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Tetrahedral symmetry

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618: 611: 604: 552: 545: 538: 712: 705: 698: 1584: 3347: 404: 2396: 94: 58: 2213: 1350: 691: 597: 3291: 944: 242: 196: 150: 32: 3583: 730: 531: 3319: 747: 2583: 3370: 2512: 3189: 3142: 3085: 3028: 2961: 2894: 2830: 2761: 2690: 2640: 2193: 2146: 2089: 2028: 1961: 1895: 1826: 1756: 1702: 1645: 1330: 1283: 1226: 1167: 1075: 3398: 1472: 776: 2225: 3210: 3263: 290: 392: 416: 2336:, which is extremely similar to the cube described, with each rectangle replaced by a pentagon with one symmetry axis and 4 equal sides and 1 different side (the one corresponding to the line segment dividing the cube's face); i.e., the cube's faces bulge out at the dividing line and become narrower there. It is a subgroup of the full 2331:
It is the symmetry of a cube with on each face a line segment dividing the face into two equal rectangles, such that the line segments of adjacent faces do not meet at the edge. The symmetries correspond to the even permutations of the body diagonals and the same combined with inversion. It is also
784:
one full face is a fundamental domain; other solids with the same symmetry can be obtained by adjusting the orientation of the faces, e.g. flattening selected subsets of faces to combine each subset into one face, or replacing each face by multiple faces, or a curved surface.
926:
has no subgroup of order 6. Although it is a property for the abstract group in general, it is clear from the isometry group of chiral tetrahedral symmetry: because of the chirality the subgroup would have to be
324:
of permutations of four objects, since there is exactly one such symmetry for each permutation of the vertices of the tetrahedron. The set of orientation-preserving symmetries forms a group referred to as the
443:
form 6 circles (or centrally radial lines) in the plane. Each of these 6 circles represent a mirror line in tetrahedral symmetry. The intersection of these circles meet at order 2 and 3 gyration points.
2328:. The three elements of the latter are the identity, "clockwise rotation", and "anti-clockwise rotation", corresponding to permutations of the three orthogonal 2-fold axes, preserving orientation. 885:. The three elements of the latter are the identity, "clockwise rotation", and "anti-clockwise rotation", corresponding to permutations of the three orthogonal 2-fold axes, preserving orientation. 1137: 1045: 1132: 3166: 3119: 3109: 3062: 3052: 3005: 2995: 2985: 2938: 2928: 2918: 2871: 2861: 2851: 2805: 2795: 2785: 2724: 2714: 2472: 2462: 2170: 2123: 2113: 2062: 2052: 2005: 1995: 1985: 1936: 1926: 1916: 1870: 1860: 1850: 1790: 1780: 1307: 1260: 1250: 1201: 1191: 1127: 1119: 1109: 1099: 1035: 1027: 1017: 1007: 681: 671: 661: 653: 643: 633: 587: 577: 567: 521: 511: 501: 493: 483: 473: 280: 270: 260: 234: 224: 214: 188: 178: 168: 132: 122: 112: 86: 76: 50: 1142: 1050: 1040: 2734: 2664: 2617: 2607: 2556: 2546: 2536: 2482: 1800: 1726: 1679: 1669: 1618: 1608: 1558: 1548: 1538: 3114: 3000: 2990: 2923: 2800: 2790: 2719: 2118: 2000: 1990: 1855: 1785: 1255: 1114: 1104: 3057: 2933: 2866: 2856: 2729: 2612: 2551: 2541: 2477: 2467: 2057: 1931: 1921: 1865: 1795: 1674: 1613: 1553: 1543: 1196: 1022: 1012: 676: 666: 648: 638: 582: 572: 516: 506: 488: 478: 275: 265: 229: 219: 183: 173: 127: 117: 81: 36: 2280:
is either an element of T, or one combined with inversion. Apart from these two normal subgroups, there is also a normal subgroup D
2254:. This group has the same rotation axes as T, with mirror planes through two of the orthogonal directions. The 3-fold axes are now 1387:. This group has the same rotation axes as T, but with six mirror planes, each through two 3-fold axes. The 2-fold axes are now S 3517: 3498: 3482: 813: 98: 893: 369: 3493:, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, 62: 365: 361: 23: 845:
of the four 3-fold axes: e, (123), (132), (124), (142), (134), (143), (234), (243), (12)(34), (13)(24), (14)(23).
3505: 3489: 3340: 1416: 3608: 2421: 1497: 969: 617: 610: 603: 3501: 3290: 3431: 436: 3386: 3335: 3318: 551: 544: 537: 316:
The group of all (not necessarily orientation preserving) symmetries is isomorphic to the group S
3603: 373: 306: 3587: 3363: 3284: 982: 3426: 2429: 2406: 2337: 1505: 1482: 977: 954: 246: 8: 3613: 3421: 3391: 3312: 2444: 1520: 992: 781: 760: 739: 440: 200: 735: 711: 704: 697: 3567: 3546: 3529: 3564: 3513: 3494: 3478: 3279: 2416: 2340:
group (as isometry group, not just as abstract group), with 4 of the 10 3-fold axes.
2255: 2229: 1951: 1492: 1065: 964: 838: 326: 3541: 2411: 2312: 1487: 959: 943: 842: 140: 3262: 3215: 2439: 2347:
include those of T, with the two classes of 4 combined, and each with inversion:
1583: 1515: 1423: 1404: 987: 870: 849: 321: 3346: 763:
format, along with the 180° edge (blue arrows) and 120° vertex (reddish arrows)
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4 × rotation by 120° clockwise (seen from a vertex): (234), (143), (412), (321)
310: 3597: 3528:
Koca, Nazife; Al-Mukhaini, Aida; Koca, Mehmet; Al Qanobi, Amal (2016-12-01).
3307: 2434: 2395: 1510: 1471: 403: 93: 57: 2333: 2224: 2212: 1349: 1216: 690: 596: 241: 195: 149: 31: 729: 530: 313:
of 24 including transformations that combine a reflection and a rotation.
3256: 768: 752: 302: 294: 3582: 3369: 2511: 2311:. It is the direct product of the normal subgroup of T (see above) with 3444: 2582: 827: 3397: 746: 3572: 3188: 3141: 3084: 3027: 2960: 2893: 2829: 2760: 2689: 2639: 2192: 2145: 2088: 2027: 1960: 1894: 1825: 1755: 1701: 1644: 1329: 1282: 1225: 1166: 1074: 775: 1411:
is the union of T and the set obtained by combining each element of
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and O are isomorphic as abstract groups: they both correspond to S
812:. There are three orthogonal 2-fold rotation axes, like chiral 2285: 391: 289: 3527: 3477:
2008, John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss,
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The rotations by 180°, together with the identity, form a
892:
is the smallest group demonstrating that the converse of
3223: 415: 1451:
6 × reflection in a plane through two rotation axes (C
297:, an example of a solid with full tetrahedral symmetry 2390: 2265:) axes, and there is a central inversion symmetry. T 822:
or 222, with in addition four 3-fold axes, centered
908:|, there does not necessarily exist a subgroup of 3595: 1344: 826:the three orthogonal directions. This group is 3153: 3096: 3039: 2972: 2905: 2841: 2772: 2701: 2651: 2594: 2523: 2449: 2157: 2100: 2039: 1972: 1906: 1837: 1767: 1713: 1656: 1595: 1525: 1294: 1237: 1178: 1086: 997: 720: 3534:Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science 896:is not true in general: given a finite group 862:4 × rotation by 120° counterclockwise (ditto) 469:Chiral tetrahedral symmetry, T, (332), = , 3530:"Symmetry of the Pyritohedron and Lattices" 841:on 4 elements; in fact it is the group of 759:alone. These are illustrated above in the 755:can be placed in 12 distinct positions by 724: 3545: 1467:Subgroups of achiral tetrahedral symmetry 1417:the isometries of the regular tetrahedron 771:the tetrahedron through those positions. 742:, see below, the latter is one full face 2394: 2223: 2211: 2207: 1470: 1348: 942: 939:Subgroups of chiral tetrahedral symmetry 288: 3204:Solids with chiral tetrahedral symmetry 3596: 734:The tetrahedral rotation group T with 3563: 3224:Solids with full tetrahedral symmetry 947:Chiral tetrahedral symmetry subgroups 3488:Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of 13: 2391:Subgroups of pyritohedral symmetry 14: 3625: 3556: 3547:10.24200/squjs.vol21iss2pp139-149 3581: 3396: 3368: 3345: 3317: 3289: 3261: 3208: 3187: 3164: 3140: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3083: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3026: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2959: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2892: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2828: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2759: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2688: 2662: 2638: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2581: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2510: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2191: 2168: 2144: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2087: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2026: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1959: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1893: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1824: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1754: 1724: 1700: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1643: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1582: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1328: 1305: 1281: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1224: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1165: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1073: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 774: 745: 728: 710: 703: 696: 689: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 616: 609: 602: 595: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 550: 543: 536: 529: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 414: 402: 390: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 240: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 194: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 148: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 92: 84: 79: 74: 56: 48: 30: 24:point groups in three dimensions 3524:, 11.5 Spherical Coxeter groups 2324:is the same as above: of type Z 810:rotational tetrahedral symmetry 625:Achiral tetrahedral symmetry, T 3586:Learning materials related to 3510:Geometries and Transformations 378: 1: 3460: 3341:Truncated triakis tetrahedron 3213:The Icosahedron colored as a 1475:Achiral tetrahedral subgroups 370:crystallographic point groups 3437: 3384: 3361: 3333: 3305: 3277: 3249: 2382:3 × reflection in a plane (C 2375:8 × rotoreflection by 60° (S 1458:6 × rotoreflection by 90° (S 1383:, also known as the (2,3,3) 1353:The full tetrahedral group T 1345:Achiral tetrahedral symmetry 421: 383: 354:achiral tetrahedral symmetry 20: 7: 3415: 721:Chiral tetrahedral symmetry 10: 3630: 2343:The conjugacy classes of T 2232:have pyritohedral symmetry 453:Stereographic projections 340: 3334: 2410: 1486: 1415:with inversion. See also 1381:full tetrahedral symmetry 958: 624: 558: 468: 452: 449: 362:discrete point symmetries 139: 3475:The Symmetries of Things 3432:Binary tetrahedral group 2216:The pyritohedral group T 559:Pyritohedral symmetry, T 437:stereographic projection 366:symmetries on the sphere 3387:Uniform star polyhedron 3336:Near-miss Johnson solid 2361:3 × rotation by 180° (C 2354:8 × rotation by 120° (C 2220:with fundamental domain 1444:3 × rotation by 180° (C 1437:8 × rotation by 120° (C 1357:with fundamental domain 935:, but neither applies. 3522:Finite symmetry groups 2400: 2399:Pyritohedral subgroups 2233: 2221: 1476: 1358: 948: 368:). They are among the 307:orientation-preserving 305:has 12 rotational (or 298: 3364:Tetrated dodecahedron 3285:truncated tetrahedron 3220:has chiral symmetry. 2398: 2252:pyritohedral symmetry 2227: 2215: 2208:Pyritohedral symmetry 1474: 1352: 946: 358:pyritohedral symmetry 292: 37:Involutional symmetry 3427:Icosahedral symmetry 2338:icosahedral symmetry 2276:: every element of T 865:3 × rotation by 180° 374:cubic crystal system 327:alternating subgroup 309:) symmetries, and a 247:Icosahedral symmetry 155:Tetrahedral symmetry 3609:Rotational symmetry 3568:"Tetrahedral group" 3471:(1997), p. 295 3467:Peter R. Cromwell, 3422:Octahedral symmetry 3392:Tetrahemihexahedron 3313:triakis tetrahedron 782:tetrakis hexahedron 740:triakis tetrahedron 441:tetrakis hexahedron 381: 201:Octahedral symmetry 26: 3588:Symmetric group S4 3565:Weisstein, Eric W. 2401: 2332:the symmetry of a 2234: 2222: 1477: 1375:3m, of order 24 – 1359: 949: 894:Lagrange's theorem 736:fundamental domain 379: 364:(or equivalently, 299: 21: 3518:978-1-107-10340-5 3499:978-0-471-01003-6 3483:978-1-56881-220-5 3413: 3412: 3280:Archimedean solid 3201: 3200: 2269:is isomorphic to 2205: 2204: 1424:conjugacy classes 1342: 1341: 850:conjugacy classes 843:even permutations 839:alternating group 814:dihedral symmetry 789: 788: 718: 717: 439:the edges of the 433: 432: 287: 286: 99:Dihedral symmetry 18:3D symmetry group 3621: 3585: 3578: 3577: 3551: 3549: 3454: 3451:Koca et al. 2016 3448: 3400: 3372: 3349: 3321: 3293: 3265: 3228: 3227: 3212: 3191: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3144: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3087: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3030: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2963: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2896: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2832: 2816: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2763: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2692: 2675: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2642: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2585: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2514: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2403: 2402: 2310: 2275: 2264: 2250:, of order 24 – 2249: 2195: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2148: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2091: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2030: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1963: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1897: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1828: 1811: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1758: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1704: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1647: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1586: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1479: 1478: 1414: 1394: 1374: 1332: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1285: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1228: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1169: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1077: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1008: 951: 950: 925: 804:, of order 12 – 778: 749: 732: 725: 714: 707: 700: 693: 684: 683: 682: 678: 677: 673: 672: 668: 667: 663: 662: 656: 655: 654: 650: 649: 645: 644: 640: 639: 635: 634: 620: 613: 606: 599: 590: 589: 588: 584: 583: 579: 578: 574: 573: 569: 568: 554: 547: 540: 533: 524: 523: 522: 518: 517: 513: 512: 508: 507: 503: 502: 496: 495: 494: 490: 489: 485: 484: 480: 479: 475: 474: 447: 446: 418: 406: 394: 382: 283: 282: 281: 277: 276: 272: 271: 267: 266: 262: 261: 244: 237: 236: 235: 231: 230: 226: 225: 221: 220: 216: 215: 198: 191: 190: 189: 185: 184: 180: 179: 175: 174: 170: 169: 152: 141:Polyhedral group 135: 134: 133: 129: 128: 124: 123: 119: 118: 114: 113: 96: 89: 88: 87: 83: 82: 78: 77: 60: 53: 52: 51: 34: 27: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3594: 3593: 3559: 3554: 3463: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3418: 3226: 3206: 3184: 3165: 3163: 3158: 3137: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3080: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3044: 3023: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2956: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2889: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2825: 2814: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2756: 2752: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2706: 2685: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2635: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2578: 2574: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2507: 2503: 2492: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2393: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2357: 2346: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2247: 2240: 2228:The seams of a 2219: 2210: 2188: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2141: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2084: 2080: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2023: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1955: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1890: 1879: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1821: 1809: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1751: 1747: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1697: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1640: 1636: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1579: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1469: 1461: 1454: 1447: 1440: 1429: 1412: 1410: 1407:on 4 objects. T 1405:symmetric group 1402: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1372: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1325: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1278: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1220: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1161: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1069: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1004: 941: 934: 930: 924: 917: 891: 884: 876: 871:normal subgroup 836: 821: 779: 750: 733: 723: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 658: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 630: 629:, (*332), = , 628: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 564: 562: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 498: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 470: 413: 412: 401: 400: 389: 388: 343: 336: 332: 322:symmetric group 319: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 257: 255: 253: 249: 245: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 211: 209: 207: 203: 199: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 165: 163: 161: 157: 153: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 109: 107: 105: 101: 97: 85: 80: 75: 73: 71: 69: 65: 63:Cyclic symmetry 61: 49: 47: 45: 43: 39: 35: 19: 12: 11: 5: 3627: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3592: 3591: 3590:at Wikiversity 3579: 3558: 3557:External links 3555: 3553: 3552: 3525: 3503: 3490:H.S.M. Coxeter 3485: 3472: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3252:Platonic solid 3248: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2344: 2325: 2322:quotient group 2314: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2266: 2257: 2238: 2217: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1427: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1385:triangle group 1363: 1354: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1002: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 972: 967: 962: 957: 940: 937: 932: 928: 922: 900:and a divisor 889: 882: 879:quotient group 874: 867: 866: 863: 860: 857: 834: 819: 787: 786: 772: 743: 722: 719: 716: 715: 708: 701: 694: 686: 685: 626: 622: 621: 614: 607: 600: 592: 591: 560: 556: 555: 548: 541: 534: 526: 525: 466: 465: 462: 459: 455: 454: 451: 431: 430: 427: 424: 420: 419: 410: 407: 398: 395: 386: 380:Gyration axes 342: 339: 334: 330: 317: 311:symmetry order 285: 284: 251: 238: 205: 192: 159: 145: 144: 137: 136: 103: 90: 67: 54: 41: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3626: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3604:Finite groups 3602: 3601: 3599: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3308:Catalan solid 3306: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3211: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3162: 3160: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3105: 3103: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3048: 3046: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 2981: 2979: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2781: 2779: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2710: 2708: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2660: 2658: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2603: 2601: 2595: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2532: 2530: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2458: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2397: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2287: 2260: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2226: 2214: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2109: 2107: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2048: 2046: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 1981: 1979: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1776: 1774: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1722: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1604: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1534: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1406: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1351: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1303: 1301: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1003: 1001: 998: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 956: 953: 952: 945: 936: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 886: 880: 872: 864: 861: 858: 855: 854: 853: 851: 846: 844: 840: 833: 829: 825: 818: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794: 783: 777: 773: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 748: 744: 741: 737: 731: 727: 726: 713: 709: 706: 702: 699: 695: 692: 688: 687: 623: 619: 615: 612: 608: 605: 601: 598: 594: 593: 557: 553: 549: 546: 542: 539: 535: 532: 528: 527: 467: 463: 460: 457: 456: 448: 445: 442: 438: 428: 425: 422: 417: 408: 405: 396: 393: 384: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 338: 328: 323: 314: 312: 308: 304: 296: 291: 248: 243: 239: 202: 197: 193: 156: 151: 147: 146: 142: 138: 100: 95: 91: 64: 59: 55: 38: 33: 29: 28: 25: 16: 3571: 3537: 3533: 3521: 3520:Chapter 11: 3509: 3506:N.W. Johnson 3487: 3474: 3468: 3446: 3214: 3207: 2368:inversion (S 2342: 2334:pyritohedron 2330: 2315: 2251: 2243: 2236: 2235: 1421: 1380: 1376: 1368: 1361: 1360: 918: 916:: the group 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 887: 868: 847: 831: 823: 816: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 791: 790: 434: 357: 353: 349: 345: 344: 315: 300: 154: 15: 3257:tetrahedron 3218:tetrahedron 2426:Generators 2288:), of type 2284:(that of a 1502:Generators 974:Generators 912:with order 873:of type Dih 761:cycle graph 753:tetrahedron 563:, (3*2), , 450:Orthogonal 303:tetrahedron 295:tetrahedron 143:, , (*n32) 3614:Tetrahedra 3598:Categories 3540:(2): 139. 3461:References 2230:volleyball 852:of T are: 828:isomorphic 738:; for the 301:A regular 293:A regular 3573:MathWorld 3512:, (2018) 3469:Polyhedra 3438:Citations 3246:Vertices 2430:Structure 1506:Structure 1395:) axes. T 978:Structure 881:of type Z 765:rotations 22:Selected 3416:See also 3237:Picture 2351:identity 1434:identity 856:identity 757:rotation 435:Seen in 254:, (*532) 208:, (*432) 162:, (*332) 106:, (*n22) 2412:Coxeter 2320:. The 2246:, or m 1488:Coxeter 1377:achiral 960:Coxeter 877:, with 824:between 800:, , or 780:In the 769:permute 464:2-fold 461:3-fold 458:4-fold 372:of the 341:Details 70:, (*nn) 3516:  3497:  3481:  3243:Edges 3240:Faces 3231:Class 2407:Schoe. 2286:cuboid 1483:Schoe. 1403:, the 1371:, or 955:Schoe. 837:, the 806:chiral 360:) are 346:Chiral 320:, the 3234:Name 2445:Index 2440:Order 2271:T × Z 1521:Index 1516:Order 1430:are: 1413:O \ T 993:Index 988:Order 767:that 44:, (*) 3514:ISBN 3495:ISBN 3479:ISBN 3216:snub 2676:or m 2562:*222 2417:Orb. 1738:or m 1564:*332 1493:Orb. 1426:of T 1422:The 1369:*332 965:Orb. 931:or D 904:of | 848:The 356:and 352:(or 350:full 348:and 333:of S 3542:doi 3381:28 3378:54 3375:28 3358:28 3355:42 3352:16 3302:12 3197:24 3150:12 3014:222 3011:222 2944:322 2877:332 2838:12 2743:2/m 2698:12 2626:mm2 2623:*22 2565:mmm 2488:3*2 2435:Cyc 2422:H-M 2306:× Z 2302:× Z 2298:= Z 2294:× Z 2290:Dih 2244:3*2 2201:24 2154:12 2081:= A 2014:222 2011:222 1942:332 1806:2*2 1764:12 1748:= D 1688:mm2 1685:*22 1624:*33 1511:Cyc 1498:H-M 1379:or 1338:12 1151:222 1148:222 1056:332 983:Cyc 970:H-M 921:= A 830:to 808:or 798:332 3600:: 3570:. 3538:21 3536:. 3532:. 3508:: 3409:6 3406:12 3330:8 3327:18 3324:12 3299:18 3274:4 3172:11 3125:22 3093:8 3068:33 3036:6 2969:4 2902:2 2899:12 2880:23 2769:6 2753:×D 2740:2* 2705:2h 2648:6 2598:2v 2591:3 2575:×D 2527:2h 2520:1 2517:24 2504:×Z 2502:4 2282:2h 2242:, 2176:11 2129:22 2097:8 2068:33 2036:6 1969:2 1966:12 1945:23 1903:6 1876:2× 1834:3 1812:2m 1771:2d 1710:6 1660:2v 1653:4 1637:=S 1627:3m 1599:3v 1592:1 1589:24 1570:3m 1419:. 1367:, 1313:11 1291:6 1266:22 1234:4 1207:33 1175:3 1123:= 1083:1 1080:12 1059:23 1031:= 802:23 796:, 751:A 657:= 497:= 429:3 376:. 337:. 256:= 210:= 164:= 108:= 104:nh 72:= 68:nv 46:= 3576:. 3550:. 3544:: 3453:. 3403:7 3296:8 3271:6 3268:4 3194:1 3183:1 3181:Z 3178:1 3175:1 3157:1 3155:C 3147:2 3136:2 3134:Z 3131:1 3128:2 3100:2 3098:C 3090:3 3079:3 3077:Z 3074:1 3071:3 3043:3 3041:C 3033:4 3022:8 3020:D 3017:3 2976:2 2974:D 2966:6 2955:6 2953:D 2950:2 2947:3 2909:3 2907:D 2888:4 2886:A 2883:2 2843:T 2835:2 2824:2 2822:Z 2819:1 2815:1 2811:× 2776:2 2774:S 2766:4 2755:2 2751:2 2749:Z 2746:2 2703:C 2695:2 2684:2 2682:D 2679:1 2674:2 2670:* 2655:s 2653:C 2645:4 2634:4 2632:D 2629:2 2596:C 2588:8 2577:2 2573:4 2571:D 2568:3 2525:D 2506:2 2500:A 2497:2 2493:3 2491:m 2453:h 2451:T 2386:) 2384:s 2379:) 2377:6 2372:) 2370:2 2365:) 2363:2 2358:) 2356:3 2345:h 2326:3 2316:i 2313:C 2308:2 2304:2 2300:2 2296:2 2292:2 2278:h 2273:2 2267:h 2263:3 2261:( 2258:6 2256:S 2248:3 2239:h 2237:T 2218:h 2198:1 2187:1 2185:Z 2182:1 2179:1 2161:1 2159:C 2151:2 2140:2 2138:Z 2135:1 2132:2 2104:2 2102:C 2094:3 2083:3 2079:3 2077:Z 2074:1 2071:3 2043:3 2041:C 2033:4 2022:4 2020:D 2017:2 1976:2 1974:D 1954:4 1952:A 1948:2 1908:T 1900:4 1889:4 1887:Z 1884:1 1880:4 1841:4 1839:C 1831:8 1820:8 1818:D 1815:2 1810:4 1769:D 1761:2 1750:2 1746:2 1744:Z 1741:1 1736:2 1732:* 1717:s 1715:C 1707:4 1696:4 1694:D 1691:2 1658:C 1650:6 1639:3 1635:6 1633:D 1630:2 1597:C 1578:4 1576:S 1573:3 1568:4 1529:d 1527:T 1462:) 1460:4 1455:) 1453:s 1448:) 1446:2 1441:) 1439:3 1428:d 1409:d 1401:4 1397:d 1393:4 1391:( 1389:4 1373:4 1364:d 1362:T 1355:d 1335:1 1324:1 1322:Z 1319:1 1316:1 1298:1 1296:C 1288:2 1277:2 1275:Z 1272:1 1269:2 1241:2 1239:C 1231:3 1219:3 1217:Z 1213:1 1210:3 1182:3 1180:C 1172:4 1160:4 1158:D 1154:3 1090:2 1088:D 1068:4 1066:A 1062:2 999:T 933:3 929:6 927:C 923:4 919:G 914:d 910:G 906:G 902:d 898:G 890:4 888:A 883:3 875:2 835:4 832:A 820:2 817:D 793:T 627:d 561:h 426:2 423:2 411:2 409:C 399:3 397:C 387:3 385:C 335:4 331:4 329:A 318:4 252:h 250:I 206:h 204:O 160:d 158:T 102:D 66:C 42:s 40:C

Index

point groups in three dimensions

Involutional symmetry

Cyclic symmetry

Dihedral symmetry
Polyhedral group

Tetrahedral symmetry

Octahedral symmetry

Icosahedral symmetry

tetrahedron
tetrahedron
orientation-preserving
symmetry order
symmetric group
alternating subgroup
discrete point symmetries
symmetries on the sphere
crystallographic point groups
cubic crystal system



stereographic projection
tetrakis hexahedron

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