Tang dynasty - Knowledge

4128: 2398: 2863: 5717: 5698:. In the year 691 she had more than 100,000 families (more than 500,000 people) from around the region of Chang'an move to populate Luoyang instead. With a population of about a million, Luoyang became the second largest city in the empire, and with its closeness to the Luo River it benefited from southern agricultural fertility and trade traffic of the Grand Canal. However, the Tang court eventually demoted its capital status and did not visit Luoyang after the year 743, when Chang'an's problem of acquiring adequate supplies and stores for the year was solved. As early as 736, granaries were built at critical points along the route from Yangzhou to Chang'an, which eliminated shipment delays, spoilage, and pilfering. An artificial lake used as a transshipment pool was dredged east of Chang'an in 743, where curious northerners could finally see the array of boats found in southern China, delivering tax and tribute items to the imperial court. 6343: 6540:

abundant harvests after a long drought or famine, the granting of amnesties, or the installment of a new crown prince. For special celebration in the Tang era, lavish and gargantuan-sized feasts were sometimes prepared, as the imperial court had staffed agencies to prepare the meals. This included a prepared feast for 1,100 elders of Chang'an in 664, a feast held for 3,500 officers of the Divine Strategy Army in 768, and one in 826 for 1,200 members of the imperial family and women of the palace. Alcohol consumption was a prominent facet of Chinese culture; people during the Tang drank for nearly every social event. An 8th-century court official allegedly had a serpent-shaped structure called the 'ale grotto' built on the ground floor using a total of 50,000 bricks, which featured bowls from which each of his friends could drink.

2766: 6983: 5127: 3621: 2188: 7030: 2854: 5590:) of Japan like many cities was arranged in the checkerboard street grid pattern of the Tang capital and in accordance with traditional geomancy following the model of Chang'an. Of these 108 wards in Chang'an, two of them (each the size of two regular city wards) were designated as government-supervised markets, and other space reserved for temples, gardens, ponds, etc. Throughout the entire city, there were 111 Buddhist monasteries, 41 Taoist abbeys, 38 family shrines, 2 official temples, 7 churches of foreign religions, 10 city wards with provincial transmission offices, 12 major inns, and 6 graveyards. Some city wards were literally filled with open public playing fields or the backyards of lavish mansions for playing horse polo and 5024: 7075: 6999: 3295:, which became one of the most powerful state agencies, run by capable ministers chosen as specialists. The commission began the practice of selling merchants the rights to buy monopoly salt, which they transported and sold in local markets. In 799 salt accounted for over half of the government's revenues. S.A.M. Adshead writes that this salt tax represents "the first time that an indirect tax, rather than tribute, levies on land or people, or profit from state enterprises such as mines, had been the primary resource of a major state." Even after the power of the central government was in decline after the mid 8th century, it was still able to function and give out imperial orders on a massive scale. The 4016: 3446:, and captured both Tang dynasty capitals, Luoyang and Chang'an. A medieval Chinese source claimed that Huang Chao killed 8 million people. The Tang never recovered from this rebellion, weakening it for future military powers to replace it. Large groups of bandits in the size of small armies ravaged the countryside in the last years of the Tang. They smuggled illicit salt, ambushed merchants and convoys, and even besieged several walled cities. Amid the sacking of cities and murderous factional strife among eunuchs and officials, the top tier of aristocratic families, which had amassed a large fraction of the landed wealth and official positions, was largely destroyed or marginalized. 4721: 918: 6197:, and became the dominant ideology during the prosperous Tang. Buddhist monasteries played an integral role in Chinese society, offering lodging for travelers in remote areas, schools for children throughout the country, and a place for urban literati to stage social events and gatherings such as going-away parties. Buddhist monasteries were also engaged in the economy, since their land property and serfs gave them enough revenues to set up mills, oil presses, and other enterprises. Although the monasteries retained 'serfs', these monastery dependents could actually own property and employ others to help them in their work, including their own slaves. 7015: 4236: 4898: 2935: 6144: 7731:, to besiege their capital city; by means of an agreement they obtained friendly relations, and asked to be allowed to pay every year tribute of gold and silk; in the sequel they became subject to Ta-shih. In the second year of the period Ch'ien-feng they sent an embassy offering Ti-yeh-ka. In the first year of the period Ta-tsu they again sent an embassy to our court. In the first month of the seventh year of the period K'ai-yuan their lord sent the ta-shou-ling of T'u-huo-lo to offer lions and ling-yang, two of each. A few months after, he further sent ta-te-seng to our court with tribute." 6438: 5574:

five miles (8 km) of outer walls running north to south. The royal palace, the Taiji Palace, stood north of the city's central axis. From the large Mingde Gates mid-center on the main southern wall, a wide city avenue stretched all the way north to the central administrative city, behind which was the Chentian Gate of the royal palace, or Imperial City. Intersecting this were fourteen main streets running east to west, while eleven main streets ran north to south. These main intersecting roads formed 108 rectangular wards with walls and four gates each, each filled with multiple

5107: 3333:(r. 805–820), whose reign was aided by the fiscal reforms of the 780s, including a government monopoly on the salt industry. He also had an effective and well-trained imperial army stationed at the capital led by his court eunuchs; this was the Army of Divine Strategy, numbering 240,000 in strength as recorded in 798. Between the years 806 and 819, Emperor Xianzong conducted seven major military campaigns to quell the rebellious provinces that had claimed autonomy from central authority, managing to subdue all but two of them. Under his reign there was a brief end to the hereditary 6360: 11958:唐·孙棨《北里志》:诸女自幼丐，有或佣其下里贫家。常有不调之徒，潜为渔猎，亦有良家子为其家聘之，以转求厚赂。误陷其中，则无以自脱。初教之歌令，而责之甚急，微涉退怠，则鞭朴备至。(Some of these girls were beggars when they were young, and some came from poor families. There were often improper people who secretly sold the girls to brothels. Some girls from the boudoir were married into such families and sold to brothels at high prices. Once they were trapped here, there was no way to get out by themselves. At first, these girls were taught to sing, and then they were quickly reprimanded. If they were a little negligent, they would be whipped with a whip.) 15021: 593: 6264: 4967: 3583: 4550: 6506: 7174:... the beast opened its mouth and spit brew into a goblet seated on a large lotus leaf beneath. When the cup was 80% full, the dragon ceased spewing ale, and a guest immediately seized the goblet. If he was slow in draining the cup and returning it to the leaf, the door of a pavilion at the top of the mountain opened and a mechanical wine server, dressed in a cap and gown, emerged with a wooden bat in his hand. As soon as the guest returned the goblet, the dragon refilled it, the wine server withdrew, and the doors of the pavilion closed 6628: 3890: 6457: 5550: 4446: 4375: 2959: 6615: 6332: 2798: 5891: 3156: 82: 6800:(the existence of whom Yingxing wrote was "an uncertain matter") into the 2nd millenniums BC, because the properly wet and humid climate in southern China for growing rice was not yet fully settled or cultivated by the Chinese. Song Yingxing also noted that in the Ming dynasty, seven tenths of civilians' food was rice. During the Tang dynasty rice was not only the most important staple in southern China, but had also become popular in the north where central authority resided. 5478: 3353: 6976:, and salting their foods. The emperor had large ice pits located in the parks in and around Chang'an for preserving food, while the wealthy and elite had their own smaller ice pits. Each year the emperor had laborers carve 1000 blocks of ice from frozen creeks in mountain valleys, each block with the dimension of 3 ft (0.91 m) by 3 ft by 3.5 ft (1.1 m). Frozen delicacies such as chilled melon were enjoyed during the summer. 3256: 5155: 6497:. Government officials were granted vacations during their tenure in office. Officials were granted 30 days off every three years to visit their parents if they lived 1,000 mi (1,600 km) away, or 15 days off if the parents lived more than 167 mi (269 km) away (travel time not included). Officials were granted nine days of vacation time for weddings of a son or daughter, and either five, three, or one days/day off for the 5606: 7326: 3763: 3168: 2371: 6133: 3337:, as Xianzong appointed his own military officers and staffed the regional bureaucracies once again with civil officials. However, Xianzong's successors proved less capable and more interested in the leisure of hunting, feasting, and playing outdoor sports, allowing eunuchs to amass more power as drafted scholar-officials caused strife in the bureaucracy with factional parties. The eunuchs' power became unchallenged after 2425: 6596: 6681:. The emperor selected particularly talented women from the outer jiaofang to form the spring court, who were supplemented by courtesans from other troupes. During the Tang Dynasty, singing courtesans who were also talented in the poetry. In addition to singing, some courtesans composed their own songs, and even popularized a new form of lyrical verse that incorporated quotations of famous historical figures. 5659: 5742: 7267: 2986: 1968:) was the world's most populous city for much of the dynasty's existence. Two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries estimated the empire's population at about 50 million people, which grew to an estimated 80 million by the dynasty's end. From its numerous subjects, the dynasty raised professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers for 2102: 6549: 5769:. Over 48,900 poems penned by some 2,200 Tang authors have survived to the present day. Skill in the composition of poetry became a required study for those wishing to pass imperial examinations, while poetry was also heavily competitive; poetry contests amongst guests at banquets and courtiers were common. Poetry styles that were popular in the Tang included 3005:(d. 710), persuaded her husband to staff government offices with his sister and her daughters, and in 709 requested that he grant women the right to bequeath hereditary privileges to their sons (which before was a male right only). Empress Wei eventually poisoned Zhongzong, whereupon she placed his fifteen-year-old son upon the throne in 710. Two weeks later, 6424:. The Uighurs built the first Manichean monastery in China in 768, yet in 843 the Tang government ordered that the property of all Manichean monasteries be confiscated in response to the outbreak of war with the Uighurs. With the blanket ban on foreign religions two years later, Manicheism was driven underground and never flourished in China again. 7420:, complete with text and illustrated drawings for 833 different medicinal substances. In addition to compiling pharmacopeias, the Tang fostered learning in medicine by upholding imperial medical colleges, state examinations for doctors, and publishing forensic manuals for physicians. Authors of medicine in the Tang include Zhen Chuan (d. 643) and 7297:

which days were not. With so many books coming into circulation for the general public, literacy rates could improve, along with the lower classes being able to obtain cheaper sources of study. Therefore, there were more lower-class people seen entering the Imperial Examinations and passing them by the later Song dynasty. Although the later

2319:, Taizong showed himself to be a capable leader who listened to the advice of the wisest members of his council. In 628, Emperor Taizong held a Buddhist memorial service for the casualties of war, and in 629 he had Buddhist monasteries erected at the sites of major battles so that monks could pray for the fallen on both sides of the fight. 6815:, noodles, and many other kinds of food that soak wheat in water. While aristocrats favored wonton, civilians usually consumed noodles and noodle slice soup that were easier to produce. Pancakes was rare in China before the Tang, when it gained popularity. Food shops in Tang cities such as Chang'an commonly sold both pancakes and 6667:. While renowned for their politeness, courtesans were reputed to dominate conversations among elite men, and as being unafraid to openly criticize the rudeness of prominent male guests, including for talking too much, too loudly, or for boasting of their accomplishments. Courtesans were sometimes beaten by their procuring 3267:

unintended effect of stimulating trade, as more markets with fewer bureaucratic restrictions were opened up. By 780, the old grain tax and labor service of the 7th century was replaced by a semiannual tax paid in cash, signifying the shift to a money economy boosted by the merchant class. Cities in the

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was established. Also, the abandonment of the equal-field system meant that people could buy and sell land freely. Many poor fell into debt because of this, forced to sell their land to the wealthy, which led to the exponential growth of large estates. With the breakdown of the land allocation system

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s hereditary rule without accreditation. The Tang government relied on these governors and their armies for protection and to suppress local revolts. In return, the central government would acknowledge the rights of these governors to maintain their army, collect taxes and even to pass on their title

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in modern Chinese cuisine, steamed cake was usually stuffed with meat and vegetables. Shops and packmen regularly sold inexpensive steamed cake on the streets of Chang’an. Boiled cake was the staple of the Northern Dynasties, and it kept its popularity in the Tang dynasty. It included a wide variety

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Valley from Tibet in 722, lost it to the Tibetans in 737, and regained it under the command of the Goguryeo-Korean General Gao Xianzhi. When the An Lushan Rebellion ended in 763, the Tang Empire withdrew its troops from its western lands, allowing the Tibetan Empire to largely cut off China's direct

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by sail at sea, the Tang were able to acquire and gain many new technologies, cultural practices, rare luxury, and contemporary items. From Europe, the Middle East, Central and South Asia, the Tang dynasty were able to acquire new ideas in fashion, new types of ceramics, and improved silver-smithing

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of land allotted to each family was in fact decreasing in size in places where population expanded and the wealthy bought up most of the land. Hard-pressed peasants and vagrants were then induced into military service with benefits of exemption from both taxation and corvée labor service, as well as

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government officials traveled to the capital in the year 643 to give the annual report of the affairs in their districts, Emperor Taizong discovered that many had no proper quarters to rest in and were renting rooms with merchants. Therefore, Emperor Taizong ordered the government agencies in charge

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The legal code distinguished different levels of severity in meted punishments when different members of the social and political hierarchy committed the same crime. For example, the severity of punishment was different when a servant or nephew killed a master or an uncle than when a master or uncle

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Rebellion (874–884) resulted in the sacking of both Chang'an and Luoyang, and took an entire decade to suppress. It was the Huang Chao rebellion by the native Han rebel Huang Chao that permanently destroyed the power of the Tang dynasty since Huang Chao not only devastated the north but marched into

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rose to the highest seat of power in 690, establishing the short-lived Wu Zhou. Empress Wu's rise to power was achieved through cruel and calculating tactics: a popular conspiracy theory stated that she killed her own baby girl and blamed it on Gaozong's empress so that the empress would be demoted.

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and water-powered armillary sphere became well known throughout the country, since students attempting to pass the imperial examinations by 730 had to write an essay on the device as an exam requirement. However, the most common type of public and palace timekeeping device was the inflow clepsydra.

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During the Tang dynasty, wheat replaced the position of millet and became the main staple crop. As a consequence, wheat cake shared a considerable amount in the staple of Tang. There were four main kinds of cake: steamed cake, boiled cake, pancake, and Hu cake. Steamed cake was consumed commonly by

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figurines from the time period portray). The preferred hairstyle for women was to bunch their hair up like "an elaborate edifice above the forehead", while affluent ladies wore extravagant head ornaments, combs, pearl necklaces, face powders, and perfumes. A 671 law attempted to force women to wear

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in order to avoid Korean ships in the Yellow Sea. In order to sail back to Japan in 838, the Japanese embassy to China procured nine ships and sixty Korean sailors from the Korean wards of Chuzhou and Lianshui cities along the Huai River. It is also known that Chinese trade ships traveling to Japan

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By the year 737, Emperor Xuanzong discarded the policy of conscripting soldiers that were replaced every three years, replacing them with long-service soldiers who were more battle-hardened and efficient. It was more economically feasible as well, since training new recruits and sending them out to

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granted to the ailing Tang was also challenged when natural disasters led many to believe that the Tang had lost their right to rule. Furthermore, in 873 a disastrous harvest shook the foundations of the empire; in some areas only half of all agricultural produce was gathered, and tens of thousands

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is the first full-length book printed at regular size, complete with illustrations embedded with the text and dated precisely to 868. Among the earliest documents to be printed were Buddhist texts as well as calendars, the latter essential for calculating and marking which days were auspicious and

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Although Chang'an was the capital of the earlier Han and Jin dynasties, after subsequent destruction in warfare, it was the Sui dynasty model that comprised the Tang era capital. The roughly square dimensions of the city had six miles (10 km) of outer walls running east to west, and more than

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The Tang dynasty government attempted to create an accurate census of the empire's population, mostly for effective taxation and military conscription. The early Tang government established modest grain and cloth taxes on each household, persuading households to register and provide the government

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Although the central and local governments kept an enormous number of records about land property in order to assess taxes, it became common practice in the Tang for literate and affluent people to create their own private documents and signed contracts. These had their own signature and that of a

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During the Tang, the many common foodstuffs and cooking ingredients in addition to those already listed were barley, garlic, salt, turnips, soybeans, pears, apricots, peaches, apples, pomegranates, jujubes, rhubarb, hazelnuts, pine nuts, chestnuts, walnuts, yams, taro, etc. The various meats that

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and the afterlife was a reality parallel to the living world, complete with its own bureaucracy and afterlife currency needed by dead ancestors. Funerary practices included providing the deceased with everything they might need in the afterlife, including animals, servants, entertainers, hunters,

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began raiding northeast China in 605, a Chinese general led 20,000 Turks against them, distributing Khitan livestock and women to the Turks as a reward. On two occasions between 635 and 636, Tang royal princesses were married to Turk mercenaries or generals in Chinese service. Throughout the Tang

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During the 44-year reign of Emperor Xuanzong, the Tang dynasty reached its height, a golden age with low economic inflation and a toned down lifestyle for the imperial court. Seen as a progressive and benevolent ruler, Xuanzong abolished the death penalty in the year 747; all executions had to be

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Concepts of women's social rights and social status during the Tang era were notably liberal-minded for the period. However, this was largely reserved for urban women of elite status, as men and women in the rural countryside labored hard in their different set of tasks; with wives and daughters

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In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. During this period, China's power, culture,

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and a means to create gold from concocted mixtures of many other elements. Although they never achieved their goals in either of these futile pursuits, they did contribute to the discovery of new metal alloys, porcelain products, and new dyes. The historian Joseph Needham labeled the work of the

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cups, singing, and dancing at taverns attracted customers. If a foreigner in China pursued a Chinese woman for marriage, he was required to stay in China and was unable to take his bride back to his homeland, as stated in a law passed in 628 to protect women from temporary marriages with foreign

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in 655, and Wu began to make many of his court decisions for him, discussing affairs of state with his councilors, who took orders from her while she sat behind a screen. When Empress Wu's eldest son, the crown prince, began to assert his authority and advocate policies opposed by Empress Wu, he

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This genealogy claimed by the T'ang royal house established its claim to be descended from a notable Han clan and to be members of a prominent north-western lineage. However, there is some reason to believe that this line of descent, presented as solid fact by the T'ang histories, was in fact a

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since the city's nighttime curfew was lifted by the government for three days straight. Between the years 628 and 758, the imperial throne bestowed a total of sixty-nine grand carnivals nationwide, granted by the emperor in the case of special circumstances such as important military victories,

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during the 9th century undermined this civil order. The dynasty and central government went into decline by the latter half of the 9th century; agrarian rebellions resulted in mass population loss and displacement, widespread poverty, and further government dysfunction that ultimately ended the

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used in the Tang, including general Yang Wulian's wooden statue of a monk who stretched his hands out to collect contributions; when the number of coins reached a certain weight, the mechanical figure moved his arms to deposit them in a satchel. This weight-and-lever mechanism was exactly like

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The examination system, used only on a small scale in Sui and Tang times, played a central role in the fashioning of this new elite. The early Song emperors, concerned above all to avoid domination of the government by military men, greatly expanded the civil service examination system and the

6236:"—was one of the first men of the Tang to denounce Buddhism. Although his contemporaries found him crude and obnoxious, he foreshadowed the later persecution of Buddhism in the Tang, as well as the revival of Confucian theory with the rise of Neo-Confucianism of the Song dynasty. Nonetheless, 3266:

Although these natural calamities and rebellions stained the reputation and hampered the effectiveness of the central government, the early 9th century is nonetheless viewed as a period of recovery for the Tang dynasty. The government's withdrawal from its role in managing the economy had the

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More intriguingly, faced with the opposition of imperial court judges who wanted to uphold the mandatory capital punishment, Emperor Taizong explained that Falin's defamation of the royal ancestry "was not without foundation." Emperor Taizong apparently recognized that the imperial clan's

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witness and scribe in order to prove in court (if necessary) that their claim to property was legitimate. The prototype of this actually existed since the ancient Han dynasty, while contractual language became even more common and embedded into Chinese literary culture in later dynasties.

2921:, though they reverted to the original forms after her death. Arguably the most important part of her legacy was diminishing the hegemony of the Northwestern aristocracy, allowing people from other clans and regions of China to become more represented in Chinese politics and government. 3025:

approved beforehand by the emperor himself (there were only 24 executions in the year 730). Xuanzong bowed to the consensus of his ministers on policy decisions and made efforts to staff government ministries fairly with different political factions. His staunch Confucian chancellor

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Taenzer, Gertraud (2016), "Changing Relations between Administration, Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia: a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang, 8th–11th Centuries", in Carmen Meinert (ed.),

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With the central government collapsing in authority over the various regions of the empire, it was recorded in 845 that bandits and river pirates in parties of 100 or more began plundering settlements along the Yangtze River with little resistance. In 858, massive floods along the

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Despite the many expatriate European travelers coming into China to live and trade, many travelers, mainly religious monks and missionaries, recorded China's stringent immigrant laws. As the monk Xuanzang and many other monk travelers attested to, there were many government

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The 7th and first half of the 8th century are generally considered to be the era in which the Tang reached the zenith of its power. In this period, Tang control extended further west than any previous dynasty, stretching from north Vietnam in the south, to a point north of

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founded the dynasty after taking advantage of a period of Sui decline and precipitating their final collapse, in turn inaugurating a period of progress and stability in the first half of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty was formally interrupted during 690–705 when Empress

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access to the Silk Road. An internal rebellion in 848 ousted the Tibetan rulers, and the Tang regained the northwestern prefectures from Tibet in 851. These lands contained crucial grazing areas and pastures for raising horses that the Tang dynasty desperately needed.

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to heirs. As time passed, these military governors slowly phased out the prominence of civil officials drafted by exams, and became more autonomous from central authority. The rule of these powerful military governors lasted until 960, when a new civil order under the

4224:(Canon of the White and Gloomy Planet of War) of 759. The Battle of Baekgang was actually a restoration movement by remnant forces of Baekje, since their kingdom was toppled in 660 by a joint Tang–Silla invasion, led by Chinese general Su Dingfang and Korean general 6757:

had been used in China since the 2nd century BC, during the Tang dynasty the Chinese were using wrapping paper as folded and sewn square bags to hold and preserve the flavor of tea leaves. This followed many other uses for paper such as the first recorded use of

3923:(r. 712–756). The Emperor invited Taoist and Buddhist monks and clerics to his court, exalted Laozi with grand titles, wrote commentary on Taoist scriptures, and set up a school to prepare candidates for Taoist examinations. In 726 he called upon the Indian monk 4935:

techniques. The Tang Chinese also gradually adopted the foreign concept of stools and chairs as seating, whereas the Chinese beforehand always sat on mats placed on the floor. People of the Middle East coveted and purchased in bulk Chinese goods such as silks,

3613:. The earliest law code to survive was established in the year 653; it was divided into 500 articles specifying different crimes and penalties ranging from ten blows with a light stick, one hundred blows with a heavy rod, exile, penal servitude, or execution. 5534:

methods. Rich commoners and nobles who worshipped ancestors and/or gods wanted them to know "how important and how admirable they were", so they "wrote or commissioned their own obituaries" and buried figures along with their bodies to ward off evil spirits.

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on February 20, 705, forced Empress Wu to yield her position on February 22. The next day, her son Zhongzong was restored to power; the Tang was formally restored on March 3. She died soon after. To legitimize her rule, she circulated a document known as the

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nomads, who were becoming the most dominant ethnic group in Central Asia. To handle and avoid any threats posed by the Turks, the Sui government repaired fortifications and received their trade and tribute missions. They sent four royal princesses to form

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of Sichuan province stated that at one of these 182 m (600 ft) 'fire wells', men collected natural gas into portable bamboo tubes which could be carried around for dozens of km (mi) and still produce a flame. These were essentially the first

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of a prominent Buddhist monastery in Chang'an which had collected vast riches as multitudes of anonymous repentants left money, silk, and treasure at its doors. Although the monastery used its funds generously, the Emperor condemned it for fraudulent

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and starvation. In the earlier period of the Tang, the central government was able to meet crises in the harvest, as it was recorded from 714 to 719 that the Tang government responded effectively to natural disasters by extending the price-regulation

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Yangzhou was the headquarters for the Tang government's salt monopoly, and was the greatest industrial center of China. It acted as a midpoint in shipping of foreign goods to be distributed to the major cities of the north. Much like the seaport of

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Yet the potential of a widespread examination system was not fully realized until the succeeding Song dynasty, when the merit-driven scholar official largely shed his aristocratic habits and defined his social status through the examination system.

7014: 6220:. Although the ban was lifted just a few years after, Buddhism never regained its once dominant status in Chinese culture. This situation also came about through a revival of interest in native Chinese philosophies such as Confucianism and Taoism. 5456:, but noted that their draft was too deep for them to enter the Euphrates River, which forced them to ferry passengers and cargo in small boats. Shulama also noted that Chinese ships were often very large, with capacities up to 600–700 passengers. 3916: 6th century BC). People bidding for office would request the prayers of Buddhist monks, with successful aspirants making donations in return. Before the persecution of Buddhism in the 9th century, Buddhism and Taoism were both accepted. 7376:(730–805) complete a map of China and her former colonies in Central Asia. Upon its completion in 801, the map was 9.1 m (30 ft) in length and 10 m (33 ft) in height, mapped out on a grid scale of one inch equaling one hundred 3951:, and distributed its wealth to other Buddhist and Taoist monasteries, and to repair local statues, halls, and bridges. In 714, he forbade Chang'an shops from selling copied Buddhist sutras, giving a monopoly of this trade to the Buddhist clergy. 3213:

after 755, the central Chinese state barely interfered in agricultural management and acted merely as tax collector for roughly a millennium, save a few instances such as the Song's failed land nationalization during the 13th-century war with the

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The Chinese population would not dramatically increase until the Song dynasty, when it doubled to 100 million because of extensive rice cultivation in central and southern China, coupled with higher yields of grain sold in a growing market.

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Persia. Sogdian merchants and their families living in cities such as Chang'an, Luoyang, and Xiangyang usually built a Zoroastrian temple once their local communities grew larger than 100 households. Sogdians were also responsible for spreading

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There were many other mechanical inventions during the Tang era. These included a 3 ft (0.91 m) tall mechanical wine server of the early 8th century that was in the shape of an artificial mountain, carved out of iron and rested on a

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is often lost in translation to other languages). Tang poems remained popular and great emulation of Tang era poetry began in the Song dynasty; in that period, Yan Yu (嚴羽; active 1194–1245) was the first to confer the poetry of the High Tang

7382:(Chinese unit of measuring distance). A Chinese map of 1137 is similar in complexity to the one made by Jia Dan, carved on a stone stele with a grid scale of 100 li. However, the only type of map that has survived from the Tang period are 6739:) became popular in southern China. Tea was viewed then as a beverage of tasteful pleasure and with pharmacological purpose as well. During the Tang dynasty, tea became synonymous with everything sophisticated in society. The poet 6501:

of close relatives (travel time not included). Officials also received a total of three days off for their son's capping initiation rite into manhood, and one day off for the ceremony of initiation rite of a close relative's son.

5877:. Timothy C. Wong places this story within the wider context of Tang love tales, which often share the plot designs of quick passion, inescapable societal pressure leading to the abandonment of romance, followed by a period of 3632:. He is depicted with a tall hat, wide-sleeved belted outer garment, and a rectangular "kerchief" in front. A white inner gown hangs over his square shoes, and he holds a tablet containing a report to his superiors to his chest 7553:) describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty, written sources mentioned the rotary fan as even more widely used. 5316:

in Guangzhou and admired its transparent quality. He also provided a description of Guangzhou's landmarks, granaries, local government administration, some of its written records, treatment of travelers, along with the use of

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The Silk Road also affected the art from the period. Horses became a significant symbol of prosperity and power as well as an instrument of military and diplomatic policy. Horses were also revered as a relative of the dragon.

4464:. Like the earlier Han dynasty, the Tang dynasty (along with Turkic allies) conquered and subdued Central Asia during the 640s and 650s. During Emperor Taizong's reign alone, large campaigns were launched against not only the 3147:

examination candidates were required to write an essay on the causes of the Tang's decline. Although An Lushan was killed by one of his eunuchs in 757, this time of troubles and widespread insurrection continued until rebel

4127: 3826:

and writing. Although a disproportionate number of civil officials came from aristocratic families, wealth and noble status were not prerequisites, and the exams were open to all male subjects whose fathers were not of the

4228:(595–673). In another joint invasion with Silla, the Tang army severely weakened the Goguryeo Kingdom in the north by taking out its outer forts in the year 645. With joint attacks by Silla and Tang armies under commander 2822:

suddenly died in 675. Many suspected he was poisoned by Empress Wu. Although the next heir apparent kept a lower profile, in 680 he was accused by Wu of plotting a rebellion, banished, and later obliged to commit suicide.

4271:

to expel the Tang forces. At the same time the Tang faced threats on its western border when a large Chinese army was defeated by the Tibetans on the Dafei River in 670. By 676, the Tang army was expelled out of Korea by

3481:, bestowed with the imperial surname Li by the Tang court. Zhu Wen, originally a salt smuggler who served as a lieutenant under the rebel Huang Chao, surrendered to Tang forces. By helping to defeat Huang, he was renamed 5613:

The Tang capital was the largest city in the world at its time, the population of the city wards and its suburban countryside reaching two million inhabitants. The Tang capital was very cosmopolitan, with ethnicities of

5072: 643) conquered the West, and remained open for almost four decades. It was closed after the Tibetans captured it in 678, but in 699, during Empress Wu's period, the Silk Road reopened when the Tang reconquered the 4123:

were given enormous power, including the ability to maintain their own armies, collect taxes, and pass their titles on hereditarily. This is commonly recognized as the beginning of the fall of Tang's central government.

2765: 7029: 6108:, mythical and mundane tales, as well as notes on various subjects. The exact literary category or classification that Duan's large informal narrative would fit into is still debated amongst scholars and historians. 5666:

Chang'an was the center of the central government, the home of the imperial family, and was filled with splendor and wealth. However, incidentally it was not the economic hub during the Tang dynasty. The city of

3960:

with accurate demographic information. In the official census of 609, the population was tallied at 9 million households, about 50 million people, and this number did not increase in the census of 742.

6476:

More than earlier periods, the Tang era was renowned for the time reserved for leisure activities, especially among the upper classes. Many outdoor sports and activities were enjoyed during the Tang, including

6693:

hats with veils again in order to promote decency, but these laws were ignored as some women started wearing caps and even no hats at all, as well as men's riding clothes and boots, and tight-sleeved bodices.

5126: 3838:

Open competition was designed to draw the best talent into government. But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang rulers was to avoid imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families and

6185:, continued its influence during the Tang period and was accepted by some members of imperial family, becoming thoroughly sinicized and a permanent part of Chinese traditional culture. In an age before 2397: 5011:

and the Tang government's rationalization of the greater canal system that reduced costs of transporting grain and other commodities. The state also managed roughly 32,100 km (19,900 mi) of

4162:

provisions for farmland and dwellings for dependents who accompanied soldiers on the frontier. By the year 742 the total number of enlisted troops in the Tang armies had risen to about 500,000 men.

3243:

system throughout the country. The central government was able then to build a large surplus stock of foods to ward off the rising danger of famine and increased agricultural productivity through

2862: 5887:, but that underlying traditional Chinese values of inseparableness of self from one's environment (including human society) served to create the necessary fictional device of romantic tension. 4507:(d. 649). A Tibetan tradition mentions that Chinese troops captured Lhasa after Songtsän Gampo's death, but no such invasion is mentioned in either Chinese annals or the Tibetan manuscripts of 2829:, his eldest surviving son by Wu. Zhongzong tried to appoint his wife's father as chancellor: after only six weeks on the throne, he was deposed by Empress Wu in favor of his younger brother, 3979:

throughout the empire. Although there were many large and prominent cities, the rural and agrarian areas comprised some 80 to 90% of the population. There was also a dramatic migration from

5638:

to the west facilitated, many foreign settlers were able to move east to China, while the city of Chang'an itself had about 25,000 foreigners living within. Exotic green-eyed, blond-haired

5622:, Tibet, India, and many other places living within. Naturally, with this plethora of different ethnicities living in Chang'an, there were also many different practiced religions, such as 5526:

were commonly practiced ideologies that played a large role in people's daily lives. The Tang Chinese enjoyed feasting, drinking, holidays, sports, and all sorts of entertainment, while

5962:

beacons for ships that might go astray. Confirming Jia's reports about lighthouses in the Persian Gulf, Arabic writers a century after Jia wrote of the same structures, writers such as

5007:–Chinese dictionary available for serious scholars and students, while Turkic folk songs gave inspiration to some Chinese poetry. In the interior of China, trade was facilitated by the 6982: 7126:

observation. Yi Xing's device also had a mechanically timed bell that was struck automatically every hour, and a drum that was struck automatically every quarter-hour; essentially, a

6576:

economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes had sleeves four to five feet wide.

6295:. On numerous occasions where Tang princes would become crown prince or Tang princesses taking vows as Taoist priestesses, their lavish former mansions would be converted into Taoist 3095:(697–781), the newly recruited troops of the army at the capital were no match for An Lushan's frontier veterans, so the court fled Chang'an. While the heir apparent raised troops in 6998: 5716: 5400:

on the East African coast in order to cut out Arab middlemen, with various contemporary Chinese sources giving detailed descriptions of trade in Africa. The official and geographer

4394:

with Turkic clan leaders, in 597, 599, 614, and 617. The Sui stirred trouble and conflict amongst ethnic groups against the Turks. As early as the Sui dynasty, the Turks had become

10915:"The treasure trove making waves: Simon Worrall explains why a recent discovery on the seabed of the Indian Ocean will revolutionise our understanding of two ancient civilisations" 7182:

Yet the use of a teasing mechanical puppet in this wine-serving device wasn't exactly a novel invention of the Tang, since the use of mechanical puppets in China date back to the

6175:. This is also reflected in many short stories written in the Tang about people accidentally winding up in the realm of the dead, only to come back and report their experiences. 6200:

The prominent status of Buddhism in Chinese culture began to decline as the dynasty and central government declined as well during the late 8th century to 9th century. Buddhist

4693:

into regions west of China as captured Chinese soldiers shared the technique of papermaking to the Arabs. These techniques ultimately reached Europe by the 12th century through

3123:

assisted the Tang in putting down An Lushan's rebellion. A massacre of foreign Arab and Persian Muslim merchants by Tian Shengong happened during the An Lushan rebellion in the

6766:(531–591), confirmed in 851 by an Arab traveler who remarked that Tang Chinese lacked cleanliness because they relied on toilet paper instead of washing themselves with water. 13119: 5518:. The governmental system was supported by a large class of Confucian intellectuals selected through either civil service examinations or recommendations. In the Tang period, 7094:

Technology during the Tang period was built also upon the precedents of the past. Previous advancements in clockworks and timekeeping included the mechanical gear systems of

3698:

of divisional militia was continued by the Tang, along with farmer-soldiers serving in rotation from the capital or frontier in order to receive appropriated farmland. The

7166:

when filled, into an artificial lake that had intricate iron leaves popping up as trays for placing party treats. Furthermore, as the historian Charles Benn describes it:

5433: 5344:

trade, which Silla of Korea dominated. After Silla and Japan reopened renewed hostilities in the late 7th century, most Japanese maritime merchants chose to set sail from

3045:, who championed a more aggressive foreign policy employing non-Chinese generals. This policy ultimately created the conditions for a massive rebellion against Xuanzong. 5325:

under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, who purportedly slaughtered thousands regardless of ethnicity. Huang's rebellion was eventually suppressed in 884.

2772: 7719:, but did not succeed. In the 17th year of the period Cheng-kuan , the king of Fu-lin Po-to-li sent an embassy offering red glass, lu-chin-ching , and other articles. 5477: 5448:), Egypt, the fame of Chinese ceramics there led to an enormous demand for Chinese goods; hence Chinese often traveled there (this continued into later periods such as 5304:

burned and looted Canton on October 30, 758. The Tang government reacted by shutting the port of Canton down for roughly five decades; thus, foreign vessels docked at

4306:

Many Chinese Buddhist monks came to Japan to help further the spread of Buddhism as well. Two 7th-century monks in particular, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, visited the court of

4119:

in Western Afghanistan. Protectorate Generals were given a great deal of autonomy to handle local crises without waiting for central admission. After Xuanzong's reign,

3115:

was greatly excited at this prospect, and married his own daughter to the Chinese diplomatic envoy once he arrived, receiving in turn a Chinese princess as his bride.

563: 549: 535: 521: 507: 493: 479: 454: 440: 426: 5578:. The city was made famous for this checkerboard pattern of main roads with walled and gated districts, its layout even mentioned in one of Du Fu's poems. During the 6396:

still stands, and inside the pagoda there is Christian-themed artwork. Although the religion largely died out after the Tang, it was revived in China following the

4407:

Chinese conscripts, the majority of the troops led by Turkic generals were of non-Chinese origin, campaigning largely in the western frontier where the presence of

13315:

Major, John S. (1988), "Mingtang and Buddhist Utopias in the History of the Astronomical Clock: The Tower, Statue and Armillary Sphere Constructed by Empress Wu",

4701:

embassy arrived at Chang'an simultaneously with the Uighur Turks bearing gifts for the Tang Emperor. In 788–789 the Chinese concluded a military alliance with the

6652:, while men tended to farming in the fields. There were many women in the Tang era who gained access to religious authority by taking vows as Taoist priestesses. 17765: 5850:, they criticized it for its often vague content and lack of colloquial language, focusing more on clarity and precision to make their writing more direct. This 3504:. In 907 the Tang dynasty was ended when Zhu deposed Ai and took the throne for himself (known posthumously as Emperor Taizu of Later Liang). He established the 5651:

envoys. Several laws enforcing segregation of foreigners from Chinese were passed during the Tang dynasty. In 779 the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced

4295:(r. 672–686) even established his conscripted army on that of the Chinese model, based his state ceremonies on the Chinese model, and constructed his palace at 3496:

to move the capital to Luoyang, preparing to take the throne for himself. In 904 Zhu assassinated Emperor Zhaozong to replace him with the emperor's young son

15050: 5106: 17760: 4426:; after these internal conflicts, the Tang began an offensive against the Turks. In the year 630, Tang armies captured areas of the Ordos Desert, modern-day 3867:

that connected them to the imperial court. From Tang times until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, scholar-officials served as intermediaries between the

3523:(Emperor Zhuangzong) inherited his title Prince of Jin along with his father's rivalry against Zhu. In 923 Li Cunxu declared a "restored" Tang dynasty, the 3908:

From the outset, religion played a role in Tang politics. In his bid for power, Li Yuan had attracted a following by claiming descent from the Taoist sage

7678:

During the rule of the Tang the world population grew from about 190 million to approximately 240 million, a difference of 50 million. See also

4111:(591–667), Emperor Gaozong established several protectorates governed by a Protectorate General or Grand Protectorate General, which extended the Chinese 2168:. Aside from traditional historiography, some modern historians have suggested that the Tang imperial family might have modified its genealogy to conceal 7023:

from the 7th–8th century of a lady attendant during the Tang era. Female hosts prepared feasts, tea parties, and played drinking games with their guests

4385:

The Sui and Tang carried out successful military campaigns against the steppe nomads. Chinese foreign policy to the north and west now had to deal with

3449:

During the last two decades of the Tang dynasty, the gradual collapse of central authority led to the rise of two prominent rival military figures over

14356:

Twitchett, Denis; Wechsler, Howard J. (1979), "Kao-tsung (reign 649–83) and the Empress Wu: The Inheritor and the Usurper", in Twitchett, Denis (ed.),

4943:

wares. Songs, dances, and musical instruments from foreign regions became popular in China during the Tang dynasty. These musical instruments included

4259:

Although they were formerly enemies, the Tang accepted officials and generals of Goguryeo into their administration and military, such as the brothers

4689:. Although the battle itself was not of the greatest significance militarily, this was a pivotal moment in history, as it marks the spread of Chinese 3675:

included the personnel administration, finance, rites, military, justice, and public works—an administrative model which lasted until the fall of the

13971: 3976: 3184:, who slowly came to challenge the power of the central government. After the An Lushan Rebellion, the autonomous power and authority accumulated by 10257:

The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages

3087:, which allowed him to rebel with an army of more than 100,000 troops. After capturing Luoyang, he named himself emperor of a new, but short-lived, 17720: 15395: 3413:

The Tang dynasty recovered its power decades after the An Lushan rebellion and was still able to launch offensive conquests and campaigns like its

3041:(d. 753) favored government monopoly over the issuance of coinage. After 737, most of Xuanzong's confidence rested in his long-standing chancellor 2871:

Model of Luoyang imperial palace during Wu Zetian's reign. Many major construction projects were commissioned during Wu Zetian's time, such as the

6972:

were important, and practiced throughout China. The common people used simple methods of preservation, such as digging deep ditches and trenches,

5950:

wrote accurate descriptions of places far abroad. In his work written between 785 and 805, he described the sea route going into the mouth of the

5224:

During the Tang dynasty, thousands of foreign expatriate merchants came and lived in numerous Chinese cities to do business with China, including

3555:

formed a military alliance with Li Keyong against Zhu Wen but the Khitans eventually turned against the Later Tang, helping another Shatuo leader

14906: 7871: 5817:–766) era with "canonical status within the classical poetic tradition." Yan Yu reserved the position of highest esteem among all Tang poets for 4477: 3782:, which qualified their graduates for appointment to the local, provincial, and central government bureaucracies. Two types of exams were given, 7462:

Chinese scientists of the Tang period employed complex chemical formulas for an array of different purposes, often found through experiments of

6392:

was created in order to honor the achievements of their community in China. A Christian monastery was established in Shaanxi province where the

7190:

had an entire mechanical puppet theater operated by the rotation of a waterwheel. There was also an automatic wine-server known in the ancient

5655:

in the capital, Chang'an, to wear their ethnic dress, stopped them from marrying Chinese females, and banned them from passing off as Chinese.

5272:

as a bustling mercantile business center where many large and impressive foreign ships came to dock. He wrote that "many large ships came from

3119:

helped recapture the Tang capital from the rebels, but they refused to leave until the Tang paid them an enormous sum of tribute in silk. Even

16564: 6407:

had been responsible for transmitting Buddhism to China from India during the 2nd to 4th centuries, soon afterwards they largely converted to

15133: 14863: 8334: 4469: 2872: 13446:——— (2008), "Provincial Autonomy and Frontier Defense in Late Tang: The Case of the Lulong Army", in Wyatt, Don J. (ed.), 7178:... A pump siphoned the ale that flowed into the ale pool through a hidden hole and returned the brew to the reservoir inside the mountain. 5368:

The Chinese engaged in large-scale production for overseas export by at least the time of the Tang. This was proven by the discovery of the

17745: 17700: 15062: 7281:

made the written word available to vastly greater audiences. One of the world's oldest surviving printed documents is a miniature Buddhist

5296:(Lost Records of the State of Yue). Relations with the Arabs were often strained: When the imperial government was attempting to quell the 4403:

dynasty until the end of 755, there were approximately ten Turkic generals serving under the Tang. While most of the Tang army was made of

3572: 2304:

on July 2, 626. Shortly thereafter, his father abdicated in his favor and Li Shimin ascended the throne. He is conventionally known by his

15168: 6684:

It was fashionable for women to have full figures; men enjoyed the presence of assertive, active women. The foreign horse-riding sport of

3913: 3321:(d footnote: the capital) were ordered by the emperor to make a considerable number of machines, for distribution to the people along the 15320: 14801: 13818:

Empress Wu Zhao, Son of Heaven: Uses of Religious Patronage and Propaganda to Secure Support and Quell Dissension during the Tang Dynasty

6212:

finally shut down 4,600 Buddhist monasteries along with 40,000 temples and shrines, forcing 260,000 Buddhist monks and nuns to return to

4189: 4031: 12588: 7305:

printing in the 11th century was innovative for his period, woodblock printing that became widespread in the Tang remained the dominant

6823:, and served at taverns, inns and shops. Japanese Buddhist monk Ennin observed that Hu cake was popular among all of China's civilians. 3641: 3009:(the later Emperor Xuanzong) entered the palace with a few followers and slew Empress Wei and her faction. He then installed his father 16038: 14973: 7056: 7050: 3017:. This was finally ended when Princess Taiping's coup failed in 712 (she later hanged herself in 713) and Emperor Ruizong abdicated to 1834: 1774: 6585: 15416: 7236:(1065–1101) in 1103 is the oldest existing technical treatise on Chinese architecture that has survived in full. During the reign of 6075: 5092:

along the Silk Road that examined travel permits into the Tang Empire. Furthermore, banditry was a problem along the checkpoints and

3814:

tested a student's literary abilities in writing essays in response to questions on governance and politics, as well as in composing

3757: 2439: 8432:《资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪二十》：辛亥，明堂成，高二百九十四尺，方三百尺。凡三层：下层法四时，各随方色。中层法十二辰；上为圆盖，九龙捧之。上层法二十四气；亦为圆盖，上施铁凤，高一丈，饰以黄金。中有巨木十围，上下通贯，栭栌棤藉以为本。下施铁渠，为辟雍之象。号曰万象神宫。 8125:... The newest proof is the recent archaeological discovery that shows that another prominent Li clan of the period, namely that of 6308:

Taoist alchemists as "protoscience rather than pseudoscience." However, the close connection between Taoism and alchemy, which some

4654: 4538:

in 821. The terms of this treaty, including the fixed borders between the two countries, are recorded in a bilingual inscription on

3686:(3rd century BC–3rd century AD), the basis for much of their administrative organization was very similar to the previous 3620: 3593:

Taizong set out to solve internal problems within the government which had constantly plagued past dynasties. Building upon the Sui

2913:

Buddha would be a female monarch who would dispel illness, worry, and disaster from the world. She even introduced numerous revised

2833:. This provoked a group of Tang princes to rebel in 684. Wu's armies suppressed them within two months. She proclaimed the Tianshou 16125: 15244: 15239: 14931: 13552: 13220:

Du, Wenyu (1998), "Tang Song Jingji Shili Bijiao Yanjiu" [Comparative Study of Tang and Song Dynasty's Economic Strength],

10413: 10146: 6342: 5932: 5177:

since perhaps the 2nd century BC, yet it was during the Tang dynasty that a strong Chinese maritime presence could be found in the

4361: 3831:. To promote widespread Confucian education, the Tang government established state-run schools and issued standard versions of the 3442:

against foreign Arab and Persian Muslim, Zoroastrian, Jewish and Christian merchants in 878–879 at the seaport and trading port of

2454: 5602:, which became the political center of the empire and served as the royal residence of the Tang emperors for more than 220 years. 15249: 15222: 14901: 8086:

and Li Mai-te, whose names show that they had either adopted or been granted the Chinese surname Li, but retained alien, perhaps

6331: 4357: 4171: 3968:, which recorded 58 million people in the year 2. S.A.M. Adshead disagrees, estimating about 75 million people by 750. 3140: 2323: 5989:

Many histories of previous dynasties were compiled between 636 and 659 by court officials during and shortly after the reign of

5388:

bowl inscribed with a date: "16th day of the seventh month of the second year of the Baoli reign", or 826, roughly confirmed by

4155:

troops began abandoning military service and the homes provided to them in the equal-field system. The supposed standard of 100

3001:(664–710), a poet, writer, and trusted official in charge of Wu's private office. In 706 the wife of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, 15340: 14936: 14833: 7482:, a cream designated for polishing bronze mirrors, and many other useful formulas. The vitrified, translucent ceramic known as 4473: 3509: 1903: 1464: 9956: 7233: 6704:(719–756), who had Emperor Xuanzong appoint many of her relatives and cronies to important ministerial and martial positions. 4267:(639–701). From 668 to 676, the Tang Empire controlled northern Korea. However, in 671 Silla broke the alliance and began the 17517: 16899: 14768: 14750: 14732: 14665: 14640: 14574: 14556: 14508: 14490: 14468: 14445: 14427: 14405: 14383: 14365: 14347: 14325: 14299: 14280: 14222: 14172: 14152: 14134: 14116: 14098: 14080: 14062: 13985: 13925: 13905: 13842: 13807: 13789: 13763: 13745: 13706: 13688: 13670: 13582: 13539: 13473: 13455: 13437: 13419: 13401: 13381: 13358: 13306: 13288: 13268: 13245: 13211: 13189: 13169: 13147: 13129: 13097: 12991: 12973: 12947: 12926: 12901: 12883: 12865: 12847: 12818: 11122: 11061: 11036: 10355: 10265: 10241: 10182: 10125: 10096: 9966: 9087: 8404: 8113: 8066: 4826: 4369: 3083:

with a victory in 744, yet most of his campaigns against the Khitans were unsuccessful. He was given great responsibility in

1981: 1764: 6819:. Hu cake, which means "foreign cake", was extremely popular during the Tang. Hu cake was toasted in the oven, covered with 6291:. The ruling Li family of the Tang dynasty actually claimed descent from Laozi, traditionally credited as the author of the 5416:, Sri Lanka and India, the eastern and northern shores of the Arabian Sea to the Euphrates River. In 863 the Chinese author 4442:

from the northern frontier; this embassy succeeded in freeing 80,000 Chinese men and women who were then returned to China.

15196: 15181: 15096: 15040: 6316:, who states that alchemy was just as prominent (if not more so) in the secular sphere and practiced more often by laymen. 4963:. At the court there were nine musical ensembles (expanded from seven in the Sui dynasty) that played ecletic Asian music. 3996: 3672: 1337: 1327: 211: 17423: 7356:(547–627) was working for the Sui dynasty as a Commercial Commissioner in 605, he created a well-known gridded map with a 7198:

that employed an urn with an inner valve and a lever device similar to the one described above. There are many stories of

5881:. Wong states that this scheme lacks the undying vows and total self-commitment to love found in Western romances such as 4685:

mercenaries under the Chinese defected, helping the Arab armies of the Caliphate to defeat the Tang force under commander

4176:

In East Asia, Tang Chinese military campaigns were less successful elsewhere than in previous imperial Chinese dynasties.

3661:), which were obliged to draft, review, and implement policies respectively. There were also six ministries (Chinese: 1910:

of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the

15020: 14792: 11653: 6926:(r. 606–647), Indian envoys to the Tang brought two makers of sugar who successfully taught the Chinese how to cultivate 6397: 6217: 1806: 968: 10168: 2503:

Around that time, the Tang court enjoyed the visit of numerous dignitaries from foreign lands. These were portraited in

2187: 17569: 16569: 15201: 13633: 8987: 7306: 6100: 4736: 4365: 958: 13896:

Nishijima, Sadao (1986), "The Economic and Social History of Former Han", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),

10086: 6843:. In the south along the coast meat from seafood was by default the most common, as the Chinese enjoyed eating cooked 16213: 14856: 13051: 13033: 6279:

Rivaling Buddhism was Taoism, a native Chinese philosophical and religious belief system that found its roots in the

4539: 3485:("Zhu of Perfect Loyalty") and granted a series of rapid military promotions to military governor of Xuanwu Circuit. 3178:

One of the legacies that the Tang government left since 710 was the gradual rise of regional military governors, the

1635: 14239:

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (2004), "The Tang Architectural Icon and the Politics of Chinese Architectural History",

11700: 5805:

per line with a fixed pattern of tones that required the second and third couplets to be antithetical (although the

3822:, all subjective criteria that favored the wealthy over those of more modest means who were unable to pay tutors of 3013:(r. 710–712) on the throne. Just as Emperor Zhongzong was dominated by Empress Wei, so too was Ruizong dominated by 2853: 15191: 14009:

Reed, Carrie E. (January–March 2003), "Motivation and Meaning of a 'Hodge-podge': Duan Chengshi's 'Youyang zazu'",

10306: 5754: 4801:

were recorded as being sent into the 8th century. S.A.M. Adshead offers a different transliteration stemming from "

4319: 3983:, as the North held 75% of the overall population at the dynasty's inception, which by its end was reduced to 50%. 3721:), where the emperor maintained his large palace quarters and entertained political emissaries with music, sports, 2914: 2841:. He was also forced to give up his father's surname Li in favor of the Empress Wu. She then ruled as China's only 2777: 2505: 2268:, the Prince of Qin. Li Shimin had commanded troops since the age of 18 years old, had prowess with bow and arrow, 2157: 15086: 10414:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." 10345: 5023: 4653:. The Arab Umayyad commander Al-Yashkuri and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated. The Turgesh then 4438:

bearing gold and silk in order to persuade the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners who were captured during the

3372:

However, the Tang did manage to restore at least indirect control over former Tang territories as far west as the

17195: 14998: 14946: 14941: 14143:

Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2009), "Tang Military Culture and Its Inner Asian Influences", in Di Cosmo, Nicola (ed.),

13488: 8126: 7832: 7074: 6730: 6194: 6127: 5821:(712–770), who was not viewed as such in his own era, and was branded by his peers as an anti-traditional rebel. 5484: 4850: 3942:

Emperor Xuanzong closely regulated religious finances. Near the beginning of his reign in 713, he liquidated the

3687: 3192:

went beyond the central government's control. After a series of rebellions between 781 and 784 in today's Hebei,

2069: 1389: 16357: 13780:

Liu, Xinru (2001), "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in Michael Adas (ed.),

13554:

East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E.

13060:

Bossler, Beverly (2012), "Vocabularies of Pleasure: Categorizing Female Entertainers in the Late Tang Dynasty",

6796:

noted that rice was not counted amongst the five grains from the time of the legendary and deified Chinese sage

6240:

gained popularity amongst the educated elite. There were also many famous Chan monks from the Tang era, such as

17735: 17725: 15106: 15057: 13410:

Graff, David Andrew (2000), "Dou Jiande's dilemma: Logistics, strategy, and state", in van de Ven, Hans (ed.),

10914: 6688:

from Persia became a wildly popular trend among the Chinese elite, and women often played the sport (as glazed

4015: 4010: 2339: 1877: 1827: 1779: 784: 13772:

Liu, Pean (1991), "Viewing Chinese ancient navigation and shipbuilding through Zheng He's ocean expeditions",

5846:, "parallel prose") style begun in the Han dynasty. Although writers of the Classical Prose Movement imitated 5096:

towns, as Xuanzang also recorded that his group of travelers were assaulted by bandits on multiple occasions.

4522:. In fact, it was during this rebellion that the Tang withdrew its western garrisons stationed in what is now 17715: 17710: 17705: 17633: 16019: 15799: 15259: 14956: 14458: 9990: 7207:. Other devices included one by Wang Ju, whose "wooden otter" could allegedly catch fish; Needham suspects a 6037: 6031: 4740: 4485: 4279:

Although the Tang had fought the Japanese, they still held cordial relations with Japan. There were numerous

4136: 1985: 1801: 1727: 1662: 853: 725: 31: 15938: 13631:

Huters, Theodore (June 1987), "From Writing to Literature: The Development of Late Qing Theories of Prose",

10255: 8121:

genealogical connections to the Tuoba nobles and other "Barbarian" families were open contemporary knowledge

5662:

The bronze Jingyun Bell cast 711, height 247 cm high, weight 6,500 kg, now in the Xi'an Bell Tower

5452:

Egypt). From this time period, the Arab merchant Shulama once wrote of his admiration for Chinese seafaring

4999:(d. 664) visiting the South Asian state. After a 17-year-long trip, Xuanzang managed to bring back valuable 2968:, built by 709, was adjacent to the Dajianfu Temple in Chang'an, where Buddhist monks gathered to translate 17628: 17512: 15345: 14882: 14849: 14823: 14805: 7403: 7187: 7099: 6535:, and others were universal holidays. In Chang'an, there was always lively celebration, especially for the 6520: 5257: 4720: 3505: 3116: 2081: 1737: 472: 333: 13975: 11710: 17755: 17740: 17730: 17638: 16675: 16007: 15486: 15141: 14978: 14951: 14891: 7150:

of the compensating tank and could then control the rate of flow for different lengths of day and night.

7064: 6385: 6377: 6349: 4439: 4280: 3980: 3948: 3770:

depicting candidates for civil service gathered around the wall where examination results had been posted

3729:. The capital was also filled with incredible amounts of riches and resources to spare. When the Chinese 2092: 1789: 1546: 927: 681: 293: 176: 15698: 9080:

The Great Leveler. Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

4617:

from China and withdrew after an agreement, but modern historians entirely dismiss this claim. The Arab

4213: 3492:, Zhu Wen seized control of the Tang capital Chang'an and with it the imperial family. By 903 he forced 3393: 2010:

flourished and further matured during the Tang era. It is traditionally considered the greatest age for

15578: 15217: 15121: 15116: 14787: 7723:

favored them with a message under his imperial seal and graciously granted presents of silk. Since the

7574: 7060: 4912: 4580: 4395: 4048: 3965: 3964:

writes that nonwithstanding census undercounting, China's population had not grown significantly since

3847:. The Tang law code ensured equal division of inherited property amongst legitimate heirs, encouraging 3671:) under the administrations that implemented policy, each of which was assigned different tasks. These 3560: 3478: 3034: 3002: 2388: 1969: 1794: 763: 10118:

History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750

7444:; thyroid extracts were not used to treat patients with goiter in the West until 1890. The use of the 7432:, and the latter was the first to recognize that diabetic patients should avoid consuming alcohol and 5940:(fl. 8th century), an ethnic Indian astronomer, astrologer, and scholar born in the capital Chang'an. 5854:(archaic prose) style can be traced back to Han Yu, and would become largely associated with orthodox 4434:

from the Turks. After this military victory, On June 11, 631, Emperor Taizong also sent envoys to the

17596: 16744: 16308: 15327: 14336:"Court Historiography in Early Tang China: Assigning a Place to History and Historians at the Palace" 10155: 7608: 7020: 5727: 5117: 4449: 4235: 3625: 3501: 2826: 1820: 1757: 1722: 1295: 991: 901: 13889:

Chemistry and Chemical Technology: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts

7158:-wooden tortoise frame. This intricate device used a hydraulic pump that siphoned wine out of metal 6769:

In ancient times, the Chinese had outlined the five most basic foodstuffs known as the five grains:

5076:

originally installed in 640, once again connecting China directly to the West for land-based trade.

4995:

There was great interaction with India, a hub for Buddhist knowledge, with famous travelers such as

1501: 17554: 17529: 17379: 17038: 17033: 16086: 15759: 15299: 14926: 13715: 10141: 8319: 7538: 7237: 6677:, or professional singing courtesans, were culturally prominent, and joined talent agencies called 6668: 6656: 6605: 6205: 5958:(whom he called the people of Luo-He-Yi) had erected 'ornamental pillars' in the sea that acted as 5861:

Short story fiction and tales were also popular during the Tang, one of the more famous ones being

5825: 5133: 4916: 4806: 3943: 3920: 3893: 3586: 3493: 3346: 3330: 3018: 3006: 2980: 2486: 2462: 2327: 2052:, as well as encyclopedias and geographical works. Notable innovations included the development of 2041: 2028: 1491: 1140: 459: 445: 254: 17: 7617:, edited, compiled, and completed in 1084 by a team of scholars under the Song dynasty Chancellor 7344:

depicting the north polar region; the map belongs to a set cataloguing a total of over 1,300 stars

3033:

and increase the money supply by upholding the use of private coinage, while his aristocratic and

1938:(755–763) led to the decline of central authority in the dynasty's latter half. Like the previous 17750: 17621: 17502: 17043: 16996: 16939: 16638: 16582: 16330: 15729: 15548: 15157: 12581: 10208: 8083: 8079: 7720: 7411: 7352:, there were further advances beyond the map-makers of the Han dynasty. When the Tang chancellor 7274:, printed in 868, is the world's first widely printed book to include a specific date of printing 6958: 6143: 6104:, an entertaining collection of foreign legends and hearsay, reports on natural phenomena, short 5990: 5943: 5898: 5786: 5595: 5167: 4983: 4897: 4609:(r. 644–656) sent an embassy to the Tang court at Chang'an. Arab sources claim Umayyad commander 4197: 4019: 3338: 3284: 3124: 3010: 2965: 2941: 2830: 2809: 2482: 2466: 2359: 2292:

on May 28, 621. Due to fear of assassination, Li Shimin ambushed and killed two of his brothers,

2265: 2096: 2023: 2001: 1717: 556: 242: 14551:, Qiraat, vol. 8, Riyadh: King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies, p. 11, 13934:

Pan, Jixing (1997), "On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries",

13611:——— (1993), "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development", 12703:

Czarnetzki, A.; Ehrhardt S. (1990). "Re-dating the Chinese amalgam-filling of teeth in Europe".

8133:, with the same claim to the Longxi ancestry, was in fact of unmistakable Tuoba Xianbei descent. 7587:, Song Qi, et al. Both were based on earlier annals, now lost. Both of them also rank among the 7102:(fl. 3rd century), which gave the Tang mathematician, mechanical engineer, astronomer, and monk 6938:, although it was during the Tang that the Chinese began to grow and process cotton, and by the 4518:

between 670 and 692, and in 763 the Tibetans even captured Chang'an for fifteen days during the

4023: 3515:

Zhu Wen's hated nemesis Li Keyong died in 908 but, out of loyalty to Tang, Li never claimed the

2934: 17643: 17544: 17539: 17227: 17175: 17095: 17028: 16932: 16917: 16810: 16577: 16531: 16372: 16259: 16165: 15227: 15091: 15077: 14796: 13254: 7793: 7562: 7369: 6322: 6209: 6070: 5073: 4311: 4000: 3185: 3171: 2335: 2065: 2049: 1769: 1747: 1732: 1218: 937: 10113: 8056: 6437: 5986:(Illustrated Accounts of Central India), which included a wealth of geographical information. 3601:

that subsequent Chinese dynasties would model theirs upon, as well as neighboring polities in

2457:. Early military conflicts were a result of the Tang interventions in the rivalry between the 280: 17695: 17574: 17534: 17347: 17222: 16286: 16276: 16235: 16206: 15709: 15473: 15372: 15367: 15176: 14911: 14360:, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, pp. 242–289, 13915: 13575:

Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel

12592: 7589: 7261: 7218:, there were also government standard building codes, outlined in the early Tang book of the 6208:

that were exempt from state taxes beforehand were targeted by the state for taxation. In 845

6159: 6043: 5735: 5469: 5237: 5012: 4846: 4418:

Civil war in China was almost totally diminished by 626, along with the defeat in 628 of the

4288: 4252: 4185: 3807: 3131:

took hold of the opportunity and raided many areas under Chinese control, and even after the

2261: 2177: 2113: 1907: 1742: 1159: 230: 171: 17462: 15735: 13784:, Philadelphia: American Historical Association, Temple University Press, pp. 151–179, 8103: 3531:

remained splintered into various small kingdoms until most of China was reunified under the

3059:

The Tang Empire was at its height of power up until the middle of the 8th century, when the

17667: 17497: 17467: 17342: 17273: 17244: 17163: 16497: 16335: 16325: 15234: 15010: 14896: 14592: 14202: 13943: 9037: 7716: 7486:

was invented in China during the Tang, although many types of glazed ceramics preceded it.

7215: 5672: 5308:

instead. However, when the port reopened, it continued to thrive. In 851 the Arab merchant

5008: 4798: 4650: 4637:), and sought Chinese intervention. The Chinese sent 10,000 troops under Zhang Xiaosong to 4300: 4276:. Following a revolt of the Eastern Turks in 679, the Tang abandoned its Korean campaigns. 4177: 3779: 3751: 3629: 3389: 3222: 2838: 2301: 1947: 1784: 997: 17447: 13991: 13980:, Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 221–227, 7402:

The Chinese of the Tang era were interested in the benefits of officially classifying the

4378:

Tomb figure of mounted warrior similar to the one unearthed from the tomb of crown prince

2231:). Li Yuan rose in rebellion in 617, along with his son and his equally militant daughter 8: 17359: 17239: 17205: 17107: 16927: 16922: 16734: 16453: 16389: 16264: 16249: 16024: 15982: 15362: 15334: 14968: 14916: 13000:

Bernhardt, Kathryn (July 1995), "The Inheritance Right of Daughters: the Song Anomaly?",

10202: 9952: 8169: 7708: 7679: 7607:

presented to the emperor in 801. The Tang period was placed into the enormous 294-volume

7445: 7387: 7195: 6007: 5894: 5750: 5345: 5297: 4862: 4333: 4112: 3860: 3288: 3160: 3060: 3054: 2998: 2224: 1935: 949: 397: 320: 17075: 17065: 14596: 14308:

Tang, Zhiba (1991), "The influence of the sail on the development of the ancient navy",

14206: 13947: 13558: 10424: 7695: 7162:-headed faucets, as well as tilting bowls that were timed to dip wine down, by force of 6359: 3414: 17472: 17452: 17435: 17386: 17251: 17060: 17011: 16944: 16862: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16749: 16719: 16611: 16509: 16377: 16352: 16144: 15452: 15357: 14993: 14988: 14921: 14687: 14616: 14608: 14534: 14479: 14454: 14256: 14228: 14164:

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800

14042: 14014: 13959: 13650: 13525: 13513: 13505: 13391: 13336: 13278: 13077: 13013: 11901: 10420: 7849: 7691: 7494: 7278: 7253: 7131: 6749: 6718: 6636: 6532: 6366: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6152: 6121: 5802: 5707: 5566: 5527: 5421: 5389: 5369: 5322: 4966: 4869: 4610: 4549: 4496: 4268: 4209: 3972: 3699: 3582: 3497: 3439: 2416: 2053: 2044:

were active, while Chinese court music flourished with instruments such as the popular

1984:

to the Tang court, while the Tang also indirectly controlled several regions through a

1891: 1752: 932: 820: 812: 514: 266: 181: 14374:

Twitchett, Denis (2000), "Tibet in Tang's Grand Strategy", in van de Ven, Hans (ed.),

13448:

Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period

6505: 5166:

that records the purchase of a 15-year-old slave for six bolts of plain silk and five

3229:, which drowned tens of thousands of people in the process. The Chinese belief in the 1906:. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a 839: 17581: 17477: 17413: 17408: 17337: 17234: 16949: 16877: 16872: 16714: 16643: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16416: 16367: 15915: 15903: 15777: 15437: 15254: 15186: 15003: 14764: 14746: 14728: 14661: 14636: 14620: 14570: 14552: 14504: 14486: 14464: 14441: 14423: 14401: 14379: 14361: 14343: 14321: 14295: 14276: 14218: 14168: 14148: 14130: 14112: 14094: 14076: 14058: 13981: 13921: 13901: 13838: 13821: 13803: 13785: 13759: 13741: 13725: 13702: 13684: 13681:

Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats: The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes

13666: 13578: 13535: 13517: 13469: 13451: 13433: 13415: 13397: 13377: 13371: 13354: 13348: 13328: 13302: 13284: 13264: 13258: 13241: 13225: 13207: 13185: 13165: 13143: 13125: 13093: 13069: 13047: 13029: 13017: 12987: 12969: 12943: 12922: 12897: 12879: 12861: 12843: 12814: 11118: 11057: 11032: 10351: 10261: 10237: 10212: 10178: 10121: 10092: 9962: 9083: 8109: 8062: 7805: 7724: 7479: 7143: 6969: 6735: 6117: 5554: 5404:(730–805) wrote of two common sea trade routes in his day: one from the coast of the 5309: 5089: 5057: 4972: 4854: 4838: 4662: 4646: 4634: 4618: 4500: 4345: 4157: 3516: 3317:... a standard model of the chain pump was issued from the palace, and the people of 3230: 3226: 3120: 2918: 2834: 2232: 2105: 1873: 1680: 1248: 1228: 1003: 747: 739: 204: 14783: 14702: 13963: 13898:

Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220

13591:

Hsu, Mei-ling (1988), "Chinese Marine Cartography: Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China",

12876:

Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu

7478:

cement for glass and porcelain wares, a waterproof cream applied to silk clothes of

6747:(known as the Sage of Tea) even wrote a treatise on the art of drinking tea, called 5776: 4884:", but possibly derived from the name of the contemporaneous ruler Emperor Taizong. 4504: 3889: 2897: 2128:

origins, and it belonged to the northwest military aristocracy prevalent during the

592: 17430: 17217: 17212: 17168: 17155: 17085: 17053: 17048: 16912: 16907: 16889: 16850: 16783: 16766: 16707: 16697: 16692: 16633: 16589: 16559: 16519: 16502: 16485: 16448: 16199: 15971: 15873: 15403: 15313: 15283: 15035: 14983: 14679: 14600: 14526: 14248: 14210: 14034: 13951: 13642: 13620: 13600: 13497: 13320: 13005: 7841: 7703: 7579: 7569: 7534: 7530: 7119: 6961:

even banned the slaughter of cattle on the grounds of his religious convictions to

6632: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6421: 6381: 6225: 6186: 6172: 5883: 5855: 5465: 5245: 5004: 4931: 4845:, who forced them to pay tribute to the Arabs. The 7th-century Byzantine historian 4768: 4763: 4757: 4666: 4606: 4593: 4535: 4519: 3936: 3828: 3640:(1368–1644) code of 1397, yet there were several revisions in later times, such as 3435: 3297: 3244: 3136: 3104: 3014: 2351: 2235:(d. 623), who raised and commanded her own troops. In winter 617, Li Yuan occupied 2061: 1943: 1854: 1359: 917: 909: 646: 603: 161: 14091:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400

6627: 6456: 6237: 4645:

and reinstalled Ikhshid on the throne. The Tang dynasty Chinese defeated the Arab

4340:(814–891) stayed in China from 839 to 847 and again from 853 to 858, landing near 4149:

the frontier every three years drained the treasury. By the late 7th century, the

4100: 2257:

on June 18, 618, Li Yuan declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty, the Tang.

17648: 17616: 17489: 17457: 17440: 17396: 17391: 17369: 17364: 17322: 17315: 17290: 17150: 17145: 16986: 16867: 16761: 16756: 16724: 16549: 16539: 16433: 16426: 16421: 16406: 16362: 16244: 16230: 16175: 16170: 15307: 14963: 14708: 14335: 14162: 13719: 13548: 13466:

The Eurasian Way of War: Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium

13199: 13179: 12585: 12160:

Jia, Junxia (2009). "Analysis of cake food of Chang'an in Han and Tang Dynasty".

10409: 7698: 7208: 6835:, bear (which was hard to catch, but there were recipes for steamed, boiled, and 6828: 6389: 6287: 5955: 5770: 5413: 5159: 4744: 4678: 4584: 4492: 3897: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3536: 3461:. Tang forces had defeated Huang Chao's rebellion with the crucial aid of allied 3292: 2842: 2728: 2548: 2289: 2202: 2007: 1997: 1931: 711: 17070: 13319:, vol. 51, no. 3, École française d'Extrême-Orient, pp. 643–644, 12589:"The Dunhuang Chinese Sky: A comprehensive study of the oldest known star atlas" 9961:(rpr. Motilal Banarsidass, 1992 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 28. 7368:(592–672) was also known for his map of China drawn in 658. In the year 785 the 6743:(790–835) devoted most of his poetry to his love of tea. The 8th-century author 4495:

for control of areas in Inner and Central Asia, which was at times settled with

4445: 4374: 4296: 3301:, compiled in 945, recorded a government decree issued in 828 that standardized 2997:

There were many prominent women at court during and after Wu's reign, including

1950:

and recommendations to office. The rise of regional military governors known as

1882: 610: 17591: 17586: 17549: 17524: 17507: 17418: 17403: 17374: 17332: 17180: 17140: 17135: 17090: 17016: 16976: 16966: 16956: 16771: 16650: 16544: 16411: 16293: 16118: 16012: 15946: 15885: 15542: 15512: 15506: 15146: 13367: 13009: 11020: 10163: 10151: 8982: 7827: 7823: 7622: 7613: 7416: 7317:

during the Tang dynasty was an auxiliary invention of the new age of printing.

7313:

from Europe became widely accepted and used in East Asia. The first use of the

7310: 7159: 7127: 6954: 6915: 6884: 6872: 6852: 6840: 6569: 6553: 6408: 6304: 6268: 5937: 5790: 5631: 5549: 5337: 5225: 5218: 5038: 4822: 4732: 4626: 4427: 4412: 4386: 4180:, Taizong established a military campaign in 644 against the Korean kingdom of 4062: 4027: 3961: 3815: 3528: 3500:. In 905 Zhu executed the brothers of Emperor Ai as well as many officials and 3450: 3361: 3342: 3322: 3132: 3112: 3072: 2837:

of Wu Zhou on October 16, 690, and three days later demoted Emperor Ruizong to

2269: 2241: 2173: 2133: 2011: 1261: 1178: 874: 867: 695: 186: 148: 13624: 13604: 11662: 7621:. This historical text covered the history of China from the beginning of the 7424:(581–682); the former was the first to identify in writing that patients with 4988: 4322:) was again reproduced in several models for Tenji in 666, as recorded in the 3063:(December 16, 755 – February 17, 763) destroyed the prosperity of the empire. 2797: 17689: 17672: 17559: 17354: 17327: 17300: 17278: 17256: 17023: 17006: 16991: 16835: 16788: 16776: 16702: 16594: 16468: 16463: 16438: 16320: 16098: 16067: 16053: 16046: 15921: 15879: 15837: 15566: 15524: 14649: 14583:

Xi, Zezong (1981), "Chinese Studies in the History of Astronomy, 1949–1979",

14181: 13825: 13531: 13483: 13332: 13229: 13115: 13073: 10216: 10159: 8130: 7809: 7450: 7448:, manufactured from tin and silver, was first introduced in the medical text 7292: 7271: 7257: 7244:

serving the state, managed by the Agency of Palace Buildings (Jingzuo Jian).

7228: 7147: 7079: 6950: 6793: 6754: 6664: 6660: 6614: 6557: 6249: 6095: 6088: 5995: 5963: 5890: 5874: 5676: 5652: 5599: 5417: 5377: 5053: 4881: 4873: 4702: 4614: 4460:), the Tang government took on the military policy of dominating the central 4399: 4307: 4292: 4260: 4217: 4193: 4151: 3931:

rites to avert a drought. In 742 he personally held the incense burner while

3856: 3832: 3695: 3691: 3548: 3482: 3466: 3407: 3373: 3108: 3076: 3026: 2906: 2877: 2458: 2355: 2161: 1051: 1018: 17100: 17080: 15952: 7845: 5836:(768–824). This new prose style broke away from the poetry tradition of the 3818:. Candidates were also judged on proper deportment, appearance, speech, and 3706:(4th–6th centuries) was also kept, although there were a few modifications. 3155: 17564: 17305: 17295: 17261: 17190: 17185: 17112: 16902: 16884: 16845: 16840: 16820: 16815: 16687: 16680: 16670: 16665: 16554: 16492: 16473: 16458: 16394: 15963: 15650: 15638: 15626: 15536: 15466: 15460: 15430: 15151: 14704:

Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China

13729: 13697:

Kitagawa, Hiroshi; Tsuchida, Bruce T. (1975), Seidensticker, Edward (ed.),

12935: 11028: 8078:... Two of the men who, it has been suggested, were among the ancestors of 7511: 7407: 7330: 7314: 7302: 7204: 7123: 6939: 6895: 6789: 6759: 6490: 6393: 6376:

The Tang dynasty also officially recognized various foreign religions. The

6313: 6281: 6059:

were nonetheless valuable written historical works of the Tang period. The

6013: 6001: 5967: 5951: 5923: 5909: 5870: 5829: 5722: 5627: 5579: 5515: 5353: 5261: 5249: 5178: 4778: 4725: 4530:, which the Tibetans then occupied along with the territory of what is now 4465: 4419: 4205: 3775: 3703: 3676: 3645: 3637: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3385: 3357: 3209: 2990: 2331: 2316: 2312: 2297: 2228: 2181: 2109: 1626: 1602: 1589: 1576: 1520: 1479: 1131: 1121: 1098: 829: 653: 623: 542: 14546: 14292:

Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries)

11094: 7828:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 5687:

in the south, Yangzhou had thousands of foreign traders from across Asia.

5583: 5384:, which had 63,000 pieces of Tang ceramics, silver, and gold (including a 4629:, and installed a new king Alutar on the throne. The deposed king fled to 4456:

While the Turks were settled in the Ordos region (former territory of the

2958: 17283: 17268: 17117: 16830: 16739: 16729: 16655: 16303: 16298: 16180: 16079: 16061: 15990: 15861: 15843: 15692: 15680: 15674: 15668: 15530: 15518: 15494: 15293: 15111: 15067: 15045: 14816: 10466: 10198: 7712: 7515: 7391: 7365: 7357: 7349: 7191: 7183: 7111: 6923: 6890:

From the trade overseas and over land, the Chinese acquired peaches from

6820: 6701: 6689: 6272: 6137: 6055: 6025: 6019: 5971: 5914: 5878: 5766: 5711: 5562: 5558: 5544: 5453: 5425: 5253: 5190: 5174: 5061: 4986:, first minted in 621 in Chang'an], a model for the Japanese 8th-century 4956: 4936: 4790: 4690: 4686: 4515: 4481: 4423: 4379: 4324: 4284: 4273: 4264: 4248: 4240: 4108: 4004: 3932: 3819: 3726: 3714: 3683: 3365: 3318: 3259: 3088: 2945: 2588: 2534: 2497: 2490: 2305: 2254: 2236: 2220: 2145: 2129: 2125: 2121: 1961: 1939: 1918: 1911: 1899: 1533: 1404: 1238: 1206: 1193: 1027: 431: 124: 14517:

Wong, Timothy C. (1979), "Self and Society in Tang Dynasty Love Tales",

13081: 10310: 9301: 9299: 7866: 5396:

at the wreck). Beginning in 785, the Chinese began to call regularly at

5292:... spices, pearls, and jade piled up mountain high", as written in the 4514:

There was a long string of conflicts with Tibet over territories in the

4314:

that they had crafted. This 3rd century mechanically driven directional-

4212:

in August 663, a decisive Tang–Silla victory. The Tang dynasty navy had

3939:) recited "mystical incantations to secure the victory of Tang forces." 3352: 81: 17310: 17127: 17001: 16961: 16894: 16139: 16106: 15867: 15849: 15747: 15596: 15500: 15350: 14698: 14260: 14232: 14046: 14018: 13955: 13654: 13509: 13340: 13181:

Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History

12910: 12193:

Ennin's Diary: The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law

11333: 10229: 9135: 7990: 7988: 7853: 7728: 7618: 7584: 7543: 7467: 7421: 7383: 7115: 7107: 7095: 6946: 6836: 6763: 6648:

responsible for more domestic tasks of weaving textiles and rearing of

6494: 6466: 6417: 6241: 6233: 6229: 5959: 5927: 5919: 5806: 5762: 5731: 5639: 5575: 5514:

culture of the preceding Northern Dynasties, in favor of staunch civil

5393: 5349: 5341: 4842: 4694: 4554: 4332:(794–864), who wrote of his travel experiences including travels along 4225: 4095: 3924: 3868: 3730: 3722: 3594: 3524: 3430: 3306: 3302: 3149: 2708: 2628: 2524: 2347: 2311:

Although killing two brothers and deposing his father contradicted the

2281: 2037: 1973: 1285: 1074: 756: 528: 14841: 14691: 14612: 14538: 13974:, in Krahl, Regina; Guy, John; Wilson, J. Keith; Raby, Julian (eds.), 10575: 10573: 10560: 10558: 10556: 9359: 9357: 5173:

Chinese envoys had been sailing through the Indian Ocean to states of

5154: 4192:

because they failed to overcome the successful defense led by General

3713:

The center of the political power of the Tang was the capital city of

3682:

Although the founders of the Tang related to the glory of the earlier

3345:; instead the allies of Emperor Wenzong were publicly executed in the 3255: 17200: 16971: 16855: 16825: 16606: 16480: 16271: 15753: 15717: 15686: 15632: 14318:

The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention

14310:

Proceedings of the International Sailing Ships Conference in Shanghai

13774:

Proceedings of the International Sailing Ships Conference in Shanghai

11979: 11970: 11523: 11521: 11519: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9296: 9049: 9047: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8639: 7927: 7925: 7522: 7506: 7498: 7483: 7475: 7378: 7222:(National Building Law). Fragments of this book have survived in the 7199: 7142:

by the Sui-dynasty engineers Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai. They provided a

7083: 6927: 6891: 6844: 6832: 6785: 6697: 6674: 6649: 6640: 6260:(334–416) was also just as popular as Chan Buddhism during the Tang. 6182: 6066: 5866: 5741: 5695: 5684: 5635: 5605: 5429: 5405: 5313: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5194: 5065: 5049: 4940: 4927: 4802: 4710: 4588: 4566: 4534:. Hostilities between the Tang and Tibet continued until they signed 4435: 4104: 4090: 4086: 4035: 3928: 3901: 3598: 3540: 3454: 3443: 3080: 3064: 3030: 2813: 2801: 2738: 2698: 2608: 2520: 2412: 2408: 2293: 2223:. He had prestige and military experience, and was a first cousin of 1993: 1977: 1923: 777: 14252: 14214: 14038: 13782:

Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History

13646: 13501: 13324: 13202:, in Mair, Victor H.; Steinhardt, Nancy S.; Goldin, Paul R. (eds.), 11919: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8363: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8268: 7985: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7792:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

7325: 7226:(The Tang Code), while the Song dynasty architectural manual of the 6918:. In China, there was a great demand for sugar; during the reign of 4597:, Peroz was made the head of a Governorate of Persia in what is now 4411:

troops was low. Some "Turkic" troops were tribalized Han Chinese, a

3810:

and tested the student's knowledge of a broad variety of texts. The

3762: 3636:

The Tang Code was largely retained by later codes such as the early

2211:, the founder of the Tang dynasty, was Duke of Tang and governor of 16601: 16384: 16342: 16281: 15909: 15855: 15825: 15771: 15723: 15656: 15620: 15614: 15584: 15101: 14683: 14604: 14530: 12424: 11309: 11285: 11070: 10570: 10553: 10088:

China and Central Asia in the Post-Soviet Era: A Bilateral Approach

9744: 9681: 9516: 9354: 7599: 7490: 7425: 7334: 7298: 7106:(683–727) inspiration when he invented the world's first clockwork 6962: 6899: 6876: 6856: 6848: 6816: 6797: 6678: 6565: 6412: 6309: 6245: 6178: 6148: 6105: 6084: 6049: 5668: 5623: 5531: 5523: 5491: 5385: 5381: 5358: 5268:, among many others. In 748, the Buddhist monk Jian Zhen described 5241: 5210: 5141: 5042: 5000: 4996: 4748: 4706: 4674: 4670: 4642: 4638: 4602: 4531: 4508: 4431: 4244: 4229: 4181: 4131:

Chinese officer of the Guard of Honour. Tomb of Princess Chang-le (

4058:

bordering Persia in the west, to northern Korea in the north-east.

3843:

by recruiting a body of career officials having no family or local

3823: 3767: 3735: 3718: 3520: 3377: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3092: 3068: 3042: 3038: 2969: 2949: 2910: 2668: 2474: 2470: 2250: 2149: 2057: 1989: 1965: 1952: 798: 667: 14025:

Reischauer, Edwin O. (1940), "Notes on T'ang Dynasty Sea Routes",

13873:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV:3, Taipei: Caves 13864:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV:2, Taipei: Caves 11516: 11131: 9311: 9044: 8852: 8636: 8238: 7727:

had conquered these countries they sent their commander-in-chief,

7290:

unearthed at Xi'an in 1974 and dated roughly from 650 to 670. The

6132: 5869:(779–831), which was widely circulated in his own time and by the 4328:

of 720. Japanese monks also visited China; such was the case with

4283:

from Japan, diplomatic missions that were not halted until 894 by

3527:, before toppling the Later Liang dynasty the same year. However, 3313:

In the second year of the Taihe reign period , in the second month

3143:

after 763. So significant was this loss that half a century later

2523:(601–673 CE). From right to left are representatives hailing from 1992:, the Tang exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighboring 16514: 16443: 16399: 16254: 16160: 16133: 16112: 15819: 15813: 15765: 15741: 15560: 15424: 15388: 15072: 14420:

Draft Discussion of Early Tang Dynasty's Military Affairs History

14340:

Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires: A Global Perspective

14186:

T'ien-Kung K'ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century

13891:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. V:4, Taipei: Caves 13882:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. V:1, Taipei: Caves 13855:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. III, Taipei: Caves 12921:] (in Chinese), vol. 2, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 12766: 12607: 12591:. International Dunhuang Project, British Library. Archived from 11635: 11633: 11631: 11538: 11536: 9330: 8549: 8375: 8344: 8265: 8087: 7902: 7526: 7471: 7463: 7437: 7373: 7361: 7283: 7241: 7163: 7155: 7103: 7087: 6989: 6973: 6903: 6806: 6778: 6770: 6740: 6561: 6498: 6478: 6447: 6300: 6213: 6201: 6061: 5975: 5947: 5691: 5619: 5449: 5437: 5409: 5401: 5318: 5214: 5182: 4904: 4714: 4698: 4682: 4622: 4562: 4543: 4527: 4457: 4315: 4074: 4061:

Some of the kingdoms paying tribute to the Tang dynasty included

4055: 3840: 3739: 3602: 3512:. A year later Zhu had the deposed Emperor Ai poisoned to death. 3489: 3458: 3283:

prospered the most economically during the late Tang period. The

3240: 3214: 3100: 2804:, the sole recognized empress regnant in Chinese imperial history 2792: 2718: 2638: 2285: 2277: 2212: 2208: 2169: 2033: 1927: 1895: 1428: 1279: 1273: 879: 836: 486: 306: 132: 67: 16315: 15927: 14674:

Yu, Pauline (1998), "Charting the Landscape of Chinese Poetry",

13373:

Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

13277:———; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), 12636: 9756: 9669: 8768: 7749: 6595: 6193:(1130–1200), Buddhism had begun to flourish in China during the 2424: 16347: 16222: 15976: 15891: 15807: 15608: 15602: 15554: 15409: 15288: 13663:

The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism

13026:

Visualizing Love and Longing in Song Dynasty Paintings of Women

9082:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 276–278. 8061:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 151. 7761: 7604: 7457: 7441: 7433: 7353: 7036: 7005: 6935: 6931: 6919: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6812: 6781: 6774: 6510: 6404: 6221: 6190: 6163: 6080: 5833: 5798: 5782: 5746: 5658: 5615: 5519: 5511: 5441: 5397: 5362: 5333: 5301: 5273: 5202: 5186: 5163: 5137: 5113: 5080: 5034: 5029: 4960: 4810: 4705:

Turks who twice defeated the Tibetans, in 789 near the town of

4598: 4558: 4461: 4341: 4337: 4201: 4082: 4066: 3864: 3863:

acquired status in their local communities while developing an

3552: 3470: 3462: 3276: 3235: 3096: 2818: 2678: 2568: 2558: 2538: 2494: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2404: 2343: 2246: 2216: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2015: 166: 14761:

Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War

13920:, translated by Davis, Richard L., Columbia University Press, 13871:

Physics and Physical Technology: Civil Engineering and Nautics

13121:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

12514: 11628: 11599: 11533: 11196: 10895: 10387: 10385: 10054: 9567: 9369: 9342: 9260: 7961: 7669:) was often used, such as in the names of books of the period. 7266: 5510:

Both the Sui and Tang dynasties had turned away from the more

3738:

construction to build every visiting official his own private

3163:, 71 m (233 ft) high; begun in 713, completed in 803 2985: 16981: 15897: 15831: 15662: 15644: 15590: 15572: 15445: 12778: 12259: 12008: 12006: 10681: 10066: 9555: 9453: 9248: 8869: 8483: 7502: 7429: 7287: 6911: 6907: 6868: 6744: 6723: 6296: 5979: 5902: 5818: 5647: 5643: 5587: 5445: 5329: 5305: 5233: 5229: 5206: 5093: 4952: 4948: 4908: 4773: 4737:

tributary embassy came to the court of Emperor Taizong in 643

4658: 4630: 4523: 4391: 4329: 4116: 4093:

valley. Turkic nomads addressed the Emperor of Tang China as

4078: 4070: 3909: 3610: 3606: 3381: 3197: 3128: 3084: 2688: 2658: 2648: 2618: 2598: 2578: 2478: 2370: 2273: 2264:, ruled until 626, when he was forcefully deposed by his son 2137: 2019: 1860: 858: 844: 500: 191: 14745:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 12550: 12346: 12334: 11993: 11991: 11434: 11432: 11186: 11184: 11182: 9827: 9825: 9618: 9125: 9123: 7436:

foods. As written by Zhen Chuan and others in the Tang, the

7394:; maps from the 4th century BC that were excavated in 1986. 3388:(799–872) managed to wrestle control of the region from the 3200:

provinces, the government had to officially acknowledge the

2101: 13802:, et al., Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 13206:, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, pp. 368–376, 12958:

The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors

12756: 12754: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12414: 12412: 12074: 12072: 12059: 12057: 10382: 9698: 9696: 9545: 9543: 9108: 9005: 8301: 8299: 6712: 6685: 6514: 6486: 6482: 6166:

that incorporated many deities. Practitioners believed the

5591: 5373: 5281: 5198: 4944: 2481:

in 648. The wars against the Western Turks continued under

2469:, campaigns were dispatched in the Western Regions against 2280:

charges. Fighting a numerically superior army, he defeated

2045: 1942:, the Tang maintained a civil-service system by recruiting 1863: 16191: 14660:] (in Chinese), Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 13376:, translated by Wright, H. M., Stanford University Press, 13140:

Maritime Silk Route and Chinese-Foreign Cultural Exchanges

12684: 12672: 12580: 12099: 12003: 10883: 10871: 10832: 10729: 10111: 9785: 9783: 9732: 9720: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8672: 8670: 7625:

in 403 BC until the beginning of the Song dynasty in 960.

7541:

had a "Cool Hall" built in the imperial palace, which the

7035:

A rounded "offering plate" with design in "three colors" (

6733:(420–589), and perhaps even earlier, the drinking of tea ( 5828:

was spurred in large part by the writings of Tang authors

4915:

dancing with a cup of wine in its mouth, as the horses of

4255:

of this period was influenced by Tang Chinese architecture

3415:

destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia in 840–847

3075:

Tang commander since 744, who had experience fighting the

14073:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics

13853:

Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

13665:, translated by Lee, Suzanne, Paramus: Homa & Sekey, 12502: 12276: 12274: 12172: 12141: 12111: 12030: 11988: 11429: 11220: 11208: 11179: 10988: 10986: 10861: 10859: 10645: 10585: 10529: 10444: 10442: 10112:

Litvinsky, B.A.; Jalilov, A.H.; Kolesnikov, A.I. (1996).

10023: 9933: 9921: 9822: 9393: 9159: 9120: 8012: 7937: 7440:

glands of sheep and pigs were successfully used to treat

6548: 6299:

and places of worship. Many Taoists were associated with

6167: 5797:

poetry, or regulated verse, is in the form of eight-line

4697:. Although they had fought at Talas, on June 11, 758, an 4232:(594–669), the Kingdom of Goguryeo was destroyed by 668. 2342:. With this victory, the Turks accepted Taizong as their 817: 803: 789: 14481:

Chinese Glazes: Their Origins, Chemistry, and Recreation

14338:, in Duindam, Jeroen; Artan, Tülay; Kunt, Metin (eds.), 13862:

Physics and Physical Engineering: Mechanical Engineering

13484:"Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual" 12790: 12751: 12739: 12715: 12619: 12538: 12490: 12409: 12397: 12370: 12358: 12322: 12298: 12069: 12054: 11902:"Tang Dynasty Clothing – Facts about Tang Chinese Dress" 11870: 11843: 11831: 11807: 11795: 11759: 11577: 11575: 11480: 11405: 11393: 11381: 11239: 11237: 11235: 10844: 10657: 10621: 10519: 10517: 10370: 10286: 9999: 9800: 9798: 9708: 9693: 9647: 9645: 9540: 9224: 9195: 8963: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8807: 8624: 8573: 8571: 8416: 8414: 8318:

Zhou, Xiuqin (University of Pennsylvania) (April 2009).

8296: 8284: 8255: 8253: 8226: 8192: 8190: 8000: 7489:

Since the time of the Han, the Chinese had drilled deep

7170:

Midway up the southern side of the mountain was a dragon

7008:-glazed lobed dish with incised decorations, 8th century 6069:

in 710 was a meta-history, as it covered the history of

3971:

In the Tang census of 754, there were 1,859 cities, 321

3434:

southern China (which An Lushan failed to do due to the

2022:, belonged to this age, contributing with poets such as 768: 13090:

Courtesans, Concubines, and the Cult of Female Fidelity

12894:

Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection

12808: 12466: 12387: 12385: 12235: 12089: 12087: 11860: 11858: 11783: 11771: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11357: 11052:

McMullen, David L. (1999). McDermott, Joseph P. (ed.).

10959: 10705: 10454: 10274: 10253: 9897: 9873: 9861: 9780: 9528: 9214: 9212: 9210: 8893: 8722: 8720: 8694: 8667: 8500: 8498: 8471: 8175: 6696:

There were some prominent court women after the era of

6586:

Women in ancient and imperial China § Tang dynasty

6513:-glazed carved relief showing horseback riders playing 6388:, was given recognition by the Tang court. In 781, the 5982:) during the 7th century. Afterwards he wrote the book 5634:, among others. With the open access to China that the 4480:. Under Emperor Gaozong, a campaign led by the general 3356:

A late Tang mural commemorating the victory of General

3329:

The last great ambitious ruler of the Tang dynasty was

86:

The empire in 661, when it reached its greatest extent

16073:

The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities

14188:, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 13396:(2nd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, 12478: 12271: 12018: 11928: 11716: 11676: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11492: 11444: 11369: 11167: 11155: 11143: 11056:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 166. 11003: 11001: 10983: 10856: 10796: 10784: 10760: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10717: 10693: 10633: 10609: 10502: 10490: 10478: 10439: 10347:

Encyclopaedia of Tibet: History and geography of Tibet

10325: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10038: 9849: 9504: 9494: 9492: 9465: 9381: 8795: 6369:'s greatest geographical extent during the Middle Ages 5785:(701–762) famous for the former style, and poets like 5679:

was the greatest economic center during the Tang era.

5003:

texts to be translated into Chinese. There was also a

4641:. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at 4139:, Shaanxi province. Tang Zhenguan year 17, i.e. 644 CE 3406:) of Sha Prefecture, and military governor of the new 3048: 14786: – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 14400:] (in Chinese), Dongying: Qilu Publishing House, 13880:

Chemistry and Chemical Technology: Paper and Printing

12984:

China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang dynasty

12702: 12526: 12247: 11587: 11572: 11560: 11548: 11504: 11468: 11456: 11321: 11249: 11232: 11082: 10949: 10947: 10820: 10669: 10541: 10514: 9995:. King's Crown Press, Columbia University. p. 6. 9909: 9837: 9795: 9642: 9606: 9594: 9584: 9582: 9441: 9236: 9183: 9171: 9017: 8993: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8929: 8905: 8881: 8840: 8819: 8785: 8783: 8744: 8682: 8612: 8568: 8522: 8435: 8411: 8250: 8187: 8036: 8024: 7878: 7773: 7642: 7214:

In the realm of structural engineering and technical

6953:. This was due to the role of the bull as a valuable 5918:

encyclopedia was compiled in 624 by the chief editor

5749:(701–762 AD), the only surviving example of Li Bai's 4872:

including its previous political division around the

3438:). Huang Chao's army in southern China committed the 2952:), built in 652, repaired by Empress Wu Zetian in 704 744: 730: 716: 700: 686: 672: 658: 13280:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

12660: 12456: 12454: 12441: 12439: 12382: 12310: 12286: 12223: 12211: 12199: 12084: 12042: 11882: 11855: 11819: 11740: 11417: 11297: 11273: 11261: 10971: 10932: 10808: 10597: 10011: 9768: 9405: 9272: 9207: 9096: 8717: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8539: 8537: 8495: 8459: 8447: 8392: 8150: 8138: 7577:. This was edited into another history (labeled the 6659:. They were generally knowledgeable in the rules of 6267:

A timber hall built in 857, located at the Buddhist

6216:

life; this episode would later be dubbed one of the

5357:

set sail from the various ports along the coasts of

4821:

also provide a description of the Byzantine capital

4591:

and his court moved to Tang China. According to the

2164:

Li lineage, and it included the prominent Tang poet

1857: 1645: 1567: 1447: 1380: 1310: 1184: 13276: 12727: 11940: 11728: 11688: 11611: 11527: 11345: 11339: 11315: 11291: 11137: 11076: 10998: 10772: 10741: 10579: 10564: 10035: 9810: 9750: 9687: 9657: 9522: 9489: 9477: 9429: 9417: 9363: 9324: 9305: 9284: 9059: 9053: 8863: 8661: 8562: 8510: 8386: 8369: 8357: 8278: 8214: 8202: 7994: 7973: 7931: 4601:, Afghanistan. During this conquest of Persia, the 4553:A bas relief of a soldier and the emperor's horse, 4310:(r. 661–672), whereupon they presented a gift of a 3551:also stemmed from this period. In 905 their leader 14727:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 14485:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 14478: 13346: 13108:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 12858:T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History 12648: 12562: 11657:Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in Ancient China 10944: 10343: 10145: 9885: 9630: 9579: 9336: 8946: 8917: 8780: 8774: 8600: 8108:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 4–6. 6158:Since ancient times, some Chinese had believed in 5530:blossomed and was more widely accessible with new 5352:, the Yangtze River, and even as far south as the 3396:(r. 846–859) acknowledged Zhang as the protector ( 2825:In 683, Emperor Gaozong died. He was succeeded by 2253:. On the news of Emperor Yang's murder by General 2060:became a major influence in Chinese culture, with 14355: 14109:Cultural flow between China and the outside world 13972:"Gold and Silver Wares on the Belitung Shipwreck" 12896:, Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Museum of Art, 12451: 12436: 11961: 11117:. Beijing: Morning Glory Publishers. p. 56. 10084: 9147: 8756: 8732: 8583: 8534: 8320:"Zhaoling: The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong" 7890: 7767: 6631:Palace ladies in a garden from a mural of Prince 6171:homes, and officials. This ideal is reflected in 5408:towards Korea and another from Guangzhou through 4771:, which those histories directly associated with 4396:a major militarized force employed by the Chinese 3225:inundated vast tracts of land and terrain of the 3091:. Despite early victories scored by Tang General 1930:dynasty and becoming the only legitimate Chinese 17687: 15396:Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction 14275:] (in Chinese), Beijing: Haiyang chubanshe, 13900:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 545–607, 13696: 13450:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 43–58, 13347:Gascoigne, Bamber; Gascoigne, Christina (2003), 13200:"Late-Tang Foreign Relations: The Uyghur Crisis" 10408: 10404: 10402: 10400: 9675: 8168:As represented by the epitaph on the lid of the 7949: 7791: 6934:also came from India as a finished product from 5420:(d. 863) provided a detailed description of the 4959:, and percussion instruments from India such as 4042: 2989:Mural of Tang dynasty Chinese architecture from 2376:Tang dynasty territory and inspection circuits ( 2132:. According to official Tang records, they were 14378:, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, pp. 106–179, 14013:, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 121–145, 13296: 13164:] (in Chinese), Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 12811:The Writing of Official History Under the T'ang 12520: 11639: 11542: 9375: 9348: 9266: 8875: 8489: 7967: 6655:In Chang'an, ordinary courtesans inhabited the 6564:and a female attendant in silk robes, from the 4853:by the Sui dynasty (dating this to the time of 4351: 4178:Like the emperors of the Sui dynasty before him 3859:. The competition system proved successful, as 2358:". Taizong was succeeded by his son Li Zhi (as 2144:(whose personal name was Li Dan or Li Er), the 17766:States and territories established in the 610s 14193:Stein, R. A. (1972) , "Tibetan Civilization", 14147:, Harvard University Press, pp. 165–191, 13184:, Brill's Inner Asian Library, Leiden: Brill, 12842:(2nd ed.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 10260:. Princeton University Press. pp. 88–89. 10207:. London: The Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 10120:. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 449–472. 7593:of China. One of the surviving sources of the 5793:(704–754) famous for their use of the latter. 5720:A Tang dynasty era copy of the preface to the 5694:, which was the favored capital of the two by 5158:A contract from the Tang dynasty found in the 5149: 5079:The Tang captured the vital route through the 3990: 3851:by preventing powerful families from becoming 3566: 2330:was destroyed after the capture of its ruler, 2112:(1368–1644), depicting the first Tang emperor 16207: 14857: 14743:The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South 14676:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 14093:, Manoa: Asian Interactions and Comparisons, 13977:Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds 13756:China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty 13297:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006) , 13204:Hawai'i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture 12940:Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire 10397: 10247: 7794:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 7648: 7567:The first classic work about the Tang is the 7548: 6942:it became the prime textile fabric in China. 5841: 5690:There was also the secondary capital city of 5538: 5328:Vessels from other East Asian states such as 5056:was initially formulated during the reign of 4977: 4907:-silver jar, shaped in the style of northern 4809:", possibly a reference to one of the acting 4188:; however, this led to its withdrawal in the 3797: 3787: 3651:The Tang had three departments (Chinese: 2775:Foreign ambassadors visiting the Tang court: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2732: 2722: 2712: 2702: 2692: 2682: 2672: 2662: 2652: 2642: 2632: 2622: 2612: 2602: 2592: 2582: 2572: 2562: 2552: 2542: 2528: 2172:heritage. The Tang emperors had part-Xianbei 1828: 608: 356:5,400,000 km (2,100,000 sq mi) 47: 17761:States and territories disestablished in 907 17664:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 14075:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 13124:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 13041: 8105:Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages 7872:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 7755: 7505:to extract salt. During the Tang dynasty, a 7458:Alchemy, gas cylinders, and air conditioning 7110:mechanism in 725. This was used alongside a 6094:Other important literary offerings included 4583:(633–656), the son of the last ruler of the 4143: 3573:Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty 2239:, relegated Emperor Yang to the position of 2072:, which subsequently declined in influence. 1898:between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the 15321:Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy 14795: – Chinese Text Initiative, 14463:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 14438:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith 14391: 12696: 12178: 12147: 12128: 12126: 12117: 12105: 11112: 10078: 7654: 6887:, which the Chinese called "river piglet". 3103:province, they called upon the help of the 2924: 2048:. Tang scholars compiled a rich variety of 16214: 16200: 14864: 14850: 14631:[The Biography of Tang Xuanzong], 14238: 14052: 14024: 13714: 13260:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 13224:(in Chinese), vol. 1998, no. 4, 13024:Blanchard, Lara Caroline Williams (2001), 12873: 11605: 11202: 10901: 10889: 10877: 10169:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 10060: 9738: 9726: 9230: 8018: 7057:History of science and technology in China 7051:Science and technology of the Tang dynasty 6181:, originating in India around the time of 6111: 5873:(1279–1368) became the basis for plays in 5064:, it was reopened by the Tang in 639 when 4468:, but also separate campaigns against the 4220:, these ships described by Li Quan in his 3250: 2064:gaining prominence. However, in the 840s, 1982:Far-flung kingdoms and states paid tribute 1835: 1821: 591: 80: 15417:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions 14453: 14435: 14373: 13895: 13023: 12999: 11438: 11019: 10907: 10687: 10651: 10591: 10177:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 541–542. 10029: 9989:Li, Tieh-tseng (Lǐ Tiězhēng 李鐵錚) (1956). 9927: 9831: 9573: 9561: 9549: 9459: 9254: 8477: 8305: 7884: 7822: 7388:the earliest extant terrain maps of China 7044: 6076:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions 4344:, Fujian and setting sail for Japan from 4099:. After the widespread Göktürk revolt of 3758:Imperial examination in Chinese mythology 2786: 1976:and the lucrative trade-routes along the 27:Imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907 16126:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era 15245:Protectorate General to Pacify the South 15240:Protectorate General to Pacify the North 14802:Guide to Tang art, with video commentary 14548:The earliest Muslim communities in China 14519:Journal of the American Oriental Society 14011:Journal of the American Oriental Society 13917:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 13886: 13877: 13868: 13859: 13850: 13735: 13301:(2nd ed.), Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 13235: 12963: 12878:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 12874:Andrew, Anita N.; Rapp, John A. (2000), 12796: 12784: 12772: 12721: 12642: 12630: 12613: 12556: 12544: 12496: 12430: 12418: 12403: 12376: 12364: 12352: 12340: 12328: 12123: 12078: 12063: 11486: 11411: 11387: 11051: 10965: 10850: 10663: 10627: 10376: 10292: 10140: 10005: 9714: 9702: 9624: 9141: 9077: 9011: 8899: 8711: 8676: 8403:sfn error: no target: CITEREFForte1988 ( 8054: 7324: 7265: 7146:that allowed seasonal adjustment in the 7073: 6894:, date palms, pistachios, and figs from 6711: 6626: 6547: 6504: 6450:(706–783), a court artist under Xuanzong 6262: 6142: 6131: 6041:. Although not included in the official 5933:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era 5889: 5740: 5715: 5657: 5604: 5548: 5153: 5022: 4965: 4926:Through use of the land trade along the 4719: 4548: 4444: 4373: 4362:Protectorate General to Pacify the North 4234: 4126: 4014: 3888: 3884: 3761: 3745: 3619: 3581: 3384:. In 848 the ethnic Han Chinese general 3351: 3254: 3166: 3154: 2984: 2886:commissioned by Wu Zetian (original 294 2796: 2455:Tang campaigns against the Western Turks 2186: 2100: 17721:10th-century disestablishments in China 17488: 15250:Protectorate General to Pacify the East 15223:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 14871: 14288: 14070: 13815: 13087: 13059: 13042:Blunden, Caroline; Elvin, Mark (1983), 12891: 12855: 12837: 12280: 12265: 12241: 12036: 11498: 11450: 11226: 11214: 11190: 11173: 11161: 11149: 10992: 10865: 10838: 10802: 10790: 10766: 10699: 10639: 10615: 10460: 10391: 10331: 10298: 10072: 9510: 9471: 9387: 8975: 8969: 8940: 8887: 8813: 8726: 8630: 8618: 8577: 8528: 8504: 8441: 8420: 8290: 8259: 8232: 8196: 8006: 7715:always wished to open intercourse with 7597:, primarily covering up to 756, is the 7240:(712–756) there were 34,850 registered 6992:-gold bowl with lotus and animal motifs 5609:Map of Chang'an during the Tang dynasty 5372:, a silt-preserved shipwrecked Arabian 4751:such as S.A.M. Adshead have identified 4358:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 4172:Protectorate General to Pacify the East 3954: 2324:Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks 14: 17688: 14707:, vol. 1 (New ed.), London: 14564: 14315: 14273:History of Navigation in Ancient China 14055:A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions 13913: 13721:The Chinese: Their History and Culture 13630: 13572: 13523: 13389: 13366: 13222:Researches in Chinese Economic History 13197: 13177: 13105: 12955: 12760: 12745: 12690: 12678: 12484: 12024: 12012: 11706: 11682: 11581: 11566: 11327: 11255: 10735: 10304: 9855: 9023: 8999: 8834: 8340:from the original on October 10, 2022. 8042: 8030: 7701:'s (1885) translated passage from the 7529:180 AD) of the Han dynasty invented a 7414:(r. 649–683) commissioned an official 7194:world, a design of the Greek inventor 6949:, as the Tang court encouraged people 6827:were consumed included pork, chicken, 6663:, and received particular training in 6073:in past centuries until his time. The 5459: 5321:, rice, wine, and tea. Their presence 5312:observed the manufacturing of Chinese 3589:wearing the robes and hat of a scholar 3510:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 3425:In addition to natural calamities and 3285:government monopoly on salt production 2160:kingdom. This family was known as the 1904:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 1872: 819: 746: 16195: 14845: 14498: 14422:] (in Chinese), Beijing: Kunlun, 14333: 14201:(4), Stanford University Press: 501, 14192: 14160: 14142: 13820:(MA thesis). University of Colorado. 13753: 13678: 13547: 13463: 13445: 13427: 13409: 13314: 13253: 13114: 13110:, New York: Columbia University Press 12705:International Journal of Anthropology 12532: 12508: 12048: 11997: 11985:Lara Caroline Williams Blanchard,119. 11976:beverly bossler,pp. 71-99 (29 pages). 11651: 11593: 11554: 11510: 11474: 11462: 11243: 11103:, pp. xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii. 11027:(First American ed.). New York: 11025:A History of the World in 100 Objects 10826: 10547: 10535: 10523: 10017: 9915: 9804: 9651: 9612: 9600: 9447: 9411: 9399: 9278: 9242: 9218: 9201: 8801: 8516: 8453: 8398: 8244: 8220: 8208: 8181: 8156: 8144: 7943: 7896: 7247: 7086:motif of gold and silver inlaid with 6831:(especially preferred in the north), 6804:both civilians and aristocrats. Like 6543: 6147:An 8th-century silk wall scroll from 4813:for the young Byzantine monarch. The 4724:Illustration of Byzantine embassy to 4657:and drove them out. By the 740s, the 4370:Tibet and the Tang and Song dynasties 4239:A 10th-century mural painting in the 4198:Allying with the Korean Silla Kingdom 3919:Religion was central in the reign of 3420: 1988:system. In addition to its political 14697: 14516: 14476: 14413: 14358:Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I 14307: 14180: 14124: 14111:, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 14106: 14008: 13832: 13724:, vol. 1, New York: Macmillan, 13660: 13557:, Fordham University, archived from 13551:(2000) , Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.), 13137: 12981: 12934: 12733: 12666: 12391: 12316: 12304: 12292: 12229: 12217: 12205: 12093: 11946: 11934: 11925:Lara Caroline Williams Blanchard,79. 11888: 11876: 11864: 11849: 11837: 11825: 11813: 11801: 11789: 11777: 11765: 11753: 11622: 11423: 11375: 11363: 11351: 11279: 11267: 11100: 11088: 10977: 10938: 10814: 10778: 10754: 10723: 10603: 10508: 10496: 10484: 10475:, pp. 152–153, see endnote 114. 10472: 10448: 10412:(2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). 10223: 10197: 10048: 9951: 9891: 9774: 9663: 9636: 9588: 9534: 9498: 9483: 9435: 9423: 9290: 9189: 9177: 9165: 9153: 9129: 9114: 9102: 9065: 8957: 8923: 8911: 8846: 8789: 8606: 8594: 8543: 8317: 8101: 8058:Sui and T'ang China, 589–906. Part 1 7779: 7372:had the geographer and cartographer 6762:made in 589 by the scholar-official 6579: 5970:. The Tang dynasty Chinese diplomat 4797:, or "Constantine the Bearded") and 4789:) was identified as Byzantine ruler 4669:had reestablished a presence in the 3997:Military history of the Tang dynasty 3673:Three Departments and Six Ministries 2227:(their mothers were both one of the 2014:. Two of China's most famous poets, 1894:that ruled from 618 to 907, with an 17746:Former countries in Chinese history 17701:7th-century establishments in China 14648: 14544: 14342:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 171–198, 14266: 14088: 13933: 13887:———, ed. (1986), 13878:———, ed. (1986), 13869:———, ed. (1986), 13860:———, ed. (1986), 13797: 13779: 13771: 13610: 13590: 13481: 13155: 12942:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 12909: 12654: 12472: 12460: 12445: 12253: 12159: 11734: 11722: 11694: 11399: 11013: 11007: 10953: 10711: 10675: 10344:S. K. Sharma; Sharma, Usha (1996), 10280: 10234:A History of Chinese Muslim (Vol.2) 9939: 9903: 9879: 9867: 9843: 9816: 9789: 9762: 8762: 8738: 8465: 6218:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 4569:, from the tomb of Emperor Taizong 4247:showing monastic architecture from 3792:; 'illuminating the classics') and 3390:Tibetan Empire during its civil war 3174:, built during the late 8th century 3049:An Lushan Rebellion and catastrophe 2334:by the famed Tang military officer 1926:seized the throne, proclaiming the 24: 14716: 14673: 14626: 14582: 14145:Military Culture in Imperial China 14027:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 13969: 13740:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 13634:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 13414:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 77–105, 13219: 13062:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12966:The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia 12568: 12132: 11303: 10236:. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 10204:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia 9988: 8750: 8688: 7979: 7955: 6101:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang 5340:of Japan were all involved in the 4491:The Tang Empire competed with the 4486:launched against the Western Turks 4366:Inner Asia during the Tang dynasty 4165: 3642:improved property rights for women 3577: 3535:(960–1279). Control over parts of 3473:, led by Li Keyong. He was made a 3152:was killed by his own son in 763. 3139:) the Tang were in no position to 2489:was finally annexed after General 2446:, Henan. Tang dynasty, 7th century 25: 17777: 14777: 14294:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 19–56, 13430:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900 13393:A History of Chinese Civilization 13350:The Dynasties of China: A History 12964:Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987), 12190: 11528:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11340:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11316:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11292:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11138:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11077:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 10580:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 10565:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 10305:Fuller, Neathery Batsell (2002). 10091:. Lexington Books. pp. 10–. 9751:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9688:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9523:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9364:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9325:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9306:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9054:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8864:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8662:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8563:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8387:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8370:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8358:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8279:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7995:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7932:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7798:Journal of World-Systems Research 7556: 7186:(221–207 BC). In the 3rd century 4951:, and small lacquered drums from 4849:wrote about the reunification of 4348:during his second trip to China. 4287:(r. 887–897), upon persuasion by 4034:of an original painted in 641 by 3429:amassing autonomous control, the 2747:), the "Barbarians of Jianping" ( 2453:The Tang dynasty further led the 2245:or retired emperor, and acted as 15019: 14678:, vol. 20, pp. 71–87, 14320:, New York: Simon and Schuster, 14053:Richardson, Hugh Edward (1985), 13800:History of Military Legal System 13353:, New York: Carroll & Graf, 12860:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 12809:Denis Crispin Twitchett (1992). 12802: 12574: 12184: 12153: 11952: 11894: 11645: 11115:A Journey into China's Antiquity 11106: 11045: 10337: 10254:Christopher I. Beckwith (1993). 10191: 10134: 10105: 9982: 9945: 7685: 7428:had an excess of sugar in their 7211:of some kind was employed here. 7028: 7013: 6997: 6981: 6613: 6594: 6455: 6436: 6358: 6341: 6330: 5598:moved the imperial court to the 5490:, draft painting of a fresco by 5476: 5125: 5105: 4911:'s leather bag decorated with a 4896: 3778:studies were candidates for the 3563:to overthrow Later Tang in 936. 2993:Cave 217, constructed in 707-710 2957: 2933: 2861: 2852: 2764: 2423: 2396: 2369: 2276:and was known for his effective 2086: 1853: 916: 597:"Tang dynasty" in Han characters 561: 547: 533: 519: 505: 491: 477: 452: 438: 424: 14834:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 14804: – Art of Asia, 14701:(1915) , Cordier, Henri (ed.), 13468:, New York; London: Routledge, 13432:, New York; London: Routledge, 11054:State and court ritual in China 9144:, pp. 320–321, footnote h. 9071: 9040:子評：‘僖宗以貌取人，失之巢賊，致令殺人八百萬，血流三千里’” 9029: 8426: 8311: 8162: 8095: 8048: 7833:International Studies Quarterly 7768:Twitchett & Wechsler (1979) 7672: 7364:(224–271). The Tang chancellor 6731:Northern and Southern dynasties 6620:Woman playing polo, 8th century 6463:Spring Outing of the Tang Court 6195:Northern and Southern dynasties 6128:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution 6087:, the Tang era's most renowned 5436:, which historians suggest was 5120:an equestrian figure on a horse 3725:stunts, poetry, paintings, and 3688:Northern and Southern dynasties 3488:In 901, from his power base of 2812:'s court as the lowly consort, 2465:in order to weaken both. Under 2156:, the founder of the Han-ruled 2032:. Many famous painters such as 880: 859: 845: 818: 804: 790: 769: 14763:, University of Hawaii Press, 14161:——— (2012), 14129:, Cambridge University Press, 14125:Shin, Michael D., ed. (2014), 13683:, Singapore University Press, 13464:——— (2016), 13428:——— (2002), 13390:——— (1996), 13263:, Cambridge University Press, 13198:——— (2005), 13088:——— (2020), 12968:, Princeton University Press, 12856:——— (2004), 12830: 12813:. Cambridge University Press. 9992:The historical status of Tibet 9337:Gascoigne & Gascoigne 2003 8775:Gascoigne & Gascoigne 2003 7860: 7816: 7785: 7649: 7635: 7549: 7493:to transport natural gas from 7320: 7232:(State Building Standards) by 7069: 6348:Details of the rubbing of the 6256:initiated by the Chinese monk 6136:A Tang dynasty sculpture of a 5842: 5618:, Central Asia, Japan, Korea, 4781:). The embassy sent in 643 by 4011:Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty) 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3402: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2733: 2723: 2713: 2703: 2693: 2683: 2673: 2663: 2653: 2643: 2633: 2623: 2613: 2603: 2593: 2583: 2573: 2563: 2553: 2543: 2529: 2515: 2382: 2340:Chancellor of the Tang dynasty 2338:(571–649), who later became a 2197: 1881: 1775:Science and technology history 745: 731: 717: 701: 687: 673: 659: 609: 332:• Abdication in favor of 177:Chinese Nestorian Christianity 107: Briefly-controlled areas 101: Military administration 48: 13: 1: 16020:Islam during the Tang dynasty 15260:Gyerim Territory Area Command 14725:Ethnic Identity in Tang China 14569:, Stanford University Press, 14460:Chinese History: A New Manual 14414:Wang Yongxing (王永兴) (2003), 13851:Needham, Joseph, ed. (1986), 13701:, University of Tokyo Press, 8247:, pp. 78, 82, 85–86, 95. 7738: 7338: 7136: 6312:have asserted, is refuted by 6303:in their pursuits to find an 6038:History of Southern Dynasties 6032:History of Northern Dynasties 5936:was fully compiled in 729 by 5811: 5701: 5495: 5140:glazed horse, excavated from 4570: 4301:Chinese model of architecture 4216:at its disposal to engage in 4200:, the Chinese fought against 4043:Protectorates and tributaries 3727:dramatic theater performances 3271:region to the south, such as 3135:had fallen apart in 842 (and 2354:under the traditional title " 2249:to the puppet child-emperor, 2219:, during the collapse of the 2140:, the traditional founder of 1145: 1104: 1080: 1057: 1033: 974: 32:Tang dynasty (disambiguation) 15346:Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum 14824:Dynasties in Chinese history 14806:Minneapolis Institute of Art 14071:Schafer, Edward H. (1985) , 13837:, Harvard University Press, 13758:, Harvard University Press, 13577:, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 13317:The Journal of Asian Studies 13283:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 13162:The History of Chinese Heqin 12919:A History of Chinese Muslims 10116:. In Litvinsky, B.A. (ed.). 9765:, pp. 149–152, 257–264. 9676:Kitagawa & Tsuchida 1975 8129:, a general in chief of the 8055:Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). 7743: 7470:and dust-repelling cream or 6811:of dishes similar to modern 6521:Traditional Chinese holidays 5069: 5060:(141–87 BC) during the 5054:Europe and the Western World 5018: 4978: 4876:; the name of China's ruler 4868:, i.e. Chang'an); the basic 4352:Western and Northern regions 4214:several different ship types 3802:; 'presented scholar'). The 3617:killed a servant or nephew. 3343:plot to have them overthrown 2082:Timeline of the Tang dynasty 7: 16221: 15142:Department of State Affairs 14892:Transition from Sui to Tang 14741:Schafer, Edward H. (1967), 14567:Buddhism in Chinese History 14501:Did Marco Polo go to China? 14392:Wang Saishi (王赛时) (2003), 14267:Sun Guangqi (孙光圻) (1989), 14167:, Oxford University Press, 13833:Mote, Frederick W. (2003), 13754:Lewis, Mark Edward (2012), 13573:Howard, Michael C. (2012), 13178:Drompp, Michael R. (2004), 13142:, Peking University Press, 12986:, Oxford University Press, 12838:Adshead, S. A. M. (1995) , 12521:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 11640:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 11543:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 10350:, Anmol Publ., p. 46, 9376:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 9349:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 9267:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 8876:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 8490:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 7968:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 7643: 7454:written by Su Gong in 659. 7397: 7065:List of Chinese discoveries 6386:Church of the East in China 6378:Assyrian Church of the East 6350:Nestorian pillar of Luoyang 6083:, recounted the journey of 5930:(d. 635). The encyclopedia 5912:published in the Tang. The 5730:, originally attributed to 5150:Seaports and maritime trade 4851:northern and southern China 4440:transition from Sui to Tang 4281:Imperial embassies to China 3991:Military and foreign policy 3935:(705–774, patriarch of the 3829:artisan or merchant classes 3567:Administration and politics 3349:, by the eunuchs' command. 3325:, for irrigation purposes.| 3029:(673–740) worked to reduce 2817:Emperor Gaozong suffered a 2386:) in 742, according to the 2350:in addition to his rule as 2093:Transition from Sui to Tang 95: Civil administration 10: 17782: 15218:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia 14788:Metropolitan Museum of Art 14723:Abramson, Marc S. (2008), 14565:Wright, Arthur F. (1959), 14376:Warfare in Chinese History 13412:Warfare in Chinese History 13236:Eberhard, Wolfram (2005), 13156:Cui Mingde (崔明德) (2005), 13028:, University of Michigan, 13010:10.1177/009770049502100302 12956:Baumer, Christoph (2012), 12137:. Harbin People Publisher. 11661:, Variorum, archived from 10307:"A Brief history of paper" 10085:Muhamad S. Olimat (2015). 7756:Blunden & Elvin (1983) 7560: 7518:was used for this device. 7251: 7061:List of Chinese inventions 7054: 7048: 6707: 6583: 6427: 6125: 6115: 5765:of Chinese literature and 5705: 5594:(Chinese soccer). In 662, 5542: 5539:Chang'an, the Tang capital 5463: 5432:trade in a country called 4887: 4581:Islamic conquest of Persia 4355: 4169: 4085:, and kingdoms located in 4049:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia 4046: 4008: 3994: 3981:northern to southern China 3755: 3749: 3628:of an official dressed in 3570: 3052: 2978: 2790: 2389:Cambridge History of China 2296:(b. 603) and crown prince 2090: 2079: 2075: 29: 17657: 17609: 17126: 16530: 16229: 16153: 16037: 16000: 15962: 15937: 15798: 15791: 15708: 15485: 15381: 15276: 15210: 15167: 15132: 15028: 15017: 14880: 14830: 14821: 14813: 14436:Whitfield, Susan (2004), 13738:When China Ruled the Seas 13736:Levathes, Louise (1994), 13716:Latourette, Kenneth Scott 13679:Kiang, Heng Chye (1999), 13625:10.1080/03085699308592766 13605:10.1080/03085698808592642 12892:Andrews, Gail C. (2010), 12433:, p. 163 footnote c. 11113:Yu, Weichao, ed. (1997). 9078:Scheidel, Walter (2018). 9035: 7583:) by the Song historians 7474:for clothes and weapons, 6871:with ginger and vinegar, 6380:, otherwise known as the 5781:, with the renowned poet 5728:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 5348:towards the mouth of the 5015:routes by horse or boat. 4834: 4786: 4655:crushed the Arab Umayyads 4144:Soldiers and conscription 4132: 4103:(d. 658) was put down at 3880:government school system. 3798: 3788: 3397: 2905:, which predicted that a 2510: 2377: 2192: 1948:standardized examinations 1892:imperial dynasty of China 1649: 1571: 1451: 1384: 1314: 1188: 891: 873: 866: 852: 835: 828: 811: 797: 783: 776: 762: 755: 738: 724: 710: 694: 680: 666: 652: 645: 640: 636: 632: 622: 618: 602: 590: 586: 581: 403: 393: 389: 379: 369: 365: 360: 352: 347: 343: 330: 317: 303: 290: 286: 276: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 220: 210: 200: 154: 144: 117: 79: 57: 41: 16087:Ten Computational Canons 15300:Three Hundred Tang Poems 15063:Administrative divisions 14653: 14628: 14415: 14393: 14334:Togan, Isenbike (2011), 14268: 14195:The Geographical Journal 13936:Chinese Science Bulletin 13835:Imperial China: 900–1800 13157: 13106:Bowman, John S. (2000), 12914: 12775:, pp. 99, 151, 233. 12616:, pp. 538–540, 543. 11655:"Taoism and Science" in 7628: 7573:by Liu Xu et al. of the 7514:; Robert Temple assumes 7501:evaporation pans boiled 7309:until the more advanced 7238:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 7135:Its design was improved 6602:Beauties Wearing Flowers 6228:stated was a "brilliant 5954:, and that the medieval 5826:Classical Prose Movement 4499:such as the marrying of 4291:(845–903). The Japanese 3894:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 3587:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 3508:, which inaugurated the 3494:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang 3394:Emperor Xuānzong of Tang 3309:throughout the country. 2981:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 2925:Emperor Xuanzong's reign 2487:Western Turkic Khaganate 2328:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 2215:, the capital of modern 2180:'s part-Xianbei mother, 2029:Three Hundred Tang Poems 674:ㄊㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ 460:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 446:Western Turkic Khaganate 15158:Secretariat-Chancellery 14979:Niu–Li factional strife 14759:Wang, Zhenping (2013), 14635:(in Chinese), Beijing, 14499:Woods, Frances (1996), 14316:Temple, Robert (1986), 13816:Marlowe, Britt (2008). 13798:Liu, Zhaoxiang (2000), 13524:Harper, Damian (2005), 13255:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 13044:Cultural Atlas of China 12584:; Praderie, Françoise; 9117:, pp. 6–7, 10, 12. 8074:deliberate fabrication. 7846:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 7412:Emperor Gaozong of Tang 6959:Emperor Wenzong of Tang 6112:Religion and philosophy 5991:Emperor Taizong of Tang 5488:Eighty Seven Celestials 4430:province, and southern 3966:the earlier Han dynasty 3766:A Ming-era painting by 3347:West Market of Chang'an 3341:'s (r. 826–840) failed 3291:, was placed under the 3251:Rebuilding and recovery 3125:Yangzhou massacre (760) 2966:Small Wild Goose Pagoda 2942:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda 2519:), probably painted by 2116:(born Li Yuan, 566–635) 2097:Emperor Taizong of Tang 557:Second Turkic Khaganate 226:• 618–626 (first) 16039:Science and technology 15328:Huaisu's Autobiography 15228:Four Garrisons of Anxi 14994:Tang-Nanzhao conflicts 14932:Tang–Western Turks War 14902:Tang–Eastern Turks War 14797:University of Virginia 14784:Tang Dynasty (618–907) 14127:Korean History in Maps 14057:, London: Psychology, 13661:Kang, Jae-eun (2006), 12982:Benn, Charles (2002), 12840:China in World History 12645:, p. Plate LXXXI. 11652:Sivin, Nathan (1995), 9958:Tibet Past and Present 9231:Andrew & Rapp 2000 8102:Chen, Sanping (2012). 7563:Chinese historiography 7390:come from the ancient 7345: 7307:printing type in China 7275: 7180: 7091: 7045:Science and technology 6726: 6644: 6643:was also buried in 706 6572: 6560:on a banner depicting 6517: 6420:in Tang China and the 6411:due to their links to 6323:Nestorian Christianity 6276: 6210:Emperor Wuzong of Tang 6155: 6140: 6071:Chinese historiography 5905: 5761:The Tang period was a 5758: 5738: 5726:poems composed at the 5663: 5628:Nestorian Christianity 5610: 5570: 5170: 5074:Four Garrisons of Anxi 5045: 5037:musicians riding on a 4992: 4795:Kōnstantinos Pogonatos 4729: 4576: 4488:ruled by Ashina Helu. 4453: 4382: 4312:south-pointing chariot 4256: 4140: 4039: 4022:(r. 626–649) receives 4001:Naval history of China 3944:Inexhaustible Treasury 3905: 3882: 3771: 3633: 3590: 3369: 3327: 3263: 3175: 3172:Nanchan Temple (Wutai) 3164: 3141:reconquer Central Asia 3137:the Uyghurs soon after 2994: 2805: 2787:Wu Zetian's usurpation 2778:The Gathering of Kings 2506:The Gathering of Kings 2346:, a title rendered as 2205: 2117: 262:• 904–907 (last) 17736:907 disestablishments 17726:10th century in China 17634:Medieval great powers 15474:Green Satchel Classic 15373:Thousand-Buddha Cliff 15368:Rongxian Giant Buddha 15341:Kashyapa & Ananda 15177:Ministry of Personnel 15087:Imperial examinations 14440:, Chicago: Serindia, 13970:Qi, Dongfang (2010), 13699:The Tale of the Heike 13561:on September 10, 2014 13489:Architectural History 13482:Guo, Qinghua (1998), 12268:, pp. 76, 83–84. 11031:. pp. 351, 357. 10427:on September 10, 2014 10075:, pp. 10, 25–26. 9942:, pp. 24, 30–31. 9168:, pp. 10, 12–13. 9132:, pp. 7, 10, 12. 7758:, pp. 26, 92–93. 7590:Twenty-Four Histories 7328: 7269: 7262:Chinese playing cards 7168: 7122:in representation of 7077: 7055:Further information: 6945:Some foods were also 6715: 6630: 6552:A late Tang or early 6551: 6508: 6400:of the 13th century. 6305:elixir of immortality 6266: 6146: 6135: 6044:Twenty-Four Histories 5993:. These included the 5978:(modern northeastern 5922:(557–641) as well as 5893: 5744: 5719: 5661: 5608: 5557:, most likely one of 5552: 5470:Tang dynasty painting 5464:Further information: 5157: 5026: 4969: 4847:Theophylact Simocatta 4723: 4717:on the Yellow River. 4695:Arab-controlled Spain 4552: 4536:a formal peace treaty 4448: 4377: 4318:vehicle (employing a 4289:Sugawara no Michizane 4253:Japanese architecture 4238: 4130: 4047:Further information: 4018: 4009:Further information: 3927:(671–741) to perform 3892: 3885:Religion and politics 3877: 3780:imperial examinations 3765: 3756:Further information: 3746:Imperial examinations 3623: 3585: 3392:. Shortly afterwards 3355: 3311: 3287:, weakened after the 3258: 3170: 3158: 3099:and Xuanzong fled to 2988: 2979:Further information: 2808:Although she entered 2800: 2533:)—a reference to the 2440:Xiuding temple pagoda 2262:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 2190: 2178:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 2104: 2091:Further information: 2080:Further information: 2050:historical literature 1640:(mainland, 1912–1949) 172:Chinese folk religion 145:Common languages 17716:9th century in China 17711:8th century in China 17706:7th century in China 17644:European colonialism 17629:Ancient great powers 15235:Beiting Protectorate 15011:Huang Chao Rebellion 14927:Tang–Tibet relations 14897:Xuanwu Gate Incident 14627:Xu, Daoxun (1993), 14477:Wood, Nigel (1999), 14107:Shen, Fuwei (1996), 14089:Sen, Tansen (2003), 13914:Ouyang, Xiu (2004), 13299:China: A New History 13240:, New York: Cosimo, 13004:, pp. 269–309, 12787:, pp. 134, 151. 12582:Bonnet-Bidaud, J. M. 11402:, pp. 9, 22–24. 9576:, pp. 118, 122. 8327:Sino-Platonic Papers 7946:, pp. 111, 141. 7360:in the tradition of 7216:Chinese architecture 7118:to power a rotating 7039:) glaze, 8th century 6444:A Man Herding Horses 6189:and figures such as 6153:paradise of Amitabha 5863:Yingying's Biography 5734:(303–361 AD) of the 5553:A mural depicting a 5262:Nestorian Christians 5197:River in modern-day 4857:); the capital city 4741:Patriarch of Antioch 4651:Battle of Aksu (717) 4336:. The Japanese monk 4026:, ambassador of the 4024:Gar Tongtsen Yülsung 3955:Taxes and the census 3871:and the government. 3752:Imperial examination 2477:in 644 and 648, and 2302:Xuanwu Gate Incident 2134:paternally descended 2068:enacted policies to 2062:native Chinese sects 1960:The Tang capital at 1902:and followed by the 30:For other uses, see 17639:Modern great powers 16025:Chinese Manichaeism 15363:Leshan Giant Buddha 15335:Night-Shining White 15197:Ministry of Justice 15182:Ministry of Revenue 14969:An Lushan rebellion 14597:1981Isis...72..456X 14455:Wilkinson, Endymion 14207:1972GeogJ.138..501W 13948:1997ChSBu..42..976P 13046:, Oxford: Phaidon, 12693:, pp. 134–135. 12681:, pp. 132–133. 12559:, pp. 131–132. 12511:, pp. 124–125. 12475:, pp. 979–980. 12355:, pp. 473–474. 12343:, pp. 473–475. 12307:, pp. 126–127. 12015:, pp. 165–166. 12000:, pp. 114–115. 11879:, pp. 142–147. 11852:, pp. 154–155. 11840:, pp. 150–154. 11816:, pp. 173–174. 11804:, pp. 151–152. 11768:, pp. 39, 170. 11608:, pp. 228–229. 11342:, pp. 104–105. 11205:, pp. 143–144. 10904:, pp. 155–156. 10738:, pp. 104–105. 10714:, pp. 161–167. 10690:, pp. 57, 228. 10538:, pp. 118–119. 10394:, pp. 104–106. 10283:, pp. 242–243. 10147:"Ḳutayba b. Muslim" 10114:"The Arab Conquest" 10063:, pp. 106–143. 9906:, pp. 222–225. 9882:, pp. 380–386. 9870:, pp. 226–227. 9792:, pp. 655–659. 9627:, pp. 685–687. 9564:, pp. 116–118. 9462:, pp. 595–596. 9402:, pp. 145–146. 9257:, pp. 274–275. 9204:, pp. 111–112. 9014:, pp. 189–190. 8753:, pp. 221–227. 8691:, pp. 455–467. 7680:medieval demography 7466:. These included a 7196:Heron of Alexandria 6729:During the earlier 6722:by Tang era author 6008:Book of Northern Qi 5984:Zhang Tianzhu Guotu 5944:Chinese geographers 5561:, from the tomb of 5460:Culture and society 5300:, Arab and Persian 5298:An Lushan Rebellion 5276:, Persia, Qunglun ( 4919:were trained to do. 4827:how it was besieged 4452:, early 8th century 4334:China's Grand Canal 4113:sphere of influence 3896:giving audience to 3835:with commentaries. 3806:was based upon the 3289:An Lushan Rebellion 3161:Leshan Giant Buddha 3061:An Lushan Rebellion 3055:An Lushan Rebellion 2403:Tang emissaries to 2225:Emperor Yang of Sui 1936:An Lushan Rebellion 381:• 9th century 371:• 7th century 321:An Lushan Rebellion 17756:Medieval East Asia 17741:Dynasties of China 17731:618 establishments 16145:Woodblock printing 16008:Church of the East 15453:The Classic of Tea 15358:Dazu Rock Carvings 14989:Sweet Dew incident 14907:Tang–Xueyantuo War 13956:10.1007/BF02882611 13238:A History of China 13138:Chen, Yan (2002), 11906:thetangdynasty.org 11792:, pp. 16, 90. 11780:, pp. 22, 32. 11725:, pp. 168–69. 11366:, pp. 95–100. 10921:, October 18, 2008 10841:, pp. 10, 16. 10421:Fordham University 10313:on August 22, 2018 9537:, pp. xii, 4. 8184:, pp. 78, 93. 8082:were the generals 7782:, pp. 39, 47. 7692:Fordham University 7346: 7279:Woodblock printing 7276: 7254:Woodblock printing 7248:Woodblock printing 7132:astronomical clock 7092: 6957:. From 831 to 833 6877:red swimming crabs 6750:The Classic of Tea 6727: 6719:The Classic of Tea 6645: 6637:Qianling Mausoleum 6573: 6568:caves, now in the 6544:Status in clothing 6533:Cold Food Festival 6518: 6367:Church of the East 6277: 6254:Pure Land Buddhism 6156: 6141: 6122:Chinese philosophy 5906: 5759: 5739: 5708:Chinese literature 5664: 5611: 5571: 5567:Qianling Mausoleum 5528:Chinese literature 5390:radiocarbon dating 5370:Belitung shipwreck 5171: 5144:, Shaanxi Province 5046: 4993: 4870:geography of China 4730: 4713:, and in 791 near 4611:Qutayba ibn Muslim 4577: 4497:marriage alliances 4454: 4392:marriage alliances 4383: 4257: 4210:Battle of Baekgang 4141: 4040: 3906: 3808:Confucian classics 3772: 3700:equal-field system 3634: 3591: 3502:Empress Dowager He 3498:Emperor Ai of Tang 3440:Guangzhou massacre 3421:End of the dynasty 3370: 3264: 3176: 3165: 2995: 2972:texts into Chinese 2915:written characters 2806: 2260:Li Yuan, known as 2206: 2118: 2054:woodblock printing 2026:to the monumental 1934:. The devastating 1655: 1465:Five Dynasties and 1457: 1392:Southern dynasties 1320: 1219:Chu–Han Contention 281:Medieval East Asia 182:Chinese Manicheism 17683: 17682: 17605: 17604: 17570:Polish–Lithuanian 16745:Gurjara-Pratihara 16189: 16188: 16033: 16032: 15916:Dongshan Liangjie 15904:Zhaozhou Congshen 15787: 15786: 15438:The Tale of Li Wa 15272: 15271: 15255:Ungjin Commandery 15202:Ministry of Works 15187:Ministry of Rites 15134:Three Departments 15092:Official headwear 14912:Goguryeo–Tang War 14840: 14839: 14831:Succeeded by 14828:618–690, 705–907 14770:978-0-8248-3644-3 14752:978-0-520-01145-8 14734:978-0-8122-4052-8 14667:978-7-5004-0432-3 14642:978-7-01-001210-0 14576:978-1-5036-2067-4 14558:978-603-8206-39-3 14545:Wan, Lei (2017), 14510:978-0-8133-8999-8 14492:978-0-8122-3476-3 14470:978-0-674-06715-8 14447:978-1-932476-13-2 14429:978-7-80040-669-0 14407:978-7-5333-1174-2 14385:978-90-04-11774-7 14367:978-0-521-21446-9 14349:978-90-04-20622-9 14327:978-0-671-62028-8 14301:978-90-04-30741-4 14282:978-7-5027-0532-9 14224:978-0-8047-0806-7 14174:978-0-19-999627-8 14154:978-0-674-03109-8 14136:978-1-107-09846-6 14118:978-7-119-00431-0 14100:978-0-8248-2593-5 14082:978-0-520-05462-2 14064:978-0-947593-00-1 13987:978-1-58834-305-5 13927:978-0-231-50228-3 13907:978-0-521-24327-8 13844:978-0-674-01212-7 13809:978-7-5000-6303-2 13791:978-1-56639-832-9 13765:978-0-674-03306-1 13747:978-0-671-70158-1 13708:978-0-86008-128-9 13690:978-9971-69-223-0 13672:978-1-931907-37-8 13584:978-0-7864-9033-2 13541:978-1-74059-687-9 13530:, Footscray, VC: 13475:978-1-315-62712-0 13457:978-1-4039-6084-9 13439:978-0-415-23954-7 13421:978-90-04-11774-7 13403:978-0-521-49781-7 13383:978-0-8047-0720-6 13360:978-0-7867-1219-9 13308:978-0-674-01828-0 13290:978-0-618-13384-0 13270:978-0-521-66991-7 13247:978-1-59605-566-7 13213:978-0-8248-2785-4 13191:978-90-04-14129-2 13171:978-7-01-004828-4 13149:978-7-301-03029-5 13131:978-0-520-22154-3 13099:978-1-68417-067-8 12993:978-0-19-517665-0 12975:978-0-691-02469-1 12949:978-0-415-72078-6 12928:978-7-101-02890-4 12903:978-1-904832-77-5 12885:978-0-8476-9580-5 12867:978-1-4039-3456-7 12849:978-0-333-62132-5 12820:978-0-521-41348-0 12763:, pp. 79–80. 12748:, pp. 78–79. 12256:, pp. 38–40. 12133:Li, Fang (1999). 12039:, pp. 28–29. 11937:, pp. 64–66. 11378:, pp. 98–99. 11306:, pp. 75–76. 11229:, pp. 19–20. 11217:, pp. 18–19. 11193:, pp. 17–18. 11124:978-7-5054-0507-3 11063:978-0-521-62157-1 11038:978-0-670-02270-0 10726:, pp. 67–71. 10678:, pp. 30–32. 10511:, pp. 29–31. 10499:, pp. 48–49. 10487:, pp. 46–48. 10451:, pp. 54–55. 10357:978-81-7488-414-5 10267:978-0-691-02469-1 10242:978-7-101-02890-4 10184:978-90-04-07819-2 10127:978-92-3-103211-0 10098:978-1-4985-1805-5 9968:978-81-208-1048-8 9846:, pp. 85–95. 9308:, pp. 91–92. 9192:, pp. 12–13. 9180:, pp. 10–11. 9089:978-0-691-18325-1 8972:, pp. 35–37. 8914:, pp. 14–15. 8849:, pp. 15–17. 8816:, pp. 90–91. 8804:, pp. 43–44. 8633:, pp. 47–48. 8468:, pp. 97–98. 8372:, pp. 97–98. 8293:, pp. 42–43. 8235:, pp. 40–42. 8115:978-0-8122-0628-9 8090:, personal names. 8068:978-1-139-05594-9 8009:, pp. 40–41. 7997:, pp. 90–91. 7982:, pp. 73–87. 7609:universal history 7480:underwater divers 7144:steelyard balance 6970:food preservation 6867:with wine, fried 6736:Camellia sinensis 6580:Position of women 6481:, hunting, horse 6118:Religion in China 5908:There were large 5675:and close to the 5310:Sulaiman al-Tajir 4973:Kai Yuan Tong Bao 4839:Umayyad Caliphate 4799:further embassies 4663:Abbasid Caliphate 4635:Anxi Protectorate 4619:Umayyad Caliphate 4557:, with elaborate 4503:(d. 680) to 4501:Princess Wencheng 4474:oasis city-states 4346:Taizhou, Zhejiang 4320:differential gear 4186:Goguryeo–Tang War 3949:banking practices 3861:scholar-officials 3436:Battle of Suiyang 3231:Mandate of Heaven 3227:North China Plain 2903:Great Cloud Sutra 2827:Emperor Zhongzong 2637:), Wuxing of the 2300:(b. 589), in the 2233:Princess Pingyang 2174:maternal ancestry 2106:Portrait painting 2070:suppress Buddhism 1944:scholar-officials 1845: 1844: 1802:Transport history 1728:Education history 1700: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1681:Republic of China 1663:People's Republic 1636:Republic of China 1615: 1614: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1444: 1443: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1308: 1307: 1211:(206 BC – 220 AD) 1141:Spring and Autumn 1004:Liao civilization 895: 894: 887: 886: 785:Yale Romanization 726:Yale Romanization 647:Standard Mandarin 577: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 465: 464: 205:Absolute monarchy 112: 111: 16:(Redirected from 17773: 17486: 17485: 17151:Austro-Hungarian 16851:Chagatai Khanate 16216: 16209: 16202: 16193: 16192: 15972:Neo-Confucianism 15874:Baizhang Huaihai 15796: 15795: 15404:Empress Zhangsun 15379: 15378: 15314:A Palace Concert 15130: 15129: 15023: 14984:Changqing Treaty 14866: 14859: 14852: 14843: 14842: 14814:Preceded by 14811: 14810: 14773: 14755: 14737: 14711: 14694: 14670: 14645: 14623: 14579: 14561: 14541: 14513: 14495: 14484: 14473: 14450: 14432: 14410: 14388: 14370: 14352: 14330: 14312: 14304: 14285: 14263: 14241:The Art Bulletin 14235: 14189: 14177: 14157: 14139: 14121: 14103: 14085: 14067: 14049: 14021: 14005: 14004: 14002: 13996: 13990:, archived from 13966: 13930: 13910: 13892: 13883: 13874: 13865: 13856: 13847: 13829: 13812: 13794: 13776: 13768: 13750: 13732: 13711: 13693: 13675: 13657: 13627: 13607: 13587: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13549:Hirth, Friedrich 13544: 13520: 13478: 13460: 13442: 13424: 13406: 13386: 13363: 13343: 13311: 13293: 13273: 13250: 13232: 13216: 13194: 13174: 13152: 13134: 13111: 13102: 13084: 13056: 13038: 13020: 12996: 12978: 12960: 12952: 12931: 12906: 12888: 12870: 12852: 12825: 12824: 12806: 12800: 12794: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12770: 12764: 12758: 12749: 12743: 12737: 12731: 12725: 12719: 12713: 12712: 12700: 12694: 12688: 12682: 12676: 12670: 12664: 12658: 12652: 12646: 12640: 12634: 12628: 12617: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12595:on April 2, 2014 12578: 12572: 12566: 12560: 12554: 12548: 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11775: 11769: 11763: 11757: 11751: 11738: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11714: 11704: 11698: 11692: 11686: 11680: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11665:on June 23, 2008 11649: 11643: 11637: 11626: 11620: 11609: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11579: 11570: 11564: 11558: 11552: 11546: 11540: 11531: 11525: 11514: 11508: 11502: 11496: 11490: 11484: 11478: 11472: 11466: 11460: 11454: 11448: 11442: 11436: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11409: 11403: 11397: 11391: 11385: 11379: 11373: 11367: 11361: 11355: 11349: 11343: 11337: 11331: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11289: 11283: 11277: 11271: 11265: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11188: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11159: 11153: 11147: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11128: 11110: 11104: 11098: 11092: 11086: 11080: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11017: 11011: 11005: 10996: 10990: 10981: 10975: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10942: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10911: 10905: 10899: 10893: 10887: 10881: 10875: 10869: 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Archived from 10410:Hirth, Friedrich 10406: 10395: 10389: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10341: 10335: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10309:. Archived from 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10251: 10245: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10149: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10082: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9986: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9949: 9943: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9793: 9787: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9691: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9502: 9496: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9309: 9303: 9294: 9288: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9105:, pp. 7–12. 9100: 9094: 9093: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9042: 9041: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8979: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8944: 8938: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8817: 8811: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8715: 8709: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8665: 8659: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8581: 8575: 8566: 8560: 8547: 8541: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8324: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8294: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8263: 8257: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8170:Shangguan Wan'er 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8124: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8077: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7732: 7704:Old Book of Tang 7689: 7683: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641:The polite form 7639: 7595:Old Book of Tang 7580:New Book of Tang 7570:Old Book of Tang 7552: 7551: 7539:Emperor Xuanzong 7535:air conditioning 7516:some sort of tap 7497:to stoves where 7495:bamboo pipelines 7386:. Despite this, 7348:In the realm of 7343: 7340: 7177: 7173: 7141: 7138: 7120:armillary sphere 7032: 7017: 7001: 6985: 6839:bear), and even 6617: 6598: 6537:Lantern Festival 6529:Lantern Festival 6525:Chinese New Year 6459: 6440: 6422:Uighur Khaganate 6398:Mongol invasions 6382:Nestorian Church 6362: 6345: 6334: 6226:Arthur F. Wright 6187:Neo-Confucianism 6173:Tang dynasty art 5884:Romeo and Juliet 5856:Neo-Confucianism 5845: 5844: 5816: 5813: 5753:, housed in the 5642:serving wine in 5640:Tocharian ladies 5565:(d. 701) at the 5504: 5500: 5497: 5480: 5466:Tang dynasty art 5291: 5287: 5193:(sailing up the 5129: 5109: 5071: 4981: 4980: 4917:Emperor Xuanzong 4900: 4836: 4819:New Book of Tang 4788: 4769:Byzantine Empire 4764:New Book of Tang 4649:invaders at the 4607:Uthman Ibn Affan 4594:Old Book of Tang 4575: 4572: 4546:temple in Lhasa. 4520:An Shi Rebellion 4422:Chinese warlord 4251:, Tang dynasty; 4134: 4030:, at his court; 3921:Emperor Xuanzong 3915: 3801: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3742:in the capital. 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3599:a new legal code 3517:title of emperor 3404: 3399: 3364:in 848 AD, from 3331:Emperor Xianzong 3316: 3298:Old Book of Tang 3245:land reclamation 3206: 3105:Uyghur Khaganate 3019:Emperor Xuanzong 3015:Princess Taiping 2999:Shangguan Wan'er 2961: 2937: 2881: 2865: 2856: 2768: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2696: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2596: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2532: 2531: 2517: 2512: 2427: 2400: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2352:emperor of China 2199: 2194: 2108:, dating to the 1996:nations such as 1957:dynasty in 907. 1885: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1765:Military history 1723:Economic history 1711:Related articles 1688: 1670: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1608: 1595: 1582: 1569: 1568: 1552: 1539: 1526: 1507: 1497: 1485: 1472: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1433: 1423: 1410: 1397: 1382: 1381: 1365: 1360:Sixteen Kingdoms 1343: 1333: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1301: 1267: 1254: 1244: 1234: 1224: 1212: 1199: 1186: 1185: 1164: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1137: 1127: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1035: 985: 983: 979: 976: 920: 910:History of China 897: 896: 883: 882: 862: 861: 848: 847: 824: 823: 822: 807: 806: 793: 792: 772: 771: 751: 750: 749: 734: 733: 720: 719: 706: 705: 704: 690: 689: 676: 675: 662: 661: 638: 637: 614: 613: 595: 579: 578: 565: 564: 551: 550: 537: 536: 523: 522: 509: 508: 495: 494: 481: 480: 469: 468: 456: 455: 442: 441: 428: 427: 421: 420: 405: 404: 255:Emperor Xuanzong 162:Chinese Buddhism 137: 129: 106: 100: 94: 88: 87: 84: 72: 71: 61:618–690, 705–907 52: 51: 50: 39: 38: 21: 17781: 17780: 17776: 17775: 17774: 17772: 17771: 17770: 17686: 17685: 17684: 17679: 17668:American Empire 17653: 17649:African empires 17601: 17484: 17176:Central African 17122: 16940:Romano-Germanic 16526: 16260:Middle Assyrian 16233: 16225: 16220: 16190: 16185: 16176:Salt Commission 16171:Kaiyuan Tongbao 16149: 16029: 15996: 15958: 15933: 15783: 15704: 15699:Liêu Hữu Phương 15481: 15377: 15268: 15206: 15192:Ministry of War 15163: 15128: 15122:Turkic generals 15107:Imperial guards 15024: 15015: 14974:Qingshui Treaty 14964:Battle of Talas 14917:Baekje–Tang War 14876: 14870: 14836: 14827: 14819: 14780: 14771: 14758: 14753: 14740: 14735: 14722: 14719: 14717:Further reading 14714: 14709:Hakluyt Society 14668: 14655: 14643: 14630: 14577: 14559: 14511: 14493: 14471: 14448: 14430: 14417: 14408: 14395: 14386: 14368: 14350: 14328: 14302: 14283: 14270: 14253:10.2307/3177416 14225: 14215:10.2307/1795516 14175: 14155: 14137: 14119: 14101: 14083: 14065: 14039:10.2307/2718022 14000: 13998: 13994: 13988: 13942:(12): 976–981, 13928: 13908: 13845: 13810: 13792: 13766: 13748: 13709: 13691: 13673: 13647:10.2307/2719158 13585: 13564: 13562: 13542: 13502:10.2307/1568644 13476: 13458: 13440: 13422: 13404: 13384: 13368:Gernet, Jacques 13361: 13325:10.2307/2057970 13309: 13291: 13271: 13248: 13214: 13192: 13172: 13159: 13150: 13132: 13100: 13054: 13036: 12994: 12976: 12950: 12929: 12916: 12904: 12886: 12868: 12850: 12833: 12828: 12821: 12807: 12803: 12795: 12791: 12783: 12779: 12771: 12767: 12759: 12752: 12744: 12740: 12732: 12728: 12720: 12716: 12701: 12697: 12689: 12685: 12677: 12673: 12665: 12661: 12653: 12649: 12641: 12637: 12629: 12620: 12612: 12608: 12598: 12596: 12579: 12575: 12567: 12563: 12555: 12551: 12543: 12539: 12531: 12527: 12519: 12515: 12507: 12503: 12495: 12491: 12483: 12479: 12471: 12467: 12459: 12452: 12444: 12437: 12429: 12425: 12417: 12410: 12402: 12398: 12390: 12383: 12375: 12371: 12363: 12359: 12351: 12347: 12339: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12315: 12311: 12303: 12299: 12291: 12287: 12279: 12272: 12264: 12260: 12252: 12248: 12244:, pp. 1–2. 12240: 12236: 12228: 12224: 12216: 12212: 12204: 12200: 12189: 12185: 12177: 12173: 12158: 12154: 12146: 12142: 12135:Taiping Guangji 12131: 12124: 12116: 12112: 12104: 12100: 12096:, pp. 3–4. 12092: 12085: 12077: 12070: 12062: 12055: 12047: 12043: 12035: 12031: 12023: 12019: 12011: 12004: 11996: 11989: 11984: 11980: 11975: 11971: 11966: 11962: 11957: 11953: 11945: 11941: 11933: 11929: 11924: 11920: 11910: 11908: 11900: 11899: 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11021:MacGregor, Neil 11018: 11014: 11006: 10999: 10991: 10984: 10976: 10972: 10964: 10960: 10952: 10945: 10937: 10933: 10924: 10922: 10913: 10912: 10908: 10902:Reischauer 1940 10900: 10896: 10890:Reischauer 1940 10888: 10884: 10878:Reischauer 1940 10876: 10872: 10864: 10857: 10849: 10845: 10837: 10833: 10825: 10821: 10813: 10809: 10801: 10797: 10789: 10785: 10777: 10773: 10765: 10761: 10753: 10742: 10734: 10730: 10722: 10718: 10710: 10706: 10698: 10694: 10686: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10662: 10658: 10650: 10646: 10638: 10634: 10626: 10622: 10614: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10590: 10586: 10578: 10571: 10563: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10522: 10515: 10507: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10483: 10479: 10471: 10467: 10459: 10455: 10447: 10440: 10430: 10428: 10407: 10398: 10390: 10383: 10375: 10371: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10342: 10338: 10330: 10326: 10316: 10314: 10303: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10279: 10275: 10268: 10252: 10248: 10232:et al. (2003). 10228: 10224: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10152:Bosworth, C. E. 10139: 10135: 10128: 10110: 10106: 10099: 10083: 10079: 10071: 10067: 10061:Richardson 1985 10059: 10055: 10047: 10036: 10028: 10024: 10016: 10012: 10004: 10000: 9987: 9983: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9950: 9946: 9938: 9934: 9926: 9922: 9914: 9910: 9902: 9898: 9890: 9886: 9878: 9874: 9866: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9830: 9823: 9815: 9811: 9803: 9796: 9788: 9781: 9777:, pp. 2–3. 9773: 9769: 9761: 9757: 9749: 9745: 9739:Reischauer 1940 9737: 9733: 9727:Reischauer 1940 9725: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9662: 9658: 9650: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9599: 9595: 9587: 9580: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9541: 9533: 9529: 9521: 9517: 9509: 9505: 9497: 9490: 9482: 9478: 9470: 9466: 9458: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9434: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9410: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9362: 9355: 9347: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9312: 9304: 9297: 9289: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9265: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9241: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9217: 9208: 9200: 9196: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9172: 9164: 9160: 9152: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9128: 9121: 9113: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9090: 9076: 9072: 9068:, pp. 6–7. 9064: 9060: 9052: 9045: 9034: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9010: 9006: 8998: 8994: 8980: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8947: 8939: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8820: 8812: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8788: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8725: 8718: 8710: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8675: 8668: 8660: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8593: 8584: 8576: 8569: 8561: 8550: 8542: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8515: 8511: 8503: 8496: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8427: 8419: 8412: 8402: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8345: 8337: 8322: 8316: 8312: 8304: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8277: 8266: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8207: 8203: 8195: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8167: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8143: 8139: 8122: 8116: 8100: 8096: 8075: 8069: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8019:Latourette 1934 8017: 8013: 8005: 8001: 7993: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7903: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7865: 7861: 7824:Taagepera, Rein 7821: 7817: 7790: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7766: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7735: 7729:Mo-i (Mo'awiya) 7707:: "The emperor 7699:Friedrich Hirth 7690: 7686: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7565: 7559: 7460: 7400: 7358:graduated scale 7341: 7323: 7264: 7252:Main articles: 7250: 7175: 7171: 7139: 7072: 7067: 7053: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7024: 7018: 7009: 7002: 6993: 6986: 6951:not to eat beef 6873:horseshoe crabs 6841:Bactrian camels 6710: 6635:'s tomb in the 6625: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6610: 6609: 6599: 6588: 6582: 6546: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6460: 6452: 6451: 6441: 6430: 6390:Nestorian Stele 6374: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6346: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6326: 6325: 6130: 6124: 6116:Main articles: 6114: 5899:Emperor Taizong 5814: 5714: 5706:Main articles: 5704: 5596:Emperor Gaozong 5547: 5541: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5486: 5481: 5472: 5462: 5440:in Somalia. In 5414:Nicobar Islands 5289: 5285: 5160:Astana Cemetery 5152: 5145: 5130: 5121: 5112:A Tang dynasty 5110: 5027:A Tang dynasty 5021: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4901: 4890: 4855:Emperor Maurice 4745:Friedrich Hirth 4679:Battle of Talas 4625:, the king the 4621:in 715 deposed 4585:Sassanid Empire 4573: 4372: 4356:Main articles: 4354: 4274:a unified Silla 4206:Yamato Japanese 4174: 4168: 4166:Eastern regions 4146: 4051: 4045: 4020:Emperor Taizong 4013: 4007: 3995:Main articles: 3993: 3957: 3887: 3865:esprit de corps 3853:landed nobility 3849:social mobility 3760: 3754: 3748: 3580: 3578:Initial reforms 3575: 3569: 3537:northeast China 3469:of what is now 3423: 3339:Emperor Wenzong 3323:Zheng Bai Canal 3314: 3293:Salt Commission 3253: 3204: 3057: 3051: 3011:Emperor Ruizong 2983: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2938: 2927: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2875: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2843:empress regnant 2831:Emperor Ruizong 2810:Emperor Gaozong 2795: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2774: 2769: 2483:Emperor Gaozong 2467:Emperor Taizong 2451: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2417:Afrasiab murals 2401: 2393: 2392: 2374: 2360:Emperor Gaozong 2313:Confucian value 2290:Battle of Hulao 2203:seal characters 2099: 2089: 2084: 2078: 2008:Chinese culture 1932:empress regnant 1856: 1852: 1841: 1812: 1811: 1807:Women's history 1713: 1712: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1644: 1639: 1630: 1629: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1598: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1542: 1537: 1529: 1524: 1516: 1510: 1505: 1495: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1431: 1421: 1413: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1341: 1331: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1291: 1265: 1257: 1252: 1242: 1233:(202 BC – 9 AD) 1232: 1222: 1210: 1202: 1197: 1182: 1181: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1125: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1094: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1047: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1022: 1021: 1010: 1009: 981: 977: 972: 964: 953: 952: 712:Tongyong Pinyin 702: 682:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 598: 562: 548: 534: 520: 506: 492: 478: 453: 439: 425: 382: 372: 336: 323: 310: 296: 263: 251: 250:• 712–756 243:Emperor Taizong 239: 238:• 626–649 227: 196: 140: 135: 127: 113: 108: 104: 102: 98: 96: 92: 75: 65: 64: 53: 46: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17779: 17769: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17751:Former empires 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17677: 17676: 17675: 17670: 17661: 17659: 17655: 17654: 17652: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17625: 17624: 17613: 17611: 17607: 17606: 17603: 17602: 17600: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17578: 17577: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17521: 17520: 17515: 17505: 17500: 17494: 17492: 17483: 17482: 17481: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17450: 17445: 17444: 17443: 17433: 17428: 17427: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17406: 17401: 17400: 17399: 17394: 17384: 17383: 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16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16690: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16641: 16631: 16630: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16604: 16599: 16598: 16597: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16580: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16536: 16534: 16532:Post-classical 16528: 16527: 16525: 16524: 16523: 16522: 16512: 16507: 16506: 16505: 16500: 16490: 16489: 16488: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16430: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16404: 16403: 16402: 16397: 16387: 16382: 16381: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16339: 16338: 16333: 16331:Middle Kingdom 16328: 16318: 16313: 16312: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16291: 16290: 16289: 16287:Neo-Babylonian 16284: 16279: 16277:Old Babylonian 16269: 16268: 16267: 16262: 16252: 16247: 16241: 16239: 16227: 16226: 16219: 16218: 16211: 16204: 16196: 16187: 16186: 16184: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16157: 16155: 16151: 16150: 16148: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16131: 16130: 16129: 16119:Gautama Siddha 16116: 16110: 16104: 16103: 16102: 16092: 16091: 16090: 16077: 16076: 16075: 16065: 16059: 16058: 16057: 16043: 16041: 16035: 16034: 16031: 16030: 16028: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16016: 16015: 16004: 16002: 15998: 15997: 15995: 15994: 15988: 15987: 15986: 15980: 15968: 15966: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15950: 15947:Cheng Xuanying 15943: 15941: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15925: 15919: 15913: 15907: 15901: 15895: 15889: 15886:Yaoshan Weiyan 15883: 15877: 15871: 15865: 15859: 15853: 15847: 15841: 15835: 15829: 15823: 15817: 15811: 15804: 15802: 15793: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15784: 15782: 15781: 15775: 15769: 15763: 15757: 15751: 15745: 15739: 15733: 15727: 15721: 15714: 15712: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15702: 15696: 15690: 15684: 15678: 15672: 15666: 15660: 15654: 15648: 15642: 15636: 15630: 15624: 15618: 15612: 15606: 15600: 15594: 15588: 15582: 15576: 15570: 15564: 15558: 15552: 15546: 15543:Wang Changling 15540: 15534: 15528: 15522: 15516: 15510: 15504: 15498: 15491: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15479: 15478: 15477: 15464: 15458: 15457: 15456: 15443: 15442: 15441: 15428: 15422: 15421: 15420: 15407: 15401: 15400: 15399: 15385: 15383: 15376: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15354: 15353: 15343: 15338: 15331: 15324: 15317: 15310: 15305: 15304: 15303: 15291: 15286: 15280: 15278: 15274: 15273: 15270: 15269: 15267: 15266: 15265: 15264: 15263: 15262: 15257: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15231: 15230: 15214: 15212: 15208: 15207: 15205: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15173: 15171: 15169:Six Ministries 15165: 15164: 15162: 15161: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15138: 15136: 15127: 15126: 15125: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15083: 15082: 15081: 15080: 15070: 15060: 15055: 15054: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15032: 15030: 15026: 15025: 15018: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15007: 15006: 15001: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14960: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14929: 14924: 14922:Silla–Tang War 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14888: 14886: 14878: 14877: 14869: 14868: 14861: 14854: 14846: 14838: 14837: 14832: 14829: 14820: 14815: 14809: 14808: 14799: 14793:300 Tang Poems 14790: 14779: 14778:External links 14776: 14775: 14774: 14769: 14756: 14751: 14738: 14733: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14712: 14695: 14684:10.2307/495264 14671: 14666: 14658:Turkic peoples 14650:Xue, Zongzheng 14646: 14641: 14633:People's Press 14624: 14605:10.1086/352793 14591:(3): 456–470, 14580: 14575: 14562: 14557: 14542: 14531:10.2307/598956 14514: 14509: 14496: 14491: 14474: 14469: 14451: 14446: 14433: 14428: 14411: 14406: 14389: 14384: 14371: 14366: 14353: 14348: 14331: 14326: 14313: 14305: 14300: 14286: 14281: 14264: 14247:(2): 228–254, 14236: 14223: 14190: 14182:Song, Yingxing 14178: 14173: 14158: 14153: 14140: 14135: 14122: 14117: 14104: 14099: 14086: 14081: 14068: 14063: 14050: 14033:(2): 142–164, 14022: 14006: 13997:on May 4, 2021 13986: 13967: 13931: 13926: 13911: 13906: 13893: 13884: 13875: 13866: 13857: 13848: 13843: 13830: 13813: 13808: 13795: 13790: 13777: 13769: 13764: 13751: 13746: 13733: 13712: 13707: 13694: 13689: 13676: 13671: 13658: 13628: 13608: 13588: 13583: 13570: 13545: 13540: 13521: 13479: 13474: 13461: 13456: 13443: 13438: 13425: 13420: 13407: 13402: 13387: 13382: 13364: 13359: 13344: 13312: 13307: 13294: 13289: 13274: 13269: 13251: 13246: 13233: 13217: 13212: 13195: 13190: 13175: 13170: 13153: 13148: 13135: 13130: 13116:Brook, Timothy 13112: 13103: 13098: 13085: 13057: 13052: 13039: 13034: 13021: 12997: 12992: 12979: 12974: 12961: 12953: 12948: 12932: 12927: 12907: 12902: 12889: 12884: 12871: 12866: 12853: 12848: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12819: 12801: 12799:, p. 151. 12789: 12777: 12765: 12750: 12738: 12726: 12724:, p. 452. 12714: 12695: 12683: 12671: 12669:, p. 235. 12659: 12647: 12635: 12633:, p. 543. 12618: 12606: 12573: 12571:, p. 464. 12561: 12549: 12547:, p. 227. 12537: 12535:, p. 147. 12525: 12513: 12501: 12499:, p. 151. 12489: 12487:, p. 112. 12477: 12465: 12450: 12435: 12423: 12421:, p. 163. 12408: 12406:, p. 158. 12396: 12394:, p. 144. 12381: 12379:, p. 480. 12369: 12367:, p. 475. 12357: 12345: 12333: 12331:, p. 319. 12321: 12319:, p. 126. 12309: 12297: 12295:, p. 125. 12285: 12270: 12258: 12246: 12234: 12232:, p. 123. 12222: 12220:, p. 121. 12210: 12208:, p. 120. 12198: 12195:. Vol. 3. 12183: 12171: 12162:Tangdu Journal 12152: 12140: 12122: 12110: 12098: 12083: 12081:, p. 123. 12068: 12066:, p. 122. 12053: 12041: 12029: 12027:, p. 165. 12017: 12002: 11987: 11978: 11969: 11960: 11951: 11939: 11927: 11918: 11893: 11891:, p. 143. 11881: 11869: 11867:, p. 132. 11854: 11842: 11830: 11828:, p. 152. 11818: 11806: 11794: 11782: 11770: 11758: 11756:, p. 149. 11739: 11737:, p. 169. 11727: 11715: 11699: 11697:, p. 168. 11687: 11685:, p. 215. 11675: 11644: 11627: 11610: 11598: 11596:, p. 123. 11586: 11571: 11559: 11557:, p. 124. 11547: 11532: 11515: 11513:, p. 126. 11503: 11491: 11489:, p. 181. 11479: 11477:, p. 122. 11467: 11465:, p. 121. 11455: 11443: 11441:, p. 333. 11439:Whitfield 2004 11428: 11426:, p. 121. 11416: 11414:, p. 511. 11404: 11392: 11390:, p. 661. 11380: 11368: 11356: 11344: 11332: 11320: 11318:, p. 106. 11308: 11296: 11294:, p. 102. 11284: 11282:, p. 137. 11272: 11270:, p. 259. 11260: 11248: 11246:, p. 120. 11231: 11219: 11207: 11195: 11178: 11166: 11154: 11142: 11130: 11123: 11105: 11093: 11081: 11079:, p. 103. 11069: 11062: 11044: 11037: 11012: 11010:, p. 178. 10997: 10982: 10980:, p. 158. 10970: 10958: 10943: 10941:, p. 155. 10931: 10906: 10894: 10892:, p. 162. 10882: 10880:, p. 157. 10870: 10855: 10853:, p. 190. 10843: 10831: 10829:, p. 143. 10819: 10817:, p. 163. 10807: 10795: 10783: 10771: 10759: 10740: 10728: 10716: 10704: 10692: 10688:Whitfield 2004 10680: 10668: 10666:, p. 179. 10656: 10654:, p. 118. 10652:Twitchett 2000 10644: 10632: 10630:, p. 182. 10620: 10608: 10606:, p. 134. 10596: 10594:, p. 255. 10592:Whitfield 2004 10584: 10582:, p. 114. 10569: 10567:, p. 112. 10552: 10550:, p. 119. 10540: 10528: 10526:, p. 127. 10513: 10501: 10489: 10477: 10465: 10463:, p. 105. 10453: 10438: 10396: 10381: 10379:, p. 476. 10369: 10356: 10336: 10324: 10297: 10295:, p. 183. 10285: 10273: 10266: 10246: 10222: 10190: 10183: 10156:van Donzel, E. 10142:Bosworth, C.E. 10133: 10126: 10104: 10097: 10077: 10065: 10053: 10034: 10032:, p. 109. 10030:Twitchett 2000 10022: 10010: 10008:, p. 146. 9998: 9981: 9967: 9944: 9932: 9930:, p. 193. 9928:Whitfield 2004 9920: 9918:, p. 183. 9908: 9896: 9884: 9872: 9860: 9858:, p. 248. 9848: 9836: 9834:, p. 125. 9832:Twitchett 2000 9821: 9819:, p. 788. 9809: 9807:, p. 111. 9794: 9779: 9767: 9755: 9753:, p. 113. 9743: 9741:, p. 155. 9731: 9729:, p. 152. 9719: 9717:, p. 308. 9707: 9705:, p. 289. 9692: 9690:, p. 144. 9680: 9678:, p. 222. 9668: 9656: 9654:, p. 201. 9641: 9629: 9617: 9615:, p. 209. 9605: 9603:, p. 208. 9593: 9578: 9574:Twitchett 2000 9566: 9562:Twitchett 2000 9554: 9550:Whitfield 2004 9539: 9527: 9525:, p. 156. 9515: 9503: 9488: 9476: 9464: 9460:Nishijima 1986 9452: 9450:, p. 141. 9440: 9428: 9416: 9404: 9392: 9380: 9368: 9366:, p. 159. 9353: 9341: 9329: 9310: 9295: 9283: 9271: 9259: 9255:Bernhardt 1995 9247: 9245:, p. 158. 9235: 9223: 9221:, p. 112. 9206: 9194: 9182: 9170: 9158: 9146: 9134: 9119: 9107: 9095: 9088: 9070: 9058: 9056:, p. 108. 9043: 9028: 9026:, p. 292. 9016: 9004: 9002:, p. 310. 8992: 8983:Zizhi Tongjian 8974: 8962: 8945: 8928: 8916: 8904: 8902:, p. 347. 8892: 8880: 8868: 8866:, p. 101. 8851: 8839: 8837:, p. 105. 8818: 8806: 8794: 8779: 8767: 8755: 8743: 8731: 8716: 8714:, p. 185. 8693: 8681: 8679:, p. 184. 8666: 8664:, p. 100. 8635: 8623: 8611: 8599: 8582: 8567: 8548: 8533: 8521: 8509: 8494: 8482: 8478:Whitfield 2004 8470: 8458: 8456:, p. 116. 8446: 8434: 8425: 8410: 8401:, p. 234. 8391: 8374: 8362: 8343: 8310: 8308:, p. 124. 8306:Twitchett 2000 8295: 8283: 8264: 8249: 8237: 8225: 8213: 8201: 8186: 8174: 8161: 8159:, p. 177. 8149: 8147:, p. 125. 8137: 8114: 8094: 8067: 8047: 8045:, p. 376. 8035: 8033:, p. 126. 8023: 8021:, p. 191. 8011: 7999: 7984: 7972: 7970:, p. 106. 7960: 7948: 7936: 7901: 7889: 7885:Wilkinson 2013 7877: 7859: 7815: 7784: 7772: 7770:, p. 281. 7760: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7684: 7671: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7623:Warring States 7614:Zizhi Tongjian 7558: 7557:Historiography 7555: 7459: 7456: 7446:dental amalgam 7417:materia medica 7399: 7396: 7370:Emperor Dezong 7322: 7319: 7311:printing press 7249: 7246: 7203:Heron's penny 7128:striking clock 7071: 7068: 7049:Main article: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7025: 7019: 7012: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6955:working animal 6916:Southeast Asia 6853:Sichuan pepper 6792:encyclopedist 6755:wrapping paper 6709: 6706: 6661:drinking games 6619: 6612: 6611: 6600: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6584:Main article: 6581: 6578: 6570:British Museum 6554:Five Dynasties 6545: 6542: 6461: 6454: 6453: 6442: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6409:Zoroastrianism 6364: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6269:Foguang Temple 6252:. The sect of 6224:(786–824)—who 6151:, showing the 6113: 6110: 6079:, compiled by 5938:Gautama Siddha 5926:(582–666) and 5832:(773–819) and 5789:(701–761) and 5703: 5700: 5632:Zoroastrianism 5582:, the city of 5543:Main article: 5540: 5537: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5461: 5458: 5338:Hizen Province 5323:came to an end 5219:Horn of Africa 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5111: 5104: 5052:from China to 5039:Bactrian camel 5020: 5017: 5013:postal service 4932:maritime trade 4903:A Tang period 4902: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4823:Constantinople 4735:writes that a 4733:Joseph Needham 4627:Fergana Valley 4565:, designed by 4540:a stone pillar 4505:Songtsän Gampo 4493:Tibetan Empire 4428:Inner Mongolia 4353: 4350: 4269:Silla–Tang War 4263:(634–679) and 4222:Taipai Yinjing 4208:allies in the 4190:first campaign 4167: 4164: 4145: 4142: 4137:Zhao Mausoleum 4044: 4041: 4028:Tibetan Empire 3992: 3989: 3962:Patricia Ebrey 3956: 3953: 3937:Shingon school 3886: 3883: 3750:Main article: 3747: 3744: 3694:(6th century) 3665:; pinyin: 3655:; pinyin: 3579: 3576: 3568: 3565: 3529:southern China 3451:northern China 3422: 3419: 3305:square-pallet 3262:, built in 636 3252: 3249: 3133:Tibetan Empire 3053:Main article: 3050: 3047: 2963: 2956: 2955: 2939: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2870: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2791:Main article: 2788: 2785: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2753:), and Nudan ( 2429: 2422: 2421: 2415:, 648–651 CE, 2402: 2395: 2394: 2375: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2242:Taishang Huang 2191:"Great Tang" ( 2088: 2085: 2077: 2074: 2066:Emperor Wuzong 2012:Chinese poetry 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1738:Jewish history 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1669:(1949–present) 1658: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1597: 1596: 1584: 1583: 1572: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1540: 1530: 1527: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1487: 1486: 1474: 1473: 1460: 1458: 1452: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1412: 1411: 1399: 1398: 1385: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1334: 1323: 1321: 1315: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1290: 1289: 1269: 1268: 1262:Three Kingdoms 1256: 1255: 1245: 1235: 1225: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1200: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160:Warring States 1157: 1128: 1117: 1116: 1093: 1092: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1046 BC 1046: 1045: 1041: 1600 BC 1023: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 987: 986: 982: 2000 BC 963: 962: 954: 948: 947: 946: 943: 942: 941: 940: 938:Historiography 935: 930: 922: 921: 913: 912: 906: 905: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 877: 875:Middle Chinese 871: 870: 868:Middle Chinese 864: 863: 856: 850: 849: 842: 833: 832: 826: 825: 815: 809: 808: 801: 795: 794: 787: 781: 780: 778:Yue: Cantonese 774: 773: 766: 760: 759: 753: 752: 742: 736: 735: 728: 722: 721: 714: 708: 707: 698: 692: 691: 684: 678: 677: 670: 664: 663: 656: 650: 649: 643: 642: 641:Transcriptions 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 620: 619: 616: 615: 606: 600: 599: 596: 588: 587: 584: 583: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 559: 553: 552: 545: 539: 538: 531: 525: 524: 517: 511: 510: 503: 497: 496: 489: 483: 482: 475: 466: 463: 462: 457: 449: 448: 443: 435: 434: 429: 417: 416: 411: 401: 400: 395: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 377: 376: 373: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 331: 328: 327: 324: 318: 315: 314: 311: 304: 301: 300: 297: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 277:Historical era 274: 273: 270: 269: 264: 261: 258: 257: 252: 249: 246: 245: 240: 237: 234: 233: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 195: 194: 189: 187:Zoroastrianism 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 158: 156: 152: 151: 149:Middle Chinese 146: 142: 141: 139: 138: 130: 121: 119: 115: 114: 110: 109: 103: 97: 91: 85: 77: 76: 74: 73: 62: 58: 55: 54: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17778: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17674: 17673:Soviet empire 17671: 17669: 17666: 17665: 17663: 17662: 17660: 17658:Miscellaneous 17656: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17623: 17620: 17619: 17618: 17615: 17614: 17612: 17608: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17576: 17573: 17572: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17510: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17495: 17493: 17491: 17487: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17455: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17442: 17439: 17438: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17411: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17389: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17357: 17356: 17353: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17340: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17293: 17292: 17289: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17276: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17257:German Empire 17255: 17254: 17253: 17250: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17237: 17236: 17233: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17220: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17183: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17161: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17129: 17125: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17068: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17026: 17025: 17022: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16999: 16998: 16997:Turco-Persian 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16941: 16938: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16905: 16904: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16865: 16864: 16861: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16838: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16786: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16755: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16737: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16695: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16653: 16652: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16632: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16609: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16596: 16593: 16592: 16591: 16588: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16521: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16491: 16487: 16484: 16483: 16482: 16479: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16446: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16409: 16408: 16405: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16355: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16323: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16296: 16295: 16292: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16274: 16273: 16270: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16257: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16232: 16228: 16224: 16217: 16212: 16210: 16205: 16203: 16198: 16197: 16194: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16158: 16156: 16152: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16135: 16132: 16128: 16127: 16123: 16122: 16121:(fl 714–724) 16120: 16117: 16114: 16111: 16108: 16105: 16101: 16100: 16099:Xinxiu bencao 16096: 16095: 16093: 16089: 16088: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16074: 16071: 16070: 16069: 16068:Liang Lingzan 16066: 16063: 16060: 16056: 16055: 16054:Jigu Suanjing 16051: 16050: 16048: 16047:Wang Xiaotong 16045: 16044: 16042: 16040: 16036: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16014: 16011: 16010: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16003: 15999: 15992: 15989: 15984: 15981: 15978: 15975: 15974: 15973: 15970: 15969: 15967: 15965: 15961: 15954: 15951: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15940: 15936: 15929: 15926: 15923: 15922:Yunmen Wenyan 15920: 15917: 15914: 15911: 15908: 15905: 15902: 15899: 15896: 15893: 15890: 15887: 15884: 15881: 15878: 15875: 15872: 15869: 15866: 15863: 15860: 15857: 15854: 15851: 15848: 15845: 15842: 15839: 15836: 15833: 15830: 15827: 15824: 15821: 15818: 15815: 15812: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15801: 15797: 15794: 15790: 15779: 15776: 15773: 15770: 15767: 15764: 15761: 15758: 15755: 15752: 15749: 15746: 15743: 15740: 15737: 15736:Viśa Īrasangä 15734: 15731: 15728: 15725: 15722: 15719: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15711: 15707: 15700: 15697: 15694: 15691: 15688: 15685: 15682: 15679: 15676: 15673: 15670: 15667: 15664: 15661: 15658: 15655: 15652: 15649: 15646: 15643: 15640: 15637: 15634: 15631: 15628: 15625: 15622: 15619: 15616: 15613: 15610: 15607: 15604: 15601: 15598: 15595: 15592: 15589: 15586: 15583: 15580: 15577: 15574: 15571: 15568: 15567:Liu Changqing 15565: 15562: 15559: 15556: 15553: 15550: 15547: 15544: 15541: 15538: 15535: 15532: 15529: 15526: 15525:Zhang Jiuling 15523: 15520: 15517: 15514: 15511: 15508: 15505: 15502: 15499: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15490: 15488: 15484: 15476: 15475: 15471: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15462: 15459: 15455: 15454: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15440: 15439: 15435: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15426: 15423: 15419: 15418: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15405: 15402: 15398: 15397: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15380: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15352: 15349: 15348: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15336: 15332: 15330: 15329: 15325: 15323: 15322: 15318: 15316: 15315: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15302: 15301: 15297: 15296: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15281: 15279: 15275: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15252: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15224: 15221: 15220: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15211:Protectorates 15209: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15174: 15172: 15170: 15166: 15159: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15131: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15099: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15079: 15076: 15075: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15038: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15031: 15027: 15022: 15012: 15009: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14867: 14862: 14860: 14855: 14853: 14848: 14847: 14844: 14835: 14826: 14825: 14818: 14812: 14807: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14785: 14782: 14781: 14772: 14766: 14762: 14757: 14754: 14748: 14744: 14739: 14736: 14730: 14726: 14721: 14720: 14710: 14706: 14705: 14700: 14696: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14672: 14669: 14663: 14659: 14651: 14647: 14644: 14638: 14634: 14625: 14622: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14606: 14602: 14598: 14594: 14590: 14586: 14581: 14578: 14572: 14568: 14563: 14560: 14554: 14550: 14549: 14543: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14525:(1): 95–100, 14524: 14520: 14515: 14512: 14506: 14502: 14497: 14494: 14488: 14483: 14482: 14475: 14472: 14466: 14462: 14461: 14456: 14452: 14449: 14443: 14439: 14434: 14431: 14425: 14421: 14412: 14409: 14403: 14399: 14390: 14387: 14381: 14377: 14372: 14369: 14363: 14359: 14354: 14351: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14332: 14329: 14323: 14319: 14314: 14311: 14306: 14303: 14297: 14293: 14287: 14284: 14278: 14274: 14265: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14237: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14191: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14176: 14170: 14166: 14165: 14159: 14156: 14150: 14146: 14141: 14138: 14132: 14128: 14123: 14120: 14114: 14110: 14105: 14102: 14096: 14092: 14087: 14084: 14078: 14074: 14069: 14066: 14060: 14056: 14051: 14048: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14028: 14023: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14007: 13993: 13989: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13932: 13929: 13923: 13919: 13918: 13912: 13909: 13903: 13899: 13894: 13890: 13885: 13881: 13876: 13872: 13867: 13863: 13858: 13854: 13849: 13846: 13840: 13836: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13814: 13811: 13805: 13801: 13796: 13793: 13787: 13783: 13778: 13775: 13770: 13767: 13761: 13757: 13752: 13749: 13743: 13739: 13734: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13722: 13717: 13713: 13710: 13704: 13700: 13695: 13692: 13686: 13682: 13677: 13674: 13668: 13664: 13659: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13635: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13619:(1): 90–100, 13618: 13614: 13609: 13606: 13602: 13599:(1): 96–112, 13598: 13594: 13589: 13586: 13580: 13576: 13571: 13565:September 10, 13560: 13556: 13555: 13550: 13546: 13543: 13537: 13533: 13532:Lonely Planet 13529: 13528: 13522: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13477: 13471: 13467: 13462: 13459: 13453: 13449: 13444: 13441: 13435: 13431: 13426: 13423: 13417: 13413: 13408: 13405: 13399: 13395: 13394: 13388: 13385: 13379: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13365: 13362: 13356: 13352: 13351: 13345: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13313: 13310: 13304: 13300: 13295: 13292: 13286: 13282: 13281: 13275: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13261: 13256: 13252: 13249: 13243: 13239: 13234: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13218: 13215: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13196: 13193: 13187: 13183: 13182: 13176: 13173: 13167: 13163: 13154: 13151: 13145: 13141: 13136: 13133: 13127: 13123: 13122: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13104: 13101: 13095: 13091: 13086: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13058: 13055: 13053:0-7148-2309-0 13049: 13045: 13040: 13037: 13035:0-493-41557-2 13031: 13027: 13022: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12998: 12995: 12989: 12985: 12980: 12977: 12971: 12967: 12962: 12959: 12954: 12951: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12936:Ball, Warwick 12933: 12930: 12924: 12920: 12912: 12908: 12905: 12899: 12895: 12890: 12887: 12881: 12877: 12872: 12869: 12863: 12859: 12854: 12851: 12845: 12841: 12836: 12835: 12822: 12816: 12812: 12805: 12798: 12797:Needham 1986b 12793: 12786: 12785:Needham 1986b 12781: 12774: 12773:Needham 1986b 12769: 12762: 12757: 12755: 12747: 12742: 12736:, p. 49. 12735: 12730: 12723: 12722:Needham 1986e 12718: 12711:(4): 325–332. 12710: 12706: 12699: 12692: 12687: 12680: 12675: 12668: 12663: 12657:, p. 90. 12656: 12651: 12644: 12643:Needham 1986a 12639: 12632: 12631:Needham 1986a 12627: 12625: 12623: 12615: 12614:Needham 1986a 12610: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12586:Whitfield, S. 12583: 12577: 12570: 12565: 12558: 12557:Needham 1986d 12553: 12546: 12545:Needham 1986d 12541: 12534: 12529: 12523:, p. 94. 12522: 12517: 12510: 12505: 12498: 12497:Needham 1986d 12493: 12486: 12481: 12474: 12469: 12462: 12457: 12455: 12447: 12442: 12440: 12432: 12431:Needham 1986b 12427: 12420: 12419:Needham 1986b 12415: 12413: 12405: 12404:Needham 1986b 12400: 12393: 12388: 12386: 12378: 12377:Needham 1986b 12373: 12366: 12365:Needham 1986b 12361: 12354: 12353:Needham 1986b 12349: 12342: 12341:Needham 1986b 12337: 12330: 12329:Needham 1986a 12325: 12318: 12313: 12306: 12301: 12294: 12289: 12283:, p. 83. 12282: 12277: 12275: 12267: 12262: 12255: 12250: 12243: 12238: 12231: 12226: 12219: 12214: 12207: 12202: 12194: 12187: 12180: 12175: 12167: 12163: 12156: 12149: 12144: 12136: 12129: 12127: 12119: 12114: 12108:, p. 18. 12107: 12102: 12095: 12090: 12088: 12080: 12079:Needham 1986d 12075: 12073: 12065: 12064:Needham 1986d 12060: 12058: 12051:, p. 95. 12050: 12045: 12038: 12033: 12026: 12021: 12014: 12009: 12007: 11999: 11994: 11992: 11982: 11973: 11964: 11955: 11949:, p. 66. 11948: 11943: 11936: 11931: 11922: 11907: 11903: 11897: 11890: 11885: 11878: 11873: 11866: 11861: 11859: 11851: 11846: 11839: 11834: 11827: 11822: 11815: 11810: 11803: 11798: 11791: 11786: 11779: 11774: 11767: 11762: 11755: 11750: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11736: 11731: 11724: 11719: 11712: 11708: 11703: 11696: 11691: 11684: 11679: 11664: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11648: 11642:, p. 81. 11641: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11625:, p. 60. 11624: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11607: 11602: 11595: 11590: 11584:, p. 88. 11583: 11578: 11576: 11569:, p. 34. 11568: 11563: 11556: 11551: 11545:, p. 86. 11544: 11539: 11537: 11530:, p. 96. 11529: 11524: 11522: 11520: 11512: 11507: 11501:, p. 86. 11500: 11495: 11488: 11487:Eberhard 2005 11483: 11476: 11471: 11464: 11459: 11453:, p. 26. 11452: 11447: 11440: 11435: 11433: 11425: 11420: 11413: 11412:Needham 1986a 11408: 11401: 11396: 11389: 11388:Needham 1986c 11384: 11377: 11372: 11365: 11360: 11354:, p. 97. 11353: 11348: 11341: 11336: 11330:, p. 52. 11329: 11324: 11317: 11312: 11305: 11300: 11293: 11288: 11281: 11276: 11269: 11264: 11258:, p. 33. 11257: 11252: 11245: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11228: 11223: 11216: 11211: 11204: 11199: 11192: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11176:, p. 22. 11175: 11170: 11164:, p. 25. 11163: 11158: 11152:, p. 21. 11151: 11146: 11140:, p. 79. 11139: 11134: 11126: 11120: 11116: 11109: 11102: 11097: 11090: 11085: 11078: 11073: 11065: 11059: 11055: 11048: 11040: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11009: 11004: 11002: 10995:, p. 80. 10994: 10989: 10987: 10979: 10974: 10968:, p. 38. 10967: 10966:Levathes 1994 10962: 10956:, p. 96. 10955: 10950: 10948: 10940: 10935: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10903: 10898: 10891: 10886: 10879: 10874: 10868:, p. 11. 10867: 10862: 10860: 10852: 10851:Eberhard 2005 10847: 10840: 10835: 10828: 10823: 10816: 10811: 10805:, p. 16. 10804: 10799: 10793:, p. 15. 10792: 10787: 10781:, p. 61. 10780: 10775: 10769:, p. 20. 10768: 10763: 10757:, p. 46. 10756: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10737: 10732: 10725: 10720: 10713: 10708: 10702:, p. 25. 10701: 10696: 10689: 10684: 10677: 10672: 10665: 10664:Eberhard 2005 10660: 10653: 10648: 10642:, p. 90. 10641: 10636: 10629: 10628:Eberhard 2005 10624: 10618:, p. 28. 10617: 10612: 10605: 10600: 10593: 10588: 10581: 10576: 10574: 10566: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10549: 10544: 10537: 10532: 10525: 10520: 10518: 10510: 10505: 10498: 10493: 10486: 10481: 10474: 10469: 10462: 10457: 10450: 10445: 10443: 10431:September 14, 10426: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10393: 10388: 10386: 10378: 10377:Needham 1986b 10373: 10359: 10353: 10349: 10348: 10340: 10334:, p. 26. 10333: 10328: 10317:September 14, 10312: 10308: 10301: 10294: 10293:Eberhard 2005 10289: 10282: 10277: 10269: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10250: 10244:. pp. 235–236 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10226: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10205: 10200: 10194: 10186: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10170: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10137: 10129: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10108: 10100: 10094: 10090: 10089: 10081: 10074: 10069: 10062: 10057: 10051:, p. 11. 10050: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10031: 10026: 10020:, p. 65. 10019: 10014: 10007: 10006:Beckwith 1987 10002: 9994: 9993: 9985: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9953:Bell, Charles 9948: 9941: 9936: 9929: 9924: 9917: 9912: 9905: 9900: 9893: 9888: 9881: 9876: 9869: 9864: 9857: 9852: 9845: 9840: 9833: 9828: 9826: 9818: 9813: 9806: 9801: 9799: 9791: 9786: 9784: 9776: 9771: 9764: 9759: 9752: 9747: 9740: 9735: 9728: 9723: 9716: 9715:Needham 1986c 9711: 9704: 9703:Needham 1986b 9699: 9697: 9689: 9684: 9677: 9672: 9666:, p. 54. 9665: 9660: 9653: 9648: 9646: 9638: 9633: 9626: 9625:Needham 1986c 9621: 9614: 9609: 9602: 9597: 9590: 9585: 9583: 9575: 9570: 9563: 9558: 9552:, p. 47. 9551: 9546: 9544: 9536: 9531: 9524: 9519: 9513:, p. 75. 9512: 9507: 9501:, p. 32. 9500: 9495: 9493: 9486:, p. 45. 9485: 9480: 9474:, p. 72. 9473: 9468: 9461: 9456: 9449: 9444: 9438:, p. 57. 9437: 9432: 9426:, p. 61. 9425: 9420: 9414:, p. 79. 9413: 9408: 9401: 9396: 9390:, p. 54. 9389: 9384: 9378:, p. 95. 9377: 9372: 9365: 9360: 9358: 9351:, p. 83. 9350: 9345: 9339:, p. 95. 9338: 9333: 9327:, p. 92. 9326: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9307: 9302: 9300: 9293:, p. 59. 9292: 9287: 9281:, p. 59. 9280: 9275: 9269:, p. 78. 9268: 9263: 9256: 9251: 9244: 9239: 9233:, p. 25. 9232: 9227: 9220: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9203: 9198: 9191: 9186: 9179: 9174: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9150: 9143: 9142:Needham 1986c 9138: 9131: 9126: 9124: 9116: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9062: 9055: 9050: 9048: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9012:Eberhard 2005 9008: 9001: 8996: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8978: 8971: 8966: 8960:, p. 16. 8959: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8943:, p. 51. 8942: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8926:, p. 15. 8925: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8900:Needham 1986b 8896: 8890:, p. 50. 8889: 8884: 8878:, p. 85. 8877: 8872: 8865: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8815: 8810: 8803: 8798: 8792:, p. 91. 8791: 8786: 8784: 8777:, p. 97. 8776: 8771: 8765:, p. 34. 8764: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8741:, p. 11. 8740: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8721: 8713: 8712:Eberhard 2005 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8690: 8685: 8678: 8677:Eberhard 2005 8673: 8671: 8663: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8632: 8627: 8621:, p. 89. 8620: 8615: 8609:, p. 47. 8608: 8603: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8580:, p. 47. 8579: 8574: 8572: 8565:, p. 99. 8564: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8545: 8540: 8538: 8531:, p. 46. 8530: 8525: 8519:, p. 12. 8518: 8513: 8506: 8501: 8499: 8492:, p. 82. 8491: 8486: 8480:, p. 74. 8479: 8474: 8467: 8462: 8455: 8450: 8444:, p. 45. 8443: 8438: 8429: 8423:, p. 64. 8422: 8417: 8415: 8406: 8400: 8395: 8389:, p. 98. 8388: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8371: 8366: 8360:, p. 97. 8359: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8302: 8300: 8292: 8287: 8281:, p. 93. 8280: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8262:, p. 42. 8261: 8256: 8254: 8246: 8241: 8234: 8229: 8223:, p. 80. 8222: 8217: 8211:, p. 78. 8210: 8205: 8199:, p. 40. 8198: 8193: 8191: 8183: 8178: 8171: 8165: 8158: 8153: 8146: 8141: 8134: 8132: 8131:Northern Zhou 8128: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8098: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8084:Li Ch'u-ku-pa 8081: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8051: 8044: 8039: 8032: 8027: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8003: 7996: 7991: 7989: 7981: 7976: 7969: 7964: 7958:, p. 37. 7957: 7952: 7945: 7940: 7934:, p. 91. 7933: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7898: 7893: 7886: 7881: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7769: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7675: 7645: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7564: 7554: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7521:The inventor 7519: 7517: 7513: 7512:gas cylinders 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7451:Xinxiu bencao 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7295: 7294: 7293:Diamond Sutra 7289: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7272:Diamond Sutra 7268: 7263: 7259: 7258:Playing cards 7255: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7229:Yingzao Fashi 7225: 7221: 7220:Yingshan Ling 7217: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7148:pressure head 7145: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7098:(78–139) and 7097: 7090:, 8th-century 7089: 7085: 7081: 7080:bronze mirror 7076: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6863:, as well as 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6794:Song Yingxing 6791: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6714: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665:table manners 6662: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6616: 6608:, 8th century 6607: 6603: 6597: 6587: 6577: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6558:silk painting 6555: 6550: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6403:Although the 6401: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6368: 6361: 6351: 6344: 6333: 6324: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6250:Huangbo Xiyun 6247: 6243: 6239: 6238:Chán Buddhism 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6160:folk religion 6154: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6096:Duan Chengshi 6092: 6090: 6089:Buddhist monk 6086: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6009: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5996:Book of Liang 5992: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5910:encyclopedias 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5875:Chinese opera 5872: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5755:Palace Museum 5752: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5677:Yangtze River 5674: 5670: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5600:Daming Palace 5597: 5593: 5589: 5586:(present-day 5585: 5581: 5577: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5418:Duan Chengshi 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5378:Gaspar Strait 5375: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5168:Chinese coins 5165: 5161: 5156: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5048:Although the 5044: 5040: 5036: 5033:statuette of 5032: 5031: 5025: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4975: 4974: 4970:Tang dynasty 4968: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874:Yangtze River 4871: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4673:basin and in 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4613:briefly took 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4450:Tomb guardian 4447: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308:Emperor Tenji 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4293:Emperor Tenmu 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261:Yeon Namsaeng 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218:naval warfare 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194:Yeon Gaesomun 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4138: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4101:Shabolüe Khan 4098: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4050: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3857:primogeniture 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3833:Five Classics 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696:fubing system 3693: 3692:Northern Zhou 3689: 3685: 3680: 3679:(1644–1912). 3678: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3549:Khitan people 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3483:Zhu Quanzhong 3480: 3479:Prince of Jin 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467:Turkic people 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3408:Guiyi Circuit 3405: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3374:Hexi Corridor 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121:Abbasid Arabs 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027:Zhang Jiuling 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907:reincarnation 2904: 2899: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2874: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2760: 2740: 2730: 2720: 2710: 2700: 2690: 2680: 2670: 2660: 2650: 2640: 2630: 2620: 2610: 2600: 2590: 2580: 2570: 2560: 2550: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2493:'s defeat of 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:Eastern Turks 2460: 2456: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2372: 2363: 2362:) in 649 CE. 2361: 2357: 2356:Son of Heaven 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284:(573–621) at 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158:Western Liang 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2087:Establishment 2083: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964:(present-day 1963: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1850: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770:Naval history 1768: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753:Music history 1751: 1749: 1748:Media history 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1733:Legal history 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1706: 1687:1949–present) 1683: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1502:Southern Song 1499: 1494: 1493: 1492:Northern Song 1489: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1161: 1158: 1153: 476 BC 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1126:(1046–771 BC) 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1112: 256 BC 1101: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999: 994: 993: 989: 988: 971: 970: 966: 965: 961: 960: 956: 955: 951: 945: 944: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 924: 923: 919: 915: 914: 911: 908: 907: 903: 899: 898: 890: 878: 876: 872: 869: 865: 857: 855: 851: 843: 841: 838: 834: 831: 827: 821: 816: 814: 810: 802: 800: 796: 788: 786: 782: 779: 775: 767: 765: 761: 758: 754: 748: 743: 741: 737: 729: 727: 723: 715: 713: 709: 699: 697: 693: 685: 683: 679: 671: 669: 665: 657: 655: 651: 648: 644: 639: 635: 631: 627: 625: 621: 617: 612: 607: 605: 601: 594: 589: 585: 580: 560: 558: 555: 554: 546: 544: 541: 540: 532: 530: 527: 526: 518: 516: 513: 512: 504: 502: 499: 498: 490: 488: 485: 484: 476: 474: 471: 470: 467: 461: 458: 451: 450: 447: 444: 437: 436: 433: 430: 423: 422: 419: 418: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 402: 399: 396: 392: 388: 384: 378: 374: 368: 364: 359: 355: 351: 346: 342: 338: 335: 329: 325: 322: 316: 312: 308: 302: 298: 295: 289: 285: 282: 279: 275: 271: 268: 265: 259: 256: 253: 247: 244: 241: 235: 232: 231:Emperor Gaozu 229: 223: 219: 215: 213: 209: 206: 203: 199: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 134: 131: 126: 123: 122: 120: 116: 90: 89: 83: 78: 69: 63: 60: 59: 56: 40: 37: 33: 19: 17696:Tang dynasty 17424:Contemporary 17274:Indo-Persian 17262:Nazi Germany 17206:Contemporary 17108:Vijayanagara 17007:Great Seljuk 16918:Thessalonica 16846:Golden Horde 16660: 16486:Carthaginian 16265:Neo-Assyrian 16250:Neo-Sumerian 16124: 16097: 16085: 16072: 16052: 15964:Confucianism 15949:(fl 631–655) 15828:(fl 602–664) 15651:Niu Yingzhen 15627:Liu Zongyuan 15472: 15467:Yang Yunsong 15461:Du Guangting 15451: 15436: 15431:Bai Xingjian 15415: 15394: 15333: 15326: 15319: 15312: 15308:Playing card 15298: 14937:Oasis states 14873:Tang dynasty 14872: 14822: 14760: 14742: 14724: 14703: 14675: 14657: 14632: 14588: 14584: 14566: 14547: 14522: 14518: 14503:, Westview, 14500: 14480: 14459: 14437: 14419: 14398:Tang Cuisine 14397: 14375: 14357: 14339: 14317: 14309: 14291: 14272: 14244: 14240: 14198: 14194: 14185: 14163: 14144: 14126: 14108: 14090: 14072: 14054: 14030: 14026: 14010: 13999:, retrieved 13992:the original 13976: 13939: 13935: 13916: 13897: 13888: 13879: 13870: 13861: 13852: 13834: 13817: 13799: 13781: 13773: 13755: 13737: 13720: 13698: 13680: 13662: 13641:(1): 51–96, 13638: 13632: 13616: 13612: 13596: 13592: 13574: 13563:, retrieved 13559:the original 13553: 13526: 13493: 13487: 13465: 13447: 13429: 13411: 13392: 13372: 13349: 13316: 13298: 13279: 13259: 13237: 13221: 13203: 13180: 13161: 13139: 13120: 13107: 13089: 13068:(1): 71–99, 13065: 13061: 13043: 13025: 13002:Modern China 13001: 12983: 12965: 12957: 12939: 12918: 12893: 12875: 12857: 12839: 12810: 12804: 12792: 12780: 12768: 12741: 12729: 12717: 12708: 12704: 12698: 12686: 12674: 12662: 12650: 12638: 12609: 12597:. Retrieved 12593:the original 12576: 12564: 12552: 12540: 12528: 12516: 12504: 12492: 12480: 12468: 12463:, p. 3. 12448:, p. 1. 12426: 12399: 12372: 12360: 12348: 12336: 12324: 12312: 12300: 12288: 12281:Adshead 2004 12266:Adshead 2004 12261: 12249: 12242:Schafer 1985 12237: 12225: 12213: 12201: 12192: 12186: 12181:, p. 4. 12174: 12165: 12161: 12155: 12150:, p. 6. 12143: 12134: 12120:, p. 1. 12113: 12101: 12044: 12037:Schafer 1985 12032: 12020: 11981: 11972: 11963: 11954: 11942: 11930: 11921: 11909:. Retrieved 11905: 11896: 11884: 11872: 11845: 11833: 11821: 11809: 11797: 11785: 11773: 11761: 11730: 11718: 11702: 11690: 11678: 11667:, retrieved 11663:the original 11658: 11654: 11647: 11601: 11589: 11562: 11550: 11506: 11499:Adshead 2004 11494: 11482: 11470: 11458: 11451:Andrews 2010 11446: 11419: 11407: 11395: 11383: 11371: 11359: 11347: 11335: 11323: 11311: 11299: 11287: 11275: 11263: 11251: 11227:Schafer 1985 11222: 11215:Schafer 1985 11210: 11198: 11191:Schafer 1985 11174:Schafer 1985 11169: 11162:Schafer 1985 11157: 11150:Schafer 1985 11145: 11133: 11114: 11108: 11096: 11084: 11072: 11053: 11047: 11029:Viking Press 11024: 11015: 10993:Adshead 2004 10973: 10961: 10934: 10923:, retrieved 10918: 10909: 10897: 10885: 10873: 10866:Schafer 1985 10846: 10839:Schafer 1985 10834: 10822: 10810: 10803:Schafer 1985 10798: 10791:Schafer 1985 10786: 10774: 10767:Schafer 1985 10762: 10731: 10719: 10707: 10700:Andrews 2010 10695: 10683: 10671: 10659: 10647: 10640:Adshead 2004 10635: 10623: 10616:Schafer 1985 10611: 10599: 10587: 10543: 10531: 10504: 10492: 10480: 10468: 10461:Adshead 1995 10456: 10429:. Retrieved 10425:the original 10416: 10392:Adshead 1995 10372: 10361:, retrieved 10346: 10339: 10332:Schafer 1985 10327: 10315:. Retrieved 10311:the original 10300: 10288: 10276: 10256: 10249: 10233: 10225: 10203: 10199:Gibb, H.A.R. 10193: 10174: 10167: 10136: 10117: 10107: 10087: 10080: 10073:Schafer 1985 10068: 10056: 10025: 10013: 10001: 9991: 9984: 9972:. Retrieved 9957: 9947: 9935: 9923: 9911: 9899: 9894:, p. 2. 9887: 9875: 9863: 9851: 9839: 9812: 9770: 9758: 9746: 9734: 9722: 9710: 9683: 9671: 9659: 9639:, p. 4. 9632: 9620: 9608: 9596: 9591:, p. 9. 9569: 9557: 9530: 9518: 9511:Adshead 2004 9506: 9479: 9472:Adshead 2004 9467: 9455: 9443: 9431: 9419: 9407: 9395: 9388:Adshead 2004 9383: 9371: 9344: 9332: 9286: 9274: 9262: 9250: 9238: 9226: 9197: 9185: 9173: 9161: 9156:, p. 7. 9149: 9137: 9110: 9098: 9079: 9073: 9061: 9036:《殘唐五代史演義傳》：“ 9031: 9019: 9007: 8995: 8981: 8977: 8970:Taenzer 2016 8965: 8941:Adshead 2004 8919: 8907: 8895: 8888:Adshead 2004 8883: 8871: 8842: 8814:Adshead 2004 8809: 8797: 8770: 8758: 8746: 8734: 8729:, p. 9. 8727:Schafer 1985 8684: 8631:Adshead 2004 8626: 8619:Adshead 2004 8614: 8602: 8597:, p. 7. 8578:Adshead 2004 8546:, p. 6. 8529:Adshead 2004 8524: 8512: 8507:, p. 8. 8505:Schafer 1985 8485: 8473: 8461: 8449: 8442:Adshead 2004 8437: 8428: 8421:Marlowe 2008 8394: 8365: 8330: 8326: 8313: 8291:Adshead 2004 8286: 8260:Adshead 2004 8240: 8233:Adshead 2004 8228: 8216: 8204: 8197:Adshead 2004 8177: 8164: 8152: 8140: 8119: 8104: 8097: 8072: 8057: 8050: 8038: 8026: 8014: 8007:Adshead 2004 8002: 7975: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7899:, p. 1. 7892: 7887:, p. 6. 7880: 7870: 7862: 7837: 7831: 7818: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7702: 7687: 7674: 7637: 7612: 7611:text of the 7598: 7594: 7588: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7542: 7520: 7488: 7461: 7449: 7415: 7408:pharmacology 7401: 7392:State of Qin 7377: 7347: 7331:Dunhuang map 7315:playing card 7303:movable type 7291: 7282: 7277: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7205:slot machine 7181: 7169: 7152: 7130:. Yi Xing's 7124:astronomical 7093: 6967: 6944: 6940:Yuan dynasty 6896:Greater Iran 6889: 6825: 6821:sesame seeds 6805: 6802: 6790:Ming dynasty 6788:millet. The 6768: 6760:toilet paper 6748: 6734: 6728: 6717: 6695: 6683: 6673: 6657:North Hamlet 6654: 6646: 6601: 6574: 6519: 6491:cockfighting 6475: 6462: 6443: 6402: 6394:Daqin Pagoda 6375: 6314:Nathan Sivin 6293:Tao Te Ching 6292: 6286: 6282:Tao Te Ching 6280: 6278: 6199: 6177: 6157: 6099: 6098:'s (d. 863) 6093: 6074: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6014:Book of Zhou 6012: 6006: 6002:Book of Chen 6000: 5994: 5988: 5983: 5974:traveled to 5968:al-Muqaddasi 5952:Persian Gulf 5942: 5931: 5924:Linghu Defen 5913: 5907: 5882: 5871:Yuan dynasty 5862: 5860: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5830:Liu Zongyuan 5823: 5794: 5777: 5771: 5760: 5723:Lantingji Xu 5721: 5689: 5681: 5665: 5612: 5580:Heian period 5572: 5555:corner tower 5516:Confucianism 5509: 5487: 5412:towards the 5367: 5354:Hangzhou Bay 5327: 5293: 5223: 5179:Persian Gulf 5172: 5098: 5086: 5078: 5047: 5028: 4994: 4987: 4971: 4937:lacquerwares 4925: 4877: 4865: 4858: 4841:) forces of 4830: 4825:, including 4818: 4814: 4794: 4782: 4779:Roman Empire 4772: 4762: 4756: 4755:(拂菻) in the 4752: 4731: 4726:Tang Taizong 4592: 4589:Prince Peroz 4578: 4542:outside the 4513: 4490: 4455: 4417: 4408: 4404: 4384: 4323: 4305: 4278: 4258: 4221: 4175: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4120: 4094: 4060: 4052: 3985: 3975:, and 1,538 3970: 3958: 3941: 3918: 3907: 3878: 3873: 3837: 3811: 3803: 3793: 3783: 3774:Students of 3773: 3712: 3708: 3704:Northern Wei 3681: 3677:Qing dynasty 3666: 3656: 3650: 3648:(960–1279). 3646:Song dynasty 3638:Ming dynasty 3635: 3615: 3597:, he issued 3592: 3557:Shi Jingtang 3545:Liao dynasty 3533:Song dynasty 3514: 3487: 3477:, and later 3474: 3448: 3426: 3424: 3412: 3401: 3386:Zhang Yichao 3371: 3358:Zhang Yichao 3334: 3328: 3312: 3303:irrigational 3296: 3265: 3219: 3210:Song dynasty 3201: 3196:, Hubei and 3187: 3179: 3177: 3144: 3107:in 756. The 3058: 3035:technocratic 3023: 2996: 2991:Mogao Grotto 2948:(modern-day 2919:the language 2902: 2895: 2890:= 93m tall). 2887: 2883: 2839:crown prince 2824: 2807: 2781:by Yan Liben 2776: 2617:), Northern 2514: 2504: 2502: 2452: 2433: 2387: 2381: 2332:Illig Qaghan 2321: 2317:filial piety 2310: 2298:Li Jiancheng 2259: 2240: 2229:Dugu sisters 2207: 2196: 2182:Duchess Dugu 2119: 2110:Ming dynasty 2027: 2006: 1986:protectorate 1959: 1951: 1916: 1887: 1849:Tang dynasty 1848: 1846: 1743:LGBT history 1679: 1661: 1634: 1601: 1588: 1575: 1545: 1532: 1519: 1500: 1490: 1478: 1467:Ten Kingdoms 1463: 1417: 1416: 1403: 1390:Northern and 1388: 1358: 1336: 1326: 1294: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266:(220–280 AD) 1260: 1247: 1237: 1227: 1223:(206–202 BC) 1217: 1205: 1198:(221–207 BC) 1192: 1163:(475–221 BC) 1136:(771–256 BC) 1132:Eastern Zhou 1130: 1122:Western Zhou 1120: 1097: 1073: 1050: 1026: 1002: 996: 990: 967: 957: 830:Southern Min 764:Romanization 654:Hanyu Pinyin 624:Hanyu Pinyin 582:Tang dynasty 543:Liao dynasty 414:Succeeded by 413: 408: 309:interregnum 299:June 18, 618 36: 17012:Khwarezmian 16945:Carolingian 16750:Rashtrakuta 16454:Shaishunaga 16353:Hellenistic 16336:New Kingdom 16326:Old Kingdom 16181:Flying cash 16080:Li Chunfeng 16062:Xu Jingzong 16013:Xi'an Stele 15991:Kong Yingda 15862:Amoghavajra 15693:Du Qiuniang 15681:Mo Xuanqing 15675:Li Shangyin 15669:Wen Tingyun 15531:Meng Haoran 15519:He Zhizhang 15513:Chen Zi'ang 15495:Luo Binwang 15152:Chancellery 15147:Secretariat 15112:Shence Army 15068:Jimi system 15051:Family tree 14817:Sui dynasty 14699:Yule, Henry 14001:February 9, 13613:Imago Mundi 13593:Imago Mundi 12911:Bai, Shouyi 12831:Works cited 12761:Temple 1986 12746:Temple 1986 12691:Temple 1986 12679:Temple 1986 12485:Temple 1986 12025:Gernet 1962 12013:Gernet 1962 11707:Howard 2012 11683:Gernet 1962 11582:Wright 1959 11567:Harper 2005 11328:Huters 1987 11256:Harper 2005 10925:October 21, 10736:Bowman 2000 10417:Fordham.edu 10230:Bai, Shouyi 10164:Pellat, Ch. 9856:Gernet 1996 9024:Gernet 1996 9000:Baumer 2012 8835:Bowman 2000 8043:Drompp 2005 8031:Drompp 2004 7780:Shin (2014) 7713:Sui dynasty 7384:star charts 7366:Xu Jingzong 7350:cartography 7321:Cartography 7209:spring trap 7192:Greco-Roman 7184:Qin dynasty 7070:Engineering 7021:Tomb figure 6968:Methods of 6924:North India 6906:roots from 6753:. Although 6702:Yang Guifei 6690:earthenware 6493:, and even 6310:sinologists 6273:Mount Wutai 6232:and ardent 6138:Bodhisattva 6065:written by 6056:Tang Huiyao 6026:Book of Jin 6020:Book of Sui 5972:Wang Xuance 5915:Yiwen Leiju 5895:Calligraphy 5751:calligraphy 5736:Jin dynasty 5712:Tang poetry 5673:Grand Canal 5576:city blocks 5569:, dated 706 5563:Prince Yide 5426:ivory trade 5422:slave trade 5365:provinces. 5294:Yue Jue Shu 5191:Mesopotamia 5134:tomb figure 5090:checkpoints 5009:Grand Canal 4989:Wadōkaichin 4957:Tarim Basin 4793:Pogonatos ( 4791:Constans II 4749:sinologists 4743:. However, 4691:papermaking 4687:Gao Xianzhi 4579:During the 4516:Tarim Basin 4482:Su Dingfang 4424:Liang Shidu 4413:desinicized 4398:. When the 4380:Li Chongrun 4325:Nihon Shoki 4285:Emperor Uda 4265:Yeon Namsan 4249:Mount Wutai 4241:Mogao Caves 4109:Su Dingfang 4005:Jimi system 3973:prefectures 3933:Amoghavajra 3904:(1254–1327) 3820:calligraphy 3731:prefectural 3684:Han dynasty 3644:during the 3626:tomb figure 3506:Later Liang 3319:Jingzhao Fu 3307:chain pumps 3260:Xumi Pagoda 3223:Grand Canal 3117:The Uyghurs 3067:was a half- 3003:Empress Wei 2898:palace coup 2882:of Luoyang 2876: [ 2873:Bright Hall 2597:), Central 2589:Mohe people 2535:Eastern Wei 2500:in 657 CE. 2498:Ashina Helu 2491:Su Dingfang 2322:During the 2306:temple name 2255:Yuwen Huaji 2221:Sui dynasty 2146:Han dynasty 2130:Sui dynasty 2124:had ethnic 1940:Sui dynasty 1912:Han dynasty 1900:Sui dynasty 1896:interregnum 1888:Tang Empire 1790:Discoveries 1785:Cartography 1780:Archaeology 1718:Art history 1607:(1644–1912) 1594:(1368–1644) 1581:(1271–1368) 1551:(1115–1234) 1538:(1038–1227) 1534:Western Xia 1506:(1127–1279) 1338:Eastern Jin 1328:Western Jin 1253:(25–220 AD) 1249:Eastern Han 1229:Western Han 1108: 1046 1088: 1046 1084: 1250 1061: 1600 1037: 2070 978: 8500 959:Paleolithic 950:Prehistoric 703:Tʻang-chʻao 473:Later Liang 432:Sui dynasty 409:Preceded by 339:June 1, 907 334:Later Liang 294:Established 17690:Categories 17582:Portuguese 17463:Revival Le 17453:Vietnamese 17096:Later Tran 17066:Vietnamese 16962:Singhasari 16950:Holy Roman 16574:Bulgarian 16510:Satavahana 16481:Phoenician 16417:Achaemenid 16378:Indo-Greek 16358:Macedonian 16272:Babylonian 16140:Toothbrush 16107:Sun Simiao 16082:(602–670) 16049:(580–640) 15953:Lü Dongbin 15868:Mazu Daoyi 15850:Vajrabodhi 15748:Zhang Xuan 15597:Wei Yingwu 15501:Du Shenyan 15448:(733–804) 15433:(776–826) 15391:(596–667) 15351:Autumn Dew 15058:Chancellor 15029:Government 14416:唐代前期军事史略论稿 12533:Ebrey 1999 12509:Ebrey 1999 12049:Ebrey 1999 11998:Ebrey 1999 11709:, p. 11669:August 13, 11594:Ebrey 1999 11555:Ebrey 1999 11511:Ebrey 1999 11475:Ebrey 1999 11463:Ebrey 1999 11244:Ebrey 1999 10827:Woods 1996 10548:Ebrey 1999 10536:Ebrey 1999 10524:Ebrey 1999 10018:Stein 1972 9916:Skaff 2009 9805:Ebrey 1999 9652:Graff 2002 9613:Graff 2002 9601:Graff 2002 9448:Ebrey 1999 9412:Graff 2000 9400:Ebrey 1999 9279:Brook 1998 9243:Ebrey 1999 9219:Ebrey 1999 9202:Ebrey 1999 8802:Graff 2008 8517:Kiang 1999 8454:Ebrey 1999 8399:Forte 1988 8245:Graff 2000 8221:Graff 2000 8209:Graff 2000 8182:Graff 2000 8157:Togan 2011 8145:Skaff 2012 7944:Ebrey 1999 7897:Lewis 2012 7840:(3): 492. 7804:(2): 222. 7739:References 7721:T'ai-tsung 7664:Great Tang 7619:Sima Guang 7585:Ouyang Xiu 7561:See also: 7544:Tang Yulin 7537:. In 747, 7531:rotary fan 7468:waterproof 7422:Sun Simiao 7410:. In 657, 7342: 700 7200:automatons 7140: 610 7116:waterwheel 7114:clock and 7108:escapement 7096:Zhang Heng 6947:off-limits 6885:pufferfish 6764:Yan Zhitui 6716:A page of 6700:, such as 6698:Empress Wu 6650:silk worms 6495:tug of war 6489:(soccer), 6467:Zhang Xuan 6418:Manicheism 6242:Mazu Daoyi 6230:polemicist 6126:See also: 5964:al-Mas'udi 5960:lighthouse 5928:Chen Shuda 5920:Ouyang Xun 5901:on a Tang 5879:melancholy 5815: 713 5807:antithesis 5803:characters 5763:golden age 5757:in Beijing 5745:A poem by 5732:Wang Xizhi 5702:Literature 5696:Empress Wu 5671:along the 5503: 758 5501: – c. 5499: 685 5394:star anise 5350:Huai River 5342:Yellow Sea 5058:Emperor Wu 5041:, 723 AD, 4882:Son of God 4863:Old Turkic 4843:Muawiyah I 4777:(i.e. the 4747:and other 4661:under the 4574: 650 4555:Autumn Dew 4476:, and the 4226:Kim Yushin 4204:and their 4170:See also: 4115:as far as 4107:in 657 by 4096:Tian Kehan 4032:later copy 3925:Vajrabodhi 3845:power base 3595:legal code 3571:See also: 3525:Later Tang 3519:. His son 3431:Huang Chao 3366:Mogao cave 3150:Shi Siming 3037:successor 2709:Langkasuka 2629:Tashkurgan 2485:, and the 2348:Tian Kehan 2282:Dou Jiande 2038:Zhang Xuan 1994:East Asian 1974:Inner Asia 1908:golden age 1886:), or the 1795:Inventions 1525:(916–1125) 1496:(960–1127) 1484:(960–1279) 1151: – c. 1149: 770 1110: – c. 1086: – c. 1075:Late Shang 1063: – c. 1039: – c. 980: – c. 805:tong4 ciu4 791:Tòhngchìuh 696:Wade–Giles 688:Tarngchaur 529:Former Shu 398:Cash coins 385:80 million 375:50 million 361:Population 267:Emperor Ai 201:Government 66:(690–705: 17575:Couronian 17213:Ethiopian 17201:Manchukuo 17156:Brazilian 17002:Ghaznavid 16972:Srivijaya 16923:Trebizond 16908:Byzantine 16890:North Sea 16885:Norwegian 16873:Almoravid 16856:Ilkhanate 16826:Majapahit 16799:Muromachi 16708:Solomonic 16693:Ethiopian 16607:Caliphate 16540:Aragonese 16368:Ptolemaic 16136:(730–805) 16115:(683–727) 16064:(592-672) 15993:(574–648) 15985:(772–841) 15979:(768–824) 15924:(862–949) 15918:(807–869) 15906:(778–897) 15900:(770–860) 15894:(746–805) 15888:(745–827) 15882:(730–790) 15876:(720–814) 15870:(709–788) 15864:(705–774) 15858:(688–763) 15852:(671–741) 15846:(638–689) 15840:(635–713) 15834:(632–682) 15822:(613–681) 15816:(562–645) 15810:(549–623) 15774:(855–915) 15768:(832–912) 15762:(730–780) 15760:Zhou Fang 15756:(723–787) 15754:Han Huang 15750:(713–755) 15744:(706–783) 15732:(699–759) 15726:(680–760) 15720:(600–673) 15718:Yan Liben 15689:(840–868) 15687:Yu Xuanji 15677:(813–858) 15671:(812–866) 15665:(803–852) 15647:(790–817) 15635:(779–831) 15633:Yuan Zhen 15629:(773–819) 15623:(772–846) 15617:(772–842) 15611:(768–824) 15605:(739–799) 15599:(737–792) 15593:(722–789) 15587:(715–770) 15581:(712–779) 15575:(712–770) 15569:(709–785) 15563:(704–765) 15557:(701–762) 15551:(699–759) 15545:(698–756) 15539:(690–751) 15533:(689–740) 15527:(673–740) 15521:(659–744) 15515:(656–702) 15509:(650–676) 15503:(645–708) 15497:(619–684) 15469:(9th c.) 15463:(850–933) 15427:(751–762) 15412:(7th c.) 15406:(601–636) 15117:Shumiyuan 14942:Karakhoja 14881:History ( 14652:(1992), 14621:144323050 13826:430842673 13518:192365949 13333:0021-9118 13230:1002-8005 13092:, Brill, 13074:0073-0548 13018:143637417 12913:(2003), 12734:Wood 1999 12667:Benn 2002 12599:March 13, 12392:Benn 2002 12317:Benn 2002 12305:Benn 2002 12293:Benn 2002 12230:Benn 2002 12218:Benn 2002 12206:Benn 2002 12094:Song 1966 11947:Benn 2002 11935:Benn 2002 11889:Benn 2002 11877:Benn 2002 11865:Benn 2002 11850:Benn 2002 11838:Benn 2002 11826:Benn 2002 11814:Benn 2002 11802:Benn 2002 11790:Benn 2002 11778:Benn 2002 11766:Benn 2002 11754:Benn 2002 11623:Benn 2002 11424:Reed 2003 11376:Wong 1979 11364:Wong 1979 11352:Wong 1979 11280:Benn 2002 11268:Benn 2002 11101:Benn 2002 11089:Benn 2002 10978:Shen 1996 10939:Shen 1996 10815:Shen 1996 10779:Tang 1991 10755:Benn 2002 10724:Chen 2002 10604:Benn 2002 10509:Yule 1915 10497:Yule 1915 10485:Yule 1915 10473:Ball 2016 10449:Yule 1915 10217:685253133 10173:Volume V: 10160:Lewis, B. 10049:Benn 2002 9892:Benn 2002 9775:Benn 2002 9664:Kang 2006 9637:Benn 2002 9589:Benn 2002 9535:Benn 2002 9499:Benn 2002 9484:Benn 2002 9436:Benn 2002 9424:Benn 2002 9291:Benn 2002 9190:Mote 2003 9178:Mote 2003 9166:Mote 2003 9154:Mote 2003 9130:Mote 2003 9115:Mote 2003 9103:Mote 2003 9066:Mote 2003 8958:Benn 2002 8924:Benn 2002 8912:Benn 2002 8847:Benn 2002 8790:Wang 2003 8607:Benn 2002 8595:Benn 2002 8544:Benn 2002 8088:Hsien-pei 7810:1076-156X 7744:Citations 7575:Later Jin 7523:Ding Huan 7507:gazetteer 7499:cast iron 7491:boreholes 7484:porcelain 7476:fireproof 7404:medicines 7242:craftsmen 7156:lacquered 7112:clepsydra 7084:a phoenix 7078:A square 6988:Tang era 6928:sugarcane 6900:pine nuts 6892:Samarkand 6845:jellyfish 6837:marinated 6833:sea otter 6817:dumplings 6786:glutinous 6777:, wheat, 6641:Wu Zetian 6606:Zhou Fang 6469:(713–755) 6234:xenophobe 6183:Confucius 6106:anecdotes 6067:Liu Zhiji 5867:Yuan Zhen 5848:piantiwen 5838:piantiwen 5801:or seven 5685:Guangzhou 5636:Silk Road 5584:Heian kyō 5430:ambergris 5406:Bohai Sea 5314:porcelain 5278:Indonesia 5270:Guangzhou 5266:Near East 5246:Sinhalese 5236:Indians, 5205:, Egypt, 5195:Euphrates 5066:Hou Junji 5050:Silk Road 5019:Silk Road 4941:porcelain 4928:Silk Road 4880:meaning " 4807:patrician 4803:patriarch 4739:from the 4711:Dzungaria 4677:. At the 4633:(seat of 4567:Yan Liben 4478:Xueyantuo 4436:Xueyantuo 4105:Issyk Kul 4091:Syr Darya 4087:Amu Darya 4065:, Nepal, 4038:(600–673) 4036:Yan Liben 3902:Ren Renfa 3898:Zhang Guo 3776:Confucian 3736:municipal 3723:acrobatic 3561:Later Jin 3541:Manchuria 3455:Li Keyong 3444:Guangzhou 3403:fángyùshǐ 3360:over the 3113:Moyanchur 3089:Yan state 3081:Manchuria 3065:An Lushan 3031:deflation 3007:Li Longji 2814:Wu Zetian 2802:Wu Zetian 2739:Kabadiyan 2699:Dangchang 2609:Sri Lanka 2521:Yan Liben 2516:Wánghuìtú 2413:Samarkand 2409:Varkhuman 2308:Taizong. 2294:Li Yuanji 2266:Li Shimin 2122:Li family 2042:Zhou Fang 1978:Silk Road 1924:Wu Zetian 1919:Li family 1890:, was an 1471:(907–979) 1432:(690–705) 1422:(618–907) 1409:(581–618) 1396:(420–589) 1364:(304–439) 1342:(317–420) 1332:(266–316) 1300:(266–420) 1243:(9–23 AD) 969:Neolithic 933:Dynasties 881:dang djew 860:Tông-tiâu 846:Tông-tiâu 718:Táng-cháo 155:Religion 136:(904–907) 128:(618–904) 17555:Japanese 17518:Scottish 17498:American 17490:Colonial 17419:Imperial 17387:Moroccan 17323:Japanese 17301:Afsharid 17160:Burmese 17146:Austrian 17101:Later Le 17076:Early Le 17061:Venetian 16987:Tiwanaku 16900:Hellenic 16863:Moroccan 16794:Kamakura 16784:Japanese 16767:Saffarid 16720:Georgian 16634:Chalukya 16612:Rashidun 16602:Calakmul 16570:Bruneian 16449:Haryanka 16427:Sasanian 16422:Parthian 16373:Bactrian 16363:Seleucid 16343:Goguryeo 16321:Egyptian 16255:Assyrian 16245:Akkadian 16236:Colonies 16109:(d. 682) 16094:Su Jing 15930:(9th c.) 15912:(8th c.) 15910:Zhisheng 15856:Jianzhen 15826:Xuanzang 15800:Buddhism 15792:Religion 15780:(9th c.) 15772:Jing Hao 15738:(7th c.) 15730:Wang Wei 15724:Wu Daozi 15710:Painters 15701:(9th c.) 15695:(9th c.) 15659:(8th c.) 15657:Zhang Xu 15653:(8th c.) 15641:(d. 784) 15621:Bai Juyi 15615:Liu Yuxi 15585:Cen Shen 15579:Zhang Ji 15549:Wang Wei 15102:Jiedushi 15097:Military 15004:Songping 14957:Conquest 14947:Karasahr 14883:Timeline 14457:(2013), 14184:(1966), 13964:98230482 13718:(1934), 13496:: 1–13, 13370:(1962), 13257:(1999), 13118:(1998), 13082:23214360 12938:(2016), 12655:Hsu 1993 12473:Pan 1997 12461:Guo 1998 12446:Guo 1998 12254:Sen 2003 11735:Liu 2001 11723:Liu 2001 11695:Liu 2001 11400:Sen 2003 11023:(2011). 11008:Liu 1991 10954:Hsu 1988 10919:BBC News 10712:Sun 1989 10676:Sen 2003 10363:July 17, 10281:Bai 2003 10201:(1923). 10175:Khe–Mahi 10166:(eds.). 10144:(1986). 9974:July 17, 9955:(1924). 9940:Sen 2003 9904:Xue 1992 9880:Xue 1992 9868:Xue 1992 9844:Liu 2000 9817:Xue 1992 9790:Cui 2005 9763:Xue 1992 8988:vol. 249 8763:Sen 2003 8739:Wan 2017 8466:Sen 2003 8335:Archived 7826:(1997). 7603:, which 7600:Tongdian 7426:diabetes 7406:used in 7398:Medicine 7335:star map 7299:Bi Sheng 6963:Buddhism 6857:cardamom 6849:cinnamon 6798:Shennong 6779:panicled 6679:Jiaofang 6639:, where 6566:Dunhuang 6523:such as 6499:nuptials 6413:Sassanid 6405:Sogdians 6288:Zhuangzi 6285:and the 6275:, Shanxi 6246:Baizhang 6202:convents 6179:Buddhism 6149:Dunhuang 6085:Xuanzang 6050:Tongdian 6035:and the 5956:Iranians 5946:such as 5795:Jintishi 5787:Wang Wei 5778:jintishi 5669:Yangzhou 5624:Buddhism 5559:Chang'an 5545:Chang'an 5532:printing 5524:Buddhism 5492:Wu Daozi 5386:Changsha 5382:Belitung 5359:Zhejiang 5346:Nagasaki 5336:and the 5319:ceramics 5288:... with 5242:Bengalis 5226:Persians 5211:Ethiopia 5118:figurine 5001:Sanskrit 4997:Xuanzang 4707:Gaochang 4681:in 751, 4675:Sogdiana 4671:Ferghana 4667:Khorasan 4643:Namangan 4639:Ferghana 4603:Rashidun 4563:stirrups 4532:Xinjiang 4509:Dunhuang 4466:Göktürks 4432:Mongolia 4415:people. 4297:Fujiwara 4245:Dunhuang 4230:Li Shiji 4182:Goguryeo 4121:jiedushi 3977:counties 3855:through 3841:warlords 3824:rhetoric 3804:mingjing 3784:mingjing 3768:Qiu Ying 3717:(modern 3715:Chang'an 3521:Li Cunxu 3475:jiedushi 3427:jiedushi 3378:Dunhuang 3362:Tibetans 3335:jiedushi 3281:Hangzhou 3273:Yangzhou 3269:Jiangnan 3202:jiedushi 3194:Shandong 3190:in Hebei 3188:jiedushi 3181:jiedushi 3129:Tibetans 3093:Guo Ziyi 3043:Li Linfu 3039:Li Linfu 2970:Sanskrit 2946:Chang'an 2911:Maitreya 2669:Goguryeo 2475:Karasahr 2473:in 640, 2471:Gaochang 2438:dancer, 2251:Yang You 2237:Chang'an 2150:Li Guang 2148:general 2058:Buddhism 2024:Wang Wei 1990:hegemony 1962:Chang'an 1953:jiedushi 1946:through 1758:Timeline 1685:(Taiwan, 1665:of China 1179:Imperial 928:Timeline 902:a series 900:Part of 799:Jyutping 770:Daon zau 732:Tángcháu 668:Bopomofo 660:Tángcháo 628:Tángcháo 394:Currency 125:Chang'an 18:Tang-era 17622:largest 17617:Empires 17597:Swedish 17592:Spanish 17587:Russian 17550:Italian 17525:Chinese 17513:English 17508:British 17503:Belgian 17478:Vietnam 17468:Tay son 17414:Tsarist 17409:Russian 17404:Ottoman 17370:Dzungar 17365:Khoshut 17338:Mexican 17333:Maratha 17316:Pahlavi 17296:Safavid 17291:Iranian 17218:Haitian 17181:Chinese 17141:Ashanti 17113:Wagadou 17039:Eastern 17034:Western 17017:Timurid 16977:Tibetan 16967:Songhai 16957:Serbian 16878:Almohad 16868:Idrisid 16772:Samanid 16762:Tahirid 16757:Iranian 16735:Kannauj 16715:Genoese 16651:Chinese 16644:Eastern 16639:Western 16627:Fatimid 16622:Abbasid 16617:Umayyad 16590:Burmese 16550:Ayyubid 16545:Angevin 16515:Xianbei 16503:Eastern 16498:Western 16444:Magadha 16407:Iranian 16400:Xiongnu 16385:Hittite 16294:Chinese 16282:Kassite 16231:Ancient 16223:Empires 16166:Liu Yan 16161:Diwu Qi 16154:Economy 16134:Jia Dan 16113:Yi Xing 15955:(796-?) 15820:Shandao 15814:Daochuo 15778:Sun Wei 15766:Guanxiu 15742:Han Gan 15683:(834-?) 15561:Gao Shi 15507:Wang Bo 15425:Du Huan 15389:Daoxuan 15382:Writers 15277:Culture 15073:Fanzhen 15036:Emperor 14593:Bibcode 14269:中国古代航海史 14261:3177416 14233:1795516 14203:Bibcode 14047:2718022 14019:3217847 13944:Bibcode 13730:1625342 13655:2719158 13510:1568644 13341:2057970 13158:中国古代和亲史 12915:中国回回民族史 12569:Xi 1981 12191:Ennin. 11911:May 20, 11304:Yu 1998 8751:Qi 2010 8689:Xu 1993 8333:: 155. 8127:Li Xian 7980:Yu 1998 7956:Du 1998 7854:2600793 7725:Ta-shih 7711:of the 7709:Yang-ti 7694:(2000) 7658: 7644:Dà Táng 7472:varnish 7464:alchemy 7442:goiters 7438:thyroid 7434:starchy 7374:Jia Dan 7362:Pei Xiu 7284:dharani 7224:Tang Lü 7164:gravity 7104:Yi Xing 7088:lacquer 7004:A Tang 6974:brining 6912:mangoes 6904:ginseng 6865:oysters 6807:rougamo 6775:legumes 6771:sesamum 6741:Lu Tong 6708:Cuisine 6669:madames 6633:Li Xian 6562:Guanyin 6509:A Tang 6479:archery 6448:Han Gan 6428:Leisure 6384:or the 6301:alchemy 6258:Huiyuan 6214:secular 6206:temples 6062:Shitong 5976:Magadha 5948:Jia Dan 5799:stanzas 5791:Cui Hao 5692:Luoyang 5653:Uighurs 5620:Vietnam 5450:Fatimid 5438:Berbera 5410:Malacca 5402:Jia Dan 5376:in the 5302:pirates 5264:of the 5217:in the 5215:Somalia 5213:), and 5185:, into 5183:Red Sea 5116:glazed 5035:Sogdian 4961:cymbals 4955:in the 4888:Economy 4878:Taisson 4866:Khumdan 4859:Khubdan 4837:, i.e. 4829:by the 4811:regents 4783:Boduoli 4767:as the 4715:Ningxia 4699:Abbasid 4647:Umayyad 4623:Ikhshid 4615:Kashgar 4605:Caliph 4544:Jokhang 4528:Qinghai 4470:Tuyuhun 4458:Xiongnu 4400:Khitans 4316:compass 4299:on the 4184:in the 4075:Kashgar 4063:Kashmir 4056:Kashmir 3929:tantric 3740:mansion 3702:of the 3603:Vietnam 3547:of the 3543:by the 3490:Kaifeng 3459:Zhu Wen 3241:granary 3215:Mongols 3101:Sichuan 3077:Khitans 3071:, half- 3069:Sogdian 2909:of the 2884:(right) 2793:Wu Zhou 2729:Yarkand 2719:Dengzhi 2639:Chouchi 2459:Western 2431:Sogdian 2405:Sogdian 2336:Li Jing 2288:in the 2286:Luoyang 2278:cavalry 2213:Taiyuan 2209:Li Yuan 2198:Dà Táng 2176:, from 2170:Xianbei 2076:History 2034:Han Gan 1970:control 1928:Wu Zhou 1878:Chinese 1429:Wu Zhou 1019:Ancient 998:Yangtze 837:Hokkien 604:Chinese 487:Yang Wu 326:755–763 319:• 313:690–705 307:Wu Zhou 305:• 292:• 212:Emperor 133:Luoyang 118:Capital 68:Wu Zhou 17560:Mongol 17545:German 17540:French 17530:Danish 17473:Dainam 17448:Tongan 17436:Somali 17431:Sokoto 17397:'Alawi 17375:Kalmyk 17355:Mongol 17348:Second 17328:Korean 17279:Mughal 17269:Indian 17252:German 17245:Second 17235:French 17228:Second 17164:Second 17136:Afghan 17128:Modern 17054:Kyrgyz 17049:Uighur 17044:Second 17024:Turkic 16992:Toltec 16928:Epirus 16913:Nicaea 16836:Mongol 16789:Yamato 16725:Huetar 16583:Second 16520:Rouran 16469:Shunga 16464:Maurya 16439:Kushan 16412:Median 16390:Hunnic 16348:Harsha 15977:Han Yu 15939:Taoism 15892:Huiguo 15880:Wukong 15838:Yijing 15808:Jizang 15609:Han Yu 15603:Lu Lun 15555:Li Bai 15410:Bianji 15294:Poetry 15289:Sancai 14875:topics 14767: 14749: 14731: 14692:495264 14690: 14664: 14639: 14619: 14613:352793 14611: 14573: 14555: 14539:598956 14537: 14507: 14489: 14467: 14444: 14426: 14404: 14382: 14364: 14346: 14324: 14298: 14279: 14259: 14231: 14221: 14171: 14151: 14133: 14115: 14097: 14079: 14061: 14045: 14017: 13984: 13962: 13924: 13904: 13841: 13824: 13806: 13788: 13762: 13744: 13728: 13705: 13687: 13669: 13653: 13581: 13538: 13516: 13508: 13472: 13454: 13436: 13418: 13400: 13380: 13357: 13339: 13331: 13305: 13287: 13267: 13244: 13228: 13210: 13188: 13168: 13146: 13128: 13096: 13080: 13072: 13050: 13032: 13016: 12990: 12972: 12946: 12925: 12900: 12882: 12864: 12846: 12817: 11121: 11060: 11035: 10354: 10264: 10240: 10215: 10181: 10162:& 10124: 10095: 9965: 9086: 8123: 8112: 8076: 8065: 7867:"Tang" 7852: 7808: 7717:Fu-lin 7696:offers 7605:Du You 7354:Pei Ju 7337:dated 7260:, and 7234:Li Jie 7188:Ma Jun 7176: 7172: 7160:dragon 7100:Ma Jun 7063:, and 7037:sancai 7006:sancai 6936:Bengal 6932:Cotton 6920:Harsha 6881:shrimp 6861:ginger 6859:, and 6813:wonton 6784:, and 6782:millet 6511:sancai 6297:abbeys 6248:, and 6222:Han Yu 6191:Zhu Xi 6164:Taoism 6081:Bianji 6047:, the 5834:Han Yu 5783:Li Bai 5747:Li Bai 5630:, and 5616:Persia 5520:Taoism 5512:feudal 5442:Fustat 5434:Bobali 5428:, and 5398:Sufala 5363:Fujian 5290: 5286: 5274:Borneo 5250:Khmers 5238:Malays 5203:Arabia 5187:Persia 5164:Turfan 5138:sancai 5114:sancai 5081:Gilgit 5030:sancai 5005:Turkic 4949:flutes 4939:, and 4861:(from 4831:Da shi 4805:" or " 4753:Fu lin 4728:643 CE 4703:Uighur 4683:Karluk 4599:Zaranj 4559:saddle 4472:, the 4462:steppe 4409:fubing 4405:fubing 4387:Turkic 4368:, and 4342:Fuzhou 4338:Enchin 4202:Baekje 4152:fubing 4083:Champa 4067:Khotan 4003:, and 3869:people 3816:poetry 3812:jinshi 3794:jinshi 3690:. The 3609:, and 3553:Abaoji 3471:Shanxi 3463:Shatuo 3315: 3279:, and 3277:Suzhou 3236:famine 3234:faced 3145:jinshi 3127:. The 3109:Uyghur 3097:Shanxi 2819:stroke 2679:Khotan 2569:Kumedh 2559:Baekje 2549:Persia 2539:Rouran 2495:Qaghan 2444:Anyang 2435:Huteng 2344:khagan 2326:, the 2247:regent 2217:Shanxi 2166:Li Bai 2162:Longxi 2154:Li Gao 2152:, and 2142:Taoism 2040:, and 2016:Li Bai 1880:: 1627:Modern 1283:, and 1001:, and 992:Yellow 904:on the 854:Tâi-lô 216: 167:Taoism 105: 99: 93: 17610:Lists 17565:Omani 17535:Dutch 17441:Isaaq 17392:Saadi 17360:Oirat 17343:First 17311:Qajar 17240:First 17223:First 17196:China 17169:Third 17029:First 16982:Tikal 16933:Morea 16903:Roman 16821:Latin 16816:Khmer 16811:Kanem 16777:Buyid 16703:Zagwe 16698:Aksum 16688:Chola 16595:First 16578:First 16565:Bornu 16560:Benin 16555:Aztec 16493:Roman 16474:Gupta 16459:Nanda 16395:White 16001:Other 15983:Li Ao 15898:Puhua 15832:Kuiji 15663:Du Mu 15645:Li He 15639:Li Ye 15591:Li Bi 15573:Du Fu 15537:Li Qi 15487:Poets 15446:Lu Yu 15078:Hebei 15046:House 14999:Annan 14952:Kucha 14688:JSTOR 14656:[ 14617:S2CID 14609:JSTOR 14535:JSTOR 14418:[ 14396:[ 14271:[ 14257:JSTOR 14229:JSTOR 14043:JSTOR 14015:JSTOR 13995:(PDF) 13960:S2CID 13651:JSTOR 13527:China 13514:S2CID 13506:JSTOR 13337:JSTOR 13160:[ 13078:JSTOR 13014:S2CID 12917:[ 10211:–51. 10150:. 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