477:
capital, leaving the issue to other official texts, which were inconsistent initially. For example, an official text in 1967 declared Taipei to be the "wartime capital", one from 1969 and one from 1975 declared Taipei to be the "capital", and one from 1979 declared
Nanjing to be the "national
1249:"Libya's Ex-Justice Minister Forms Interim Government in Benghazi – Former Libyan Minister Says Gadhafi 'Alone' Bore Responsibility for Crimes That Occurred, Qurnya Newspaper Reports"
226:
in 1995. Interim government buildings have since been built at Brades, becoming the new temporary capital in 1998. The move is intended to be temporary, but it has remained the island's
31:
as an interim base of operations due to some difficulty in retaining or establishing control of a different metropolitan area. The most common circumstances leading to this are either a
447:
1248:
1214:
1187:
428:
46:
located on the territory of a different country. However, a country's capital may move in and out of exile over the course of a conflict.
959:
403:
to remain the German capital. But due to the onset of the Cold War Berlin itself was divided and 161 kilometers (100 miles) beyond the
1405:
752:
764:
314:
1448:
1160:
470:
427:'s government and the bulk of its offices has since moved to Berlin, but a large portion of its offices remain in Bonn. (The
569:
492:
478:
capital". From 1982 onward, official documents have consistently declared Taipei to be the capital. Textbooks published by
694:) — planned temporary capital in case of occupation of Moscow and de facto temporary administrative and diplomatic capital
109:
1048:
451:
78:
846:
820:
597:
439:
1127:
1041:
297:
120:
899:
352:
59:
994:
802:
479:
455:
269:
in
February 2022, with several other governments relocating their embassies. The embassies were moved back to
1063:
1021:
834:
553:
325:
1480:
1203:
1056:
1355:
963:
266:
546:
1378:
947:
488:
42:
By definition, a temporary capital is located somewhere on the country's territory, as opposed to a
842:
593:
1150:
1326:
538:
396:
223:
116:
231:
105:
1178:
955:
926:
321:
262:
222:
in the south of the island was abandoned in 1997 after it was buried by the eruptions of the
49:
The following list is sorted by the most recent date the temporary capital's status existed.
880:
676:
655:
420:
383:
219:
148:
458:, and many loyal citizens—totalling at around 1.2 to 2 million individuals—to the city of
8:
1209:
1025:
986:
934:
776:
659:
507:
463:
404:
277:
43:
1037:
1029:
1017:
998:
892:
102:
499:
as the temporary capital, even though the seat of the government in exile remained in
1475:
1444:
1296:
1156:
1094:
971:
907:
868:
827:
817:
748:
435:
371:
545:. South Korea reestablished Seoul as the permanent capital of South Korea after the
1052:
1033:
979:
951:
876:
680:
519:
152:
1327:"Iaşi, Romania's historical capital, looking to find the path to its former glory"
1006:
1078:
854:
794:
605:
341:
293:
1107:
1090:
813:
714:
616:
337:
281:
170:
1469:
1300:
713:— de facto temporary spiritual capital due to the presence of the remains of
698:
511:
1235:
1437:
1179:"Ukraine's western capital Lviv readies itself as threat of conflict grows"
684:
672:
668:
647:
416:
408:
230:
capital ever since. A new official capital is now being constructed in the
903:
838:
632:
620:
530:
1152:
Islands in the Wind: The
Political Economy of the English East Caribbean
300:
in June 2022, the government of
Luhansk Oblast is operating remotely in
136:
975:
734:
526:
496:
345:
209:
186:
128:
67:
28:
1290:
782:
772:
730:
609:
577:
557:
360:
94:
32:
1149:
Jonnard, M. Jonnard Claude M.; Jonnard, Claude M. (November 2009).
1086:
1071:
1067:
1010:
911:
888:
845:
to use as a meeting place, because of its street rioting after the
768:
726:
329:
253:
204:
182:
124:
71:
36:
310:
1253:
967:
790:
722:
636:
601:
565:
561:
500:
443:
424:
379:
356:
301:
289:
258:
248:
214:
178:
156:
140:
98:
1204:"Ukraine's Lviv in spotlight as diplomats and others leave Kyiv"
930:
1406:"Do you know which cities were the capitals of Hungary before?"
1082:
990:
850:
809:
798:
786:
760:
756:
710:
691:
624:
459:
400:
364:
336:
Republic, as the NTC had previously declared its capital to be
199:
915:
775:. The capital returned to Valencia when Barcelona fell to the
363:
while the latter was deemed too dangerous to meet in, such as
1002:
919:
872:
841:, Berlin as the capital was considered too dangerous for the
704:
651:
640:
542:
534:
515:
407:
within the Soviet-controlled zone that would soon become the
375:
333:
82:
63:
1032:
after
Virginia joined the Confederacy. Likewise, after the
823:
412:
270:
244:
86:
359:
met in various locations within its territory rather than
35:, where control of the capital is contested, or during an
1292:
Constitution of the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
1128:"Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital'"
39:, where the designated capital is taken or threatened.
16:
Municipality serving as a temporary seat of government
1307:
1055:
was declared temporary capital by the leaders of the
954:
had four different temporary capitals throughout the
568:. Between 1948 and 1972, North Korea also claimed in
891:. Vaasa continued to serve as the capital until the
654:
being described as a provisional capital. After the
1275:
1042:
Robert E. Lee's surrender at
Appomattox Court House
313:as a temporary capital for a short while after the
273:after the battle concluded in a Ukrainian victory.
1436:
1202:
1177:
482:stopped describing Nanjing as the capital in 2002.
1358:. The American Battlefield Trust. 9 December 2008
1142:
1016:During the lead-up to and the early weeks of the
556:, North Korea temporarily moved its capital from
1467:
608:, forcing the Republic of China to relocate to
415:was established as a temporary capital for the
169:Due to the Russo-Ukrainian War, the capital of
1148:
1379:"¿Por qué Pasto fue capital de la República?"
997:maintained two temporary capitals. President
658:by the Allies, the regime went into exile in
193:
849:. Therefore, the calm and centrally located
623:initially established a capital-in-exile in
533:government temporarily moved its capital to
759:; once the Nationalists started to besiege
431:has only mentioned the capital since 2008.)
1240:
374:in Afghanistan relocated the capital from
1236:https://web.archive.org/web/*/loga.gov.ua
853:was chosen as the temporary capital (see
701:) — de facto temporary industrial capital
328:(NTC) declared its base of operations in
935:fall of Bucharest to the Central powers.
344:'s Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab
1434:
1376:
1313:
1175:
767:maintained temporary capitals first at
707:— de facto temporary scientific capital
189:in October 2014, where it currently is.
1468:
1350:
1348:
1333:. City Compass Media. January 24, 2019
1066:(1848–1849) the government moved from
1001:led government ministries in besieged
163:
1403:
1377:Herrera, Enrique (January 28, 2020).
1246:
1217:from the original on 24 February 2022
1200:
1036:in 1865, the government evacuated to
755:initially had a temporary capital at
541:advance which conquered and occupied
471:Constitution of the Republic of China
89:as its provisional capital while its
1176:Ivanova, Polina (18 February 2022).
1020:, the provisional government of the
671:due to evacuation actions following
493:Provisional Government of Bangladesh
123:has a declared temporary capital in
1356:"Capital Cities of the Confederacy"
1345:
875:served as the temporary capital of
332:to be the temporary capital of the
101:. The declaration was made by then-
13:
1404:Woods, John (September 15, 2020).
1190:from the original on Feb 18, 2022.
741:
627:. As it recaptured territory, the
66:has set up a temporary capital in
14:
1492:
1439:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
1120:
687:had different de facto capitals:
1201:Stern, David L. (Feb 18, 2022).
910:temporarily moved its seat from
801:controlled the latter city (see
121:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1397:
1370:
1319:
1288:
1130:. Deutsche Welle. 21 March 2015
1049:Colombian Civil War (1860–1862)
940:
586:
353:Transitional Federal Government
238:
1282:
1268:
1229:
1194:
1169:
1009:evacuated other ministries to
995:Government of National Defence
964:subsequent American occupation
861:
803:Temporary capital of Lithuania
646:The constitutional capital of
480:Taiwan's Ministry of Education
27:is a city or town chosen by a
1:
1427:
1064:Hungarian War of Independence
1022:Confederate States of America
835:Armistice of 11 November 1918
554:UN offensive into North Korea
326:National Transitional Council
147:headquarters are in exile in
1113:
1057:Colombian Conservative Party
315:coup attempt in 15 July 2016
7:
1443:. Oxford University Press.
1435:Jackson, Julian T. (2001).
1101:
425:Federal Republic of Germany
417:Federal Republic of Germany
390:
370:Between 1996 and 2001, the
267:Russian invasion of Ukraine
97:is controlled by the rebel
10:
1497:
1247:Staff (26 February 2011).
1005:, while Interior Minister
409:German Democratic Republic
194:For reasons other than war
110:2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état
52:
948:First Philippine Republic
489:Bangladesh Liberation War
309:The Turkish cabinet used
218:capital of Montserrat at
139:, which is controlled by
925:During World War I, the
906:, the government of the
594:Second Sino-Japanese War
419:until the two countries
883:controlled the capital
837:that ended fighting in
580:is a temporary capital.
298:fall of Sievierodonetsk
224:Soufriere Hills volcano
117:Western Sahara conflict
639:, and finally back to
212:since 1998, after the
185:in June 2014, then to
131:), in contrast to its
106:Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi
1089:moved its capital to
1028:before relocating to
956:Philippine Revolution
927:government of Romania
650:remained Paris, with
631:capital was moved to
596:, the capital of the
434:At the height of the
322:2011 Libyan Civil War
257:temporary capital of
208:temporary capital of
960:Spanish colonization
656:Liberation of France
604:was captured by the
547:Korean War Armistice
539:Korean People's Army
503:for most of the war.
442:, whose capital was
265:at the start of the
1481:Political geography
1210:The Washington Post
1026:Montgomery, Alabama
987:Franco-Prussian War
777:Catalonia Offensive
572:that Seoul was its
537:(Busan) before the
508:First Indochina War
473:does not mention a
405:Inner German Border
296:in 2014. As of the
278:Russo-Ukrainian War
164:Provincial capitals
108:in the wake of the
77:Due to the ongoing
58:Due to the ongoing
25:provisional capital
1410:Daily News Hungary
1038:Danville, Virginia
1030:Richmond, Virginia
1018:American Civil War
999:Louis-Jules Trochu
893:Battle of Helsinki
721:The Parliament of
576:capital, and that
452:central government
397:Germany after 1945
60:Sudanese civil war
1450:978-0-19-820706-1
1162:978-1-4401-9426-9
1095:Portuguese Brazil
1085:was occupied and
950:government under
908:Kingdom of Serbia
869:Finnish Civil War
847:German Revolution
843:National Assembly
828:Russian Civil War
818:Alexander Kolchak
749:Spanish Civil War
598:Republic of China
462:, located on the
440:Republic of China
436:Chinese Civil War
372:Northern Alliance
280:, the capital of
70:as of 2023 while
21:temporary capital
1488:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1124:
1034:fall of Richmond
952:Emilio Aguinaldo
918:(1914–1915) and
900:Serbian Campaign
697:Sverdlovsk (now
681:Battle of Moscow
570:its Constitution
510:(1946–1954) the
464:island of Taiwan
429:German Basic Law
411:. As a result,
340:, controlled by
153:Tindouf Province
79:Yemeni civil war
74:is under attack.
44:capital-in-exile
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1331:Romania Insider
1325:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1199:
1195:
1184:Financial Times
1174:
1170:
1163:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1104:
1079:Napoleonic Wars
943:
864:
855:Weimar Republic
795:interwar period
744:
742:Interwar period
690:Kuybyshev (now
606:Empire of Japan
589:
393:
342:Muammar Gaddafi
294:Sievierodonetsk
241:
196:
166:
143:. However, its
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1463:
1462:
1449:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1396:
1369:
1344:
1318:
1316:, p. 142.
1306:
1281:
1267:
1239:
1228:
1193:
1168:
1161:
1141:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1108:Summer capital
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1091:Rio de Janeiro
1075:
1060:
1045:
1014:
983:
942:
939:
938:
937:
923:
896:
863:
860:
859:
858:
833:Following the
831:
806:
780:
743:
740:
739:
738:
719:
718:
717:
715:Vladimir Lenin
708:
702:
695:
665:
664:
663:
635:, followed by
617:Fall of France
615:Following the
613:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:
581:
564:, followed by
523:
504:
485:
484:
483:
432:
392:
389:
388:
387:
368:
349:
318:
307:
306:
305:
282:Luhansk Oblast
263:Battle of Kyiv
240:
237:
236:
235:
195:
192:
191:
190:
171:Donetsk Oblast
165:
162:
161:
160:
113:
75:
54:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1155:. iUniverse.
1154:
1153:
1145:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:Léon Gambetta
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:(1870–1871),
988:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:White Finland
874:
870:
866:
865:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
699:Yekaterinburg
696:
693:
689:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:in 1971, the
490:
486:
481:
476:
472:
468:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:in 1949, the
437:
433:
430:
426:
423:in 1990. The
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
394:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
243:
242:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
198:
197:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:has declared
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
50:
47:
45:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1454:. Retrieved
1438:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1385:(in Spanish)
1382:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1335:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1314:Jackson 2001
1309:
1291:
1284:
1270:
1260:13 September
1258:. Retrieved
1252:
1242:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1208:
1196:
1183:
1171:
1151:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1122:
941:19th century
922:(1916–1918).
884:
816:" regime of
789:rather than
753:Nationalists
685:Soviet Union
673:Nazi Germany
669:World War II
648:Vichy France
628:
587:World War II
573:
531:South Korean
474:
382:followed by
285:
252:
239:21st century
227:
213:
203:
202:acts as the
174:
144:
132:
127:(previously
90:
48:
41:
24:
20:
18:
1221:23 February
1077:During the
1062:During the
1047:During the
985:During the
904:World War I
898:During the
867:During the
862:World War I
839:World War I
826:during the
793:during the
765:Republicans
747:During the
733:during the
725:moved from
660:Sigmaringen
633:Brazzaville
621:Free France
592:During the
552:During the
525:During the
514:moved from
506:During the
487:During the
399:considered
320:During the
288:moved from
276:Due to the
261:during the
247:in western
177:moved from
135:capital of
115:Due to the
1470:Categories
1428:References
976:Cabanatuan
933:after the
881:Red Guards
735:Winter War
527:Korean War
512:government
497:Mujibnagar
346:Jamahiriya
232:Little Bay
210:Montserrat
187:Kramatorsk
129:Bir Lehlou
68:Port Sudan
29:government
1456:15 August
1383:Página 10
1301:958762316
1114:Citations
1068:Pest-Buda
929:moved to
879:when the
871:in 1918,
783:Lithuania
773:Barcelona
731:Kauhajoki
610:Chongqing
578:Pyongyang
558:Pyongyang
495:declared
448:evacuated
361:Mogadishu
103:President
33:civil war
1476:Capitals
1415:March 8,
1389:March 8,
1362:March 8,
1337:March 8,
1276:"中華民國首都"
1215:Archived
1188:Archived
1134:21 March
1102:See also
1087:Portugal
1072:Debrecen
1011:Bordeaux
958:against
912:Belgrade
889:Helsinki
808:The Pan-
771:then at
769:Valencia
727:Helsinki
679:and the
677:invasion
629:de facto
520:Việt Bắc
501:Calcutta
456:military
421:reunited
391:Cold War
384:Fayzabad
367:in 2007.
330:Benghazi
286:de facto
254:de facto
228:de facto
220:Plymouth
205:de facto
183:Mariupol
175:de facto
145:de facto
137:Laâyoune
125:Tifariti
93:capital
72:Khartoum
37:invasion
1254:Haaretz
1040:before
1024:met in
980:Palanan
972:Bacolor
968:Malolos
885:de jure
810:Russian
791:Vilnius
723:Finland
667:During
637:Algiers
602:Nanjing
574:de jure
566:Kanggye
562:Sinuiju
475:de jure
444:Nanjing
380:Taloqan
357:Somalia
338:Tripoli
302:Ukraine
290:Luhansk
259:Ukraine
249:Ukraine
215:de jure
179:Donetsk
157:Algeria
149:Rabouni
141:Morocco
133:de jure
99:Houthis
91:de jure
53:Current
1447:
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1083:Lisbon
991:France
978:, and
851:Weimar
799:Poland
787:Kaunas
763:, the
761:Madrid
757:Burgos
751:, the
711:Tyumen
692:Samara
625:London
529:, the
460:Taipei
401:Berlin
365:Baidoa
334:Libyan
324:, the
251:was a
200:Brades
119:, the
95:Sana'a
1289:Cho.
1053:Pasto
1003:Paris
920:Corfu
873:Vaasa
814:White
797:when
705:Kazan
652:Vichy
641:Paris
543:Seoul
535:Pusan
516:Hanoi
376:Kabul
311:İzmir
234:area.
83:Yemen
64:Sudan
23:or a
1458:2020
1445:ISBN
1417:2021
1391:2021
1364:2021
1339:2021
1297:OCLC
1262:2011
1223:2022
1157:ISBN
1136:2015
962:and
946:The
931:Iaşi
824:Omsk
683:the
469:The
450:its
413:Bonn
351:The
284:was
271:Kyiv
245:Lviv
173:was
87:Aden
1070:to
993:'s
916:Niš
914:to
902:in
785:in
729:to
675:'s
600:at
560:to
518:to
378:to
355:of
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