of African languages
6574:
6229:
6227:
5961:
5481:
5443:Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (2009).
5403:
5329:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 463.
5155:
5089:
4936:
4876:
4748:
4688:The Oxford handbook of African languages
4684:
4354:
4165:
3573:
3540:
3492:
2537:
2503:
1915:
1795:
1789:The influence of Arabic, the process of
1378:As of 2022, based on figures from 2020,
1169:
1150:
922:
754:
459:script, which now exists in the form of
10470:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
10372:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
10323:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
10274:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
10220:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
10168:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
10107:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
10046:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
9167:
9027:
8945:
8605:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
8496:
7226:
7220:
7134:
6233:
6126:. Indiana University Press. p. 7.
6119:
5648:. New York: Columbia University Press.
5407:The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber
5159:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
5093:The Arabic influence on Northern Berber
4337:written language of the Imazighen.]
3933:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
3903:speakers—spoke Afro-Asiatic languages.
2522:
1713:voiced anterior post-alveolar, also in
927:Map of Berber-speaking areas in Morocco
471:, with Latin being the most pervasive.
416:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
363:(Siwi, Nafusi, Sokna, Ghadamès, Awjila)
14:
11872:
10570:
10535:
10417:
9527:
9525:
9250:Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber".
9203:Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber".
9121:A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
8552:Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber".
8202:
7512:
7378:
7335:
7055:Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber".
6839:
6700:
6350:Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (2012). "Berber".
6311:
6162:. Ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr. Archived from
6009:"Don't call us Berber, we are Amazigh"
6007:Cheref, Abdelkader (24 January 2021).
6006:
5874:
5723:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5609:from the original on 25 September 2019
5496:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.232
5368:Language Planning and Policy in Africa
5322:
4575:
4458:, destroyed by Rome at the end of the
4401:
4239:Language Planning and Policy in Africa
4140:
2822:Different linguists analyze and label
2561:3SG:M-give:PAST =3SG:IO =3SG:M:DO =VEN
1939:Major Berber phonetic correspondences
1658:Proto-Berber_language § Phonology
1619:reportedly use the Berber language of
1611:Although regional councils in Libya's
1177:in the central-western part of Algeria
741:speakers—spoke Afroasiatic languages.
74:Scattered communities across parts of
11380:
10706:
10564:
10448:from the original on 21 February 2023
9146:from the original on 10 December 2019
9117:
8539:, BBC News, John Simpson, 5 July 2011
7580:from the original on 21 February 2023
7279:
7227:Souriau, Christiane (10 April 2013).
7197:
7175:from the original on 25 December 2022
6977:from the original on 26 December 2022
6868:from the original on 12 December 2019
6789:
6650:
6468:. Gainesville, FL. pp. 115–116.
6461:
6390:
6224:
5915:from the original on 19 December 2022
5853:from the original on 15 December 2022
5812:
5641:
5253:from the original on 22 December 2022
4659:from the original on 19 December 2022
4601:from the original on 7 September 2017
4584:
4465:
4430:
4302:
4186:from the original on 23 November 2022
3442:
2541:
1596:one. This was done on April 8, 2003.
1003:based on overall population changes.
653:word for "barbarian." One group, the
9845:Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber".
9713:Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber".
9278:from the original on 15 January 2023
9231:from the original on 15 January 2023
8580:from the original on 15 January 2023
7113:from the original on 2 December 2022
7083:from the original on 15 January 2023
7007:from the original on 2 December 2022
6944:from the original on 12 January 2015
6575:Kossmann, Maarten (2020). "Berber".
6406:The Journal of North African Studies
6378:from the original on 15 January 2023
6120:Goodman, Jane E. (3 November 2005).
5988:from the original on 25 October 2022
5385:from the original on 31 January 2023
4937:Kossmann, Maarten (2007). "Berber".
4817:
4793:H. Ekkehard Wolff (26 August 2013).
4685:Kossmann, Maarten (2020). "Berber".
4296:
4242:. Multilingual Matters. p. 49.
4205:H. Ekkehard Wolff (26 August 2013).
3862:
3772:in such words and phrases as these:
3626:, likely due to the introduction of
3595:
3577:
2757:system and constructions similar to
1639:
814:
203:
50:
10692:Imyura Kabyle site about literature
9522:
8267:Bassiouney, Reem (27 August 2009),
8155:Bassiouney, Reem (27 August 2009),
5982:Society for Linguistic Anthropology
5881:Current Issues in Language Planning
5482:Kossmann, Maarten (29 March 2017),
4523:Soulaimani, Dris (2 January 2016).
2846:Aorist, with the preceding article
451:communities, who are indigenous to
24:
10676:Early Christian history of Berbers
10591:from the original on 26 March 2023
8221:10.1023/B:LPOL.0000017724.16833.66
6846:. New York: Springer. p. 72.
6769:. Undena Publications. p. 3.
6293:from the original on 20 March 2023
6113:
6073:Brenzinger, Matthias, ed. (2015).
5800:World Education News & Reviews
5404:Kossmann, Maarten (18 July 2013).
4805:from the original on 28 April 2015
4318:from the original on 1 August 2017
4283:African Languages: An Introduction
4217:from the original on 28 April 2015
4168:"Berber Languages and Linguistics"
3740:dialects in the Maghreb. Although
3665:uses month names derived from the
2507:
1892:
1351:
25:
11946:
10637:
10552:from the original on 3 March 2016
7401:from the original on 9 March 2023
7379:Filhon, Alexandra (20 May 2021),
7360:from the original on 7 March 2023
7315:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 13.
7247:from the original on 9 March 2023
7208:from the original on 9 March 2023
6551:from the original on 6 March 2023
6490:from the original on 6 March 2023
5563:from the original on 4 March 2024
5537:from the original on 21 June 2018
5449:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 56.
5343:from the original on 10 June 2023
5304:from the original on 15 June 2022
4749:Ridouane, Rachid (25 July 2014).
4591:Amazigh Voice (Taghect Tamazight)
4500:from the original on 13 June 2023
4383:from the original on 6 March 2023
4166:Lafkioui, Mena B. (24 May 2018).
3851:in both languages is formed with
2785:("buttermilk") is singular while
1675:, with the following exceptions:
999:Extrapolating from Basset's 1952
657:, has attempted to introduce the
649:and present equivalence with the
10607:
10571:Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012).
10509:
10460:
10433:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2570
10411:
10362:
10313:
10158:
10132:from the original on 26 May 2024
10097:
10071:from the original on 26 May 2024
10036:
10023:
10014:
10005:
9992:
9922:from the original on 26 May 2024
9873:from the original on 26 May 2024
9838:
9803:
9791:from the original on 26 May 2024
9741:from the original on 26 May 2024
9689:from the original on 26 May 2024
9560:from the original on 26 May 2024
9428:from the original on 26 May 2024
9338:from the original on 26 May 2024
9243:
9196:
9111:
9095:from the original on 26 May 2024
9056:
9021:
8986:
8974:from the original on 26 May 2024
8909:
8897:from the original on 26 May 2024
8862:
8850:from the original on 26 May 2024
8815:
8785:from the original on 26 May 2024
8750:
8738:from the original on 26 May 2024
8703:
8691:from the original on 26 May 2024
8656:
8630:from the original on 26 May 2024
8523:
8490:
8459:
8444:
8432:from the original on 26 May 2024
8418:10.1111/j.1467-825x.2016.06822.x
8394:
8359:from the original on 26 May 2024
8297:from the original on 26 May 2024
8243:from the original on 26 May 2024
8185:from the original on 26 May 2024
8063:from the original on 26 May 2024
8013:from the original on 26 May 2024
7963:from the original on 26 May 2024
7913:from the original on 26 May 2024
7874:from the original on 26 May 2024
7824:from the original on 26 May 2024
7774:from the original on 26 May 2024
7724:from the original on 26 May 2024
7619:from the original on 26 May 2024
7541:from the original on 26 May 2024
7494:from the original on 26 May 2024
7447:from the original on 26 May 2024
7290:. St. James Press. p. 203.
6918:from the original on 26 May 2024
6818:from the original on 26 May 2024
6679:from the original on 26 May 2024
6603:from the original on 26 May 2024
6254:from the original on 26 May 2024
6212:from the original on 26 May 2024
6140:from the original on 7 June 2023
6101:from the original on 26 May 2024
6019:from the original on 26 May 2024
5779:from the original on 6 June 2019
5749:from the original on 26 May 2024
5670:from the original on 26 May 2024
5512:from the original on 26 May 2024
5484:"Berber-Arabic Language Contact"
5463:from the original on 5 June 2023
5424:from the original on 4 June 2023
5184:from the original on 26 May 2024
5118:from the original on 26 May 2024
5071:from the original on 26 May 2024
5021:from the original on 26 May 2024
4965:from the original on 26 May 2024
4905:from the original on 26 May 2024
4831:from the original on 26 May 2024
4713:from the original on 26 May 2024
4563:from the original on 26 May 2024
4256:from the original on 1 June 2023
4022:
3958:
396:
194:
9848:Morphologies of Asia and Africa
9766:Morphologies of Asia and Africa
9716:Morphologies of Asia and Africa
9664:Morphologies of Asia and Africa
9535:Morphologies of Asia and Africa
9403:Morphologies of Asia and Africa
9313:Morphologies of Asia and Africa
8497:Chivers, C.J. (8 August 2011).
8402:"ALGERIA: Tamazight Recognised"
8371:
8333:
8308:
8196:
8148:
8113:
7886:
7506:
7459:
7372:
7329:
7095:
6989:
6305:
6198:. Routledge. pp. 453–457.
6152:
6031:
5868:
5806:
5791:
5761:
5731:
5635:
5575:
5549:
5523:
5475:
5436:
5397:
5358:
5316:
5083:
4940:Morphologies of Asia and Africa
4516:
1673:International Phonetic Alphabet
1632:were taken from the control of
1270:Textes en linguistique berbère
721:today contains a number of key
10518:Edisud, Aix-en-Provence 1984,
8809:Phonologies of Asia and Africa
8466:Robinson, Matt (26 May 2011).
8315:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2019).
8269:"Language policy and politics"
8157:"Language policy and politics"
7029:. 5 April 2015. Archived from
6523:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011).
5934:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011).
5739:"Tamazight, Standard Moroccan"
5043:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011).
4395:
4303:Brett, Michael (23 May 2023).
4229:
4198:
4180:10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0219
4159:
4014:
3950:
3847:In addition he notes that the
3456:verb–subject–object word order
2452:verb–subject–object word order
1429:, based on figures from 2013.
1417:, based on figures from 2004.
1409:There are an estimated 50,000
1310:Language Diversity Endangered
744:
607:
484:verb–subject–object word order
13:
1:
10467:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
10418:Chaker, S. (1 January 1989).
10369:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
10320:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
10271:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
10217:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
10165:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
10104:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
10043:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
8602:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
7640:"Negation in Kabyle (Berber)"
7602:Language Diversity Endangered
7230:XVI. L'arabisation en Algérie
6733:Language Diversity Endangered
6731:Brenzinger, Matthias (2007).
6076:Language Diversity Endangered
5893:10.1080/14664208.2017.1353329
5156:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
5090:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013).
4541:10.1080/17586801.2015.1023176
4277:Hayward, Richard J., chapter
4152:
4142:[tæmæˈzɪɣt,θæmæˈzɪɣθ]
1876:/, /o/, and /a/. Contrastive
1784:
1617:National Transitional Council
1325:0.13 million - 0.190 million
903:
10644:Tamazight-English Dictionary
10615:The Languages of West Africa
10375:. Leiden. pp. 110–111.
7599:Matthias Brenzinger (2015).
7311:Wolfgang Weissleder (2011).
5875:Alalou, Ali (3 April 2018).
4355:Campbell, George L. (2012).
4113:
4107:
4101:
3880:spoke Berber languages. The
3732:Influence on other languages
2423:of all Berber languages are
1740:voiced pharyngeal fricative
1651:
1569:
1541:
1526:After independence, all the
1212:, with 11,000 speakers; and
714:spoke Berber languages. The
7:
11935:Languages of Western Sahara
10660:The Berber Language Profile
10029:J.-M. Cortade, M. Mammeri:
6397:Ben-Layashi, Samir (2007).
6279:. OUP Oxford. p. 766.
4843:like the Tamazight language
3921:
3129:
2576:Nouns are distinguished by
2457:
1748:laryngeal voiced consonant
1666:
624:Standard Algerian Tamazight
620:Standard Moroccan Tamazight
441:Afroasiatic language family
10:
11951:
10630:Cambridge University Press
10426:(in French) (6): 834–843.
10326:. Leiden. pp. 74–76.
10277:. Leiden. pp. 68–72.
10223:. Leiden. pp. 63–64.
10110:. Leiden. pp. 58–59.
8453:BBC Monitoring Middle East
8412:(1): 20850B–20850C. 2016.
8319:. Routledge. p. 318.
7198:Nyrop, Richard F. (1972).
6766:Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir
5831:10.1177/0308275X9301300204
5769:"Tamazight, Central Atlas"
5584:The encyclopaedia of Islam
5162:. Leiden. pp. 30–31.
4133:
4122:
3910:, which was spoken on the
3605:
2883:negation of any imperative
2863:past tense, in dynamic use
2399:
1655:
1573:
1545:
1144:
1140:
980:Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir
916:
912:
791:. Following the spread of
748:
676:
614:Names of the Berber people
611:
29:
11854:
11817:
11773:
11728:
11649:
11615:
11581:
11572:
11512:
11503:
11446:
11414:
11292:
11251:
11218:
11195:
11168:
11135:
11054:
11011:
11002:
10887:
10783:
10757:
10748:
10741:
10694:(archived 12 August 2013)
10688:(archived 26 August 2017)
10662:(archived 2 October 2010)
9967:The Afroasiatic languages
9813:The Afroasiatic languages
9624:The Afroasiatic languages
9582:The Afroasiatic languages
9497:The Afroasiatic languages
9453:The Afroasiatic languages
9363:The Afroasiatic languages
9171:The Afroasiatic languages
9031:The Afroasiatic languages
8996:The Afroasiatic languages
8949:The Afroasiatic languages
8872:The Afroasiatic languages
8825:The Afroasiatic languages
8760:The Afroasiatic languages
8713:The Afroasiatic languages
8666:The Afroasiatic languages
7652:10.6092/JALALIT.V2I2.8059
7638:Mettouchi, Amina (2021).
7201:Area Handbook for Algeria
6971:Haut-Commissariat au Plan
6763:Penchoen, Thomas (1973).
6418:10.1080/13629380701201741
6412:(2). Routledge: 153–171.
6050:The Linguasphere Register
4880:The Afroasiatic languages
4768:10.1017/S0025100313000388
4483:10.1101/2022.03.13.483276
3460:discourse-configurational
3163:
3160:
3158:
2730:("butter") and masculine
2708:
2703:
2698:
2687:
2684:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2327:
1854:Northern Berber languages
1847:
1548:Standard Moroccan Amazigh
1521:
1216:, with 150,000 speakers.
672:
193:
179:
161:
114:
104:
87:Linguistic classification
85:
68:
58:
44:
39:
8387:21 December 2010 at the
7560:William Frawley (2003).
5819:Critique of Anthropology
5371:. Multilingual Matters.
4529:Writing Systems Research
4477:. Stanford, California.
3943:
3872:in present-day southern
3692:" < Classical Arabic
2877:habitative and iterative
2860:Preterite, or accompli:
2813:
2658:objects; lesser animals
2571:
1912:Phonetic correspondences
1864:languages. For example,
1836:consonants and phonemic
1644:In Mali and Niger, some
1606:
1576:Standard Algerian Berber
1394:, and 2,690 speakers of
1319:2.5 million - 3 million
1200:, with 71,400 speakers;
1196:, with 20,000 speakers;
968:Central Atlas Tamazight
706:in present-day southern
655:Linguasphere Observatory
586:pharyngealized consonant
11915:Languages of Mauritania
10656:(archived 24 June 2011)
10473:. Leiden. p. 107.
9118:Heath, Jeffrey (2005).
8273:Arabic Sociolinguistics
8161:Arabic Sociolinguistics
7336:Nesson, Claude (1994).
7286:David W. Lesch (2000).
7135:Gautier, É.-F. (1913).
6651:König, Christa (2008).
6234:Behrens, Peter (1986).
5813:Gross, Joan E. (1993).
5323:Mattar, Philip (2004).
4799:Encyclopedia Britannica
4211:Encyclopedia Britannica
3828:
3809:
3790:
3557:"He is a boy." (Kabyle)
3509:"It is a boy." (Kabyle)
2967:Secondary Imperfective
2631:humans; higher animals
1972:Central Atlas Tamazight
1928:Central Atlas Tamazight
1897:Most Berber languages:
1208:, with 1,000 speakers;
1204:, with 8,100 speakers;
636:Central Atlas Tamazight
543:Central Atlas Tamazight
509:, western and northern
445:mutually unintelligible
238:Central Atlas Tamazight
11925:Languages of Gibraltar
11608:(possibly independent)
10799:North-Eastern Tunisian
10671:Etymology of "Amazigh"
10536:Elimam, Abdou (2009).
10171:. Leiden. p. 60.
10049:. Leiden. p. 57.
8353:10.1037/e610792011-001
7513:Chaker, Salem (1984).
7354:10.3406/tigr.1994.1308
7027:"Morocco | Ethnologue"
6790:Dalby, Andrew (1998).
6240:. Unesco. p. 30.
5642:Dalby, Andrew (1998).
5627:: CS1 maint: others (
5096:. Leiden. p. 24.
4438:Libyco-Berber alphabet
4174:: 9780199772810–0219.
3835:
3816:
3797:
2992:Negative Imperfective
2793:genitive proposition.
2709:"melons (in general)"
1931:
1904:have no lexical tones.
1817:
1730:voiced velar fricative
1386:: 247,000 speakers of
1178:
1163:
928:
833:
768:
489:Millions of people in
439:, are a branch of the
404:This article contains
11885:Afroasiatic languages
11408:Afroasiatic languages
10666:Etymology of "Berber"
10545:. Synergies Tunisie.
9944:) CS1 maint: others (
8608:. Leiden. p. 1.
8203:Marley, Dawn (2004).
7153:10.3406/geo.1913.8304
7141:Annales de Géographie
7107:rgphentableaux.hcp.ma
7001:rgphentableaux.hcp.ma
6840:Ennaji, Moha (2005).
6462:Aïtel, Fazia (2014).
5984:. 23 September 2019.
5410:. BRILL. p. 98.
5275:) CS1 maint: others (
4172:Oxford Bibliographies
3708:"market" from Arabic
3042:Secondary Perfective
2880:habitative imperative
2855:(adhortative, future)
2789:("water") is plural.
2477:Direct object clitics
1925:
1807:
1249:Annales de Géographie
1173:
1154:
926:
829:
809:Berber Latin alphabet
801:Berber Latin alphabet
758:
685:Proto-Berber language
679:Proto-Berber language
582:pharyngeal fricatives
465:Berber Latin alphabet
11920:Languages of Tunisia
11900:Languages of Morocco
11895:Languages of Algeria
11089:Eastern Middle Atlas
10424:Encyclopédie berbère
10011:Galand (1988, 4.11).
8535:7 April 2022 at the
6443:on 23 September 2010
4585:Larbi, Hsen (2003).
3744:has a predominantly
3067:Negative Perfective
2720:"(specific) melons"
2474:Independent pronouns
1767:flap or /r̝/, as in
1615:affiliated with the
1147:Languages of Algeria
919:Languages of Morocco
773:Libyco-Berber script
447:languages spoken by
431:, also known as the
314: Other Zenati (
11930:Languages of Sicily
10938:Central and Saharan
7658:on 11 November 2021
5300:. 7 February 2016.
3716:"town" < Arabic
2897:
2596:
1940:
1856:, to seven in some
1679:
1592:, though not as an
1458:
1224:
952:
848:(Zenaga, Tetserret)
11910:Languages of Niger
10628:African Languages,
10613:Migeod, F. W. H.,
10020:Basset 1952, S. 45
8503:The New York Times
7288:History in Dispute
6059:on 22 August 2022.
4795:"Berber languages"
4751:"Tashlhiyt Berber"
4629:Middle East Report
4207:"Berber languages"
3722:as-salāmu ʿalaikum
3443:Sentence structure
2896:
2595:
2421:lexical categories
1938:
1932:
1818:
1810:Tashlhiyt language
1694:unvoiced anterior
1678:
1456:
1360:speakers, 250,000
1222:
1179:
1164:
950:
929:
769:
751:Berber orthography
11905:Languages of Mali
11867:
11866:
11861:extinct languages
11645:
11644:
11641:
11640:
11423:Proto-Afroasiatic
11374:
11373:
11356:Vandalic language
11288:
11287:
11191:
11190:
10998:
10997:
10733:Languages of the
10584:978-1-4384-2393-7
10480:978-90-04-25309-4
10382:978-90-04-25309-4
10333:978-90-04-25309-4
10284:978-90-04-25309-4
10230:978-90-04-25309-4
10178:978-90-04-25309-4
10117:978-90-04-25309-4
10056:978-90-04-25309-4
10033:Paris 1967, 91–93
9977:978-1-139-42364-9
9907:978-90-272-6889-1
9858:978-1-57506-566-3
9823:978-1-139-42364-9
9776:978-1-57506-566-3
9726:978-1-57506-566-3
9674:978-1-57506-566-3
9634:978-1-139-42364-9
9592:978-1-139-42364-9
9545:978-1-57506-566-3
9507:978-1-139-42364-9
9463:978-1-139-42364-9
9413:978-1-57506-566-3
9373:978-1-139-42364-9
9323:978-1-57506-566-3
9263:978-3-447-06695-2
9216:978-3-447-06695-2
9181:978-1-139-42364-9
9080:978-1-315-39298-1
9041:978-1-139-42364-9
9006:978-1-139-42364-9
8959:978-1-139-42364-9
8927:978-3-447-06695-2
8882:978-1-139-42364-9
8835:978-1-139-42364-9
8770:978-1-139-42364-9
8723:978-1-139-42364-9
8676:978-1-139-42364-9
8615:978-90-04-25309-4
8565:978-3-447-06695-2
8511:on 1 January 2022
8455:. 5 January 2016.
8345:PsycEXTRA Dataset
8133:978-1-55671-502-0
8098:978-1-55671-502-0
8048:978-1-55671-502-0
7998:978-1-55671-502-0
7948:978-1-55671-502-0
7859:978-1-55671-502-0
7809:978-1-55671-502-0
7759:978-1-55671-502-0
7709:978-1-55671-502-0
7612:978-3-11-090569-4
7573:978-0-19-513977-8
7479:978-1-55671-502-0
7432:978-1-55671-502-0
7394:978-2-7332-9022-4
7322:978-3-11-081023-3
7297:978-1-55862-472-6
7068:978-3-447-06695-2
6903:978-1-55671-502-0
6742:978-3-11-017049-8
6705:. Neuveden (47).
6664:978-0-19-155266-3
6588:978-0-19-960989-5
6536:978-0-292-73478-4
6475:978-0-8130-4895-6
6363:978-3-447-06695-2
6286:978-0-19-956988-5
6166:on 4 October 2013
6133:978-0-253-21784-4
6086:978-3-11-090569-4
5505:978-0-19-938465-5
5456:978-3-11-021843-5
5417:978-90-04-25309-4
5378:978-1-84769-011-1
5336:978-0-02-865769-1
5235:978-91-86565-66-4
5169:978-90-04-25309-4
5103:978-90-04-25309-4
5056:978-0-292-72587-4
5006:978-90-272-8842-4
4950:978-1-57506-566-3
4890:978-1-139-42364-9
4855:
4698:978-0-19-960989-5
4368:978-0-203-86548-4
4249:978-1-84769-011-1
3938:Shilha literature
3863:Extinct languages
3845:
3844:
3700:"mosque" (Arabic
3440:
3439:
3116:
3115:
2759:Split-S alignment
2755:marked nominative
2724:
2723:
2486:andative-venitive
2397:
2396:
1923:
1805:
1782:
1781:
1590:national language
1519:
1518:
1349:
1348:
1138:
1137:
1001:La langue berbère
856:Western Moroccan
821:dialect continuum
815:Subclassification
600:languages of the
480:dialect continuum
476:Romance languages
433:Amazigh languages
412:rendering support
392:
391:
386:
385:
16:(Redirected from
11942:
11880:Berber languages
11694:Somali languages
11579:
11578:
11510:
11509:
11401:
11394:
11387:
11378:
11377:
11350:
11343:
11336:
11322:
11308:
11279:
11126:
11124:Western Algerian
11119:
11112:
11105:
11098:
11096:Northern Saharan
11091:
11077:
11070:
11009:
11008:
10989:
10982:
10975:
10973:Eastern Moroccan
10968:
10966:Western Moroccan
10954:
10952:Western Algerian
10947:
10945:Eastern Algerian
10940:
10933:
10919:
10905:
10878:
10871:
10864:
10850:
10843:
10829:
10822:
10815:
10801:
10755:
10754:
10746:
10745:
10727:
10720:
10713:
10704:
10703:
10631:
10624:
10618:
10611:
10605:
10604:
10598:
10596:
10568:
10562:
10561:
10559:
10557:
10551:
10544:
10533:
10527:
10513:
10507:
10506:
10500:
10492:
10464:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10435:
10415:
10409:
10408:
10402:
10394:
10366:
10360:
10359:
10353:
10345:
10317:
10311:
10310:
10304:
10296:
10268:
10257:
10256:
10250:
10242:
10214:
10205:
10204:
10198:
10190:
10162:
10156:
10155:
10149:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10101:
10095:
10094:
10088:
10080:
10078:
10076:
10040:
10034:
10027:
10021:
10018:
10012:
10009:
10003:
9996:
9990:
9989:
9961:
9950:
9949:
9939:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9892:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9878:
9842:
9836:
9835:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9760:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9710:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9694:
9658:
9647:
9646:
9618:
9605:
9604:
9576:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9529:
9520:
9519:
9491:
9476:
9475:
9447:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9397:
9386:
9385:
9357:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9307:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9283:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9165:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9102:
9100:
9060:
9054:
9053:
9025:
9019:
9018:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8943:
8932:
8931:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8902:
8866:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8804:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8647:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8599:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8549:
8540:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8510:
8505:. Archived from
8494:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8474:. Archived from
8463:
8457:
8456:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8398:
8392:
8379:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8264:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8082:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8032:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
7982:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7968:
7932:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7843:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7793:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7743:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7693:
7682:
7681:
7675:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7132:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7052:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6963:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6887:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6837:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6760:
6747:
6746:
6728:
6715:
6714:
6703:Folia Orientalia
6698:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6648:
6627:
6626:
6620:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6572:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6507:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6436:. Archived from
6403:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6347:
6338:
6337:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6231:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6189:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6070:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6052:. Archived from
6047:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5959:
5950:
5949:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5858:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5722:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5698:. Archived from
5697:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5626:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5348:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5270:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5227:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5153:
5142:
5141:
5135:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
4990:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4934:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4874:
4857:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4836:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4682:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4472:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4352:
4339:
4338:
4325:
4323:
4300:
4294:
4285:Cambridge 2000.
4275:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4163:
4146:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4124:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3954:
3908:Guanche language
3838:
3831:
3819:
3812:
3800:
3793:
3775:
3774:
3764:, and 10–15% of
3688:"in the name of
3632:Phoenician-Punic
3624:Ancient Egyptian
3597:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3553:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3505:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3156:
3155:
2898:
2895:
2597:
2594:
2558:y-əwš =as =θ =ið
2554:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2468:Maarten Kossmann
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1926:An interview in
1924:
1832:languages, have
1806:
1715:Slavic languages
1700:Slavic languages
1680:
1677:
1646:Tuareg languages
1630:Nafusa Mountains
1613:Nafusa Mountains
1459:
1455:
1398:. The number of
1225:
1221:
953:
949:
763:inscriptions in
588:/ṣ/. Unlike the
429:Berber languages
420:Tifinagh letters
418: instead of
400:
399:
373:
358:
344:
334:
313:
304:
295:
282:
273:
258:Senhaja de Srair
255:
245:
235:
220:
204:
198:
189:
175:
53:
52:
37:
36:
21:
11950:
11949:
11945:
11944:
11943:
11941:
11940:
11939:
11870:
11869:
11868:
11863:
11850:
11813:
11769:
11724:
11637:
11611:
11568:
11499:
11442:
11410:
11405:
11375:
11370:
11366:Ottoman Turkish
11346:
11341:African Romance
11339:
11332:
11318:
11304:
11284:
11275:
11247:
11214:
11187:
11164:
11131:
11122:
11117:Tunisian-Zuwara
11115:
11108:
11101:
11094:
11087:
11073:
11066:
11050:
10994:
10985:
10978:
10971:
10964:
10950:
10943:
10936:
10929:
10915:
10901:
10883:
10874:
10867:
10860:
10846:
10839:
10835:Western Village
10825:
10818:
10811:
10807:Eastern Village
10797:
10779:
10770:Modern Standard
10737:
10731:
10686:Ancient Scripts
10640:
10635:
10634:
10625:
10621:
10612:
10608:
10594:
10592:
10585:
10569:
10565:
10555:
10553:
10549:
10542:
10534:
10530:
10514:
10510:
10494:
10493:
10481:
10465:
10461:
10451:
10449:
10416:
10412:
10396:
10395:
10383:
10367:
10363:
10347:
10346:
10334:
10318:
10314:
10298:
10297:
10285:
10269:
10260:
10244:
10243:
10231:
10215:
10208:
10192:
10191:
10179:
10163:
10159:
10143:
10142:
10135:
10133:
10118:
10102:
10098:
10082:
10081:
10074:
10072:
10057:
10041:
10037:
10028:
10024:
10019:
10015:
10010:
10006:
9997:
9993:
9978:
9962:
9953:
9933:
9932:
9925:
9923:
9908:
9894:
9893:
9886:
9876:
9874:
9859:
9843:
9839:
9824:
9808:
9804:
9794:
9792:
9777:
9761:
9754:
9744:
9742:
9727:
9711:
9702:
9692:
9690:
9675:
9659:
9650:
9635:
9619:
9608:
9593:
9577:
9573:
9563:
9561:
9546:
9530:
9523:
9508:
9492:
9479:
9464:
9448:
9441:
9431:
9429:
9414:
9398:
9389:
9374:
9358:
9351:
9341:
9339:
9324:
9308:
9291:
9281:
9279:
9264:
9248:
9244:
9234:
9232:
9217:
9201:
9197:
9182:
9166:
9159:
9149:
9147:
9132:
9116:
9112:
9098:
9096:
9081:
9061:
9057:
9042:
9026:
9022:
9007:
8991:
8987:
8977:
8975:
8960:
8944:
8935:
8928:
8914:
8910:
8900:
8898:
8883:
8867:
8863:
8853:
8851:
8836:
8820:
8816:
8805:
8798:
8788:
8786:
8771:
8755:
8751:
8741:
8739:
8724:
8708:
8704:
8694:
8692:
8677:
8661:
8657:
8641:
8640:
8633:
8631:
8616:
8600:
8593:
8583:
8581:
8566:
8550:
8543:
8537:Wayback Machine
8528:
8524:
8514:
8512:
8495:
8491:
8481:
8479:
8478:on 5 March 2016
8464:
8460:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8435:
8433:
8400:
8399:
8395:
8389:Wayback Machine
8377:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8360:
8339:
8338:
8334:
8327:
8313:
8309:
8300:
8298:
8291:
8265:
8256:
8246:
8244:
8209:Language Policy
8201:
8197:
8188:
8186:
8179:
8153:
8149:
8134:
8118:
8114:
8099:
8083:
8076:
8066:
8064:
8049:
8033:
8026:
8016:
8014:
7999:
7983:
7976:
7966:
7964:
7949:
7933:
7926:
7916:
7914:
7907:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7875:
7860:
7844:
7837:
7827:
7825:
7810:
7794:
7787:
7777:
7775:
7760:
7744:
7737:
7727:
7725:
7710:
7694:
7685:
7669:
7668:
7661:
7659:
7636:
7632:
7622:
7620:
7613:
7597:
7593:
7583:
7581:
7574:
7558:
7554:
7544:
7542:
7527:
7511:
7507:
7497:
7495:
7480:
7464:
7460:
7450:
7448:
7433:
7417:
7413:
7404:
7402:
7395:
7377:
7373:
7363:
7361:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7284:
7280:
7268:
7267:
7258:
7257:
7250:
7248:
7241:
7225:
7221:
7211:
7209:
7196:
7192:
7178:
7176:
7133:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7084:
7069:
7053:
7046:
7036:
7034:
7033:on 5 April 2015
7025:
7024:
7020:
7010:
7008:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6947:
6945:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6921:
6919:
6904:
6888:
6881:
6871:
6869:
6854:
6838:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6804:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6761:
6750:
6743:
6729:
6718:
6699:
6692:
6682:
6680:
6665:
6649:
6630:
6614:
6613:
6606:
6604:
6589:
6573:
6564:
6554:
6552:
6537:
6521:
6517:
6501:
6500:
6493:
6491:
6476:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6401:
6395:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6364:
6348:
6341:
6326:10.2307/2793877
6310:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6287:
6271:
6267:
6257:
6255:
6248:
6232:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6206:
6190:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6143:
6141:
6134:
6118:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6087:
6071:
6064:
6056:
6045:
6039:"1= Afro-Asian
6037:
6036:
6032:
6022:
6020:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5873:
5869:
5856:
5854:
5811:
5807:
5796:
5792:
5782:
5780:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5693:"Archived copy"
5691:
5690:
5683:
5673:
5671:
5656:
5640:
5636:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5515:
5513:
5506:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5457:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5418:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5363:
5359:
5346:
5344:
5337:
5321:
5317:
5307:
5305:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5236:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5185:
5170:
5154:
5145:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5119:
5104:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5072:
5057:
5041:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5007:
4991:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4951:
4935:
4918:
4908:
4906:
4891:
4875:
4860:
4834:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4791:
4784:
4747:
4740:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4714:
4699:
4683:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4637:10.2307/1559451
4621:
4614:
4604:
4602:
4583:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4521:
4517:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4470:
4463:
4453:
4435:
4431:
4416:10.2307/2793877
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4369:
4353:
4342:
4321:
4319:
4301:
4297:
4276:
4272:
4259:
4257:
4250:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4099:; Berber name:
4094:
4090:
4070:
4058:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4002:
3988:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3924:
3914:by the ancient
3885:Nobiin language
3870:C-Group culture
3865:
3766:Moroccan Arabic
3762:Tunisian Arabic
3758:Algerian Arabic
3742:Maghrebi Arabic
3734:
3667:Julian calendar
3663:Berber calendar
3655:African Romance
3608:
3603:
3589:
3581:
3559:
3545:
3530:
3520:
3511:
3497:
3482:
3445:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3132:
2874:dynamic present
2816:
2800:The pluralizer
2743:état d'annexion
2739:construct state
2700:collective noun
2623:Figuig example
2614:Figuig example
2574:
2566:
2556:
2545:
2526:
2511:
2460:
2408:in the form of
2402:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1916:
1914:
1895:
1893:Suprasegmentals
1850:
1796:
1787:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1642:
1640:Other Countries
1609:
1578:
1572:
1550:
1544:
1524:
1436:and 117,000 of
1354:
1352:Other countries
1175:Shenwa language
1149:
1143:
1092:Moroccan census
1034:Moroccan census
921:
915:
906:
898:Northern Berber
885:
817:
753:
747:
719:Nobiin language
704:C-Group culture
700:Capsian culture
681:
675:
616:
610:
574:Kabyle language
570:Arabic language
425:
424:
423:
410:Without proper
401:
397:
388:
387:
379:
371:
364:
356:
349:
342:
340:
332:
323:
311:
309:
302:
300:
293:
291:
285:Ayt Seghrouchen
280:
278:
271:
264:
253:
251:
243:
241:
233:
226:
218:
209:Northern Berber
201:
185:
171:
80:Berber diaspora
70:
48:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11948:
11938:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11865:
11864:
11855:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11848:
11842:
11836:
11835:
11834:
11821:
11819:
11815:
11814:
11812:
11811:
11810:
11809:
11804:
11803:
11802:
11787:
11779:
11777:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11767:
11766:
11765:
11760:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11734:
11732:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11722:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11704:
11703:
11698:
11697:
11696:
11691:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11655:
11653:
11647:
11646:
11643:
11642:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11619:
11617:
11613:
11612:
11610:
11609:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11585:
11583:
11576:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11566:
11565:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11547:Hausa–Gwandara
11544:
11539:
11534:
11524:
11519:
11513:
11507:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11486:
11485:
11484:
11483:
11478:
11468:
11458:
11452:
11450:
11444:
11443:
11441:
11440:
11433:
11426:
11418:
11416:
11412:
11411:
11404:
11403:
11396:
11389:
11381:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11352:
11351:
11344:
11337:
11325:
11324:
11323:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11296:
11294:
11290:
11289:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11282:
11281:
11280:
11268:
11263:
11257:
11255:
11249:
11248:
11246:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11224:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11212:
11207:
11201:
11199:
11193:
11192:
11189:
11188:
11186:
11185:
11180:
11174:
11172:
11166:
11165:
11163:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11141:
11139:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11127:
11120:
11113:
11106:
11099:
11092:
11080:
11079:
11078:
11071:
11060:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11017:
11015:
11006:
11000:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10990:
10983:
10980:Moroccan koiné
10976:
10969:
10957:
10956:
10955:
10948:
10941:
10934:
10931:Algerian koiné
10922:
10921:
10920:
10917:Tunisian koiné
10908:
10907:
10906:
10893:
10891:
10885:
10884:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10872:
10865:
10853:
10852:
10851:
10844:
10832:
10831:
10830:
10827:Lesser Kabylia
10823:
10816:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10789:
10787:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10761:
10759:
10752:
10743:
10739:
10738:
10730:
10729:
10722:
10715:
10707:
10701:
10700:
10695:
10689:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10657:
10651:
10646:
10639:
10638:External links
10636:
10633:
10632:
10619:
10606:
10583:
10563:
10528:
10508:
10479:
10459:
10410:
10381:
10361:
10332:
10312:
10283:
10258:
10229:
10206:
10177:
10157:
10116:
10096:
10055:
10035:
10022:
10013:
10004:
9991:
9976:
9951:
9906:
9884:
9857:
9837:
9822:
9802:
9775:
9752:
9725:
9700:
9673:
9648:
9633:
9606:
9591:
9571:
9544:
9521:
9506:
9477:
9462:
9439:
9412:
9387:
9372:
9349:
9322:
9289:
9262:
9242:
9215:
9195:
9180:
9157:
9130:
9110:
9079:
9055:
9040:
9020:
9005:
8985:
8958:
8933:
8926:
8908:
8881:
8861:
8834:
8814:
8796:
8769:
8749:
8722:
8702:
8675:
8655:
8614:
8591:
8564:
8541:
8522:
8489:
8458:
8443:
8393:
8370:
8332:
8325:
8307:
8289:
8254:
8195:
8177:
8147:
8132:
8112:
8097:
8074:
8047:
8024:
7997:
7974:
7947:
7924:
7905:
7899:. SUNY Press.
7885:
7858:
7835:
7808:
7785:
7758:
7735:
7708:
7683:
7630:
7611:
7591:
7572:
7552:
7525:
7505:
7478:
7458:
7431:
7411:
7393:
7371:
7328:
7321:
7303:
7296:
7278:
7269:|website=
7239:
7219:
7190:
7124:
7094:
7067:
7044:
7018:
6988:
6955:
6929:
6902:
6879:
6852:
6829:
6802:
6782:
6775:
6748:
6741:
6716:
6690:
6663:
6654:Case in Africa
6628:
6587:
6562:
6535:
6515:
6474:
6454:
6389:
6362:
6339:
6304:
6285:
6265:
6246:
6223:
6205:978-1135434168
6204:
6177:
6151:
6132:
6112:
6085:
6062:
6030:
5999:
5969:
5951:
5944:
5926:
5887:(2): 136–160.
5867:
5805:
5790:
5760:
5730:
5705:on 22 May 2016
5681:
5654:
5634:
5593:
5574:
5548:
5522:
5504:
5474:
5455:
5435:
5416:
5396:
5377:
5357:
5335:
5315:
5282:
5234:
5209:
5168:
5143:
5102:
5082:
5055:
5032:
5005:
4976:
4949:
4916:
4889:
4858:
4852:emphasis added
4841:Amazigh arts,
4816:
4782:
4761:(2): 207–221.
4738:
4697:
4670:
4612:
4574:
4515:
4429:
4394:
4367:
4340:
4295:
4270:
4248:
4228:
4197:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4013:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3912:Canary Islands
3864:
3861:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3733:
3730:
3607:
3604:
3582:
3564:
3563:
3547:nətta ð a-qšiš
3531:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3131:
3128:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:"(one) melon"
2694:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2680:"large spoon"
2678:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2626:Example gloss
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:Example gloss
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2573:
2570:
2546:
2527:
2512:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2459:
2456:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:(Arabic loan)
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:(Arabic loan)
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:(Arabic loan)
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1891:
1883:central vowels
1872:/, /u/, /e/, /
1858:Eastern Berber
1849:
1846:
1834:pharyngealized
1791:spirantization
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1668:
1665:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1608:
1605:
1571:
1568:
1543:
1540:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1145:Main article:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
917:Main article:
914:
911:
905:
902:
893:Eastern Berber
884:
883:
882:
881:
878:
875:
872:
865:
864:
863:
860:
854:
849:
837:
816:
813:
749:Main article:
746:
743:
677:Main article:
674:
671:
609:
606:
531:Western Europe
414:, you may see
402:
395:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
383:
370:
361:Eastern Berber
355:
352:Eastern Berber
341:
331:
328:Western Berber
324:
310:
301:
292:
279:
270:
252:
242:
232:
217:
202:
199:
191:
190:
183:
177:
176:
169:
159:
158:
157:
156:
147:
138:
133:
128:
123:
116:
112:
111:
106:
105:Proto-language
102:
101:
100:
99:
89:
83:
82:
72:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11947:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11862:
11858:
11853:
11846:
11843:
11840:
11837:
11833:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11827:
11823:
11822:
11820:
11816:
11808:
11805:
11801:
11798:
11797:
11796:
11793:
11792:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11785:
11781:
11780:
11778:
11776:
11772:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11755:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11731:
11727:
11721:
11718:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11702:
11699:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11689:Rendille–Boni
11687:
11686:
11685:
11682:
11681:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11669:Highland East
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11648:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11620:
11618:
11614:
11607:
11606:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11586:
11584:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11571:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11514:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11502:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11473:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11449:
11445:
11439:
11438:
11437:Proto-Semitic
11434:
11432:
11431:
11427:
11425:
11424:
11420:
11419:
11417:
11415:Reconstructed
11413:
11409:
11402:
11397:
11395:
11390:
11388:
11383:
11382:
11379:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11349:
11345:
11342:
11338:
11335:
11334:African Latin
11331:
11330:
11329:
11326:
11321:
11317:
11316:
11315:
11312:
11307:
11303:
11302:
11301:
11298:
11297:
11295:
11291:
11278:
11274:
11273:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11254:
11250:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11221:
11217:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11198:
11194:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11175:
11173:
11171:
11167:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11138:
11134:
11125:
11121:
11118:
11114:
11111:
11107:
11104:
11100:
11097:
11093:
11090:
11086:
11085:
11084:
11081:
11076:
11072:
11069:
11065:
11064:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11057:
11053:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11014:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11001:
10988:
10984:
10981:
10977:
10974:
10970:
10967:
10963:
10962:
10961:
10958:
10953:
10949:
10946:
10942:
10939:
10935:
10932:
10928:
10927:
10926:
10925:Central Hilal
10923:
10918:
10914:
10913:
10912:
10911:Eastern Hilal
10909:
10904:
10900:
10899:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10886:
10877:
10873:
10870:
10869:Tripolitanian
10866:
10863:
10859:
10858:
10857:
10854:
10849:
10845:
10842:
10841:Traras-Msirda
10838:
10837:
10836:
10833:
10828:
10824:
10821:
10817:
10814:
10810:
10809:
10808:
10805:
10800:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10747:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10728:
10723:
10721:
10716:
10714:
10709:
10708:
10705:
10699:
10696:
10693:
10690:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10661:
10658:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10641:
10629:
10623:
10616:
10610:
10603:
10590:
10586:
10580:
10576:
10575:
10567:
10548:
10541:
10540:
10532:
10525:
10524:2-85744-176-3
10521:
10517:
10512:
10504:
10498:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10476:
10472:
10471:
10463:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10420:"Arabisation"
10414:
10406:
10400:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10378:
10374:
10373:
10365:
10357:
10351:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10329:
10325:
10324:
10316:
10308:
10302:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10280:
10276:
10275:
10267:
10265:
10263:
10254:
10248:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10226:
10222:
10221:
10213:
10211:
10202:
10196:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10174:
10170:
10169:
10161:
10153:
10147:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10113:
10109:
10108:
10100:
10092:
10086:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10052:
10048:
10047:
10039:
10032:
10026:
10017:
10008:
10001:
9998:Hans Stumme:
9995:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9947:
9943:
9937:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9903:
9899:
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7348:(1): 93–107.
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3897:Kerma culture
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3876:and northern
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3754:Libyan Arabic
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2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:glottal stop
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:post-alveolar
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:Burkina Faso
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:13.8 million
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:Also used in
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:Also used by
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
948:
945:
943:
938:
933:
925:
920:
910:
901:
899:
894:
890:
879:
876:
873:
870:
866:
861:
858:
857:
855:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
838:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
812:
810:
805:
802:
798:
797:Arabic script
794:
790:
789:Tuareg people
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
762:
761:Libyco-Berber
757:
752:
742:
740:
736:
735:Kerma culture
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
710:and northern
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
680:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
615:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:Arabic script
466:
462:
458:
457:Libyco-Berber
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
421:
417:
413:
409:
407:
406:Tifinagh text
382:
377:
369:
368:
362:
354:
353:
348:
339:(Tuḍḍungiyya)
338:
330:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
299:
290:
286:
277:
269:
268:
263:
259:
249:
239:
231:
230:
224:
216:
215:
211:
210:
206:
205:
197:
192:
188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
154:
153:
148:
145:
144:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
67:
64:
61:
57:
43:
38:
33:
19:
11856:
11824:
11782:
11684:Macro-Somali
11674:Lowland East
11603:
11562:South Bauchi
11552:North Bauchi
11542:Bole–Tangale
11447:
11435:
11430:Proto-Berber
11428:
11421:
11300:Proto-Berber
11197:Nilo-Saharan
11170:Southwestern
11063:Non-Zenatic
11003:
10903:Libyan koiné
10785:Pre-Hilalian
10627:
10622:
10614:
10609:
10600:
10593:. Retrieved
10573:
10566:
10554:. Retrieved
10538:
10531:
10515:
10511:
10469:
10462:
10450:. Retrieved
10423:
10413:
10371:
10364:
10322:
10315:
10273:
10219:
10167:
10160:
10134:. Retrieved
10106:
10099:
10073:. Retrieved
10045:
10038:
10030:
10025:
10016:
10007:
9999:
9994:
9966:
9924:. Retrieved
9896:
9875:. Retrieved
9847:
9840:
9812:
9805:
9793:. Retrieved
9765:
9743:. Retrieved
9715:
9691:. Retrieved
9663:
9623:
9581:
9574:
9562:. Retrieved
9534:
9496:
9452:
9430:. Retrieved
9402:
9362:
9340:. Retrieved
9312:
9280:. Retrieved
9252:
9245:
9233:. Retrieved
9205:
9198:
9170:
9148:. Retrieved
9120:
9113:
9104:
9097:. Retrieved
9069:
9058:
9030:
9023:
8995:
8988:
8976:. Retrieved
8948:
8917:
8911:
8899:. Retrieved
8871:
8864:
8852:. Retrieved
8824:
8817:
8808:
8787:. Retrieved
8759:
8752:
8740:. Retrieved
8712:
8705:
8693:. Retrieved
8665:
8658:
8632:. Retrieved
8604:
8582:. Retrieved
8554:
8525:
8513:. Retrieved
8508:the original
8502:
8492:
8480:. Retrieved
8476:the original
8471:
8461:
8452:
8446:
8434:. Retrieved
8409:
8405:
8396:
8373:
8361:. Retrieved
8344:
8335:
8316:
8310:
8299:, retrieved
8272:
8245:. Retrieved
8215:(1): 25–46.
8212:
8208:
8198:
8187:, retrieved
8160:
8150:
8122:
8115:
8087:
8065:. Retrieved
8037:
8015:. Retrieved
7987:
7965:. Retrieved
7937:
7915:. Retrieved
7895:
7888:
7876:. Retrieved
7848:
7826:. Retrieved
7798:
7776:. Retrieved
7748:
7726:. Retrieved
7698:
7672:cite journal
7660:. Retrieved
7656:the original
7643:
7633:
7621:. Retrieved
7601:
7594:
7582:. Retrieved
7562:
7555:
7543:. Retrieved
7515:
7508:
7496:. Retrieved
7468:
7461:
7449:. Retrieved
7421:
7414:
7403:, retrieved
7384:
7374:
7362:. Retrieved
7345:
7341:
7331:
7312:
7306:
7287:
7281:
7249:. Retrieved
7229:
7222:
7210:. Retrieved
7200:
7193:
7184:
7177:. Retrieved
7147:(123): 256.
7144:
7140:
7115:. Retrieved
7106:
7097:
7085:. Retrieved
7057:
7035:. Retrieved
7031:the original
7021:
7009:. Retrieved
7000:
6991:
6979:. Retrieved
6970:
6946:. Retrieved
6932:
6920:. Retrieved
6892:
6870:. Retrieved
6842:
6820:. Retrieved
6792:
6785:
6765:
6732:
6702:
6681:. Retrieved
6653:
6605:. Retrieved
6577:
6553:. Retrieved
6525:
6518:
6492:. Retrieved
6464:
6457:
6445:. Retrieved
6438:the original
6409:
6405:
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6352:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6295:. Retrieved
6275:
6268:
6256:. Retrieved
6236:
6214:. Retrieved
6194:
6168:. Retrieved
6164:the original
6154:
6142:. Retrieved
6122:
6115:
6103:. Retrieved
6075:
6054:the original
6049:
6040:
6033:
6021:. Retrieved
6013:The National
6012:
6002:
5990:. Retrieved
5981:
5972:
5963:
5935:
5929:
5917:. Retrieved
5884:
5880:
5870:
5862:
5855:. Retrieved
5822:
5818:
5808:
5799:
5793:
5781:. Retrieved
5772:
5763:
5751:. Retrieved
5742:
5733:
5707:. Retrieved
5700:the original
5672:. Retrieved
5644:
5637:
5611:. Retrieved
5583:
5577:
5565:. Retrieved
5551:
5539:. Retrieved
5525:
5514:, retrieved
5487:
5477:
5465:. Retrieved
5445:
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5406:
5399:
5387:. Retrieved
5367:
5360:
5352:
5345:. Retrieved
5325:
5318:
5306:. Retrieved
5297:
5255:. Retrieved
5221:
5186:. Retrieved
5158:
5120:. Retrieved
5092:
5085:
5073:. Retrieved
5045:
5023:. Retrieved
4995:
4967:. Retrieved
4939:
4907:. Retrieved
4879:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4833:. Retrieved
4819:
4807:. Retrieved
4798:
4758:
4754:
4715:. Retrieved
4687:
4661:. Retrieved
4628:
4603:. Retrieved
4594:
4590:
4565:. Retrieved
4532:
4528:
4518:
4509:
4502:. Retrieved
4474:
4449:
4445:
4432:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4357:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4320:. Retrieved
4308:
4298:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4265:
4258:. Retrieved
4238:
4231:
4219:. Retrieved
4210:
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4171:
4161:
4119:Neo-Tifinagh
4016:
3952:
3905:
3882:Nilo-Saharan
3866:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3822:he was lost
3735:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3694:bi-smi-llāhi
3693:
3685:
3683:
3675:Salem Chaker
3671:
3660:
3651:Roman empire
3644:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3535:
3532:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3487:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3467:
3464:
3453:
3446:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3164:Mali Tuareg
3152:
3149:
3133:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3001:ləmmədttitəf
3000:
2996:ləmmədttitəf
2995:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2951:lămmădttatăf
2950:
2946:ləmmədttatəf
2945:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2912:Mali Tuareg
2909:Ayer Tuareg
2892:
2888:
2847:
2821:
2817:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2714:
2704:
2691:
2675:
2664:
2648:
2637:
2586:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2531:
2528:
2516:
2513:
2498:
2495:
2483:
2465:
2461:
2445:
2441:prepositions
2418:
2414:Semitic root
2403:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:t-i-!gzzəl-t
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:"greyhound"
2014:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1933:
1896:
1878:vowel length
1851:
1830:
1819:
1788:
1670:
1643:
1628:such as the
1610:
1601:
1598:
1586:Black Spring
1583:
1579:
1565:
1561:Tamazight TV
1558:
1555:
1551:
1525:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1431:
1424:
1413:speakers in
1408:
1377:
1370:
1355:
1322:1.4 million
1316:4.5 million
1299:2.5 million
1276:3.6 million
1256:1.3 million
1248:
1218:
1180:
1165:
1131:4.2 million
1128:4.6 million
1108:1.3 million
1105:2.7 million
1102:4.7 million
1099:8.7 million
1083:
1076:5.2 million
1073:6.8 million
1062:
1050:1.3 million
1047:2.3 million
1044:3.9 million
1041:7.5 million
1025:1.5 million
1016:7.5 million
1009:
1000:
979:
946:
934:
930:
907:
886:
840:
834:
830:
818:
806:
770:
716:Nilo-Saharan
682:
642:
640:
634:to refer to
617:
602:Afro-Asiatic
567:
563:North Africa
556:
515:Burkina Faso
488:
473:
453:North Africa
436:
432:
428:
426:
403:
380:
366:
365:
351:
350:
327:
326:
266:
265:
228:
227:
213:
212:
208:
207:
150:
141:
115:Subdivisions
109:Proto-Berber
96:
92:Afro-Asiatic
76:North Africa
71:distribution
11628:Ngeté-Herdé
11517:Biu–Mandara
11481:Mzab–Wargla
11476:East Zenati
11220:Niger-Congo
11155:Tawellemmet
10452:21 February
10136:17 December
10075:17 December
9926:24 December
9877:24 December
9795:24 December
9745:24 December
9693:24 December
9564:24 December
9432:24 December
9342:24 December
9150:18 December
9099:18 December
8978:16 December
8901:16 December
8854:16 December
8789:16 December
8742:16 December
8695:16 December
8634:17 December
8436:14 December
8378:(in French)
8363:14 December
8301:14 December
8247:15 December
8189:14 December
7179:25 December
7117:25 December
7103:"RGPH 2014"
7011:25 December
6997:"RGPH 2014"
6981:25 December
6967:"RGPH 2004"
6938:"Bladi.net"
6872:26 December
6822:14 December
6683:24 December
6447:19 December
6041:phylosector
5919:19 December
5857:15 December
5783:15 December
5753:15 December
5674:14 December
5613:14 December
5257:15 December
5188:17 December
5122:17 December
5025:25 December
4969:24 December
4909:16 December
4663:20 December
4631:(233): 46.
4605:17 December
4567:20 December
4475:Biorxiv.org
4279:Afroasiatic
4190:14 December
4020:Pronounced
3956:Pronounced
3803:his father
3618:"date" and
3161:Tashelhiyt
3017:Perfective
3011:ləmmədtiləm
3006:ləmmədtitəf
2986:lámmădtiləm
2981:lámmădtátăf
2961:lămmădtiləm
2665:ta-ɣənžay-t
2295:"forehead"
2045:t-i-!ḡzəl-t
2040:t-i-!yžəl-t
2030:t-i-!gzzl-t
2025:t-a-!gzəl-t
1814:Ait Melloul
1808:A video of
1532:Arabisation
1480:Mauritania
1362:Air Tamajeq
1358:Tawellemmet
1116:Ethnologue
1070:15 million
942:2014 census
937:2004 census
745:Orthography
727:pastoralism
725:related to
641:The use of
608:Terminology
513:, northern
505:, northern
320:East Zenati
316:Mzab-Wargla
250:(Tacelḥit)
225:(Taqbaylit)
11874:Categories
11314:Phoenician
11293:Historical
10742:Vernacular
9089:1028731846
8811:: 464–466.
8142:1315489099
8107:1315489099
8067:6 February
8057:1315489099
8017:6 February
8007:1315489099
7967:6 February
7957:1315489099
7917:15 October
7878:6 February
7868:1315489099
7828:6 February
7818:1315489099
7778:6 February
7768:1315489099
7728:6 February
7718:1315489099
7662:7 February
7623:8 February
7584:8 February
7545:6 February
7498:6 February
7488:1315489099
7451:6 February
7441:1315489099
7212:8 February
6922:6 February
6912:1315489099
6597:1164662912
6247:9231023764
6023:25 October
5992:25 October
5825:(2): 181.
5773:Ethnologue
5743:Ethnologue
4707:1164662912
4535:(1): 2–5.
4460:Punic Wars
4448:FNƔ < *
4310:Britannica
4153:References
4138:pronounced
4114:Thamazight
3841:he called
3756:, 8–9% of
3698:ta-mejjīda
2837:imperative
2773:to plural
2751:état libre
2688:unit noun
2606:Masculine
2600:Noun type
2324:θ-!awwa:-θ
2291:θ-a-nya:-θ
2281:t-a-nyər-t
2225:"scabies"
2143:t-ahžžal-t
2050:θ-i-!yzzət
1838:gemination
1785:Consonants
1719:Lithuanian
1704:Lithuanian
1656:See also:
1574:See also:
1546:See also:
1515:1,500,000
1491:3,577,300
1442:Mauritania
1380:Ethnologue
1339:3 million
1125:5 million
1079:3 million
1055:Ethnologue
1022:3 million
1019:3 million
1008:Ethnologue
987:6 million
965:Tashelhit
904:Population
869:Siwa Oasis
825:tree model
697:Mesolithic
612:See also:
523:Siwa Oasis
519:Mauritania
378:(Tamasheq)
289:Ayt Warayn
240:(Tamaziɣt)
69:Geographic
54:, Tamaziɣt
11859:indicate
11800:Northwest
11713:Saho–Afar
11178:Tetserret
10987:Hassānīya
10765:Classical
10497:cite book
10489:858861608
10442:1015-7344
10399:cite book
10391:858861608
10350:cite book
10342:858861608
10301:cite book
10293:858861608
10247:cite book
10239:858861608
10195:cite book
10187:858861608
10146:cite book
10126:858861608
10085:cite book
10065:858861608
9986:795895594
9936:cite book
9916:897946694
9867:646569109
9832:795895594
9785:646569109
9735:646569109
9683:646569109
9643:795895594
9601:795895594
9554:646569109
9516:795895594
9472:795895594
9422:646569109
9382:795895594
9332:646569109
9282:7 January
9272:793573735
9235:7 January
9225:793573735
9190:795895594
9050:795895594
9015:795895594
8968:795895594
8891:795895594
8844:795895594
8779:795895594
8732:795895594
8685:795895594
8644:cite book
8624:858861608
8584:7 January
8574:793573735
8515:10 August
8426:0001-9844
8237:145182777
8229:1568-4555
7271:ignored (
7261:cite book
7161:0003-4010
7087:7 January
7077:793573735
6812:320322204
6711:0015-5675
6673:304173611
6617:cite book
6545:741751261
6504:cite book
6484:895334326
6434:143728476
6426:1362-9387
6382:7 January
6372:793573735
6320:: 20–23.
6095:979749010
5909:149159548
5901:1466-4208
5847:145058398
5839:0308-275X
5709:6 January
5664:320322204
5623:cite book
5267:cite book
5244:858866180
5198:cite book
5178:858861608
5132:cite book
5112:858861608
5065:679936739
5015:642205456
4959:646569109
4899:795895594
4777:0025-1003
4727:cite book
4645:0899-2851
4557:144700140
4549:1758-6801
4491:247549249
4410:: 20–23.
4377:810078009
4108:Tamazight
3889:loanwords
3696:, Tuareg
3686:bismillah
3645:Words of
3628:date palm
3594:3SG:M-be:
3591:i-tiři ða
3180:masculine
3170:masculine
3101:əlmădutăf
3086:əlmedolem
3081:əlmedotef
3076:əlmedutef
3071:əlmidutif
3061:əlmádolám
3056:əlmádotáf
3036:əlmădolăm
3031:əlmădotăf
3026:əlmădutăf
3021:əlmədutəf
2936:əlmədaləm
2931:əlmədatəf
2926:ălmədatəf
2921:əlmədatəf
2906:Ghadames
2717:(plural)
2692:ta-mlul-t
2603:Feminine
2466:Linguist
2344:t-i-flu-t
2339:t-i-flu-t
2334:t-a-flu-t
2319:t-aggur-t
2311:t-abbur-t
2306:t-aggur-t
2286:t-i-nir-t
2276:t-a-gənza
2260:"orphan"
2208:a-!žəddid
2157:"window"
2138:t-addal-t
2133:t-adgal-t
2128:t-adhan-t
2054:"kidney"
1982:(Morocco)
1975:(Morocco)
1968:(Morocco)
1961:(Algeria)
1954:(Morocco)
1951:Tashlhiyt
1947:(Touareg)
1944:Tahaggart
1866:Taselhiyt
1683:Notation
1652:Phonology
1086:in 2012.
767:, Morocco
723:loanwords
659:neologism
628:Tashelhit
535:Tashlhiyt
437:Tamazight
347:Tetserret
181:Glottolog
163:ISO 639-2
59:Ethnicity
51:تَمَزِيغت
45:Tamazight
18:Tamazight
11826:Egyptian
11679:Omo–Tana
11651:Cushitic
11461:Northern
11306:Numidian
11205:Korandje
11150:Tamashek
11056:Northern
11031:Ghadamès
10889:Hilalian
10876:Tunisian
10862:Moroccan
10848:Mountain
10758:Literary
10681:Tifinagh
10589:Archived
10547:Archived
10526:, S. 302
10446:Archived
10130:Archived
10069:Archived
9920:Archived
9871:Archived
9789:Archived
9739:Archived
9687:Archived
9558:Archived
9426:Archived
9336:Archived
9276:Archived
9229:Archived
9144:Archived
9140:60839346
9093:Archived
9067:(eds.).
8972:Archived
8895:Archived
8848:Archived
8783:Archived
8736:Archived
8689:Archived
8628:Archived
8578:Archived
8533:Archived
8430:Archived
8385:Archived
8357:Archived
8347:. 2003.
8295:archived
8241:Archived
8183:archived
8061:Archived
8011:Archived
7961:Archived
7911:Archived
7872:Archived
7822:Archived
7772:Archived
7722:Archived
7617:Archived
7578:Archived
7539:Archived
7535:12751275
7492:Archived
7445:Archived
7399:archived
7358:Archived
7245:Archived
7206:Archived
7173:Archived
7169:23437471
7111:Archived
7081:Archived
7005:Archived
6975:Archived
6948:30 April
6942:Archived
6916:Archived
6866:Archived
6862:62708280
6816:Archived
6677:Archived
6607:19 March
6601:Archived
6555:20 March
6549:Archived
6494:20 March
6488:Archived
6376:Archived
6297:20 March
6291:Archived
6258:16 April
6252:Archived
6216:16 April
6210:Archived
6138:Archived
6099:Archived
6017:Archived
5986:Archived
5913:Archived
5851:Archived
5777:Archived
5747:Archived
5719:cite web
5668:Archived
5607:Archived
5567:14 April
5561:Archived
5541:14 April
5535:Archived
5510:archived
5461:Archived
5422:Archived
5383:Archived
5341:Archived
5302:Archived
5298:BBC News
5248:Archived
5182:Archived
5116:Archived
5075:20 March
5069:Archived
5019:Archived
4963:Archived
4903:Archived
4829:Archived
4803:Archived
4717:19 March
4711:Archived
4657:Archived
4599:Archived
4561:Archived
4495:Archived
4456:Carthage
4442:Tifinagh
4387:20 March
4381:Archived
4316:Archived
4305:"Berber"
4254:Archived
4215:Archived
4184:Archived
4130:Tifinagh
4123:ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
4102:Tamaziɣt
3922:See also
3916:Guanches
3849:genitive
3836:ya kirra
3616:te-ḇăyne
3550:he PRED
3499:ð a-qšiš
3410:tăẓẓayăt
3310:sămmosăt
3185:feminine
3175:feminine
3137:Ghadames
3130:Numerals
2853:irrealis
2669:"spoon"
2653:"groom"
2642:"bride"
2638:ta-sli-t
2620:Feature
2611:Feature
2458:Pronouns
2433:pronouns
2406:apophony
2352:t-iflu-t
2301:t-ahor-t
2216:a-!ḡddid
2203:a-!žddid
2198:a-!hiyod
2148:t-adal-t
2122:"eagle"
2075:a-yəlzim
2070:a-gəlzim
2060:a-gelhim
1765:strident
1698:, as in
1686:Meaning
1667:Notation
1594:official
1512:122,000
1509:117,200
1500:247,000
1497:798,000
1494:720,000
1474:Tunisia
1438:Tamasheq
1392:Ghadamés
1240:Shawiya
1214:Mozabite
1206:Tidikelt
971:Tarifit
877:Ghadames
785:Tifinagh
777:rock art
759:Ancient
689:Germanic
594:Cushitic
559:prestige
521:and the
461:Tifinagh
187:berb1260
143:Numidian
121:Northern
32:Tmazight
11890:Maghreb
11857:Italics
11839:Kujargé
11795:Central
11775:Semitic
11708:Oromoid
11701:Western
11495:Western
11456:Eastern
11328:Romance
11277:Haketia
11271:Spanish
11266:Italian
11253:Romance
11243:Bambara
11233:Soninké
11145:Tamahaq
11110:Shawiya
11103:Riffian
11083:Zenatic
11013:Eastern
10820:Sfaxian
10775:Maltese
10735:Maghreb
10602:Arabic.
10595:25 June
8472:Reuters
7405:9 March
7364:7 March
7251:9 March
7037:27 June
6334:2793877
6170:14 July
5964:Variety
5467:25 June
5428:25 June
5389:25 June
5347:25 June
5308:20 June
4835:15 June
4809:14 July
4653:1559451
4504:15 June
4464:•
4424:2793877
4322:15 June
4260:25 June
4221:14 July
4095:ZIK(H)T
4007:ZEEK(H)
3817:ya bata
3778:Berber
3746:Semitic
3714:tamdint
3640:Aramaic
3606:Lexicon
3435:mărawăt
3385:ăttamăt
3360:ăssayăt
3335:səḍisăt
3285:ăkkoẓăt
3260:kăraḍăt
3235:sănatăt
3141:Ouargla
3092:Future
2917:Aorist
2903:Figuig
2824:aspects
2728:t-lussi
2715:ti-mlal
2676:a-ɣənža
2634:female
2489:deictic
2448:clitics
2437:adverbs
2400:Grammar
2393:"hand"
2384:(a-)fus
2328:"door"
2256:a-yužiř
2251:a-wižil
2246:a-yužil
2241:a-gužil
2236:i-gigil
2231:a-gûhil
2221:a-!žžið
2192:"skin"
2153:θ-ažžat
2105:i-gider
2085:a-řizim
2080:a-ḡzzim
2065:a-glzim
1979:Tarifit
1634:Gaddafi
1626:Tripoli
1570:Algeria
1542:Morocco
1536:Kabylie
1528:Maghreb
1506:20,000
1503:53,100
1486:France
1415:Tunisia
1237:Kabyle
1228:Source
1198:Tamahaq
1194:Ouargli
1186:Shawiya
1160:Shawiya
1141:Algeria
956:Source
913:Morocco
846:Western
693:Romance
667:Chaouis
663:Kabyles
632:Tarifit
596:, and
578:Tarifit
551:Shawiya
547:Tarifit
503:Tunisia
495:Algeria
491:Morocco
467:or the
307:Shawiya
276:Tarifit
262:Ghomara
221:
152:Guanche
136:Eastern
126:Western
63:Berbers
47:Amazigh
11845:Ongota
11832:Coptic
11818:Others
11743:Dizoid
11730:Omotic
11664:Dullay
11605:Zumaya
11505:Chadic
11490:Tuareg
11471:Zenati
11448:Berber
11261:French
11238:Pulaar
11183:Zenaga
11160:Tayart
11137:Tuareg
11075:Kabyle
11041:Nafusi
11026:Fezzan
11021:Awjila
11004:Berber
10897:Sulaym
10856:Jewish
10750:Arabic
10581:
10556:30 May
10522:
10487:
10477:
10440:
10389:
10379:
10340:
10330:
10291:
10281:
10237:
10227:
10185:
10175:
10124:
10114:
10063:
10053:
9984:
9974:
9914:
9904:
9865:
9855:
9830:
9820:
9783:
9773:
9733:
9723:
9681:
9671:
9641:
9631:
9599:
9589:
9552:
9542:
9514:
9504:
9470:
9460:
9420:
9410:
9380:
9370:
9330:
9320:
9270:
9260:
9223:
9213:
9188:
9178:
9138:
9128:
9087:
9077:
9048:
9038:
9013:
9003:
8966:
8956:
8924:
8889:
8879:
8842:
8832:
8777:
8767:
8730:
8720:
8683:
8673:
8622:
8612:
8572:
8562:
8482:5 July
8424:
8323:
8287:
8235:
8227:
8175:
8140:
8130:
8105:
8095:
8055:
8045:
8005:
7995:
7955:
7945:
7903:
7866:
7856:
7816:
7806:
7766:
7756:
7716:
7706:
7609:
7570:
7533:
7523:
7486:
7476:
7439:
7429:
7391:
7319:
7294:
7237:
7167:
7159:
7075:
7065:
6910:
6900:
6860:
6850:
6810:
6800:
6773:
6739:
6709:
6671:
6661:
6595:
6585:
6543:
6533:
6482:
6472:
6432:
6424:
6370:
6360:
6332:
6283:
6244:
6202:
6144:8 July
6130:
6093:
6083:
5942:
5907:
5899:
5845:
5837:
5662:
5652:
5603:399624
5601:
5591:
5516:30 May
5502:
5453:
5414:
5375:
5333:
5242:
5232:
5176:
5166:
5110:
5100:
5063:
5053:
5013:
5003:
4957:
4947:
4897:
4887:
4775:
4705:
4695:
4651:
4643:
4555:
4547:
4489:
4440:, and
4422:
4375:
4365:
4289:
4246:
4127:Tuareg
4091:TA(H)M
3901:Nubian
3829:eghare
3798:obansa
3791:obanis
3784:gloss
3781:Hausa
3750:Arabic
3738:Arabic
3718:madīna
3710:as-sūq
3702:masjid
3679:Kabyle
3636:Hebrew
3620:a-sḇan
3566:i-tiři
3554::M-boy
3533:a-qšiš
3506::M-boy
3485:a-qšiš
3305:sămmos
3300:smmust
3145:Zenaga
3143:, and
2831:Aorist
2705:a-mlul
2672:large
2661:small
2590:Figuig
2582:number
2578:gender
2506:-give:
2439:, and
2410:ablaut
2271:i-gnzi
2266:t-immé
2173:a-glim
2100:i-gidr
2095:éhéder
2089:"axe"
2015:!uššay
2002:!uššay
1997:!uskay
1986:Gloss
1965:Figuig
1958:Kabyle
1862:Tuareg
1848:Vowels
1826:Kabyle
1822:Tuareg
1660:, and
1621:Nafusi
1522:Status
1477:Egypt
1471:Libya
1465:Niger
1462:Total
1434:Zenaga
1411:Djerbi
1396:Awjila
1388:Nafusi
1243:Other
1234:Total
1210:Gurara
1202:Tugurt
1190:Shenwa
1182:Kabyle
1156:Kabyle
974:Notes
962:Total
889:Zenati
880:Awjila
874:Kabyle
852:Tuareg
841:Berber
799:. The
765:Zagora
739:Nubian
673:Origin
651:Arabic
647:exonym
643:Berber
598:Omotic
590:Chadic
549:, and
539:Kabyle
449:Berber
381:
376:Tuareg
374:
372:
367:Tuareg
359:
357:
345:
343:
337:Zenaga
335:
333:
312:
305:
303:
298:Shenwa
296:
294:
287:&
283:
281:
274:
272:
267:Zenati
260:&
256:
254:
248:Shilha
246:
244:
236:
234:
223:Kabyle
219:
214:Kabyle
131:Tuareg
97:Berber
40:Berber
11807:South
11763:Ometo
11758:Gonga
11753:North
11738:Aroid
11720:South
11623:Mesme
11616:South
11599:Musey
11594:Massa
11589:Marba
11582:North
11532:Angas
11466:Atlas
11361:Greek
11348:Sabir
11320:Punic
11228:Wolof
11068:Atlas
11036:Kufra
10960:Maqil
10813:Sahel
10793:Urban
10550:(PDF)
10543:(PDF)
8233:S2CID
7165:JSTOR
6441:(PDF)
6430:S2CID
6402:(PDF)
6330:JSTOR
6105:8 May
6057:(PDF)
6046:(PDF)
5905:S2CID
5843:S2CID
5703:(PDF)
5696:(PDF)
5251:(PDF)
5226:(PDF)
4854:]
4850:[
4649:JSTOR
4553:S2CID
4498:(PDF)
4487:S2CID
4471:(PDF)
4420:JSTOR
4134:ⵜⵎⵣⵗⵜ
3944:Notes
3878:Sudan
3874:Egypt
3810:a bat
3770:Hausa
3690:Allah
3647:Latin
3638:, or
3515:nətta
3502:PRED
3449:topic
3430:măraw
3425:mrawt
3405:tăẓẓa
3380:ăttam
3330:səḍis
3325:sḍist
3295:smmus
3280:akkoẓ
3275:kkuẓt
3255:kăraḍ
3250:kraṭṭ
3230:əssin
2814:Verbs
2787:am-an
2649:a-sli
2645:male
2572:Nouns
2496:y-əwš
2429:verbs
2425:nouns
2379:a-fus
2374:a-fus
2369:a-fus
2364:a-fus
2118:žiða:
2113:yidər
2010:!usça
1992:!oska
1887:schwa
1842:tense
1769:Czech
1753:/◌͗/
1737:/◌͑/
1607:Libya
1468:Mali
1427:Egypt
1419:Sened
1404:Sokna
1384:Libya
1366:Niger
1333:2021
1313:2015
1293:2003
1273:1980
1253:1906
1231:Date
1119:2022
1096:2014
1067:2005
1038:2004
1013:2001
984:1973
959:Date
793:Islam
781:Dugga
712:Sudan
708:Egypt
527:Egypt
511:Niger
499:Libya
229:Atlas
11790:West
11784:East
11659:Agaw
11633:Peve
11574:Masa
11537:Bade
11527:West
11522:East
11210:Teda
11046:Siwa
10597:2023
10579:ISBN
10558:2023
10520:ISBN
10503:link
10485:OCLC
10475:ISBN
10454:2023
10438:ISSN
10405:link
10387:OCLC
10377:ISBN
10356:link
10338:OCLC
10328:ISBN
10307:link
10289:OCLC
10279:ISBN
10253:link
10235:OCLC
10225:ISBN
10201:link
10183:OCLC
10173:ISBN
10152:link
10138:2022
10122:OCLC
10112:ISBN
10091:link
10077:2022
10061:OCLC
10051:ISBN
9982:OCLC
9972:ISBN
9946:link
9942:link
9928:2022
9912:OCLC
9902:ISBN
9879:2022
9863:OCLC
9853:ISBN
9828:OCLC
9818:ISBN
9797:2022
9781:OCLC
9771:ISBN
9747:2022
9731:OCLC
9721:ISBN
9695:2022
9679:OCLC
9669:ISBN
9639:OCLC
9629:ISBN
9597:OCLC
9587:ISBN
9566:2022
9550:OCLC
9540:ISBN
9512:OCLC
9502:ISBN
9468:OCLC
9458:ISBN
9434:2022
9418:OCLC
9408:ISBN
9378:OCLC
9368:ISBN
9344:2022
9328:OCLC
9318:ISBN
9284:2023
9268:OCLC
9258:ISBN
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