170:. The situation in Yongzhou threatened land communication between Annan and the empire, so a special army was established there to deal with rebels and to insure communications. This army was called the Yellow Head Army, for the soldiers wore yellow bands around their heads. In early autumn, local people were agitated by a rumor that the Yellow Head Army had embarked to attack them by surprise. One evening they surrounded Songping and demanded that Wang Shi return north and allow them to fortify the city against the Yellow Head Army. Shi was eating his evening meal when this commotion broke out. It is reported that, paying no heed to the mutineers, he leisurely finished his meal. Then, dressed in his battle gear, he appeared on the wall with his generals and admonished the crowd of rebels, who dispersed. The next morning, Shi's troops captured and beheaded some ringleaders of the affair.
124:"The lands to the south of the seas" and Giao Chi are expanding their influence dramatically. Moreover, the routes from the Yong and Rong prefectures pass through the aboriginal region inhabited by the Nùng clan.The matters of the South require a strategy for their management. ... During the reign of the Tang Yizong , An Nam's protector-general Li Zhuo failed to pacify and control the region. The Southern Man barbarians pillaged the region and caused turmoil. General Li subsequently was forced to rely on his troops, and with these added expenditures he found it difficult to provide his tribute to the court. ... If similar events should occur today, misfortune will certainly manifest itself in chaos.
334:
and reported him to the throne. The court sent another general named Wang
Yanqian to replace Gao. In the meantime, Gao had been reinforced by 7,000 men who arrived overland under the command of Wei Zhongzai. In early 866, Gao's 12,000 men defeated a fresh Nanzhao army and chased them back to the mountains. He then laid siege to Songping but had to leave command due to the arrival of Li Weizhou and Wang Yanqian. He was later reinstated after sending his aid, Zeng Gun, to the capital and he returned with a reinstatement. Gao completed the retaking of Annan in fall 866, executing the enemy general, Duan Qiuqian, and beheading 30,000 of his men.
433:
1305:
158:. The Nanzhao king Meng Shilong (蒙世隆) sent a Trustee of the East to deliver a letter to Do Độc soliciting his submission. Lý Do Độc and the Lords of the Ravine accepted the offer of vassalage by the Nanzhao king, who sent the Trustee one of his daughters to marry Lý Do Độc's eldest son. In 858, Nanzhao dispatched military forces to the region. In the meantime, local chiefs led raids that brought warfare to villages in the heart of the protectorate.
419:
20:
405:
371:
monarchy. If Tang had failed to win the war, it is difficult to imagine how
Vietnamese society would have developed. As it happened, the outcome of the Nanzhao War affirmed Vietnam's long-standing ties to Chinese civilization. This was as much a decision of the Vietnamese as it was of Tang, for many Vietnamese seem to have viewed Gao Pian as a liberator who freed them from Nanzhao's reign of plunder.
274:. On 14 February, Cai Xi shot down 200 of the Wangjuzi and over 30 horses using a mounted crossbow from the walls. By 28 February, most of Cai Xi's followers had perished, and he himself had been wounded several times by arrows and stones. The enemy commander, Yang Sijin, penetrated the inner city. Cai Xi tried to escape by boat, but it capsized midstream, drowning him. Fan Chuo escaped east via the
162:
858, the
Nanzhao army had joined with Lý Do Độc's force and raided Annan's capital Songping. In 858, the Tang court sent a new jiedushi, Wang Shi, to protect Annan. He banished La Hanh Cung, saw off a Nanzhao reconnaissance force, and defeated an invasion by the mountain tribes. The Tang garrisons were upgraded with heavy-armored cavalry and infantry and
107:) in the west in exchange for horses. The mountains chiefs responded by launching raids on Tang garrisons. When Li Zhuo began suffering defeats, Đỗ Tồn Thành, a military commander, allied himself with the tribal chiefs against Li. In the next year, Li Zhuo killed Đỗ Tồn Thành as well as the chieftain of the Qidong Man in Aizhou (
259:. A local official named Liang Ke (V. Lương Cảo, belonged to the Puzi tribe) who was related to them recognized their dead bodies by their distinctive helmets and belts unique to each tribe, and defected. The troops of the Jiangxi General took the corpses of the besiegers and broiled them. He defected.
161:
In 857, Song Ya was sent to Annan to deal with the situation, but was recalled to deal with another rebellion after only two months. His replacement, Li Hongfu, only had nominal control over the protectorate, which was actually controlled by La Hanh Cung, who commanded 2,000 well trained soldiers. By
333:
in the north. In
September 865, Gao's 5,000 troops surprised a Nanzhao army of 50,000 while they were collecting rice from the villages and routed them. Gao captured large quantities of rice, which he used to feed his army. A jealous governor, Li Weizhou, accused Gao of stalling to meet the enemy,
177:
and executed Đỗ Tồn Thành's son, Đỗ Thủ Trừng, who according to
Chinese sources was involved in a mutiny years earlier, probably due to the death of his father at the hands of Li Zhuo four years earlier. This alienated many of the powerful local clans of Annan. Anti-Tang Viets allied with highland
370:
The war ended with the formal reassertion of Tang rule over
Vietnam. But Tang was already far down the road to collapse, and the regime that emerged from the postwar reconstruction was the first of a number of transitional regimes that finally led to the establishment of an independent Vietnamese
119:
and Nghệ An since the 5–6th century. These actions provoked the natives into an alliance with
Nanzhao. Fan Chuo, a Tang official in Annan reported: "…The native chiefs within the frontiers were subsequently seduced by the Man rebels…" and "again became close friends with them. As days passed and
190:
island and was replaced by Wang Kuan. Wang Kuan and the Tang court sought local cooperation by recognizing the power of the Đỗ family, granting a posthumous title to Đỗ Tồn Thành along with an apology for the deaths of him and his son and an admission that Li Hu had exceeded his authority.
278:. The 400 remaining defenders wanted to flee as well, but could not find any boats, so they chose to make a last stand at the eastern gate. Ambushing a group of enemy cavalry, they killed over 2,000 enemy troops and 300 horses before Yang sent reinforcements from the inner city.
182:. When Li Hu led an army to retake Bozhou, the Đỗ family gathered 30,000 men, including contingents from Nanzhao to attack the Tang. When Li Hu returned, he learned that Annan had been lost to Đỗ. On 17 January 861, Songping fell and Li Hu fled to
289:(Zhu Daogu, 朱道古) was attacked by a local commander, who rammed their vessels and sank 30 boats, drowning them. In total, the invasion destroyed Tang armies in Annan numbering over 150,000. Although initially welcomed by the local
198:. Cai Xi was then left responsible for holding Songping against an imminent Nanzhao offensive. The city was surrounded by 4 miles (6,344 meters) of moated rampart–some parts seven to eight meters high. East of the city was the
178:
people, who appealed to
Nanzhao for help, and as a result invaded the area in 860, briefly taking Songping before being driven out by a Tang army the next year. Prior to Li Hu's arrival, Nanzhao had already seized
76:) in the 830s. Nanzhao first raided the Tang frontier province of Annan in 846. Nanzhao then offered peace to the Tang, but in 854 the Tang suspended relations with Nanzhao and refused to receive its tribute.
914:
293:
in ousting Tang control, Nanzhao turned on them, ravaging the local population and countryside. Both
Chinese and Vietnamese sources note that the Viets fled to the mountains to avoid destruction. A
194:
A relief army of 30,000 men was sent to
Songping but soon left the city when rivalry broke out between Cai Xi, the military governor, and Cai Jing, an administrative and military official of
255:
On 20 January, the defenders led by Cai Xi killed a hundred of the besiegers. Five days later, Cai Xi captured, tortured, and killed a group of enemies known as the Puzi
1334:
270:, was wounded in the breast by an arrow shot by Cai Xi while strutting to and fro outside the southern walls. He was carried back to the camp by lots of
1679:
1190:
129:
220:
In mid-January of 863, Nanzhao returned with an invasion force numbering 50,000 led by Duan Qiuqian and Yang Sijin and besieged Annan's capital
1417:
1147:
354:, lit. Peaceful Sea Army). More than half of local rebels fled into the mountains at this time. This may well have sealed the separation of
1346:
1452:
342:
Gao Pian rebuilt the capital citadel, repairing 5,000 meters of damaged wall, reconstructing 400,000 bays for its residents, and named it
1604:
2322:
1257:
1700:
2495:
2409:
1528:
1523:
1215:
1533:
1506:
1185:
1624:
1220:
206:, a Tang official who wrote an eyewitness account about the southern barbarians (people of Annan and Yunnan) during the siege.
120:
months came, we gradually had to encounter raids and sudden attacks. This caused a number of places to fall into rebel hands."
64:. Nanzhao expanded their empire in every direction, defeating a Tang invasion in 751, joining with the Tang and defeating the
952:
924:
1480:
1465:
1380:
1324:
1304:
1485:
1117:
1140:
1081:
1063:
1045:
1027:
974:
1475:
1370:
381:
A campaign against local population in Annan was conducted from 874 to 879. In 877, troops deployed from Annan in
2490:
1230:
1225:
186:. Li Hu retook Songping on 21 July but Nanzhao's forces moved around and seized Yongzhou. Li Hu was banished to
1390:
1341:
45:
that lasted from 854 to 866. It ended in the defeat of Nanzhao and the retaking of Annan by the Tang general,
2500:
2303:
2083:
1543:
1240:
2222:
1629:
1166:
1133:
154:
who led an army of 6,000 and was assisted by seven commanders called "Lords of the Ravines", submitted to
2291:
1770:
1425:
1262:
1235:
1175:
1982:
2485:
1862:
1501:
1405:
1400:
173:
In 860, Wang Shi was recalled to deal with a rebellion elsewhere. The new jiedushi, Li Hu, arrived at
1611:
34:
2370:
2043:
1583:
1210:
2510:
2505:
2013:
1832:
1441:
966:
203:
2449:
1511:
1375:
1361:
347:
248:
who went barefoot but could tread on brambles and thorns and wore wicker helmets, and Wangjuzi
147:
104:
985:
1993:
1757:
1656:
1651:
1460:
1195:
2019:
389:, and forced the military commissioner Zeng Gun to flee, ending de facto Chinese control in
286:
1518:
1294:
1180:
8:
2308:
2266:
1646:
1618:
1252:
1200:
359:
294:
49:, although the region would later become semi-independent from the Tang dynasty in 880.
2428:
1736:
1641:
1277:
1272:
1205:
166:
was fortified with a reed palisade. In the same year, a serious rebellion broke out in
151:
88:
80:
916:
The Rebel Den of Nung Tri Cao: Loyalty and Identity Along the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier
2199:
2187:
2061:
1721:
1538:
1470:
1287:
1113:
1077:
1059:
1041:
1023:
970:
948:
920:
446:
290:
215:
95:
became jiedushi of Annan in 854, he reduced the amount of salt traded to the Chongmo
252:
whose menfolk and womenfolk alike were nimble and good with the lance on horseback.
2255:
2157:
1687:
1597:
1567:
1319:
1267:
997:
73:
366:
suggest based on linguistic evidence took place at the end of Tang rule in Annan.
2459:
2454:
1591:
1247:
112:
69:
2402:
2296:
2230:
2169:
1826:
1796:
1790:
1430:
424:
410:
355:
236:
who wore blue trousers and canes and strips of bamboo on their waists, Luoxing
65:
143:
100:
2479:
2382:
2351:
2337:
2330:
2205:
2163:
2121:
1850:
1808:
363:
330:
326:
267:
263:
2236:
1001:
386:
343:
2247:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1820:
1750:
1744:
1714:
1435:
1156:
438:
233:
61:
42:
116:
2464:
2363:
2345:
2274:
2145:
2127:
1976:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1814:
1802:
1778:
1577:
1395:
1351:
1329:
298:
108:
281:
After taking Songping, on 20 June Nanzhao laid siege to Junzhou (modern
2423:
2390:
2151:
2133:
2031:
1880:
1784:
1634:
306:
275:
199:
1125:
2037:
2001:
1970:
1916:
988:[Studies on the phonetic history of the Annamite language].
19:
2193:
2139:
2109:
2055:
2007:
1940:
1904:
1898:
1868:
1385:
945:
Amid the Clouds and Mist China's Colonization of Guizhou, 1200–1700
451:
322:
305:
and all other armies of the empire were called and concentrated at
302:
285:). A Nanzhao and rebel fleet of 4,000 men led by a chieftain named
282:
221:
174:
163:
84:
46:
2444:
2417:
2396:
2103:
2097:
2049:
2025:
1844:
1708:
1672:
1356:
456:
390:
382:
195:
183:
167:
155:
92:
57:
38:
23:
2211:
297:
for the protectorate was established in Haimen (near modern-day
2260:
2175:
2091:
1892:
1886:
1838:
1693:
1572:
310:
187:
150:
on the western frontier of the protectorate, the local general
1101:
Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War
385:
mutined. In 880, the army in Annan mutinied, took the city of
2181:
2115:
1946:
1928:
1874:
1856:
1729:
179:
986:"Études sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite"
309:
for reconquering Annan. A supply fleet of 1,000 ships from
37:(present-day northern Vietnam) between local rebel forces,
825:
715:
202:. Much of the information about the battle was written by
892:
890:
888:
654:
652:
1094:, United States of America: The Florida State University
788:
786:
773:
771:
734:
732:
730:
705:
703:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
577:
531:
529:
527:
525:
228:
tribes. There were 5–6,000 local Taohua forces, 2–3,000
512:
510:
508:
301:) with Song Rong in charge. Ten thousand soldiers from
91:
and a rice basket of the Tang empire at the time. When
2357:
The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities
885:
815:
813:
756:
744:
676:
649:
627:
625:
963:
Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Time to the Present
873:
861:
849:
837:
798:
783:
768:
727:
700:
688:
664:
589:
541:
522:
325:, a general who had made his reputation fighting the
637:
610:
553:
505:
400:
1112:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
810:
622:
115:). The Đỗ tribe had been a powerful Viet family in
565:
493:
481:
469:
83:(now northern Vietnam), with its capital city of
2477:
1680:Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction
1022:, Los Angeles: University of California Press,
321:The Tang launched a counterattack in 864 under
316:
60:was a powerful kingdom to the southwest of the
1011:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 450-1220
990:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
72:in 832, and subduing the Michen kingdom (near
1141:
1020:The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South
1605:Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy
224:. Nanzhao's army included an assortment of
1148:
1134:
209:
16:Mid-9th century Chinese military campaigns
1701:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
240:who wore no clothes except tree bark, He
2410:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
1529:Protectorate General to Pacify the South
1524:Protectorate General to Pacify the North
912:
547:
137:
18:
1534:Protectorate General to Pacify the East
1507:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
1155:
1110:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
1017:
983:
960:
896:
867:
831:
777:
762:
750:
721:
694:
682:
658:
535:
2478:
1071:
1053:
1008:
942:
933:
879:
855:
804:
792:
738:
709:
670:
643:
616:
604:
583:
559:
516:
1129:
1107:
1089:
1035:
843:
1098:
819:
631:
571:
499:
487:
475:
52:
13:
1058:, University of California Press,
947:, Harvard University Asia Center,
919:, University of Washington Press,
87:, was a center of commerce on the
14:
2522:
1303:
431:
417:
403:
2496:Wars involving the Tang dynasty
1018:Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967),
936:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition
906:
33:was a period of and warfare in
31:Tang–Nanzhao conflicts in Annan
1092:Vietnamese Buddhism in America
1076:, Cambridge University Press,
244:from the borderlands, Xunjuan
1:
2304:Islam during the Tang dynasty
1544:Gyerim Territory Area Command
1108:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009),
1103:. University of Hawaii Press.
1054:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983),
1009:Purton, Peter Fraser (2009).
462:
1630:Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum
913:Anderson, James A. (2012) ,
337:
317:Tang counterattack (864–866)
7:
1426:Department of State Affairs
1176:Transition from Sui to Tang
1074:A History of the Vietnamese
1038:Archäologie und Frühe Texte
938:, Columbia University Press
396:
362:, which historians such as
346:. He also renamed Annan to
10:
2527:
1502:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
1090:Thich, Quang Minh (2007),
934:Dutton, George E. (2012),
213:
2437:
2321:
2284:
2246:
2221:
2082:
2075:
1992:
1769:
1665:
1560:
1494:
1451:
1416:
1312:
1301:
1164:
2371:Ten Computational Canons
1584:Three Hundred Tang Poems
1347:Administrative divisions
1056:The Birth of the Vietnam
943:Herman, John E. (2007),
99:in Fengzhou (modern-day
1442:Secretariat-Chancellery
1263:Niu–Li factional strife
1099:Wang, Zhenping (2013).
1013:. Boydell & Brewer.
1002:10.3406/befeo.1912.2713
984:Maspero, Henri (1912).
967:Oxford University Press
262:On 28 January, a naked
210:Nanzhao offensive (863)
68:in 801, decimating the
2491:9th century in Vietnam
2323:Science and technology
1612:Huaisu's Autobiography
1512:Four Garrisons of Anxi
1278:Tang-Nanzhao conflicts
1216:Tang–Western Turks War
1186:Tang–Eastern Turks War
1036:Shing, Müller (2004),
379:
135:
27:
1758:Green Satchel Classic
1657:Thousand-Buddha Cliff
1652:Rongxian Giant Buddha
1625:Kashyapa & Ananda
1461:Ministry of Personnel
1371:Imperial examinations
1072:Taylor, K.W. (2013),
961:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
368:
232:Man from west of the
138:Early phase (857–862)
122:
22:
2501:9th century in China
1519:Beiting Protectorate
1295:Huang Chao Rebellion
1211:Tang–Tibet relations
1181:Xuanwu Gate Incident
2309:Chinese Manichaeism
1647:Leshan Giant Buddha
1619:Night-Shining White
1481:Ministry of Justice
1466:Ministry of Revenue
1253:An Lushan rebellion
834:, pp. 120–123.
724:, pp. 120–121.
586:, pp. 241–242.
376:Keith Weller Taylor
295:government-in-exile
2429:Woodblock printing
2292:Church of the East
1737:The Classic of Tea
1642:Dazu Rock Carvings
1273:Sweet Dew incident
1191:Tang–Xueyantuo War
89:Maritime Silk Road
81:Annan Protectorate
28:
2486:History of Yunnan
2473:
2472:
2317:
2316:
2200:Dongshan Liangjie
2188:Zhaozhou Congshen
2071:
2070:
1722:The Tale of Li Wa
1556:
1555:
1539:Ungjin Commandery
1486:Ministry of Works
1471:Ministry of Rites
1418:Three Departments
1376:Official headwear
1196:Goguryeo–Tang War
954:978-0-674-02591-2
926:978-0-295-80077-6
216:Siege of Songping
148:Hòa Bình Province
105:Hòa Bình Province
53:Prelude (854–857)
2518:
2256:Neo-Confucianism
2158:Baizhang Huaihai
2080:
2079:
1688:Empress Zhangsun
1663:
1662:
1598:A Palace Concert
1414:
1413:
1307:
1268:Changqing Treaty
1150:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1068:
1050:
1040:, Harrassowitz,
1032:
1014:
1005:
980:
957:
939:
930:
900:
894:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
808:
802:
796:
790:
781:
775:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
725:
719:
713:
707:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
647:
641:
635:
629:
620:
614:
608:
602:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
520:
514:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
441:
436:
435:
434:
427:
422:
421:
420:
413:
408:
407:
406:
377:
133:
74:Ayeyarwady River
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2460:Salt Commission
2455:Kaiyuan Tongbao
2433:
2313:
2280:
2242:
2217:
2067:
1988:
1983:Liêu Hữu Phương
1765:
1661:
1552:
1490:
1476:Ministry of War
1447:
1412:
1406:Turkic generals
1391:Imperial guards
1308:
1299:
1258:Qingshui Treaty
1248:Battle of Talas
1201:Baekje–Tang War
1160:
1154:
1120:
1084:
1066:
1048:
1030:
977:
955:
927:
909:
904:
903:
895:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
846:, p. cxiv.
842:
838:
830:
826:
818:
811:
803:
799:
791:
784:
776:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
728:
720:
716:
708:
701:
693:
689:
681:
677:
669:
665:
657:
650:
642:
638:
630:
623:
615:
611:
603:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
554:
546:
542:
534:
523:
515:
506:
498:
494:
486:
482:
474:
470:
465:
437:
432:
430:
423:
418:
416:
409:
404:
402:
399:
378:
375:
340:
319:
313:was organized.
218:
212:
140:
134:
128:
113:central Vietnam
70:Pyu city-states
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2511:860s conflicts
2508:
2506:850s conflicts
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:Gautama Siddha
2400:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2231:Cheng Xuanying
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2170:Yaoshan Weiyan
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1827:Wang Changling
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1669:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1453:Six Ministries
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1206:Silla–Tang War
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1119:978-0810860537
1118:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1082:
1069:
1064:
1051:
1046:
1033:
1028:
1015:
1006:
981:
975:
958:
953:
940:
931:
925:
908:
905:
902:
901:
899:, p. 124.
884:
882:, p. 197.
872:
860:
858:, p. 248.
848:
836:
824:
822:, p. 124.
809:
807:, p. 247.
797:
795:, p. 246.
782:
767:
765:, p. 122.
755:
753:, p. 121.
743:
741:, p. 245.
726:
714:
712:, p. 244.
699:
687:
685:, p. 115.
675:
673:, p. 106.
663:
661:, p. 120.
648:
636:
634:, p. 123.
621:
609:
607:, p. 243.
588:
576:
574:, p. 121.
564:
562:, p. 241.
552:
540:
538:, p. 118.
521:
519:, p. 240.
504:
502:, p. 120.
492:
490:, p. 116.
480:
478:, p. 107.
467:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
443:
442:
428:
425:Vietnam portal
414:
411:History portal
398:
395:
373:
339:
336:
318:
315:
214:Main article:
211:
208:
142:In modern-day
139:
136:
126:
54:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2523:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2405:(fl 714–724)
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:Xinxiu bencao
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:Liang Lingzan
2350:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2338:Jigu Suanjing
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:Wang Xiaotong
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:Yunmen Wenyan
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:Viśa Īrasangä
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1851:Liu Changqing
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:Zhang Jiuling
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:Protectorates
1493:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1083:9780520074170
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1065:9780520074170
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1047:9783447050609
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1029:9780520011458
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:(in French).
991:
987:
982:
978:
976:9780190053796
972:
968:
964:
959:
956:
950:
946:
941:
937:
932:
928:
922:
918:
917:
911:
910:
898:
893:
891:
889:
881:
876:
870:, p. 10.
869:
864:
857:
852:
845:
840:
833:
828:
821:
816:
814:
806:
801:
794:
789:
787:
780:, p. 68.
779:
774:
772:
764:
759:
752:
747:
740:
735:
733:
731:
723:
718:
711:
706:
704:
697:, p. 67.
696:
691:
684:
679:
672:
667:
660:
655:
653:
646:, p. 36.
645:
640:
633:
628:
626:
619:, p. 42.
618:
613:
606:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
585:
580:
573:
568:
561:
556:
550:, p. 95.
549:
548:Anderson 2012
544:
537:
532:
530:
528:
526:
518:
513:
511:
509:
501:
496:
489:
484:
477:
472:
468:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Sino–Cham war
445:
444:
440:
429:
426:
415:
412:
401:
394:
392:
388:
384:
372:
367:
365:
364:Henri Maspero
361:
357:
353:
352:Tĩnh Hải quân
349:
345:
335:
332:
328:
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:Buddhist monk
260:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
217:
207:
205:
201:
197:
192:
189:
185:
181:
176:
171:
169:
165:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
131:
130:Zhang Fanping
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
2408:
2381:
2369:
2356:
2336:
2248:Confucianism
2233:(fl 631–655)
2112:(fl 602–664)
1935:Niu Yingzhen
1911:Liu Zongyuan
1756:
1751:Yang Yunsong
1745:Du Guangting
1735:
1720:
1715:Bai Xingjian
1699:
1678:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1592:Playing card
1582:
1282:
1221:Oasis states
1157:Tang dynasty
1109:
1100:
1091:
1073:
1055:
1037:
1019:
1010:
993:
989:
962:
944:
935:
915:
907:Bibliography
897:Kiernan 2019
875:
868:Maspero 1912
863:
851:
839:
832:Kiernan 2019
827:
800:
778:Schafer 1967
763:Kiernan 2019
758:
751:Kiernan 2019
746:
722:Kiernan 2019
717:
695:Schafer 1967
690:
683:Kiernan 2019
678:
666:
659:Kiernan 2019
639:
612:
579:
567:
555:
543:
536:Kiernan 2019
495:
483:
471:
439:China portal
380:
369:
351:
341:
320:
280:
271:
261:
256:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:Mekong River
229:
225:
219:
193:
172:
160:
141:
123:
96:
78:
62:Tang dynasty
56:
43:Tang dynasty
30:
29:
2465:Flying cash
2364:Li Chunfeng
2346:Xu Jingzong
2297:Xi'an Stele
2275:Kong Yingda
2146:Amoghavajra
1977:Du Qiuniang
1965:Mo Xuanqing
1959:Li Shangyin
1953:Wen Tingyun
1815:Meng Haoran
1803:He Zhizhang
1797:Chen Zi'ang
1779:Luo Binwang
1436:Chancellery
1431:Secretariat
1396:Shence Army
1352:Jimi system
1335:Family tree
880:Taylor 1983
856:Taylor 1983
805:Taylor 1983
793:Taylor 1983
739:Taylor 1983
710:Taylor 1983
671:Purton 2009
644:Herman 2007
617:Taylor 2013
605:Taylor 1983
584:Taylor 1983
560:Taylor 1983
517:Taylor 1983
348:Jinghai Jun
266:, possibly
132:(1007–1091)
2480:Categories
2424:Toothbrush
2391:Sun Simiao
2366:(602–670)
2333:(580–640)
2237:Lü Dongbin
2152:Mazu Daoyi
2134:Vajrabodhi
2032:Zhang Xuan
1881:Wei Yingwu
1785:Du Shenyan
1732:(733–804)
1717:(776–826)
1675:(596–667)
1635:Autumn Dew
1342:Chancellor
1313:Government
844:Xiong 2009
463:References
360:Vietnamese
307:Halong Bay
291:Vietnamese
287:Chu Đạo Cổ
41:, and the
2420:(730–805)
2399:(683–727)
2348:(592-672)
2277:(574–648)
2269:(772–841)
2263:(768–824)
2208:(862–949)
2202:(807–869)
2190:(778–897)
2184:(770–860)
2178:(746–805)
2172:(745–827)
2166:(730–790)
2160:(720–814)
2154:(709–788)
2148:(705–774)
2142:(688–763)
2136:(671–741)
2130:(638–689)
2124:(635–713)
2118:(632–682)
2106:(613–681)
2100:(562–645)
2094:(549–623)
2058:(855–915)
2052:(832–912)
2046:(730–780)
2044:Zhou Fang
2040:(723–787)
2038:Han Huang
2034:(713–755)
2028:(706–783)
2016:(699–759)
2010:(680–760)
2004:(600–673)
2002:Yan Liben
1973:(840–868)
1971:Yu Xuanji
1961:(813–858)
1955:(812–866)
1949:(803–852)
1931:(790–817)
1919:(779–831)
1917:Yuan Zhen
1913:(773–819)
1907:(772–846)
1901:(772–842)
1895:(768–824)
1889:(739–799)
1883:(737–792)
1877:(722–789)
1871:(715–770)
1865:(712–779)
1859:(712–770)
1853:(709–785)
1847:(704–765)
1841:(701–762)
1835:(699–759)
1829:(698–756)
1823:(690–751)
1817:(689–740)
1811:(673–740)
1805:(659–744)
1799:(656–702)
1793:(650–676)
1787:(645–708)
1781:(619–684)
1753:(9th c.)
1747:(850–933)
1711:(751–762)
1696:(7th c.)
1690:(601–636)
1401:Shumiyuan
1226:Karakhoja
1165:History (
820:Wang 2013
632:Wang 2013
572:Wang 2013
500:Wang 2013
488:Wang 2013
476:Wang 2013
338:Aftermath
276:Red River
200:Red River
152:Lý Do Độc
117:Thanh Hoá
2393:(d. 682)
2378:Su Jing
2214:(9th c.)
2196:(8th c.)
2194:Zhisheng
2140:Jianzhen
2110:Xuanzang
2084:Buddhism
2076:Religion
2064:(9th c.)
2056:Jing Hao
2022:(7th c.)
2014:Wang Wei
2008:Wu Daozi
1994:Painters
1985:(9th c.)
1979:(9th c.)
1943:(8th c.)
1941:Zhang Xu
1937:(8th c.)
1925:(d. 784)
1905:Bai Juyi
1899:Liu Yuxi
1869:Cen Shen
1863:Zhang Ji
1833:Wang Wei
1386:Jiedushi
1381:Military
1288:Songping
1241:Conquest
1231:Karasahr
1167:Timeline
452:Gao Pian
397:See also
374:—
329:and the
323:Gao Pian
303:Shandong
283:Haiphong
222:Songping
204:Fan Chuo
184:Yongzhou
175:Songping
168:Yongzhou
164:Songping
127:—
85:Songping
66:Tibetans
47:Gao Pian
26:Kingdom
2450:Liu Yan
2445:Diwu Qi
2438:Economy
2418:Jia Dan
2397:Yi Xing
2239:(796-?)
2104:Shandao
2098:Daochuo
2062:Sun Wei
2050:Guanxiu
2026:Han Gan
1967:(834-?)
1845:Gao Shi
1791:Wang Bo
1709:Du Huan
1673:Daoxuan
1666:Writers
1561:Culture
1357:Fanzhen
1320:Emperor
457:Nanzhao
391:Vietnam
383:Guangxi
331:Tanguts
299:Hạ Long
196:Lingnan
156:Nanzhao
144:Phú Thọ
109:Nghệ An
101:Phú Thọ
93:Li Zhuo
58:Nanzhao
39:Nanzhao
24:Nanzhao
2261:Han Yu
2223:Taoism
2176:Huiguo
2164:Wukong
2122:Yijing
2092:Jizang
1893:Han Yu
1887:Lu Lun
1839:Li Bai
1694:Bianji
1578:Poetry
1573:Sancai
1159:topics
1116:
1080:
1062:
1044:
1026:
973:
951:
923:
387:Đại La
344:Đại La
311:Fujian
268:Indian
188:Hainan
180:Bozhou
2285:Other
2267:Li Ao
2182:Puhua
2116:Kuiji
1947:Du Mu
1929:Li He
1923:Li Ye
1875:Li Bi
1857:Du Fu
1821:Li Qi
1771:Poets
1730:Lu Yu
1362:Hebei
1330:House
1283:Annan
1236:Kucha
996:(1).
358:from
356:Muong
327:Türks
35:Annan
2212:Gikū
2128:Faru
1325:List
1114:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1024:ISBN
971:ISBN
949:ISBN
921:ISBN
230:Mang
146:and
103:and
79:The
1568:Art
998:doi
272:Man
257:Man
250:Man
246:Man
242:Man
238:Man
226:Man
97:Man
2482::
994:12
969:.
965:.
887:^
812:^
785:^
770:^
729:^
702:^
651:^
624:^
591:^
524:^
507:^
393:.
111:,
1444:)
1440:(
1169:)
1149:e
1142:t
1135:v
1004:.
1000::
979:.
929:.
350:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
