2545:
624:
578:
640:
609:
72:
1077:
2195:
1317:
1439:
597:
546:
2185:
1245:
1677:
562:
162:(Τ) of having provided tyrants with the model for the wooden instrument with which to crucify people and demands that Tau be executed on his own shape: "It was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up the erections on which men are crucified. Σταυρός the vile engine is called, and it derives its vile name from him. Now, with all these crimes upon him, does he not deserve death, nay, many deaths? For my part I know none bad enough but that supplied by his own shape—that shape which he gave to the gibbet named
2127:
1387:
1512:
1709:
1797:
2247:
1877:
1787:
1767:
1607:
1532:
1429:
2457:
2119:
1195:
1867:
1747:
1917:
1729:
1482:
2677:
251:
1107:
455:"Come near, you who watch over the city; come near with the instrument of extermination in your hands'. And behold, six men arrived with two whips in their hands. Among them was a man dressed in linen, with a writing-message around his waist. And Yahweh said to him: 'Go through Jerusalem, and mark with a tau the foreheads of the righteous who are in it.' And he said to the other five: 'Go through the city after him, and mercilessly exterminate as many as you find; but do not touch anyone who is marked with the tau.'
2109:
2059:
2565:
1975:
2257:
2713:
2277:
2175:
1689:
1117:
1452:
2617:
1522:
1462:
1357:
1857:
2657:
2215:
1097:
523:
2525:
1777:
1587:
1307:
1277:
1265:
1225:
263:
1367:
1185:
278:
2165:
2001:
1907:
1757:
1409:
1215:
1167:
2667:
2267:
20:
2647:
2297:
1719:
1699:
1597:
1399:
1349:
1255:
1087:
1739:
2029:
1657:
2069:
1647:
1542:
1472:
1377:
1137:
2237:
2637:
2467:
2089:
2477:
1667:
2627:
2597:
2205:
1947:
1937:
3040:
1957:
2881:
2225:
1807:
1847:
1827:
2447:
2607:
2011:
1927:
2437:
2021:
1637:
1617:
1419:
1552:
2585:
2515:
2145:
1991:
1887:
3055:
2701:
388:
2039:
2505:
1329:
1837:
83:
2049:
1817:
1492:
1339:
1205:
225:, Papyrus 80 and Papyrus 91) and stating: "The staurogram constitutes a Christian artistic emphasis on the cross within the earliest textual tradition", and "in one of the earliest Christian artifacts we have, text and art are combined to emphasize 'Christus crucifixus'". In 2015, Dieter T. Roth found the staurogram in further papyri and in parts of the aforementioned papyri that had escaped the notice of earlier scholars.
2287:
2155:
1562:
1157:
1502:
2135:
2079:
1897:
1627:
1577:
1287:
1297:
1235:
1147:
2099:
2575:
2535:
1127:
1177:
2555:
137:(c. 150 – c. 215) gives the same interpretation of the number τιη’ (318), referring to the cross of Christ with the expression "the Lord's sign": "They say, then, that the character representing 300 is, as to shape, the type of the Lord’s sign, and that the Iota and the Eta indicate the Saviour’s name."
458:
Who are" - continued the Pope - "the six men in charge of divine vengeance? Those are you, Council
Fathers, who, using all the weapons you have at hand: excommunications, dismissals, suspensions and interdicts, you have to relentlessly punish how many are not marked with the propitiatory tau and are
448:
The cross’s use in
Franciscanism dates back to St. Francis of Assisi himself, who used it as his signature and personal seal. During the time of Francis and from the Fourth Lateran Council, called by Pope Innocent III, the Tau was a symbol widely used by the Catholic Church, in general, as a sign of
452:
In inaugurating that
Council, Pope Innocent III preached on Ezekiel 9 and called all Christians to do penance under the sign of the tau, a sign of conversion and the sign of the cross. As Omer Englebert recounts in his "Life of St. Francis of Assisi", the Pope, after describing the sad situation of
220:
probably saw in the staurogram a depiction of Jesus on the cross, with the cross represented (as elsewhere) by the tau and the head by the loop of the rho, as had already been suggested by Robin Jensen, Kurt Aland and Erika
Dinkler. In 2008 David L. Balch agreed, adding more papyri containing the
322:
Another explanation proposed for the association of the tau cross with Saint
Anthony is that the tau cross was a stylized representation of the saint's staff, topped by a horizontal bar, on which he supported himself when old. A staff of that kind is represented in his hand in a painting by the
469:. At the beginning of any activity, he crossed himself with said sign, preferring it to any other sign, and painted it on the walls of the cells. In his conversations and sermons he often recommended it, and drew it as a signature in all his letters and writings,
465:» St. Francis of Assisi, who participated in the Council as superior general of an Order approved by the Church, must have taken Innocent III's invitation very seriously, since, according to his companions and his first biographers, he loved and revered the tau ,
462:
In his
Lateran speech, Innocent III had marked with the tau sign three classes of predestined: those who enlisted in the crusade; those who, prevented from crossing paths, fight against heresy; finally, the sinners who really commit themselves to reforming their
453:
the Holy Places trampled by the
Saracens, lamented the scandals that discredited the flock of Christ and threatened it with divine punishment if was not amended. He evoked the vision of Ezekiel, when the Lord, patience exhausted, exclaims with a powerful voice: «
623:
344:. In this painting the saint remains tranquil in spite of being threatened by a fearsome demon depicted as breaking the panes of the window behind him. The saint is not shown as wearing the emblem of the Antonines.
123:, and the numeral τ’ (300) as a prefiguration of the cross: "What, then, was the knowledge given to him in this? Learn the eighteen first, and then the three hundred. The ten and the eight are thus denoted—Ten by
473:
Among St. Francis of Assisi's autograph manuscripts in which he signs with the tau is his famous "Blessing to
Brother Leo", a relic that is preserved in the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi.
315:
In about 1500 the
Antonines still had 370 hospitals, but with the identification of the fungus that caused ergotism, the reduction of epidemics and the competition from the hospitals of the
143:(c. 155 – c. 240) remarks that the Greek letter τ and the Latin letter T have the same shape as the execution cross: "Ipsa est enim littera Graecorum Tau, nostra autem T, species crucis".
561:
131:. You have Jesus. And because the cross was to express the grace by the letter Τ, he says also, 'Three Hundred'. He signifies, therefore, Jesus by two letters, and the cross by one."
2544:
170:
608:
577:
471:"as if all his concern was to engrave the sign of the tau, according to the prophetic saying, on the foreheads of the men who moan and weep, truly converted to Christ Jesus."
242:, "set a mark on the forehead of the men" who are saved was a prediction of the Early Christian custom of repeatedly tracing on their own foreheads the sign of the cross.
316:
825:
Larry W. Hurtado, "The
Staurogram in Early Christian Manuscripts: the earliest visual reference to the crucified Jesus?" in Thomas J. Kraus, Tobias Nicklas (editors),
824:
639:
545:
2829:
940:
2952:
2680:
675:
31:
is a T-shaped cross, sometimes with all three ends of the cross expanded. It is called a "tau cross" because it is shaped like the Greek letter
362:
With the disappearance in the Western Church of the Hospital Brothers of Saint Anthony, the tau cross is now most commonly associated with the
887:
and our own letter T is the very form of the cross, which He predicted would be the sign on our foreheads in the true Catholic Jerusalem" (
738:
3100:
1052:
596:
262:
2870:
979:
2750:
2685:
990:
359:
order with 21 monasteries and many schools and seminaries. They still use the bright blue tau cross on their black habits.
904:
319:(generally known as the Knights of Malta) their numbers decreased. Their last house in Europe was finally closed in 1803.
2912:
2836:
1001:
435:
417:
2917:
2902:
286:
267:
2853:
1045:
888:
233:
860:
308:
Through its association with the Antonines, this cross became known as Saint Anthony's cross, as the disease of
3095:
2907:
843:
413:
312:, to whose treatment the Antonines devoted themselves more particularly, became known as Saint Anthony's fire.
2859:
2824:
948:
727:
615:
3090:
2947:
2112:
1900:
1248:
797:
3085:
1860:
1535:
1038:
409:
2865:
2743:
1680:
879:
spake: 'The Lord said unto me, Go through the gate, through the midst of Jerusalem, and set the mark
71:
2959:
2942:
2817:
1964:
1760:
1370:
1061:
398:
290:
2194:
2250:
2228:
1830:
1110:
716:
402:
86:
75:
3080:
2589:
2518:
2240:
1920:
1770:
1020:
107:(late first century or early second) gives an allegorical interpretation of the number 318 (in
51:
1076:
2932:
2897:
2790:
2630:
2260:
1890:
1640:
1320:
749:
587:
134:
1316:
328:
3044:
2927:
2812:
2736:
2062:
1950:
1940:
1870:
1840:
1485:
1120:
116:
2184:
760:
8:
2964:
2705:
2329:
1930:
1850:
1810:
1800:
1244:
1218:
705:
567:
The Cross of Tau used to build patterns in a window at the Convent of Saint Anthony near
340:
103:
2270:
2208:
1438:
924:
305:, who accordingly was represented as bearing on his cloak a cross in the form of a tau.
3059:
2391:
2324:
2082:
1880:
1100:
374:
talk about the Tau symbol. It is now used as a symbol of the Secular Franciscan Order.
324:
217:
188:
refers to the structure on which Jesus died, appears as early as AD 200 in two papyri,
2126:
1386:
771:
2771:
2610:
2600:
2548:
2178:
2168:
2042:
2032:
1692:
1676:
1620:
1515:
1511:
1228:
1198:
986:
371:
367:
1796:
808:
782:
3014:
2994:
2805:
2676:
2456:
2280:
2118:
1555:
1238:
1080:
363:
302:
255:
1916:
1728:
250:
3024:
2984:
2880:
2795:
2386:
2198:
2102:
1708:
1570:
1525:
1465:
1432:
1360:
1208:
1188:
660:
583:
356:
298:
271:
112:
2246:
2108:
1876:
1786:
1766:
1670:
1606:
1531:
1428:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2937:
2847:
2712:
2564:
2396:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2319:
2314:
2256:
2188:
1994:
1866:
1780:
1732:
1590:
1495:
1342:
1310:
1194:
1130:
1090:
490:
108:
98:
2640:
1481:
301:
marked with a blue tau. This habit became associated with their patron saint,
3074:
3009:
2413:
2366:
2290:
2218:
2158:
1910:
1746:
1712:
1660:
1630:
1565:
1455:
1412:
1300:
1170:
1160:
1106:
685:
531:
522:
213:
185:
2656:
2058:
1856:
1096:
277:
63:, one of the four basic types of iconographic representations of the cross.
2470:
2408:
2381:
2356:
2351:
2334:
2276:
2174:
2148:
2072:
1750:
1722:
1688:
1610:
1600:
1580:
1402:
1390:
1380:
1366:
1290:
1268:
1258:
1184:
1116:
680:
670:
294:
196:
in a form that includes the use of a cross-like combination of the letters
35:, which in its upper-case form has the same appearance as the Latin letter
2666:
2266:
1451:
3019:
2922:
2759:
2717:
2616:
2450:
2423:
2339:
2028:
1820:
1738:
1702:
1656:
1650:
1545:
1521:
1475:
1461:
1356:
1150:
1140:
1024:
646:
568:
348:
90:
19:
2636:
2524:
2466:
2236:
2214:
2088:
1776:
1586:
1306:
1280:
1276:
1264:
1224:
2670:
2626:
2596:
2578:
2480:
2346:
2204:
2164:
2004:
2000:
1946:
1936:
1906:
1756:
1505:
1442:
1408:
1214:
1166:
483:
In discussions of Roman execution crosses, the tau cross is called the
222:
209:
205:
193:
189:
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140:
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Mark, Manuscripts, and Monotheism: Essays in Honor of Larry W. Hurtado
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1926:
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1471:
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1136:
630:
552:
178:
169:
2476:
2020:
1666:
1636:
1616:
968:
387:
212:(dated 250), again in relation to the crucifixion of Jesus. In 2006
3054:
2660:
2620:
2538:
2514:
2144:
2092:
2014:
1990:
1956:
1886:
1551:
1332:
665:
309:
119:
by viewing the numerals ιη’ (18) as the initial letters of Ἰησοῦς,
78:
with a tau cross, School of Brugge, late 15th or early 16th century
2446:
2038:
1328:
82:
2700:
2558:
2528:
2460:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2048:
1896:
1836:
1816:
1790:
1491:
1338:
1204:
876:
506:
352:
163:
2286:
2154:
1561:
1418:
1296:
1156:
2841:
2134:
2078:
2052:
1626:
1576:
1501:
1422:
1286:
535:
527:
229:
151:
2728:
2504:
1234:
1146:
2574:
2098:
155:
861:
Dieter T. Roth, "Papyrus 45 as Early Christian Artifact" in
633:
with the Saint Anthony's cross symbol of the Antonine canons
2974:
2534:
2508:
2403:
1176:
1126:
317:
Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
124:
2554:
1030:
297:
founded at the end of the 11th century. They wore a black
245:
2487:
2484:
927:
Les Antonins: Une histoire documentaire et iconographique
614:
Saint Anthony's cross on the former Antonine hospital in
201:
197:
159:
128:
32:
467:"because it represents the cross and means true penance"
66:
883:
upon the foreheads of the men.' Now the Greek letter
827:
New Testament Manuscripts: Their Text and Their World
50:, a name given to it because of its association with
36:
370:, who adopted it as his personal sign after hearing
761:Encyclopædia Britannica: Cross (religious symbol)
728:Collins English Dictionary: Saint Anthony's cross
3072:
2953:Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis
2681:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
676:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
1006:(Antwerp 1595) book I, chapter VIII, pp. 15–17
2744:
1046:
875:"He signed them with that very seal of which
551:Tau cross pendants from late medieval (early
493:(1547–1606), who used it to distinguish this
258:wearing the Antonine cloak in a 1460s woodcut
237:
845:Roman Domestic Art and Early House Churches
484:
416:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
58:
16:Christian cross in the shape of a capital T
2751:
2737:
1053:
1039:
820:
818:
459:obstinate in dishonoring Christianity.'"
947:. franciscanfriarstor.com. Archived from
920:
918:
916:
499:-shaped cross from the now more familiar
436:Learn how and when to remove this message
239:וְהִתְוִיתָ תָּו עַל־מִצְחֹות הָאֲנָשִׁים
2871:Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism
907:Arché: A Collection of Patristic Studies
838:
836:
798:Adversus Marcionem, liber III, cap. XXII
521:
276:
261:
249:
168:
81:
70:
18:
856:
854:
815:
246:Association with Saint Anthony of Egypt
3073:
913:
2770:Organisations founded or inspired by
2732:
1034:
925:Commune de Saint-Antoine-le-château,
833:
739:Oxford Dictionaries: St Anthony cross
717:Collins English Dictionary: tau cross
281:Autograph letter of Francis of Assisi
184:The Greek word σταυρός, which in the
2686:List of tallest crosses in the world
984:(Mohr Siebeck 2013, pp. 3–4 and 295)
851:
414:adding citations to reliable sources
381:
154:(125 – after 180), the Greek letter
42:Another name for the same object is
2913:Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate
2837:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
377:
238:
232:(184/185 – 253/254) the passage in
97:The Greek letter tau was used as a
67:Tau representing an execution cross
23:A tau cross (Saint Anthony's cross)
13:
3101:Order of Saint James of Altopascio
829:(Brill, Leiden, 2006), pp. 207–226
449:conversion and sign of the cross.
14:
3112:
1014:
629:Baptismal font (14th century) at
338:– 1528) on an outer panel of his
289:, known as the Antonines, were a
228:In the view of Tertullian and of
3053:
3039:
3038:
2918:Franciscan Friars of the Renewal
2903:Order of Friars Minor Conventual
2879:
2711:
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1135:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1075:
941:"The Tau Cross – An Explanation"
638:
622:
607:
595:
576:
560:
544:
476:
386:
287:Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony
268:Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony
148:Trial of the Court of the Vowels
2854:Franciscan missions to the Maya
2758:
995:
973:
962:
933:
898:
869:
802:
602:Modern "Franciscan" Tau pendant
2908:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
891:The Five Books against Marcion
865:(Bloomsbury 2015), pp. 121–125
847:(Mohr Siebeck 2008), pp. 81–83
791:
776:
765:
754:
750:Merriam-Webster: crux commissa
743:
732:
721:
710:
699:
1:
2860:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum
692:
347:The Antonines survive in the
332:
2948:Third Order of Saint Francis
810:Trial in the Court of Vowels
489:. This term was invented by
7:
1060:
772:The Epistle of Barnabas, IX
654:
204:. This tau-rho symbol, the
10:
3117:
2818:Custodian of the Holy Land
905:Jacobus C. M. van Winden,
706:Merriam-Webster: tau cross
517:
3033:
2973:
2888:
2877:
2866:Franciscans International
2783:
2768:
2694:
2496:
2422:
2307:
1982:
1971:
1068:
649:, County Donegal, Ireland
538:, County Dublin, Ireland.
2943:Secular Franciscan Order
2481:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
982:Crucifixion in Antiquity
969:Secular Franciscan Order
893:, book III, chapter XXII
291:Catholic religious order
115:14:14 as intimating the
2706:Christianity portal
783:Clement of Alexandria,
590:, County Clare, Ireland
366:and its founder, Saint
158:(Σ) accuses the letter
3060:Catholicism portal
2519:Armenian eternity sign
1091:Anchored/Saint Clement
539:
505:-shaped cross and the
485:
282:
274:
259:
181:
94:
79:
59:
52:Saint Anthony of Egypt
24:
3096:Order of Friars Minor
2933:Colettine Poor Clares
2898:Order of Friars Minor
2791:Rule of Saint Francis
2631:Shield of the Trinity
1713:Portate/Saint Gilbert
787:, book VI, chapter 11
526:Tau Cross located at
525:
280:
265:
253:
172:
135:Clement of Alexandria
111:τιη’) in the text of
89:with a tau cross, by
85:
74:
44:Saint Anthony's cross
22:
2928:Capuchin Poor Clares
2404:Rood/Triumphal cross
1841:Saint James/Santiago
1791:Saltire/Saint Andrew
1466:Grapevine/Saint Nino
909:(Brill 1997), p. 114
410:improve this section
117:crucifixion of Jesus
57:It is also called a
3091:Crosses in heraldry
2965:Militia Immaculatae
2796:Rule of Saint Clare
2671:Triskelion/Triskele
2113:Cuthbert's pectoral
1536:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
1526:Jerusalem/Crusaders
980:Gunnar Samuelsson,
555:, c. 1485) England
341:Isenheim Altarpiece
104:Epistle of Barnabas
48:Saint Anthony cross
540:
528:St.Begnet's Church
329:Matthias Grünewald
325:German Renaissance
283:
275:
260:
236:in which an angel
208:, appears also in
182:
166:after him by men"
95:
80:
25:
3086:Christian symbols
3068:
3067:
2726:
2725:
2641:Sunwheel swastika
2024:Blanc croix rouge
446:
445:
438:
372:Pope Innocent III
368:Francis of Assisi
150:of non-Christian
87:Crucifixion scene
76:Crucifixion scene
3108:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3042:
3041:
2977:
2883:
2825:Minister General
2806:Franciscan Crown
2775:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2479:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2093:Cross cramponnée
2091:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1959:
1951:Syriac (Western)
1949:
1941:Syriac (Eastern)
1939:
1929:
1921:Serbian Orthodox
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1771:Russian Orthodox
1769:
1759:
1749:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1691:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1008:
1002:Justus Lipsius,
999:
993:
991:978-31-6152508-7
977:
971:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
937:
931:
922:
911:
902:
896:
873:
867:
858:
849:
842:David L. Balch,
840:
831:
822:
813:
806:
800:
795:
789:
780:
774:
769:
763:
758:
752:
747:
741:
736:
730:
725:
719:
714:
708:
703:
642:
626:
611:
599:
580:
564:
548:
488:
441:
434:
430:
427:
421:
390:
382:
378:In Franciscanism
364:Franciscan Order
351:, especially in
337:
334:
303:Anthony of Egypt
256:Anthony of Egypt
241:
240:
218:Early Christians
62:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3052:
3045:
3029:
2975:
2969:
2960:Order of Minims
2890:
2884:
2875:
2779:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2727:
2722:
2718:Arts portal
2710:
2698:
2690:
2492:
2418:
2303:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1641:Order of Christ
1433:Globus cruciger
1249:Catherine wheel
1064:
1059:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1000:
996:
978:
974:
967:
963:
954:
952:
945:The Franciscans
939:
938:
934:
923:
914:
903:
899:
874:
870:
859:
852:
841:
834:
823:
816:
807:
803:
796:
792:
781:
777:
770:
766:
759:
755:
748:
744:
737:
733:
726:
722:
715:
711:
704:
700:
695:
661:Christian cross
657:
650:
643:
634:
627:
618:
612:
603:
600:
591:
586:(replica) near
584:Cross Inneenboy
581:
572:
565:
556:
549:
520:
514:-shaped cross.
512:
503:
497:
481:
442:
431:
425:
422:
407:
391:
380:
357:Maronite Church
335:
299:religious habit
272:religious habit
248:
216:noted that the
127:, and Eight by
113:Book of Genesis
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2938:Conceptionists
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2848:Monte di Pietá
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2601:Solomon's knot
2593:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2271:Teutonic Order
2263:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2083:Coptic (Early)
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1663:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1486:Greek Orthodox
1478:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1345:
1343:Cruciform halo
1335:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1121:Archiepiscopal
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1015:External links
1013:
1010:
1009:
994:
972:
961:
932:
912:
897:
868:
850:
832:
814:
801:
790:
775:
764:
753:
742:
731:
720:
709:
697:
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
688:(tau plus phi)
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
656:
653:
652:
651:
644:
637:
635:
628:
621:
619:
616:Höchst am Main
613:
606:
604:
601:
594:
592:
582:
575:
573:
566:
559:
557:
550:
543:
519:
516:
510:
501:
495:
491:Justus Lipsius
480:
475:
444:
443:
394:
392:
385:
379:
376:
247:
244:
109:Greek numerals
68:
65:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3113:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Cross symbols
3079:
3078:
3076:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2774:Saint Francis
2767:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1966:
1965:Saint Anthony
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:Saint Patrick
1858:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:Saint Florian
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:In modern use
1067:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1007:
1005:
998:
992:
988:
985:
983:
976:
970:
965:
951:on 2010-10-05
950:
946:
942:
936:
930:
928:
921:
919:
917:
910:
908:
901:
894:
892:
886:
882:
878:
872:
866:
864:
857:
855:
848:
846:
839:
837:
830:
828:
821:
819:
812:
811:
805:
799:
794:
788:
786:
779:
773:
768:
762:
757:
751:
746:
740:
735:
729:
724:
718:
713:
707:
702:
698:
687:
686:Taphos symbol
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
648:
641:
636:
632:
625:
620:
617:
610:
605:
598:
593:
589:
585:
579:
574:
570:
563:
558:
554:
547:
542:
541:
537:
533:
532:Dalkey Castle
529:
524:
515:
513:
508:
504:
498:
492:
487:
486:crux commissa
479:
478:Crux commissa
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
450:
440:
437:
429:
419:
415:
411:
405:
404:
400:
395:This section
393:
389:
384:
383:
375:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
342:
330:
326:
320:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
279:
273:
269:
264:
257:
252:
243:
235:
231:
226:
224:
219:
215:
214:Larry Hurtado
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:New Testament
180:
176:
173:Example of a
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
101:for 300. The
100:
92:
88:
84:
77:
73:
64:
61:
60:crux commissa
55:
53:
49:
45:
40:
38:
34:
30:
21:
3043:
2858:
2846:
2800:
2772:
2588:
2471:Signum manus
2424:Christograms
2392:Processional
2325:Conciliation
2251:Saint Julian
2063:Consecration
1901:Saint Thomas
1881:Saint Philip
1831:Saint George
1101:Anuradhapura
1003:
997:
981:
975:
964:
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
944:
935:
926:
906:
900:
890:
889:Tertullian,
884:
880:
871:
862:
844:
826:
809:
804:
793:
785:The Stromata
784:
778:
767:
756:
745:
734:
723:
712:
701:
681:Forked cross
671:Crux simplex
509:
500:
494:
482:
477:
470:
466:
461:
457:
454:
451:
447:
432:
426:January 2022
423:
408:Please help
396:
361:
346:
339:
321:
314:
307:
295:Latin Church
284:
270:wearing his
227:
221:staurogram (
183:
147:
145:
139:
133:
120:
102:
96:
56:
47:
43:
41:
28:
26:
3015:Clement XIV
2995:Nicholas IV
2923:Poor Clares
2778:(1181–1226)
2761:Franciscans
2611:Scientology
2451:IX monogram
2308:By function
2241:Saint Alban
2043:Carolingian
1931:Short Sword
1891:Saint Piran
1871:Saint Peter
1811:Saint David
1693:Patriarchal
1546:Latin/Roman
1371:Evangelists
1151:Balkenkreuz
1141:Arrow/Barby
1025:Tory Island
647:Tory Island
645:Tau cross,
569:Castrojeriz
349:Middle East
336: 1470
266:One of the
234:Ezekiel 9:4
93:(1400–1447)
91:Konrad Witz
3075:Categories
3025:John XXIII
2985:Gregory IX
2891:and groups
2281:Two-barred
1983:Historical
1851:Saint John
1801:Saint Chad
1742:Resistance
1556:Macedonian
1445:'s variant
1443:Archbishop
1239:Canterbury
1111:Archangels
955:2010-07-27
929:, pp. 9–11
693:References
223:Papyrus 46
210:Papyrus 45
206:staurogram
194:Papyrus 75
190:Papyrus 66
175:staurogram
141:Tertullian
3005:Julius II
3000:Sixtus IV
2990:Gregory X
2801:Tau Cross
2428:Chrismons
2387:Preaching
2229:Quarterly
2199:Nestorian
2139:Gammadion
2122:Engrailed
1361:Ethiopian
1209:Byzantine
1189:Bulgarian
1027:, Ireland
1021:Tau cross
631:Fivizzano
553:Tudor era
397:does not
179:Catacombs
29:tau cross
3046:Category
3010:Sixtus V
2661:Swastika
2621:Shamrock
2549:Kolovrat
2539:Irminsul
2497:See also
2397:Lalibela
2377:Pectoral
2372:Necklace
2362:Memorial
2330:Heraldry
2320:Blessing
2179:Lorraine
2149:Jewelled
1995:Avellane
1733:Quadrate
1621:Novgorod
1591:Maronite
1516:Jeremiah
1496:Huguenot
1333:Crucifix
1311:Crosslet
1281:Cercelée
1229:Camargue
1199:Burgundy
1131:Armenian
1004:De Cruce
666:Crucifix
655:See also
327:painter
310:ergotism
2784:General
2569:Mjölnir
2559:Lauburu
2529:Ichthys
2461:Labarum
2441:Chi Rho
2414:Wayside
2367:Mission
2291:Victory
2261:Templar
2219:Pierced
2209:Peñalba
2169:Lazarus
2159:Katanga
2130:Erminée
1911:Serbian
1761:Russian
1681:Fitchée
1661:Patonce
1631:Occitan
1566:Maltese
1456:Gnostic
1413:Fourchy
1301:Cossack
1269:Variant
1219:Calvary
1171:Bottony
1161:Bolnisi
1081:Alcoraz
1062:Crosses
877:Ezekiel
588:Corofin
571:, Spain
530:, near
518:Gallery
507:saltire
418:removed
403:sources
355:, as a
353:Lebanon
293:of the
177:in the
164:σταυρός
146:In the
99:numeral
3037:
3020:Pius X
2889:Orders
2842:Assisi
2813:Custos
2409:Summit
2382:Plague
2357:Mercat
2352:Market
2335:Nordic
2300:Voided
2073:Coptic
2053:Chouan
2033:Brigid
1751:Ringed
1723:Potent
1671:Pattée
1611:Nordic
1601:Moline
1581:Marian
1571:Marada
1423:Fylfot
1403:Forked
1391:Fitchy
1381:Fleury
1352:Double
1321:Fitchy
1291:Coptic
1259:Celtic
1180:Branch
989:
536:Dalkey
463:lives.
254:Saint
230:Origen
152:Lucian
2976:Popes
2340:Pisan
2315:Altar
2189:Neith
2103:Crown
2015:Black
1781:Salem
1703:Pommy
1651:Papal
1476:Greek
156:Sigma
121:Iēsus
2830:list
2590:Rota
2579:Rose
2509:Ankh
2347:High
2005:Aviz
1506:Iron
987:ISBN
401:any
399:cite
285:The
200:and
192:and
27:The
2651:Sun
2488:Rho
2485:Tau
1961:Tau
1023:on
885:Tau
881:Tau
412:by
202:rho
198:tau
160:Tau
46:or
33:tau
3077::
2426:,
943:.
915:^
895:).
853:^
835:^
817:^
534:,
333:c.
54:.
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2752:e
2745:t
2738:v
2483:/
1963:/
1054:e
1047:t
1040:v
958:.
511:☓
502:†
496:T
439:)
433:(
428:)
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420:.
406:.
331:(
129:Η
125:Ι
37:T
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