Tenement - Knowledge

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space between buildings. This was amended by the Tenement House Act of 1879, known as the Old Law, which required lot coverage of no more than 65 percent. As of 1869, New York State law defined a “tenement house” as “any house or building, or portion thereof, which is rented, leased let or hired out, to be occupied, or is occupied as the home or residence of three families or more living independently of each other, and doing their cooking upon the premises, or by more than two families upon any floor, so living and cooking, but having a right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets or privies, or some of them.” L 1867, ch 908. The

444:, known as the New Law, which implemented the Tenement House Committee's recommendation of a maximum of 70 percent lot coverage and mandated strict enforcement, specified a minimum of 12 feet for a rear yard and 6 feet for an air and light shaft at the lot line or 12 feet in the middle of the building (all of these being increased for taller buildings), and required running water and water closets in every apartment and a window in every room. There were also fire-safety requirements. These rules are still the basis of New York City law on low-rise buildings, and they have made single-lot development uneconomical. 102: 43: 579:. The buildings are almost always five stories high because of the mandated maximum height. The blocks are large because the streets were required to be able to handle heavy traffic, and the lots are therefore also large: required to have courtyards large enough for a fire truck to turn around, the buildings have front, rear, and cross buildings enclosing several courtyards. Buildings within the courtyards were the location of much of Berlin's industry until the 1920s, and noise and other nuisances affected the apartments, only the best of which had windows facing the street. 371: 27: 475: 494:, when the city's population boomed to more than 1 million people. Edinburgh's tenements are much older, dating from the 17th century onwards, and some were up to 15 storeys high when first built, which made them among the tallest houses in the world at that time. Glasgow tenements were generally built no taller than the width of the street on which they were located; therefore, most are about 3–5 storeys high. Virtually all Glasgow tenements were constructed using red or blonde sandstone, which has become distinctive. 640: 167: 765:, developed from subdividing one- or two-story houses built around courtyards for well-off families. These were long and narrow, three to six times as long as they were wide, and the size of the patios was reduced until as many as 350 people could be living on a lot that had originally housed 25. Purpose-built tenements copied their form. By 1907 there were some 2,500 conventillos, with 150,000 occupants. El conventillo de la Paloma was particularly famous and is the title of a play by 942: 303: 778: 229:. Tenement houses were either adapted or built for the working class as cities industrialized, and came to be contrasted with middle-class apartment houses, which started to become fashionable later in the 19th century. Late-19th-century social reformers in the United States were hostile to both tenements (for fostering disease, and immorality in the young) and apartment houses (for fostering "sexual immorality, sloth, and divorce"). 139:, overcrowded houses with poor sanitation gave tenements a reputation as shanty towns. The expression "tenement house" was used to designate a building subdivided to provide cheap rental accommodation, which was initially a subdivision of a large house. Beginning in the 1850s, purpose-built tenements of up to six stories held several households on each floor. Various names were introduced for better dwellings, and eventually modern 930:. Some kamienice in some areas have a reputation for being inhabited by poor people and families that depend on government money and welfare programs to support them; kamienice are often used as public housing. Those areas are often considered dangerous. The buildings are often neglected, in bad shape (both the exteriors and the interiors), in need of general renovations, sometimes without access to heating or hot water. 243: 2284: 743: 540:, where virtually all the tenements were demolished to make way for tower blocks, many of which have in turn have been demolished and replaced with newer structures. The Gorbals is an area of approximately 1 km and at one time had an estimated 90,000 people living in its tenements, leading to very poor living conditions. The population now is roughly 10,000. 1250: 1333: 1300: 1276: 94:, which replaced the old Law of the Tenement and created a new system of common ownership and procedures concerning repairs and maintenance of tenements. Tenements with one- or two-room flats provided popular rented accommodation for workers, but in some inner-city areas, overcrowding and maintenance problems led to 690:

Having visited a large number of these houses in all parts of the city, we have no hesitation in saying that it is no uncommon thing to find halls and landings, yards and closets of the houses in a filthy condition, and, in nearly every case, human excreta is to be found scattered about the yards and

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A typical chawl tenement consists of one all-purpose room, which functions both as a living and sleeping space, and a kitchen which also serves as a dining room. A frequent practice is for the kitchen to also serve as a bedroom for a newly married couple in order to give them some degree of privacy.

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a towering testament to tenement life in Edinburgh's Old Town. It was once owned by merchant Thomas Gladstone, who extended and remodelled the building to create opulently decorated apartments. Gladstone attracted wealthy tenants including William Struther, Minister of St Giles' Cathedral, and Lord

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Most of these houses have yards at the back, some of which are a fair size, while others are very small, and some few houses have no yards at all. Generally, the only water supply of the house is furnished by a single water tap, which is in the yard. The yard is common and the closet accommodation

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The Tenement House Act of 1866, the state legislature's first comprehensive legislation on housing conditions, prohibited cellar apartments unless the ceiling was 1 foot above street level; required one water closet per 20 residents and the provision of fire escapes; and paid some attention to

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Tenement demolition was to a significantly lesser extent in Edinburgh, thus making its later World Heritage designations in 1985 possible. Largely, such clearances were limited to pre-Victorian buildings outside the New Town area and were precipitated by the so-called "Penny Tenement" incident of

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The New York State Assembly Tenement House Committee report of 1894 surveyed 8,000 buildings with approximately 255,000 residents and found New York to be the most densely populated city in the world, at an average of 143 people per acre, with part of the Lower East Side having 800 residents per

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Any house, building, or portion thereof, which is rented, leased, let, or hired out to be occupied or is occupied, as the home or residence of more than three families living independently of one another and doing their own cooking upon the premises, or by more than two families upon a floor, so

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on which streets were laid out, and the economic practice of building on individual 25- by 100-foot lots, combined to produce high land coverage. Prior to 1867, tenements often covered more than 90 percent of the lot, were five or six stories high, and had 18 rooms per floor, of which only two

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were the sites of notorious rookeries that the city worked for decades to clear. In both rookeries and purpose-built tenements, communal water taps and water closets (either privies or "school sinks," which opened into a vault that often became clogged) were squeezed into the small open spaces

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Many apartments in the Wilhelmian Ring were very small, only one room and a kitchen. Also, apartments were laid out with their rooms reached via a common internal corridor, which even the Berlin Architects' Association recognized was unhealthy and detrimental to family life. Sanitation was

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As the United States industrialized during the 19th century, immigrants and workers from the countryside were housed in former middle-class houses and other buildings, such as warehouses, which were bought up and divided into small dwellings. Beginning as early as the 1830s in

1714: 864:), and the other designed as multi-family housing, which emerged in the 19th century and was the basic type of housing in cities. From the architectural point of view, the word is usually used to describe a building that abuts other similar buildings forming the street 616:

Between 1901 and 1920, a Berlin clinic investigated and documented in photographs the living conditions of its patients, revealing that many lived in damp basements and garrets, spaces under stairs, and apartments where the windows were blocked by courtyard businesses.

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quotes an Italian mason contrasting the better accommodations for the poor built in New York in response to a 1901 law with tenements: "We didn't call them tenements ... we called them apartment houses, because that's what they really were. To us, a tenement was a

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Most of the purpose-built tenements in New York were not slums, although they were not pleasant to be inside, especially in hot weather, so people congregated outside, made heavy use of the fire escapes, and slept in summer on fire escapes, roofs, and sidewalks.

872:. The ground floor often consists of shops and other businesses, while the upper floors are apartments, oftentimes spanning the entire floor. Kamienice have large windows in the front, but not in the side walls, since the buildings are close together. 678:

The entrance to all tenement houses is by a common door off either a street, lane or alley, and, in most cases, the door is never shut, day or night. The passages and stairs are common and the rooms all open directly either off the passages or landings.

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There are many tenement houses with seven or eight rooms that house a family in each room and contain a population of between 40 and 50 souls. We have visited one house that we found to be occupied by 98 persons, another by 74 and a third by 73.

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inadequate: in a survey of one area in 1962, only 15 percent of apartments had both a toilet and a bath or shower; 19 percent had only a toilet, and 66 percent shared staircase toilets. Heating was provided by stoves burning charcoal briquettes.

663:'s fifteen buildings housed 835 people. In 1911 nearly 26,000 families lived in inner-city tenements, and 20,000 of these families lived in a single room. Disease was common, with death rates of 22.3 per thousand (compared with 15.6 for 436:. It used both charts and photographs, the first such official use of photographs. Together with the publication in 1895 by the US Department of Labor of a special report on housing conditions and solutions elsewhere in the world, 910:, large apartments would be divided into several smaller flats due to general lack of habitable space caused by vast destruction of cities, thus lowering the generally high standard of living in so-called grand city tenements ( 686:

The closet accommodation is common not only to the occupants of the house, but to anyone who likes to come in off the street, and is, of course, common to both sexes. The roofs of the tenement houses are, as a rule, bad . . .

903:(stone) and dates from the 15th century. Late 19th century and early 20th century kamienice often took form of city palaces with ornamental facades, high floors and spacious, representative and heavily decorated interiors. 1391: 197:

to house workers in the rapidly industrializing area. The castle's location was hazardous and impractical and many workers preferred to live in individual cottages. As such, the tenement was abandoned in the 1850s.

2063: 406:" became the standard: this had a "dumbbell" shape, with air and light shafts on either side in the center (usually fitted to the shafts in the adjacent buildings), and it typically covered 80 percent of the lot. 1247: 205:

originally referred to tenancy and therefore to any rented accommodation. The New York State legislature defined it in the Tenement House Act of 1867 in terms of rental occupancy by multiple households, as

1608: 571:(Stony Berlin) referred to the city in its subtitle as "the largest tenement city in the world." They were built during a period of great increases in population between 1860 and 1914, particularly after 352:

to rise, and the cellar dwellings flooded. Early housing reformers urged the construction of tenements to replace cellars, and beginning in 1859 the number of people living in cellars began to decline.

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Many tenements in Glasgow were demolished in the 1960s and 1970s because of slum conditions, overcrowding and poor maintenance of the buildings. Perhaps the most striking case of this is seen in the

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in Scotland. Glasgow tenements were built to provide high-density housing for the large number of people immigrating to the city in the 19th and early 20th century as a result of the

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Apartments in tenement buildings in both cities are now often highly sought after, due to their locations, often large rooms, high ceilings, ornamentation and period features.

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is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access. They are common on the

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in 1845, less than a quarter of workers were housed in tenements. One reason New York had so many tenements was the large number of immigrants; another was that the

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is to be found there, except in some few cases in which there is no yard, when it is to be found in the basement where there is little light or ventilation.

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The collapse of 65–66 Church Street in 1913, which killed seven residents, led to inquiries into housing. A housing committee report of 1914 said,

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Such tenements were particularly prevalent in New York, where in 1865 a report stated that 500,000 people lived in unhealthy tenements, whereas in

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area of Glasgow preserves the interior, fittings and equipment of a well-kept, upper middle-class tenement from the late 19th century.

1899: 1330: 860:, with at least two floors. There are two basic types: one designed as a single-family residence, which existed until the 1800s (a 1160: 456: 1325:

Fairbanks, Robert B. "From Better Dwellings to Better Neighborhoods: The Rise and Fall of the First National Housing Movement,"

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Magazine to find the most practical improved tenement design, in which profitability was the most important factor to the jury.

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Notices of the most remarkable fires in Edinburgh, from 1385 to 1824, including an account of the great fire of November, 1824

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living and cooking and having a common right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets, or privies, or some of them.

82:). Over hundreds of years, custom grew to become law concerning maintenance and repairs, as first formally discussed in 1116: 2242: 2208: 2191: 2157: 2142: 2114: 2099: 2075: 2034: 1739: 1707: 1686: 1384: 1087: 441: 313: 2288: 136: 2094:, ed. John F. Bauman, Roger Biles, and Kristin M. Szylvian, University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 2000, 1811: 659:

townhouses of upper-class families, neglected and subdivided over the centuries to house dozens of Dublin's poor.

2038: 994: 452: 1711: 78:, tenements were developed with each apartment treated as a separate house, built on top of each other (such as 1139: 333: 253: 2256: 1870: 1790: 344:

Early in the 19th century, many of the poor were housed in cellars, which became even less sanitary after the

837: 91: 2215: 1436:"Judge Declines to Extend Definition of "Tenement House" by Andrew Fraser, Esq. | MOULINOS & ASSOCIATES" 1016: 463: 828: 720: 2133:

Plunz, Richard A. "On the Uses and Abuses of Air: Perfecting the New York Tenement, 1850–1901,"

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From Tenements to the Taylor Homes: In Search of an Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth-Century America

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Girouard, pp. 337–38 says that the blocks had been intended to be subdivided with side streets.

655:) were infamous, often described as the worst in Europe. Many tenement buildings were originally the 258: 20: 1958: 1513: 660: 576: 523: 423: 101: 2267:"What we talk about when we talk about food: Using food to teach history at the Tenement Museum," 1292:

Hutchison, Janet. "Shaping Housing and Enhancing Consumption: Hoover's Interwar Housing Policy",

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The first type of kamienica is most prevalent especially in centers of historical cities such as

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The Tenement: A Way of Life: A Social, Historical and Architectural Study of Housing in Glasgow

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Related to the width of the street, but generally the maximum, 72 feet: Girouard, p. 329.

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The last tenements were closed in the 1970s, families being rehoused in new suburbs such as

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was empowered to enforce these regulations, but it declined to do so. As a compromise, the "

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Repr. ed. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap/Harvard University, 1970.

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in the floors of the closets and, in some cases, even in the passages of the house itself.

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city centre districts immediately surrounding them) are almost exclusively tenements. The

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Berlin/New York: Like and Unlike: Essays on Architecture and Art from 1870 to the Present

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Crichton, as well as the high-end grocer John Riddoch, who traded from the ground floor.

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brought running water to wealthier New Yorkers: the reduction in well use caused the

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Hinterhof, Keller und Mansarde: Einblicke in Berliner Wohnungselend 1901–1920

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Tenement life often appeared in fiction, such as the "Dublin trilogy" of plays by

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The Progressives and the Slums: Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1890–1917

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between buildings. In parts of the Lower East Side, buildings were older and had

286:," and these were a particular concern, as they were prone to collapse and fire. 271: 194: 2233: 563:, "rental barracks", and the city especially known for them is Berlin. In 1930, 154:, the word refers to an outshot, or additional projecting part at the back of a 2257:"Ivory Towers and Tenements: American Jewish History, Scholars and the Public," 947: 869: 710: 648: 283: 166: 155: 417:

Public concern about New York tenements was stirred by publication in 1890 of

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in 1871, in a broad ring enclosing the old city center, sometimes called the

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Topographies of Class: Modern Architecture and Mass Society in Weimar Berlin

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is credited with the design; he had won a contest the previous year held by

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received direct sunlight. Yards were a few feet wide and often filled with

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term describing a type of residential tenement building made of brick or

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Das steinerne Berlin: Geschichte der grössten Mietkasernenstadt der Welt

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Little Germany: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in New York City, 1845-80

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Members of a tenants' collective in front of their tenement building in

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initially meant a large building with multiple small spaces to rent. As

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98 (2014) 41-47: how museums interpret the tenements in New York City.

955: 895:. City which is known for beautiful kamienice in Art Nouveau style is 884: 777: 299:, generally occupied by machine shops, stables, and other businesses. 1959:""The street was my playground": A journey back to the tenement days" 1034: 896: 861: 487: 455:, a five-story brick former tenement building in Manhattan that is a 221: 140: 75: 51: 1783:"14 Henrietta Street | Georgian townhouse to tenement dwelling" 1476:

New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation

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Tenement cities: from 19th century Berlin to 21st century Nairobi

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How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York

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Why Glasgow is the only place in the UK protecting its tenements

804:. They are typically four to five story buildings with 10 to 20 2283: 813: 788: 664: 498: 433: 329: 2090:

Bauman, John F. "Introduction: The Eternal War on the Slums,"

1601:"The 'Penny Tenement' collapse that changed Edinburgh forever" 1145: 961: 801: 795: 783: 482:

Tenements make up a large percentage of the housing stock of

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In Scotland, it continues to be the most common word for a

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from the original on 14 May 2018 – via Google Books.

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Dublin Tenement Life: An Oral History of the Dublin Slums

2123:, New Haven, Connecticut/London: Yale University, 1985, 1842:"Dublin tenement life: 'I was born right there in 1939'" 1734:, ed. Gesine Asmus, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1982, 647:

By the 19th and early 20th century, Dublin's tenements (

1812:"Life in a single room tenement | Century Ireland" 278:, three- and four-story buildings were converted into " 2121:

Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History

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grew in the nineteenth century, there was increasing

2220:, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1963, 937: 54:, featuring atypical decorative lintels, built 1880. 1238:, New York Transit Museum, New York: Norton, 2004, 2203:, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1994, repr. 2006, 1900:"Buried alive on Church Street as houses collapse" 1236:The City Beneath Us: Building the New York Subways 2186:, Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2011, 2150:The Children of the Poor: A Child Welfare Classic 1028: 2304: 1035:Kenneth G. C. Reid; Reinhard Zimmermann (2000). 906:Later in the 20th century, especially after the 2107:Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City 2029:, Kraków: International Cultural Centre, 1993, 988: 986: 891:, whereas the second type is most prominent in 193:. The castle was built sometime before 1775 by 181:One of the earliest examples of a tenement is 1041:. Oxford University Press. pp. 216–219. 90:. In Scotland, these are now governed by the 1750: 1748: 995:"13 surprising things Glasgow is famous for" 983: 958:, tenements in Portuguese-speaking countries 727:serves as a museum of Dublin tenement life. 2025:Maria Bogdani-Czepita and Zbigniew Zuziak, 1929:"Life in the tenements was hard and brutal" 1702:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2006, 1681:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2008, 1469: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1134:, 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University, 2007, 497:In Edinburgh, residential dwellings in the 1462: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1205:"Morris Castle, Swansea, Glamorgan, Wales" 1071: 1069: 590:in 1959 (the façade still pockmarked with 257:Side Sectional View of Tenement House, 38 1745: 462:Other famous tenements in the US include 1563: 1379:, Urbana: University of Illinois, 1990, 1355: 1343: 899:. The name derives from the Polish word 827: 812:'. Many chawl buildings can be found in 776: 741: 638: 581: 473: 469: 440:it ultimately led to the passage of the 381: 374:Tenements. Brooklyn, Gold Street, 1890. 369: 355: 312: 301: 252: 241: 165: 100: 41: 25: 2070:, Nelles guides, Munich: Nelles, 2001, 1261: 1066: 143:predominated in American urban living. 2305: 1986: 992: 598:One notorious Berlin Mietskaserne was 2237:, Glasgow: W. and R. Chambers, 1979, 1956: 1106: 1075: 555:In German, the term corresponding to 360:The airshaft of a dumbbell tenement, 16:Building shared by multiple dwellings 2323:Progressive Era in the United States 1038:A History of Private Law in Scotland 544:1959 in which a tenement collapsed. 478:Tenements in Dumbarton Road, Glasgow 341:. Interior rooms were unventilated. 2152:, Pittsburgh: TCB Classics, 2018 , 13: 2174: 2109:, London/New York: Methuen, 1988, 2105:Elkins, T. H. with Hofmeister, B. 1839: 1668:Elkins, pp. 20, 126, 164–67. 1327:From Tenements to the Taylor Homes 1294:From Tenements to the Taylor Homes 1005:from the original on 28 March 2019 232: 14: 2334: 2276: 2249: 1987:Thomas, Cónal (3 February 2019). 1957:Barry, Aoife (17 November 2013). 1871:"Exhibition - Poverty and Health" 1700:Growing Up Female in Nazi Germany 1132:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 918:). Examples of kamienice include 2282: 1570:. Edinburgh: Smith. p. 11. 1163:from the original on 5 June 2022 993:Watson, Alex (12 January 2018). 940: 146:In parts of England, especially 133:separation between rich and poor 2084: 2051: 2019: 2010: 1999:from the original on 2020-02-20 1980: 1969:from the original on 2020-02-20 1950: 1939:from the original on 2020-02-20 1921: 1910:from the original on 2020-02-20 1892: 1881:from the original on 2017-03-11 1863: 1852:from the original on 2021-05-16 1833: 1822:from the original on 2020-02-20 1804: 1793:from the original on 2020-02-20 1775: 1766: 1757: 1724: 1692: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1622: 1611:from the original on 2019-03-28 1593: 1582:from the original on 2016-01-01 1557: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1502: 1493: 1453: 1442:from the original on 2017-09-26 1428: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1369: 1319: 1310: 1286: 1228: 1055:from the original on 2020-08-19 737: 453:Lower East Side Tenement Museum 173:is a tenement from 1617 in the 158:house, normally with its roof. 123:In the United States, the term 1875:www.census.nationalarchives.ie 1219: 1197: 1179: 1125: 1100: 438:The Housing of Working People, 387:A Sweltering Night in New York 135:. With rapid urban growth and 30:High-quality tenements in the 1: 2162:Worbs, Dietrich. "The Berlin 1234:For example, Heller, Vivian. 972: 577:Wilhelmian or Wilhelmine Ring 412:Plumber and Sanitary Engineer 400:New York City Board of Health 361: 114: 2298:category at Polish Knowledge 1632:, Berlin: Kiepenheuer, 1930. 1470:Howe, Kathy (January 2004). 1076:Mauch, Jason (14 May 2018). 7: 1554:Girouard, pp. 312–13. 1157:National Trust for Scotland 933: 464:tenement housing in Chicago 237: 217:multiple-occupancy building 10: 2339: 1111:. Routledge. p. 665. 793: 643:Dublin slum dwellers, 1901 628: 442:Tenement House Act of 1901 319:The Condemned Tenement, NY 161: 18: 1564:Chambers, Robert (1824). 823: 772: 624: 550: 429:The Children of the Poor. 274:or possibly the 1820s on 21:Tenement (disambiguation) 2170:, pp. 144–57. 2145:, pp. 159–79. 2027:Managing Historic Cities 1499:Plunz, pp. 168–69. 1425:Plunz, pp. 167–68. 1225:Quoted in Plunz, p. 167. 1109:Encyclopedia of the City 977: 916:kamienice wielkomiejskie 427:, and in 1892 by Riis's 424:How the Other Half Lives 2260:American Jewish History 1082:. Infobase Publishing. 701:Oliver St. John Gogarty 323:National Gallery of Art 2102:, pp. 1–17. 1316:Bauman, pp. 5–6. 915: 840: 800:"Chawls" are found in 791: 761:the tenements, called 754: 721:adapted for television 693: 652: 644: 635:Tenement Museum Dublin 595: 479: 457:National Historic Site 394: 379: 367: 325: 310: 262: 250: 213: 178: 120: 55: 39: 2180:Huchzermeyer, Marie. 1107:Caves, R. W. (2004). 868:, in the manner of a 831: 780: 745: 672: 642: 585: 527:historic house museum 492:Industrial Revolution 477: 470:Glasgow and Edinburgh 385: 373: 359: 317:Charles Henry White, 316: 305: 256: 245: 208: 169: 104: 45: 29: 2291:at Wikimedia Commons 1935:. 25 November 2013. 1906:. 25 November 2013. 1787:14henriettastreet.ie 1159:. 27 November 2017. 569:Das steinerne Berlin 502:World Heritage Sites 248:Soundview, The Bronx 86:'s 1681 writings on 38:, built 1898 – 1910. 34:residential area of 19:For other uses, see 1207:. 25 September 2020 725:14 Henrietta Street 667:at the same time). 175:Old Town, Edinburgh 2272:34.2 (2012) 79-89. 2166:and Its Reforms," 2066:2018-05-14 at the 2044:2018-05-14 at the 1717:2018-05-14 at the 1628:Hegemann, Werner. 1394:2013-05-28 at the 1336:2014-06-27 at the 1303:2014-06-27 at the 1296:pp. 81–101, 1279:2014-06-27 at the 1253:2014-12-08 at the 1153:"Gladstone's Land" 1022:2019-03-28 at the 841: 792: 767:Alberto Vaccarezza 755: 645: 596: 592:1945 battle damage 573:German unification 480: 432:acre, denser than 395: 380: 368: 326: 311: 309:tenement buildings 263: 251: 222:apartment building 179: 121: 109:and 107th Street, 88:Scots property law 70:. In the medieval 66:, particularly in 56: 40: 2287:Media related to 2265:Steinberg, Adam. 2231:Worsdall, Frank. 2197:Kearns, Kevin C. 2129:978-0-300-03502-5 2016:Girouard, p. 338. 1840:Falvey, Deirdre. 1329:pp. 21–42, 1244:978-0-393-05797-3 1191:Ancient Monuments 1048:978-0-19-826778-2 631:History of Dublin 46:Tenements in the 2330: 2286: 2270:Public Historian 2255:Polland, Annie. 2119:Girouard, Mark. 2079: 2055: 2049: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1743: 1728: 1722: 1696: 1690: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1478:. Archived from 1466: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1375:Nadel, Stanley. 1373: 1367: 1364: 1353: 1350: 1341: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1290: 1284: 1270: 1259: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1149: 1143: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1073: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1032: 1026: 1014: 1012: 1010: 990: 950: 945: 944: 943: 908:Second World War 661:Henrietta Street 608: 518:(as well as the 404:Old Law tenement 366: 363: 171:Gladstone's Land 119: 118: 1898–1910 116: 80:Gladstone's Land 2338: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2303: 2302: 2289:Tenement houses 2279: 2252: 2177: 2175:Further reading 2168:Berlin/New York 2087: 2082: 2068:Wayback Machine 2057:Tomasz Torbus, 2056: 2052: 2046:Wayback Machine 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1970: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1855: 1853: 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924:Black Kamienica 920:Korniakt Palace 834:Warsaw Old Town 826: 798: 775: 746:Conventillo in 740: 637: 627: 602: 565:Werner Hegemann 553: 472: 391:Brooklyn Museum 376:Brooklyn Museum 364: 346:Croton Aqueduct 307:Lower East Side 272:Lower East Side 240: 235: 233:Specific places 195:Sir John Morris 164: 117: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2336: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2278: 2277:External links 2275: 2274: 2273: 2263: 2251: 2250:Historiography 2248: 2247: 2246: 2229: 2212: 2195: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2160: 2146: 2131: 2117: 2103: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2050: 2018: 2009: 1979: 1949: 1920: 1891: 1862: 1832: 1803: 1774: 1765: 1763:Worbs, p. 146. 1756: 1744: 1723: 1691: 1677:Hake, Sabine. 1670: 1661: 1652: 1650:Worbs, p. 145. 1643: 1634: 1621: 1592: 1556: 1547: 1545:Plunz, p. 175. 1538: 1536:Plunz, p. 172. 1529: 1520: 1509:Riis, Jacob A. 1501: 1492: 1461: 1459:Plunz, p. 168. 1452: 1427: 1418: 1416:Plunz, p. 160. 1409: 1407:Plunz, p. 163. 1400: 1368: 1366:Plunz, p. 164. 1354: 1352:Plunz, p. 161. 1342: 1318: 1309: 1285: 1260: 1227: 1218: 1196: 1178: 1144: 1124: 1118:978-0415862875 1117: 1099: 1088: 1065: 1047: 1027: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 969: 964: 959: 952: 951: 948:Housing portal 935: 932: 870:terraced house 825: 822: 794:Main article: 774: 771: 739: 736: 711:James Plunkett 626: 623: 552: 549: 524:Tenement House 471: 468: 280:railroad flats 239: 236: 234: 231: 227:block of flats 163: 160: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2335: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2244: 2243:9780550203526 2240: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2214:Lubove, Roy. 2213: 2210: 2209:9780717140749 2206: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2192:9781592218578 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2178: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2158:0-999-66040-3 2155: 2151: 2148:Riis, Jacob. 2147: 2144: 2143:0-8478-1657-5 2140: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2115:0-416-92220-1 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100:0-271-02012-1 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Ware 405: 401: 392: 388: 384: 377: 372: 358: 354: 351: 347: 342: 340: 335: 331: 324: 320: 315: 308: 304: 300: 298: 293: 289: 288:Mulberry Bend 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 268:New York City 260: 259:Cherry Street 255: 249: 246:Tenements in 244: 230: 228: 224: 223: 218: 212: 207: 204: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183:Morris Castle 176: 172: 168: 159: 157: 153: 149: 144: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 112: 111:New York City 108: 105:Tenements at 103: 99: 97: 93: 92:Tenements Act 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 64:British Isles 61: 53: 49: 44: 37: 33: 28: 22: 2313:Urban design 2295: 2269: 2259: 2232: 2216: 2198: 2182: 2167: 2164:Mietskaserne 2163: 2149: 2134: 2120: 2106: 2091: 2085:Bibliography 2059: 2053: 2026: 2021: 2012: 2001:. Retrieved 1992: 1982: 1971:. Retrieved 1962: 1952: 1941:. Retrieved 1932: 1923: 1912:. Retrieved 1903: 1894: 1883:. Retrieved 1874: 1865: 1854:. Retrieved 1845: 1835: 1824:. Retrieved 1815: 1806: 1795:. 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Retrieved 999:The Scotsman 998: 905: 900: 874: 849: 844: 843: 842: 838:Market Place 818: 805: 799: 782: 763:conventillos 762: 759:Buenos Aires 756: 752:Buenos Aires 738:Buenos Aires 729: 714: 704: 697:Seán O'Casey 694: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 646: 619: 615: 597: 568: 561:Mietskaserne 560: 556: 554: 546: 542: 535: 496: 481: 461: 450: 446: 437: 428: 422: 416: 411: 396: 386: 343: 327: 318: 264: 261:, N.Y., 1865 226: 220: 214: 209: 202: 200: 180: 145: 124: 122: 96:shanty towns 59: 57: 2318:House types 2039:p. 194 1933:independent 1904:independent 1527:Riis, 2018 1015:, links to 967:Urban decay 603: [ 588:East Berlin 567:'s polemic 365: 1900 350:water table 292:Five Points 276:Mott Street 137:immigration 107:Park Avenue 48:Morningside 2307:Categories 2003:2020-02-20 1973:2020-02-20 1943:2020-02-20 1914:2020-02-20 1885:2020-02-20 1856:2020-02-20 1826:2020-02-20 1816:www.rte.ie 1797:2020-02-20 1615:2019-03-28 1586:2017-09-15 1486:2011-01-12 1446:2016-10-07 1142:, p. 3804. 1140:0199206872 1059:2020-02-17 973:References 723:in 1980). 629:See also: 600:Meyers Hof 531:Garnethill 419:Jacob Riis 297:courtyards 141:apartments 2296:Kamienice 897:Bydgoszcz 850:kamienice 845:Kamienica 713:'s novel 653:tionóntán 520:Victorian 488:Edinburgh 334:grid plan 284:rookeries 201:The term 76:Edinburgh 52:Edinburgh 2064:Archived 2042:Archived 1997:Archived 1967:Archived 1937:Archived 1908:Archived 1879:Archived 1850:Archived 1820:Archived 1791:Archived 1715:Archived 1689:, p. 30. 1609:Archived 1580:Archived 1576:54265692 1440:Archived 1392:Archived 1334:Archived 1301:Archived 1277:Archived 1272:Bauman, 1251:Archived 1167:28 March 1161:Archived 1094:Archived 1053:Archived 1020:Archived 1009:28 March 1003:Archived 934:See also 866:frontage 848:(plural 732:Ballymun 703:'s play 657:Georgian 557:tenement 516:New Town 513:Georgian 509:Old Town 506:medieval 389:, 1883. 321:, 1906, 238:New York 203:tenement 156:terraced 152:Cornwall 125:tenement 72:Old Town 68:Scotland 60:tenement 50:area of 32:Hyndland 1211:27 July 956:Cortiço 885:Wrocław 852:) is a 748:La Boca 538:Gorbals 529:in the 504:of the 484:Glasgow 339:privies 187:Swansea 162:History 36:Glasgow 2241: 2226:233162 2224: 2207: 2190: 2156: 2141: 2127: 2113: 2098: 2074: 2060:Poland 2033: 1738: 1712:p. 165 1706: 1685: 1574: 1383: 1258:dump." 1242: 1138: 1115: 1086: 1045: 912:Polish 901:kamień 887:, and 881:Poznań 877:Kraków 854:Polish 824:Poland 814:Mumbai 806:kholis 789:Mumbai 773:Mumbai 709:, and 706:Blight 665:London 625:Dublin 551:Berlin 499:UNESCO 434:Bombay 330:Boston 129:cities 1389:p. 34 1331:p. 22 1298:p. 83 1248:p. 34 978:Notes 962:NIMBY 889:Toruń 858:stone 810:rooms 802:India 796:Chawl 784:chawl 649:Irish 607:] 191:Wales 148:Devon 84:Stair 74:, in 2239:ISBN 2222:OCLC 2205:ISBN 2188:ISBN 2154:ISBN 2139:ISBN 2125:ISBN 2111:ISBN 2096:ISBN 2072:ISBN 2031:ISBN 1736:ISBN 1704:ISBN 1683:ISBN 1572:OCLC 1381:ISBN 1274:p. 6 1240:ISBN 1213:2023 1169:2019 1136:ISBN 1113:ISBN 1084:ISBN 1043:ISBN 1011:2019 928:Lviv 922:and 893:Łódź 633:and 511:and 486:and 451:The 290:and 150:and 926:in 787:in 757:In 609:in 559:is 421:'s 270:'s 225:or 185:in 2309:: 2037:, 1995:. 1991:. 1965:. 1961:. 1931:. 1902:. 1877:. 1873:. 1848:. 1844:. 1818:. 1814:. 1789:. 1785:. 1747:^ 1710:, 1607:. 1603:. 1578:. 1511:, 1474:. 1438:. 1387:, 1357:^ 1345:^ 1263:^ 1246:, 1189:. 1171:. 1155:. 1092:. 1068:^ 1051:. 1001:. 997:. 985:^ 914:: 883:, 879:, 836:, 781:A 769:. 750:, 734:. 699:, 651:: 605:de 362:c. 189:, 115:c. 113:, 58:A 2245:. 2228:. 2211:. 2194:. 2078:. 2048:. 2006:. 1976:. 1946:. 1917:. 1888:. 1859:. 1829:. 1800:. 1742:. 1721:. 1618:. 1589:. 1516:. 1489:. 1468:* 1449:. 1398:. 1340:. 1307:. 1283:. 1215:. 1193:. 1121:. 1062:. 1013:. 719:( 594:) 393:. 378:. 177:. 23:.

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