47:
1017:
2185:
708:
1196:. This type of climate is even found in tropical areas such as the Papuan Highlands in Indonesia. Cfc is the categorization for this regime. Even in the middle of summer, temperatures exceeding 20°C (68 °F) are exceptional weather events in the most maritime of those locations impacted by this regime. In some parts of this climate, temperatures as high as 30°C (86°F) have been recorded on rare occasions, while temperatures as low as −15 °C (5 °F) have still been recorded on rare occasions.
885:
59:
949:
1087:. In contrast to oceanic climates, they are created by large land masses and seasonal changes in wind direction. This causes humid continental climates to have severe temperatures for the season compared to other temperate climates, meaning a hot summer and cold winter. Precipitation may be evenly distributed throughout the year, while in some locations there is a summer accent on rainfall.
1294:. There are a couple of factors why the climate of large city landscapes differs from the climate of rural areas. One factor is the strength of the absorption rate of buildings and asphalt, which is higher than that of natural land. The other large factor is the burning of fossil fuels from buildings and vehicles. These factors have led to the average climate of cities to be
1028:
remaining mild to cool through most of the year. Subtropical highland climates under the Cfb classification usually have rainfall spread relatively evenly in all months of the year similar to most oceanic climates while climates under the Cwb classification have significant monsoon influence, usually having dry winters and wet summers.
940:), there is an even sharper wet-dry season, called a monsoon subtropical climate or subtropical monsoon (Cwa). In these regions, winters are quite chilly and dry and summers have very heavy rainfall. Some Cwa areas in southern China report more than 80% of annual precipitation in the five warmest months (southwest monsoon).
1135:
Areas with subpolar oceanic climates feature an oceanic climate but are usually located closer to polar regions. As a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates. Snowfall tends to be more common here than in other oceanic climates. Subpolar oceanic climates
895:
generally have long, hot and humid summers with frequent convective showers in summer, and a peak seasonal rainfall in the hottest months. Winters are normally mild and above freezing in the humid subtropics. Warm ocean currents are usually found in coastal areas with humid subtropical climates. This
1281:
Farming is a large-scale practice in the temperate regions (except for boreal/subarctic regions) due to the plentiful rainfall and warm summers, because most agricultural activity occurs in the spring and summer, cold winters have a small effect on agricultural production. Extreme winters or summers
1048:
are created by the on-shore flow from the cool high latitude oceans to their west. This causes the climate to have mild summers and cool (but not cold) winters, and relative humidity and precipitation evenly distributed throughout the year. These climates are frequently cloudy and cool, and winters
1036:
These climates occur in the middle latitudes, between approximately 35° and 66.5° north and south of the equator. There is an equal climatic influence from both the polar and tropical zones in this climate region. Two types of climates are in this zone, a milder oceanic one and more severe seasonal
875:
These climates are typically found in the more equatorial regions of the temperate zone, between 23.5° and 35° north or south. They are influenced more by the tropics than by other temperate climate types, usually experiencing warmer temperatures throughout the year, with longer, hotter summers and
959:
have the opposite rainfall pattern to dry-winter climates, with a dry summer and wet winter. This climate occurs mostly at the western edges and coasts of the continents and are bounded by arid deserts on their equatorward sides that brings dry winds causing the dry season of summer, and oceanic
1243:
climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below 0 °C. Despite the maritime influence, they are classified alongside other mediterranean climates in the Köppen classification rather than oceanic climates like subtropical
1027:
are climate variants often grouped together with oceanic climates found in some mountainous areas of either the tropics or subtropics. They have characteristically mild temperatures year-round, featuring the four seasons in the subtropics and no marked seasons in the tropics, the latter usually
1118:
These are temperate climates that compared to the subtropics are on the poleward edge of the temperate zone. Therefore, they still have four marked seasons including a warmer one, but are far more influenced by the polar zones than any other but the very polar climates
807:, when the mean temperature is above −3 °C (26.6 °F) but below 18 °C (64.4 °F) in the coldest month to account for the persistence of frost. However, some adaptations of Köppen set the minimum at 0 °C (32.0 °F).
850:
In some climate classifications, the temperate zone may be divided into several smaller climate zones, based on monthly temperatures, the coldest month, and rainfall. These can include the subtropical zone
960:
climates to the poleward sides that are influenced by cool ocean currents and air masses that bring the rainfall of winter. The five main
Mediterranean regions of the world are the
815:
and considered to be varieties of temperate climates, having more extreme temperatures, with mean temperatures in the coldest month usually being below −3 °C (26.6 °F).
1377:
796:
influence temperature changes, but various sea currents, prevailing wind direction, continentality (how large a landmass is) and altitude also shape temperate climates.
62:
The different geographical zones of the world. The temperate zones, in the sense of geographical regions defined by latitude, span from either north or south of the
1083:
are considered as a variety of temperate climates due to lying in the temperate zones, although they are classified separately from other temperate climates in the
793:
1476:
1573:
1244:
highland climates due to the opposite rainfall pattern. This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the
1144:, featuring milder winters than these climates but still with similar summers. This variant of an oceanic climate is found in parts of coastal
1199:
A cold variant of the monsoon-influenced subtropical highland climate similar to subpolar oceanic climates occurs in small areas in Yunnan,
1269:, due to its greater mass of land and lack of extreme temperatures. The biggest described number of taxa in a temperate region is found in
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continental one. Most prototypical temperate climates have a distinct four-season pattern, especially in the continental climate sector.
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type of climate is normally located along leeward lower east coasts of continents such as in southeast and central
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and Chile (though most regions are still classified as continental subantarctic), and a few highland areas of
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with fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F) due to the high altitudes at these locations.
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Regions with humid continental climates include southeastern Canada, the upper portions of the eastern
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1227:, is one of the few confirmed towns that features this variation of the subtropical highland climate.
2050:
2013:
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The vast majority of the world's human population resides in temperate zones, especially in the
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shorter, milder winters. Freezing precipitation is uncommon in this part of the temperate zone.
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1501:
913:
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67:
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and reaching to 70° north on some islands, uplands near the coast of southwestern Norway, the
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30:"Temperate" and "Temperateness" redirect here. For the usage of the term in virology, see
8:
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Khan, Ansar; Niyogi, Dev; Fiorito, Francesco; Akbari, Hashem; Mithun, Sk (15 June 2022).
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Regions where the dry-summer subtropical or
Mediterranean climates (Csa, Csb) are found.
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328:
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213:
174:
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Regions where oceanic or subtropical highland climates (Cfb, Cfc, Cwb, Cwc) are found.
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1992:
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1455:. Facts on File Library of World Geography. New York: Facts on File. p. 919.
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Regions where the humid (Cfa) and dry-winter subtropical (Cwa) climates are found.
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66:(north or south of the yellow dotted lines, at 35 degrees north or south) to the
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2079:
1984:
1791:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1273:, where some 24,000 taxa (species and infraspecific taxa) have been described.
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453:
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Temperate regions have the majority of the world's population, which leads to
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have a huge impact on the productivity of agriculture which is less common.
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1787:"Hypsographic demography: The distribution of human population by altitude"
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932:. In some areas with a humid subtropical climate (most notably southeast
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765:(approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the
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1853:. Strelitzia. Vol. 14. Pretoria: National Botanical Institute.
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Subpolar oceanic and cold subtropical highland climates (Cfc, Cwc)
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Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (11 October 2007).
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1693:"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification"
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Humid subtropical (Cfa) and monsoon subtropical (Cwa) climates
1632:"What Are The Characteristics Of An Oceanic Type Of Climate?"
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Germishuizen, Gerrit; Meyer, N. L., eds. (January 2003).
1378:"Weather & Climate Change: Climates around the world"
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Humid continental climates (Dfa, Dfb, Dwa, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb)
582:
1785:
Cohen, Joel E.; Small, Christopher (24 November 1998).
1571:
1426:"What Are the Forty Factors That Influence OurWeather?"
1502:"what are the four temperate climates? - Lisbdnet.com"
1881:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
1239:) are present in high-elevation areas around coastal
2180:
1690:
943:
1477:"Solar Illumination: Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns"
1049:are milder than those in the continental climate.
1757:
1751:
1847:Plants of Southern Africa: An Annotated Checklist
1843:
2281:
1548:"Climate Types for Kids | Mediterranean Climate"
1399:Society, National Geographic (21 January 2011).
1260:
2125:
1914:
1219:, where summers are sufficiently short to be
916:and portions of the northeast and midwestern
777:ranges throughout the year and more distinct
730:
1760:Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation
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1136:are less prone to temperature extremes than
843:(approximately 23.5° south latitude) to the
831:(approximately 23.5° north latitude) to the
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1921:
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1450:
835:(approximately 66.5° north latitude). The
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723:
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1820:
1810:
1764:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
1719:
1684:
1523:"humid subtropical climate | climatology"
1453:Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1
1040:
847:(at approximately 66.5° south latitude).
1231:Cold summer mediterranean climates (Csc)
1015:
1012:Subtropical highland climates (Cwb, Cfb)
1004:and the south and southwestern coast of
947:
883:
57:
54:showing temperate climates for 1991-2020
45:
1398:
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14:
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1750:McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000).
1656:
1052:Regions with oceanic climates include
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1902:
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1235:Cold summer mediterranean climates (
1837:
1700:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
1575:Global Urban Heat Island Mitigation
870:
792:In temperate climates, not only do
773:. These zones generally have wider
24:
1867:
1663:. Raintree Publishers. p. 5.
25:
2301:
1877:Burroughs, William James (1999).
1578:. Elsevier Science. p. 253.
944:Mediterranean climates (Csa, Csb)
803:defines a climate as "temperate"
37:For the history of the term, see
2183:
1255:
1156:, northwestern coastal areas of
1113:
1060:, southeastern and southwestern
859:), and the cool temperate zone (
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1778:
1743:
1650:
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2061:(Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsd)
2053:(Dfa, Dwa, Dsa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsb)
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13:
1:
1934:Köppen climate classification
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1318:Köppen climate classification
1296:warmer than surrounding areas
1085:Köppen climate classification
1025:Subtropical highland climates
801:Köppen climate classification
908:, the southeast portions of
7:
2139:
1657:Senker, Cath (3 May 2018).
1552:www.climatetypesforkids.com
1405:National Geographic Society
1301:
1261:Demography, fauna and flora
634:Severe weather terminology
96:Temperate and polar seasons
10:
2306:
2261:bezdorizhzhia / rasputitsa
1451:McColltoll, R. W. (2005).
1358:Subhumid temperate climate
1348:Highland temperate climate
1172:and northern parts of the
1081:Humid continental climates
1058:northwestern North America
893:Humid subtropical climates
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29:
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2041:
2004:
1977:
1940:
1753:"Climate Zones and Types"
1721:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
1176:, some parts of Southern
52:Köppen–Geiger climate map
1812:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14009
32:Temperateness (virology)
1353:Humid temperate climate
1430:Education – Seattle PI
1094:, portions of eastern
1041:Oceanic climates (Cfb)
1021:
957:Mediterranean climates
953:
889:
771:polar regions of Earth
695:Tropical cyclone terms
71:
55:
1019:
951:
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857:Mediterranean climate
794:latitudinal positions
302:Extratropical cyclone
226:Air-mass thunderstorm
61:
49:
2290:Köppen climate types
2024:(Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)
1950:Tropical rainforest
1879:The Climate Revealed
1142:continental climates
1032:Middle latitude zone
865:continental climates
837:south temperate zone
825:north temperate zone
809:Continental climates
781:changes compared to
662:Weather modification
260:Anticyclonic tornado
1803:1998PNAS...9514009C
1797:(24): 14009–14014.
1712:2007HESS...11.1633P
1267:Northern Hemisphere
1054:northwestern Europe
962:Mediterranean Basin
841:Tropic of Capricorn
657:Weather forecasting
493:Rain and snow mixed
319:Subtropical cyclone
18:Temperate countries
2051:Humid continental
2014:Humid subtropical
1660:Temperate Climates
1432:. 19 December 2013
1382:Education Scotland
1138:subarctic climates
1022:
954:
890:
819:Zones and climates
811:are classified as
755:temperate climates
713:Weather portal
329:Atlantic hurricane
307:European windstorm
214:Volcanic lightning
175:Cumulonimbus cloud
72:
56:
27:Main climate class
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2149:Temperate seasons
2107:
2106:
1966:Tropical savanna
1958:Tropical monsoon
1888:978-0-521-77081-1
1860:978-1-919795-99-7
1771:978-0-13-020263-5
1638:. 5 February 2018
1388:on 14 April 2016.
1308:Geographical zone
1203:and parts of the
1174:Alaskan Panhandle
920:and portions of,
853:humid subtropical
839:extends from the
827:extends from the
783:tropical climates
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39:geographical zone
16:(Redirected from
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2252:Mud / breakup /
2202:Tropical seasons
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1706:(5): 1633–1644.
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1384:. Archived from
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1323:Middle latitudes
1225:El Alto, Bolivia
1166:Aleutian Islands
1108:Korean Peninsula
1046:Oceanic climates
871:Subtropical zone
845:Antarctic Circle
829:Tropic of Cancer
763:middle latitudes
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236:Dry thunderstorm
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928:, and eastern
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26:
9:
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2270:
2267:
2263:
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2256:
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2250:
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2245:
2243:(West Africa)
2242:
2239:
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2100:
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2057:
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2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1954:
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1948:
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1943:
1939:
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1931:
1924:
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1818:
1813:
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1754:
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1672:
1670:9781474738408
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1587:
1585:9780323897945
1581:
1577:
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1528:
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1503:
1497:
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1462:0-816-05786-9
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1256:Human aspects
1253:
1251:
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1238:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:Southern Alps
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:Faroe Islands
1147:
1143:
1139:
1128:
1126:
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1114:Subpolar zone
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:United States
1088:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:South America
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1003:
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982:United States
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941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
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915:
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904:and south of
903:
899:
894:
886:
877:
868:
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834:
833:Arctic Circle
830:
826:
816:
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797:
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788:
787:precipitation
784:
780:
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764:
761:occur in the
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733:
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696:
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690:Tornado terms
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649:
648:United States
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541:
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531:
530:Air pollution
528:
527:
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455:
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451:
450:
447:
445:
442:
438:
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429:
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425:Precipitation
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398:
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268:
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127:
126:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
97:
92:
91:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
75:
69:
68:polar circles
65:
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2269:Rainy season
2260:
2253:
2148:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2060:
2052:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2005:
1994:
1986:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1878:
1846:
1839:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1759:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1703:
1699:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1659:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:
1607:"Mindat.org"
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1574:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1394:
1386:the original
1372:
1328:Polar circle
1292:large cities
1289:
1286:Urbanization
1280:
1264:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1220:
1198:
1134:
1117:
1089:
1079:
1068:and most of
1051:
1044:
1035:
1023:
1002:South Africa
998:Western Cape
966:North Africa
955:
922:South Africa
891:
874:
849:
836:
824:
822:
812:
804:
798:
791:
754:
748:
466:Diamond dust
390:Winter storm
221:Thunderstorm
43:
1277:Agriculture
1194:New Zealand
1152:, parts of
1098:, parts of
1070:New Zealand
938:North India
775:temperature
680:Meteorology
615:Meteorology
503:Snow roller
498:Snow grains
461:Ice pellets
410:Snow squall
341:Storm surge
287:Anticyclone
243:Mesocyclone
231:Thundersnow
180:Arcus cloud
2254:minoskamin
2236:Fog season
2215:Dry season
2210:Wet season
2059:Subarctic
2016:(Cfa, Cwa)
1995:(BSh, BSk)
1993:Semi-arid
1987:(BWh, BWk)
1735:5 December
1636:WorldAtlas
1527:Britannica
1364:References
1333:Subtropics
992:states of
978:California
976:, coastal
674:Glossaries
610:Jet stream
549:Convection
535:Atmosphere
483:Cloudburst
346:Dust storm
312:Nor'easter
282:Fire whirl
277:Dust devil
270:Waterspout
197:Heat burst
192:Microburst
150:Wet season
138:Dry season
64:subtropics
2241:Harmattan
1486:4 October
1401:"tropics"
1343:Subarctic
1205:Altiplano
1178:Argentina
1066:Australia
994:Australia
974:West Asia
930:Australia
910:East Asia
898:Argentina
751:geography
605:Heat wave
600:Cold wave
544:Chemistry
395:Ice storm
385:Firestorm
297:Polar low
265:Landspout
248:Supercell
209:Lightning
187:Downburst
143:Harmattan
77:Part of
2284:Category
2224:Specific
2098:(ET, EF)
2088:Ice cap
2022:Oceanic
1968:(Aw, As)
1642:27 March
1616:27 March
1557:27 March
1532:27 March
1507:27 March
1436:27 March
1410:27 March
1302:See also
1246:Cascades
1207:between
1182:Tasmania
1160:such as
1154:Scotland
1106:and the
926:Ethiopia
914:southern
779:seasonal
769:and the
476:Freezing
437:Freezing
400:Blizzard
79:a series
2141:Seasons
2096:Alpine
2080:Tundra
2072:Class E
2043:Class D
2006:Class C
1978:Class B
1942:Class A
1930:Climate
1831:9826643
1799:Bibcode
1730:9654551
1708:Bibcode
1676:23 June
1338:Tropics
1313:Habitat
1209:Bolivia
1201:Sichuan
1162:Lofoten
1146:Iceland
980:in the
902:Uruguay
861:oceanic
767:tropics
630:Extreme
576:Physics
566:Climate
554:Physics
444:Graupel
432:Drizzle
380:Sirocco
363:Monsoon
334:Typhoon
292:Cyclone
255:Tornado
202:Derecho
87:Weather
2172:Winter
2167:Autumn
2162:Summer
2157:Spring
1985:Desert
1885:
1857:
1829:
1819:
1768:
1728:
1667:
1591:1 July
1582:
1459:
1184:, the
1170:Alaska
1158:Norway
1148:, the
1121:tundra
1096:Europe
996:, the
984:, the
972:, and
906:Brazil
753:, the
638:Canada
593:Season
523:Topics
368:Amihan
356:Haboob
351:Simoom
163:Storms
118:Autumn
113:Summer
108:Spring
103:Winter
1851:(PDF)
1822:24316
1726:S2CID
1696:(PDF)
1217:Chile
1104:Japan
1100:China
1006:Chile
986:South
934:China
759:Earth
643:Japan
571:Cloud
559:River
508:Slush
170:Cloud
2090:(EF)
2082:(ET)
1960:(Am)
1952:(Af)
1883:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1827:PMID
1766:ISBN
1737:2022
1678:2023
1665:ISBN
1644:2022
1618:2022
1593:2023
1580:ISBN
1559:2022
1534:2022
1509:2022
1488:2012
1457:ISBN
1438:2022
1412:2022
1248:and
1215:and
1213:Peru
1188:and
1123:and
990:West
988:and
936:and
863:and
855:and
823:The
799:The
625:List
588:Mist
488:Snow
471:Rain
449:Hail
375:Gale
1817:PMC
1807:doi
1716:doi
1241:Csb
1237:Csc
1221:Cwc
1192:of
1168:of
1140:or
1127:).
1000:of
964:in
867:).
757:of
749:In
583:Fog
2286::
1869:^
1825:.
1815:.
1805:.
1795:95
1793:.
1789:.
1756:.
1724:.
1714:.
1704:11
1702:.
1698:.
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1550:.
1525:.
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1380:.
1298:.
1211:,
1110:.
1102:,
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1056:,
1008:.
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81:on
50:A
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1833:.
1809::
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1718::
1710::
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1490:.
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1440:.
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