260:
origins. But through DNA analysis, scientists were recently able to trace the early DNA of domesticated turkeys that lived inside the Tewa settlements. They discovered that DNA samples taken from the Tewa's site in
Colorado's Mesa Verde are similar to those from the Northern Rio Grande region, where the tribe is settled today. The Mesa Verde region was a hub for Southwestern Puebloan society in the 13th century, but following a severe drought in 1277, the tribe's economy and social relations crashed. This devastating event corroborates why the Tewa had early traces in the Mesa Verde region but was discovered by the Spanish in the northern Rio Grande region.
39:
27:
50:
1078:
813:
317:
where Tewa
Pueblos lost many agricultural areas due to urban expansion to account for the new population size. In 1920, the United States established the Pueblo Lands Board to settle disputed claims between the government and the Tewa. Eventually, the Tewa gained full citizenship status while retaining their previous rights to land, water, and religious expression, secured only through litigation in federal courts.
381:, women were in charge of the household and held responsible for building and maintaining them until the mid-1970s. They also gathered different types of flora, processing and producing a variety of meals. Following this idea of the cult of domesticity, men were in charge of the farm. They were expected to plant, tend, and harvest crops grown on the farm while hunting in the surrounding forests and meadows.
404:
community, marriage is monogamous and sexual fidelity is an expectation between the two, although divorce and infidelity have been observed. After marriage, the families would usher the couple to stay in the husband’s mother’s home, where, after the first year, the couple would establish a permanent home inside the community.
348:
were made into clothing and shoes for the tribe. After a decline in the development of pottery in the economy, the rise of the commercial revolution, especially during the 18th and 19th centuries, revived this craft, and even today, needlework, pottery, jewelry, and woven garments make up the tribe's modern-day economy.
438:
In the Pueblo community, religion is a crucial aspect of their lives. It is a way by which the people aspire to live and encompasses mythology, cosmology, philosophy, and a worldview for the Tewa. Religious sodality leaders know more details of their respective systems of belief, and, to the general
285:
established the
Spanish capital of New Mexico at Yungue, a Tewa village located across the river from San Juan Pueblo. Later, the capital was moved to San Juan Pueblo, another Tewa Pueblo native to the region. From then on, Oñate and his other men subjected the Tewa and other native peoples to harsh
389:
Pueblo and Tribe members are assigned a piece of land, but the land technically belongs to the tribe. Once one person might pass away, like an elder, the children can be given the land as an “inheritance.” While land trade is allowed or permitted inside the tribe, tribal members aren’t allowed
356:
Surrounding the Mesa Verde and Rio Grande region, the Tewa had developed an extensive trade network. Areas as far as
California, central Mexico, the Mississippi Valley, the eastern Great Planes, and the Great Basin to the north made up this trade network and were observed to have remnants of Pueblo
334:
Through the early colonization of Spain in their settlements, they were introduced to a variety of new animals, including cows, pigs, and chickens, while also being introduced to new crops like wheat, tomatoes, apples, pears, peaches, and spices like chili. While they knew how to use fire to create
305:
resumed the conquest of the
Pueblos, which secured Santa Fe as the Spanish capital again in 1694. But in 1696, a second pueblo revolt happened, but instead of the Indians reestablishing freedom again, Spanish officials and the military were able to put it down. Later on, Apache and Navajo raids for
272:
But, population density for the Tewa
Pueblos began to slowly rise in the 1900s following the establishment of the Pueblo Lands Board. Between 1950 and 1964, the population in all six main Tewa pueblos almost doubled. Maternal and infant mortality rates were reduced through better health care inside
289:
In the early years of
Spanish colonization, the Spanish established missions in all the pueblos. Subsequently, the capital was moved again in 1609, from San Juan Pueblo to Santa Fe, which has remained the capital of New Mexico since then. The previous colonizer, Juan de Oñate, stepped down and was
162:
spoken by the Pueblo people of New Mexico. Though these five languages are closely related, speakers of one cannot fully understand speakers of another (similar to German and Dutch speakers). The six Tewa-speaking pueblos are Nambe, Pojoaque, San
Ildefonso, Ohkay Owingeh, Santa Clara, and Tesuque.
527:
With a decline in the Tewa population, many questions were raised regarding the Tewa language. People, including the Tewa, were worried about the practicality and learning of the Tewa language. Students and professors at
Worcester Polytechnic Institute recognized this issue and designed TewaTalk.
347:
The primary forms of art in the tribe were shown through pottery, weaving, and wood carving, but the most influential was pottery, as the tribe used it for storage, eating, cooking, and trading. Also, cotton and hides from the animals hunted by the tribe (which included deer, rabbits, and others)
338:
Before
Spanish colonization, like most other indigenous people in the U.S., they mostly sold pottery, which accounted for most of their income but also included jewelry and woven goods as alternative ways to make money. But following the development of the Pueblo Lands Board, most of these people
316:
In 1912, the Pueblo of San Juan was determined to sue the U.S. government to secure the status of American Indians, which would subsequently secure the native land and water rights and protect their religious and individual rights. Later, Hispanic and Anglo-Americans moved into these Pueblo lands
412:
From a very young age, the Tewa tribe would create or introduce individuals to progress through stages, the last regarding becoming a “Tewa.” From birth, children are tribal members and are raised rather tolerantly. When the children are ten, the boys and girls are split into two groups to learn
330:
The Tewa were primarily cultivators, using irrigation to sustain and grow maize, beans, and squash. While they could be considered nomadic, as they followed herds of deer, bison, and elk to hunt while gathering berries and nuts, they were mostly not nomadic and preferred to settle in an area and
268:
Between the arrival of the Spanish and the early 1900s, population densities within the pueblos fluctuated but also included times of decline. This could be because of diseases introduced by the Spanish, warfare, or even the abandonment of villages because of the Tewa's desire to escape European
259:
Today, hundreds of these Pueblo ruins in New Mexico have been identified and marked as ancestral sites for the complementary Rio Grande Pueblos; in historical times, at least sixty of them were abandoned. Since most of these sites weren’t investigated, they can't be directly traced to early Tewa
403:
Marriage inside the tribe was primarily arranged through negotiation between the families and was usually accompanied by the exchange of gifts. The marriage ceremony included a variety of expectations. Usually, it included a native (but might have also included) a nonnative ritual. Inside the
531:
Virgie Bigbee, one of the many “voices” of TewaTalk, spent countless hours recording and uploading his talking in the Tewa Language. In addition to simple learning, to entice or appeal to the younger generation, the app also features learning games where one can apply their knowledge.
175:
reported eight Tewa pueblos with a total population as high as six thousand. But, in other reports, about 2,200 Tewa were living in the six New Mexico pueblos, which might not include the other two pueblos mentioned by Fray Alonso.
425:
Instead of splitting into these two groups and learning in kivas, tribal leaders encourage youths to strive for higher education. This idea is promoted through educational grants and subsidies to private or public colleges via the
179:
In 1988, the U.S. took a demographic census concerning Native American populations in New Mexico, and the number of Native Americans on New Mexico's Tewa reservations was 4,546. In sections of pueblos:
331:
farm. They were also proficient at crushing plants and other natural flora to make herbal teas and sometimes even "potions," as their tribe believed in the shaman or works of witchcraft.
309:
When Mexico gained Independence from Spain in 1821, Christianized Indians were given citizenship. In 1858, when the United States gained New Mexico and other Southwestern regions, the
210:
at Hano, Native American development over time had increased. In retrospect, most Tewa lives on or near their home pueblo, but they slowly moved towards more urban communities.
519:
has published a dictionary of Tewa, and today most of the Tewa-speaking pueblos have established Tewa-language programs to teach children to read and write in this language.
306:
food and captives, which were steadily increasing during this period, escalated, which led the Pueblos to take advantage of the Spanish military in terms of protection.
512:
should be preserved by oral traditions alone. However, many Tewa speakers have decided that Tewa literacy is important for passing the language on to the children.
213:
In a 1991 census, a new record of the population of Tewa and even the number of speakers of the Tewa language was documented. In terms of the Pueblo population:
1066:
335:
pottery, the innovation of iron kettles and pots was readily accepted as a means of cooking, but the tribe stuck with pottery as means of storage and dishes.
286:
conditions and rule. They forced the religion of Catholicism onto them, which was the predominant religion in Spain during these early years of colonization.
463:
In contrast to many other tribes, the Tewa possesses a polytheist belief regarding supernatural spiritual force and entities. Because of this distinction,
313:(which gave the U.S. the previously mentioned territories) promised citizenship to all Mexican citizens who wanted it, including the Pueblos and the Tewa.
297:
By 1680, the Pueblo people had a plan to remove colonial oppression. This plan succeeded when they forced the Spanish south of the Rio Grande in the
1044:
1241:
1322:
1332:
1317:
508:, there is some disagreement among the Tewa people as to whether Tewa should be a written language or not. Some Pueblo elders feel that
1327:
1059:
633:
694:
1288:
1052:
938:
746:
77:
413:
about their roles in the community. If the children’s families are primarily Catholic, the children will also attend their
273:
the communities and improved nutrition (due to increased job opportunities), also contributing to lower mortality rates.
608:
1016:
1003:
990:
977:
964:
951:
924:
1074:
896:
877:
849:
834:
1082:
439:
population, this is a sensitive aspect of Tewa life. Some sodality environments or of worship could include:
856:
762:
430:. Parents are still held accountable for their children, and all reside in their respective communities.
310:
184:
863:
1337:
1312:
516:
1182:
845:
823:
378:
366:
357:
ruins. This trade network continued through the twentieth century, including Basketry from the
736:
369:
and shows like the Northern Indian Pueblos Arts and Crafts Show, trade continued to increase.
1204:
830:
719:
20:
114:
97:
8:
1249:
1235:
152:
38:
26:
515:
The Tewa pueblos developed their own orthography (spelling system) for their language,
476:
124:
1012:
999:
986:
973:
960:
947:
934:
920:
742:
505:
236:
The demographic of how many people speak the Tewa language raises shocking results.
1259:
574:
291:
172:
159:
144:
43:
31:
870:
282:
1150:
1135:
553:
414:
302:
109:
1034:
104:
1269:
1214:
541:
483:: 'Big star'), a god that represents the Morning star, associated with warfare.
427:
362:
129:
58:
49:
658:
1307:
1301:
1145:
1140:
568:
509:
480:
298:
140:
119:
81:
74:
62:
786:
1194:
562:
339:
depend on wage labor, Social Security, or other pensions for their income.
1219:
1187:
1155:
1115:
464:
490:, identified with the morning star, associated with animals and hunting.
1199:
1105:
1100:
93:
89:
54:
1177:
1039:
365:
and feathers, shells, and beads from Mexico. Through markets like the
30:
Chaiwa, a Tewa girl with a butterfly whorl hairstyle, photographed by
1170:
1120:
634:"Ancient DNA used to track abandonment of Mesa Verde in 13th century"
487:
207:
136:
971:
The Tewa World: Space, Time, Being and Becoming in a Pueblo Society.
812:
1130:
557:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1160:
1110:
1086:
1077:
148:
1023:
TewaTalk: Preserving the Tewa Language through Mobile Technology
358:
155:. Other Hopi clans are known to be descendants of Tewa people.
85:
917:
Winds from the North: Tewa Origins and Historical Anthropology
1209:
1035:
Collection of Turn of the Century Photographs of Tewa Indians
598:, New Series, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1910), pp. 576–594
547:
1125:
443:
Respect and Revenance to the Earth (where everyone is born)
53:
A Southern Tewa (Tano) anthropomorphic figure with rattle,
594:
J. Walter Fewkes, The Butterfly in Hopi Myth and Ritual.
528:
TewaTalk would allow many people to learn the language.
931:
The North American Indian Volume Seventeen: The Tewa.
276:
263:
837:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
522:
1299:
544:, a famous potter known for black on black ware
1060:
88:culture. Their homelands are on or near the
166:
151:, mostly in Tewa Village and Polacca on the
100:. They comprise the following communities:
139:, descendants of those who fled the Second
1067:
1053:
717:
467:has been seamlessly applied to the tribe.
945:Hanoi A Tewa Indian Community in Arizona.
897:Learn how and when to remove this message
735:Parsons, Elsie Worthington Clews (1939).
48:
37:
25:
734:
390:to trade land with non-tribal members.
206:Compared to the 1975 population of 625
16:Ethnic group of Pueblo Native Americans
1300:
1289:List of Indian reservations in Arizona
1094:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
721:The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians
281:In 1598, a Spanish conquistador named
1323:Native American history of New Mexico
1048:
428:Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council
325:
61:, a major Tano homeland prior to the
1333:Native American tribes in New Mexico
958:The Pueblo Indians of North America.
835:adding citations to reliable sources
806:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
446:The Mountains (where spirits of the
997:Handbook of North American Indians.
504:As with speakers of Tiwa, Towa and
13:
1318:Native American history of Arizona
909:
724:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
459:Certain Animals, Birds, and Plants
42:Tewa girls, 1922, photographed by
14:
1349:
1328:Native American tribes in Arizona
1028:
1021:Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
718:Harrington, John Peabody (1916).
695:"Tewa Pueblos | Encyclopedia.com"
676:
535:
277:History of the Tribes and Pueblos
264:Demographics (Population Density)
1076:
811:
377:Like the European notion or the
1229:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
984:New Perspective on the Pueblos.
822:needs additional citations for
523:Modern-Day Conservation Efforts
372:
779:
763:"TewaTalk Website - SF12-LANG"
755:
728:
711:
651:
626:
601:
588:
1:
581:
420:
407:
217:Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo - 1,438
7:
995:Ortiz, Alfonso, ed. (1979)
982:Ortiz, Alfonso, ed. (1972)
969:Ortiz, Alfonso, ed. (1969)
494:
433:
398:
311:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10:
1354:
499:
470:
393:
320:
269:expansion and oppression.
249:San Ildefonso Pueblo - 349
240:Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo - 495
226:San Ildefonso Pueblo - 539
220:Santa Clara Pueblo - 1,057
193:San Ildefonso Pueblo - 556
190:Santa Clara Pueblo - 1,253
143:of 1680–1692, live on the
73:are a linguistic group of
18:
1283:
1228:
1093:
956:Dozier, Edward P. (1970)
943:Dozier, Edward P. (1996)
929:Curtis, Edward S. (2022)
167:Demographics (Population)
915:Ortman, Scott G. (2012)
351:
243:Santa Clara Pueblo - 207
173:Fray Alonso de Benavides
19:Not to be confused with
741:. U of Nebraska Press.
596:American Anthropologist
486:Ponu'chona, a deity of
384:
342:
1040:indigenouslanguage.org
738:Pueblo Indian Religion
550:, pueblo revolt leader
367:Santa Fe Indian Market
66:
46:
35:
1008:Sando, Joe S. (1976)
609:"Indian Census Rolls"
232:Pojoaque Pueblo - 209
52:
41:
29:
831:improve this article
699:www.encyclopedia.com
255:Pojoaque Pueblo - 25
252:Tesuque Pueblo - 172
229:Tesuque Pueblo - 511
202:Pojoaque Pueblo - 76
199:Tesuque Pueblo - 329
158:Tewa is one of five
115:San Ildefonso Pueblo
1010:The Pueblo Indians.
379:cult of domesticity
1083:Indigenous peoples
326:Commercial Economy
299:1680 Pueblo Revolt
223:Nambé Pueblo - 558
196:Nambé Pueblo - 396
125:Santa Clara Pueblo
67:
47:
36:
1295:
1294:
939:979-8-8475-8337-4
907:
906:
899:
881:
748:978-0-8032-8735-8
613:National Archives
246:Nambé Pueblo - 50
1345:
1338:Southwest tribes
1313:Puebloan peoples
1244:
1236:Ancestral Pueblo
1081:
1080:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1045:
902:
895:
891:
888:
882:
880:
839:
815:
807:
801:
800:
798:
797:
791:sites.google.com
783:
777:
776:
774:
773:
767:sites.google.com
759:
753:
752:
732:
726:
725:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
691:
674:
673:
671:
669:
655:
649:
648:
646:
645:
638:CU Boulder Today
630:
624:
623:
621:
620:
605:
599:
592:
575:Jacob Koopee Jr.
292:Pedro de Peralta
160:Tanoan languages
145:Hopi Reservation
78:Native Americans
44:Edward S. Curtis
32:Edward S. Curtis
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1279:
1240:
1224:
1151:Southern Paiute
1089:
1075:
1073:
1031:
912:
910:Further reading
903:
892:
886:
883:
840:
838:
828:
816:
805:
804:
795:
793:
785:
784:
780:
771:
769:
761:
760:
756:
749:
733:
729:
716:
712:
703:
701:
693:
692:
677:
667:
665:
657:
656:
652:
643:
641:
632:
631:
627:
618:
616:
607:
606:
602:
593:
589:
584:
554:Esther Martinez
538:
525:
502:
497:
473:
436:
423:
415:First Communion
410:
401:
396:
387:
375:
354:
345:
328:
323:
303:Diego de Vargas
279:
266:
185:San Juan Pueblo
169:
110:Pojoaque Pueblo
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:Western Apache
1202:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1188:Akimel O'odham
1185:
1183:Tohono OĘĽodham
1175:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1029:External links
1027:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1017:978-0940666078
1006:
1004:978-0160045790
993:
991:978-0826303875
980:
978:978-0226633077
967:
965:978-0881330595
954:
952:978-0030551154
941:
927:
925:978-1647690281
911:
908:
905:
904:
819:
817:
810:
803:
802:
778:
754:
747:
727:
710:
675:
650:
625:
600:
586:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
572:
566:
560:
551:
545:
542:Maria Martinez
537:
536:Notable people
534:
524:
521:
510:Tewa languages
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
484:
472:
469:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
444:
435:
432:
422:
419:
409:
406:
400:
397:
395:
392:
386:
383:
374:
371:
353:
350:
344:
341:
327:
324:
322:
319:
278:
275:
265:
262:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
168:
165:
133:
132:
130:Tesuque Pueblo
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
84:and share the
80:who speak the
59:Galisteo Basin
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1350:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
992:
988:
985:
981:
979:
975:
972:
968:
966:
962:
959:
955:
953:
949:
946:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:
901:
898:
890:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848: –
847:
843:
842:Find sources:
836:
832:
826:
825:
820:This article
818:
814:
809:
808:
792:
788:
782:
768:
764:
758:
750:
744:
740:
739:
731:
723:
722:
714:
700:
696:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
664:
663:Family Search
660:
659:"Tewa Pueblo"
654:
639:
635:
629:
614:
610:
604:
597:
591:
587:
576:
573:
570:
569:Rose Gonzales
567:
564:
561:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:
533:
529:
520:
518:
517:Ohkay Owingeh
513:
511:
507:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
474:
468:
466:
458:
455:
452:
449:
445:
442:
441:
440:
431:
429:
418:
416:
405:
391:
382:
380:
370:
368:
364:
360:
349:
340:
336:
332:
318:
314:
312:
307:
304:
300:
295:
293:
287:
284:
283:Juan de Oñate
274:
270:
261:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
237:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
209:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
181:
177:
174:
164:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Pueblo Revolt
138:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
120:Ohkay Owingeh
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:Tewa language
79:
76:
72:
64:
63:Pueblo Revolt
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
28:
22:
1285:
1200:Southern Ute
1195:Tonto Apache
1165:
1022:
1009:
996:
983:
970:
957:
944:
930:
916:
893:
884:
874:
867:
860:
853:
841:
829:Please help
824:verification
821:
794:. Retrieved
790:
781:
770:. Retrieved
766:
757:
737:
730:
720:
713:
702:. Retrieved
698:
666:. Retrieved
662:
653:
642:. Retrieved
640:. 2017-08-10
637:
628:
617:. Retrieved
615:. 2016-08-15
612:
603:
595:
590:
563:Jody Naranjo
530:
526:
514:
503:
477:'Agojo so'jo
462:
447:
437:
424:
411:
402:
388:
376:
373:Gender roles
355:
346:
337:
333:
329:
315:
308:
296:
290:replaced by
288:
280:
271:
267:
258:
235:
212:
205:
178:
170:
157:
134:
105:Nambé Pueblo
70:
68:
1250:Basketmaker
1116:Halchidhoma
787:"SF12-LANG"
465:Catholicism
301:. In 1692,
21:Tiwa people
1302:Categories
1106:Chiricahua
1101:Chemehuevi
887:April 2020
857:newspapers
796:2023-05-23
772:2023-05-23
704:2023-05-23
644:2023-05-23
619:2023-05-23
582:References
450:are found)
421:Modern Day
153:First Mesa
94:New Mexico
90:Rio Grande
55:petroglyph
1286:See also:
1242:dwellings
1171:Hopi-Tewa
1121:Havasupai
556:, a Tewa
488:Hopi-Tewa
456:The Water
453:The Hills
408:Childhood
208:Hopi-Tewa
171:In 1630,
137:Hopi Tewa
96:north of
1260:Mogollon
1136:Maricopa
1131:Hualapai
577:, potter
571:, potter
565:, potter
558:linguist
495:Language
434:Religion
399:Marriage
98:Santa Fe
1275:Sinagua
1265:Patayan
1255:Hohokam
1215:Yavapai
1178:OĘĽodham
1161:Quechan
1111:Cocopah
1087:Arizona
933:
871:scholar
668:May 22,
500:Origins
471:Deities
394:Customs
321:Economy
187:- 1,936
149:Arizona
65:of 1680
57:in the
34:in 1922
1270:Salado
1146:Navajo
1141:Mohave
1015:
1002:
989:
976:
963:
950:
937:
923:
873:
866:
859:
852:
846:"Tewa"
844:
745:
448:Towa’e
363:Papago
359:Apache
86:Pueblo
75:Pueblo
1210:Yaqui
878:JSTOR
864:books
548:Popay
506:Keres
352:Trade
1308:Tewa
1220:Zuni
1166:Tewa
1156:Pima
1126:Hopi
1013:ISBN
1000:ISBN
987:ISBN
974:ISBN
961:ISBN
948:ISBN
935:ISBN
921:ISBN
850:news
743:ISBN
670:2023
481:Tewa
385:Land
361:and
343:Arts
135:The
71:Tewa
69:The
1085:of
833:by
147:in
92:in
1304::
919:.
789:.
765:.
697:.
678:^
661:.
636:.
611:.
417:.
294:.
1068:e
1061:t
1054:v
900:)
894:(
889:)
885:(
875:·
868:·
861:·
854:·
827:.
799:.
775:.
751:.
707:.
672:.
647:.
622:.
479:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
