680:– As with word processors, text editors provide a way to undo and redo the last edit, or more. Often—especially with older text editors—there is only one level of edit history remembered and successively issuing the undo command will only "toggle" the last change. Modern or more complex editors usually provide a multiple-level history such that issuing the undo command repeatedly will revert the document to successively older edits. A separate redo command will cycle the edits "forward" toward the most recent changes. The number of changes remembered depends upon the editor and is often configurable by the user.
507:. With larger files, this may be a slow process, and the entire file may not fit. Some text editors do not let the user start editing until this read-in is complete. Editing performance also often suffers in nonspecialized editors, with the editor taking seconds or even minutes to respond to keystrokes or navigation commands. Specialized editors have optimizations such as only storing the visible portion of large files in memory, improving editing performance.
379:
207:
27:
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text editor use the commands of another text editor with which the user is more familiar, or to duplicate missing functionality the user has come to depend on. Software developers often use editor customizations tailored to the programming language or development environment they are working in. The programmability of some text editors is limited to enhancing the core editing functionality of the program, but
368:
272:-style terminals without displays. Commands (often a single keystroke) effected edits to a file at an imaginary insertion point called the "cursor". Edits were verified by typing a command to print a small section of the file, and periodically by printing the entire file. In some line editors, the cursor could be moved by commands that specified the line number in the file, text
749:– Some advanced text editors allow the editor to send all or sections of the file being edited to another utility and read the result back into the file in place of the lines being "filtered". This, for example, is useful for sorting a series of lines alphabetically or numerically, doing mathematical computations, indenting
1151:
A line command is a command typed into the sequence number entry area associated with a specific line of text and whose scope is limited to that line, or, in the case of a block command, associated with the block of lines between the beginning and ending line commands. An example of the latter would
860:
Line commands, also known as prefix commands or sequence commands - Some editors treat a file as an array of text lines with associated line numbers or sequence numbers, and have a distinct line number field for each text field. A line command is a string that the user types into a line number field
510:
Some editors are programmable, meaning, e.g., they can be customized for specific uses. With a programmable editor it is easy to automate repetitive tasks or, add new functionality or even implement a new application within the framework of the editor. One common motive for customizing is to make a
280:. Line editors were major improvements over keypunching. Some line editors could be used by keypunch; editing commands could be taken from a deck of cards and applied to a specified file. Some common line editors supported a "verify" mode in which change commands displayed the altered lines.
1002:
allow multiple users to work on the same document simultaneously from remote locations over a network. The changes made by individual users are tracked and merged into the document automatically to eliminate the possibility of conflicting edits. These editors also typically include an
440:, which combines features of a text editor with those typical of a word processor such as rulers, margins and multiple font selection. These features are not available simultaneously, but must be switched by user command, or through the program automatically determining the
857:, have a dedicated field on the screen for entering commands as opposed to text. Depending on the editor, the user may have to use cursor keys to switch between the command and text fields or the editor may interpret, e.g., specific function keys , as requests to switch.
166:), paragraph formatting data (e.g. indentation, alignment, letter and word distribution, and space between lines or other paragraphs), and page specification data (e.g. size, margin and reading direction). Rich text can be very complex. Rich text can be saved in
253:(such as the Teletype), which used special characters to indicate ends of records. Some early operating systems included batch text editors, either integrated with language processors or as separate utility programs; one early example was the ability to edit
110:
Plain text exclusively consists of character representation. Each character is represented by a fixed-length sequence of one, two, or four bytes, or as a variable-length sequence of one to four bytes, in accordance to specific
538:
as a scripting language. These "orthodox editors" contain a "command line" into which commands and macros can be typed and text lines into which line commands and macros can be typed. Most such editors are derivatives of
338:
of characters, the desire for text editors that could more quickly insert text, delete text, and undo/redo previous edits led to the development of more complicated sequence data structures. A typical text editor uses a
900:
are text editors with additional functionality to facilitate the production of source code. These often feature user-programmable syntax highlighting and code navigation functions as well as coding tools or keyboard
771:
and other text that appears in an organized or predictable format. Editors generally allow users to customize the colors or styles used for each language element. Some text editors also allow users to install and use
714:
Multi-view editors: the ability to display multiple views of the same file, with independent cursor tracking, synchronizing changes among the windows but providing the same facilities as are available for independent
927:(integrated development environments) are designed to manage and streamline large programming projects. They are usually only used for programming as they contain many features unnecessary for simple text editing.
447:
Most word processors can read and write files in plain text format, allowing them to open files saved from text editors. Saving these files from a word processor, however, requires ensuring the file is written in
702:
Multi-file editing: the ability to edit multiple files during an edit-session, perhaps remembering the current-line cursor of each file, to insert repeated text into each file, copy or move text among files,
618:
Find and replace – Text editors provide extensive facilities for searching and replacing strings of text, either individually, or groups of files in opened tabs or a selected folder. Advanced editors can use
193:
Text editors are intended to open and save text files containing either plain text or anything that can be interpreted as plain text, including the markup for rich text or the markup for something else (e.g.
327:
was the first mass-market computer to feature a full-screen editor. A full-screen editor's ease-of-use and speed (compared to the line-based editors) motivated many early purchases of video terminals.
1017:
interface with the purpose of isolating the writer from the rest of the applications and operating system, thus being able to focus on the writing without distractions from interface elements like a
1569:
If you open a .doc file in a text editor, you will notice that most of the file is formatting codes. Text editors, however, do not add formatting codes, which makes it easier to compile your code.
911:. This subclass includes so-called "orthodox editors" that are derivatives of Xedit. Editors that implement folding without programing-specific features are usually called outliners (see below).
739:– Reading or merging the contents of another text file into the file currently being edited. Some text editors provide a way to insert the output of a command issued to the operating system's
515:
can be extended far beyond editing text files—for web browsing, reading email, online chat, managing files or playing games and is often thought of as a Lisp execution environment with a
601:, then jump to its definition. Some also allow for easy navigation back to the original section of code by storing the initial cursor location or by displaying the requested definition in a
722:: the ability to temporarily exclude sections of the text from view. This may either be based on a range of line numbers or on some syntactic element, e.g., excluding everything between a
155:, although text files do not exclusively store plain text. Since the early days of computers, plain text was (once by necessity and now by convention) generally displayed using a
693:
Macro or procedure definition: to define new commands or features as combinations of prior commands or other macros, perhaps with passed parameters, or with nesting of macros.
245:
files created from such card decks often had no line-separation characters at all, and assumed fixed-length 80- or 90-character records. An alternative to cards was
787:
Syntax-oriented editors - some editors have support for the syntax of one or more languages, and allow operations in terms of syntactical unit, e.g., insert a new
287:
with video screens became available, screen-based text editors (sometimes called just "screen editors") became common. One of the earliest full-screen editors was
699:
Profile macros with names specified in, e.g., environment, profile, executed automatically at the beginning of an edit session or when opening a new file.
472:
of these word processors often resembles a markup language, with the basic format being plain text and visual formatting achieved using non-printing
1499:
950:
151:. Plain text contains no other information about the text itself, not even the character encoding convention employed. Plain text is stored in
869:
to shift a block right three columns. Some editors also support line macros, also known as prefix macros or sequence macros. Despite the name
1235:
1181:
1270:
Every operating system comes with a default, basic text editor, but most of us install our own enhanced text editors to get more features.
1029:
Programmable editors can usually be enhanced to perform any or all of these functions, but simpler editors focus on just one, or, like
846:
809:, so a programmer can customize the editor with features needed to manage individual software projects, customize functionality or
1599:
1686:
1390:
1363:
1293:
468:, are more easily pressed into service as text editors, and in fact were commonly used as such during the 1980s. The default
573:
A text editor written or customized for a specific use can determine what the user is editing and assist the user, often by
1208:
334:
that represents the current state of the file being edited. While the former could be stored in a single long consecutive
977:
using a source code editor or IDE. The HTML delivered by all but the simplest static web sites is stored as individual
924:
733:
Column-based editing; the ability to alter or insert data at a particular column, or to shift data to specific columns.
1265:
992:
in plain text files. Such documents are often produced by a standard text editor, but some people use specialized
1309:
999:
1535:
Some
Multics users purchased these terminals ..., using them either as "glass teletypes" or via "local editing."
330:
The core data structure in a text editor is the one that manages the string (sequence of characters) or list of
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1218:
1191:
667:
1581:
828:
413:
316:
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159:, such that horizontal alignment and columnar formatting were sometimes done using whitespace characters.
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or temporary buffer. Some editors implement this ability themselves, but often an auxiliary utility like
589:
to make programs easier to read and write. Programming editors often let the user select the name of an
104:
1316:
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and so on. These are typically only for display and do not insert formatting codes into the file itself.
1509:
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and that the editor recognizes as a command operating on that specific line or block of lines, e.g.,
655:
392:
Some text editors are small and simple, while others offer broad and complex functions. For example,
273:
227:
1413:
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that are assembled by the software controlling the site and do not compose a complete HTML document.
902:
740:
195:
20:
1444:
1010:
880:, often default to using a monospace font that clearly distinguishes between similar characters (
840:
836:
637:– most text editors provide methods to duplicate and move text within the file, or between files.
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598:
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258:
1380:
1353:
1681:
1668:, discusses Xedit and its clones with an emphasis of folding capabilities and programmability
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551:
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with relevant documentation. Many text editors for software developers include source code
311:
Screen
Oriented Editor, which was optimized both for indented source code and general text.
95:
There are important differences between plain text (created and edited by text editors) and
1043:
984:
Mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists often produce articles and books using
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634:
504:
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placed in a single file. Simpler text editors may just read files into the computer's main
335:
136:
71:
1379:
Upton, Eben; Duntemann, Jeffrey; Roberts, Ralph; Mamtora, Tim; Everard, Ben (2016-08-22).
921:
with a text editor. Folding (see above) can be considered a specialized form of outlining.
8:
1156:(block upper case) into the entry areas of two lines; this has the same effect as typing
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1091:– computer software for editing text files using a textual or graphical user interface
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typically have dedicated cursor movement keys, as do keyboards on personal computers.
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Rich text, on the other hand, may contain metadata, character formatting data (e.g.
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machines. Physical boxes of these thin cardboard cards were then inserted into a
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59:
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By the late 1960s editors were available that supported variable-length records.
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930:
908:
781:
481:
421:
331:
156:
100:
1625:
1079:– any document editor that is cognizant of the document's underlying structure
917:. Also called tree-based editors, because they combine a hierarchical outline
1675:
1088:
978:
798:
777:
485:
453:
324:
235:
231:
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1179:
1445:"The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition"
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719:
628:
602:
590:
586:
574:
246:
163:
120:
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and software development packages, and can be used to change files such as
1061:– does not change file, faster for very large files and can be more secure
743:. Also, a case-shifting feature could translate to lowercase or uppercase.
623:
to search and edit text or code. Additional features may include optional
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Some editors include special features and extra functions, for instance,
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projects, is another early full-screen or real-time editor, one that was
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1142:, but most users dropped CLIST, EXEC and EXEC2 once REXX was available.
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873:, some editors allow the sequence field to appear after the text field.
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953:. Many offer the option of viewing a work in progress on a built-in
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651:
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412:, though many people—especially programmers—prefer other
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34:, shown here, are often included with operating systems as a default
26:
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Profiles to retain options set by the user between editing session.
650:– Text editors often provide basic visual formatting features like
500:
465:
437:
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223:
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after one press navigated to the end of an on-screen row of text.
801:- a text editor intended for use by programmers must provide some
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navigation may vary across text editors. For example, pressing
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135:. These conventions define many printable characters, but also
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settings will not obscure the file for its intended use. Non-
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Before text editors existed, computer text was punched into
1310:"UNIVAC 90-COLUMN PUNCHED 'CARD-TO-MAGNETIC TAPE CONVERTER"
1160:(upper case) into the entry area of each line in the range.
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Emacs, a text editor popular among programmers, running on
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183:
1206:
1504:
1422:
1234:
L. Gopalakrishnan; G. Padmanabhan; Sudhat Shukla (2003).
1180:
H. Albert Napier; Ollie N. Rivers; Stuart Wagner (2005).
1070:
985:
974:
299:. Written in the 1970s, it is still a standard editor on
1266:"The Best Free Text Editors for Windows, Linux, and Mac"
295:
computers in 1967. Another early full-screen editor was
1666:
Orthodox
Editors as a Special Class of Advanced Editors
1531:"Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation"
1351:
1237:
Your Home PC: Making the Most of Your
Personal Computer
1282:
Louden, Kenneth C.; Lambert, Kenneth A. (2011-01-26).
307:
operating systems. Also written in the 1970s was the
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and are almost never used to edit plain text files.
291:, which was written for the operator console of the
1565:"Text Editors for Programmeres - Programming Tools"
16:
Computer software used to edit plain text documents
1033:, are targeted at a single programming language.
627:, a history of search terms for quick recall and
400:editor (or a variant), but many also include the
1673:
1466:L. Bowles, Kenneth; Hollan, James (1978-07-01).
1382:Learning Computer Architecture with Raspberry Pi
1352:Alavudeen, A.; Venkateshwaran, N. (2008-08-18).
534:An important group of programmable editors uses
19:For the use of text editors with Knowledge, see
1651:"Choosing the Best Coding Font for Programming"
1465:
1285:Programming Languages: Principles and Practices
276:(context) for which to search, and eventually
1281:
1118:Originally macros were written in assembler,
1085:– an acronym for What You See Is What You Get
1582:"Vim to Emacs' Evil chaotic migration guide"
631:, and listing multiple results in one place.
1500:"Introducing the Emacs editing environment"
1468:"An introduction to the UCSD PASCAL system"
1385:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 232–234.
683:Ability to jump to a specified line number.
139:that control the flow of the text, such as
80:
519:. Emacs can even be programmed to emulate
1483:
396:and Unix-like operating systems have the
377:
366:
362:
264:The first interactive text editors were
205:
25:
1007:component for discussion among editors.
1674:
1358:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 180.
888:
884:) such as the colon and the semicolon.
1207:Peter Norton; Scott H. Clark (2002).
186:), or in a hybrid form of both (e.g.
1548:"Data Structures for Text Sequences"
687:
1447:. The IEEE and The Open Group. 2004
865:to translate a line to lower case,
835:twice may navigate to the end of a
707:side-by-side (perhaps with a tiled
612:
609:is used to locate the definitions.
13:
1425:. November 1959 . p. 05.01.01
1073:– used for non-interactive editing
937:dedicated to the task of creating
359:, as its sequence data structure.
62:). Text editors are provided with
14:
1698:
1659:
1355:Computer Integrated Manufacturing
1186:. Cengage Learning. p. 330.
933:authors are offered a variety of
54:. An example of such program is "
1318:UNIVAC II Data Automation System
1210:Peter Norton's New Inside the PC
821:systems, or conform to specific
164:typeface, size, weight and style
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1618:
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1523:
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1459:
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1288:. Cengage Learning. p. 5.
1213:. Sams Publishing. p. 54.
1145:
1112:
1067:– used for editing binary files
523:, its rival in the traditional
432:in 1994, which was replaced in
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1345:
1332:Corporation. 1957. p. 246
1302:
1275:
1258:
1227:
1200:
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1103:
577:programming terms and showing
385:is a text editor shipped with
249:. It could be created by some
1:
1687:Technical communication tools
1183:Creating a Winning E-Business
1167:
718:Collapse/expand, also called
480:. Later word processors like
408:systems come with the simple
317:free and open-source software
257:source files for SCAT in the
967:dynamic programming language
550:, IBM's flagship editor for
268:oriented to teleprinter- or
174:), text files adhering to a
7:
1036:
709:multiple-document interface
214:with several program decks.
105:desktop publishing software
10:
1703:
1242:Tata McGraw-Hill Education
1049:Comparison of text editors
905:similar to an HTML editor.
759:– contextually highlights
493:edit unusually large files
416:with more features. Under
323:to many systems. The 1977
201:
84:
70:, documentation files and
18:
1472:Behavior Research Methods
876:Text editors, especially
464:word processors, such as
99:(such as that created by
1096:
1011:Distraction-free editors
841:Block-oriented terminals
81:Plain text and rich text
21:Help:Text editor support
780:of the editor's entire
484:store their files in a
137:non-printing characters
38:for opening text files.
1152:be typing the command
849:- some editors, e.g.,
491:Some text editors can
389:
375:
259:SHARE Operating System
215:
39:
1630:Notepad++ User Manual
1000:Collaborative editors
955:HTML rendering engine
815:programming languages
452:format, and that any
424:there was the native
381:
370:
363:Types of text editors
209:
115:conventions, such as
29:
1588:. 19 September 2014.
1415:SOS Reference Manual
1044:List of text editors
635:Cut, copy, and paste
566:, X2, Uni-edit, and
72:programming language
1328:Univac Division of
898:Source code editors
889:Specialized editors
878:source-code editors
757:Syntax highlighting
737:Data transformation
672:syntax highlighting
621:regular expressions
583:syntax highlighting
517:Text User Interface
404:and Emacs editors.
315:, one of the first
278:regular expressions
68:configuration files
1485:10.3758/BF03205341
668:comment formatting
640:Ability to handle
474:control characters
428:later replaced by
390:
376:
285:computer terminals
216:
113:character encoding
40:
36:helper application
1586:juanjoalvarez.net
1546:Charles Crowley.
1407:"Modify and Load"
1392:978-1-119-18394-5
1365:978-81-203-3345-1
1295:978-1-133-38749-7
1268:. 28 April 2012.
1023:notification area
941:. These include:
805:mechanism, or be
726:and the matching
688:Advanced features
662:formatting using
558:. Among them are
406:Microsoft Windows
373:Microsoft Windows
121:ISO/IEC 2022
64:operating systems
58:" software (e.g.
1694:
1654:
1649:Philipp Acsany.
1647:
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1616:
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1613:
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1602:. Archived from
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1508:. Archived from
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1077:Structure editor
961:. However, most
765:markup languages
656:auto-indentation
625:case sensitivity
613:Typical features
478:escape sequences
347:of lines (as in
48:computer program
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1244:. p. 190.
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963:web development
909:Folding editors
891:
834:
819:version control
690:
648:Text formatting
615:
418:Apple Macintosh
365:
293:CDC 6000 series
204:
188:Office Open XML
176:markup language
101:word processors
93:
85:Main articles:
83:
60:Windows Notepad
24:
17:
12:
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5:
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1660:External links
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1642:
1617:
1606:on 28 May 2015
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1573:
1556:
1552:"Introduction"
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1478:(4): 531–534.
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1326:Remington-Rand
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871:prefix command
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776:to change the
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585:and automatic
482:Microsoft Word
422:classic Mac OS
364:
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266:"line editors"
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157:monospace font
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1682:Text editors
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:the original
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1514:. Retrieved
1510:the original
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1449:. Retrieved
1439:
1429:December 15,
1427:. Retrieved
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1336:December 16,
1334:. Retrieved
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1015:minimalistic
957:or standard
935:HTML editors
892:
870:
866:
862:
847:Command line
837:wrapped line
811:key bindings
792:
791:clause in a
788:
769:config files
753:, and so on.
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723:
666:characters,
603:popup window
591:include file
572:
533:
529:Unix culture
509:
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251:teleprinters
247:Punched tape
217:
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161:
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43:
41:
1635:21 December
1626:"Searching"
1600:"Gitorious"
1451:January 18,
1330:Sperry Rand
1138:(VM/SE) or
1059:File viewer
1005:online chat
994:TeX editors
959:web browser
943:Dreamweaver
761:source code
751:source code
660:bullet list
587:indentation
525:editor wars
470:file format
353:piece table
345:linked list
309:UCSD Pascal
228:card reader
75:source code
50:that edits
44:text editor
1676:Categories
1550:. Section
1516:2014-06-06
1251:0070473544
1220:0672322897
1193:1111796092
1168:References
1065:Hex editor
1054:Editor war
1013:provide a
882:homoglyphs
807:scriptable
795:statement.
575:completing
450:plain text
430:SimpleText
341:gap buffer
270:typewriter
243:card image
153:text files
149:page break
145:line break
87:Plain text
52:plain text
939:web pages
919:tree view
915:Outliners
747:Filtering
652:line wrap
497:log files
442:file type
426:TeachText
349:PaperClip
210:A box of
125:Shift JIS
97:rich text
91:Rich text
1128:CMS EXEC
1037:See also
1031:gPHPedit
969:such as
947:KompoZer
599:variable
595:function
579:tooltips
554:through
541:ISPF/PDF
501:database
495:such as
466:WordStar
438:TextEdit
434:Mac OS X
224:keypunch
1653:. 2023.
1083:WYSIWYG
1019:toolbar
720:folding
711:), etc.
462:WYSIWYG
414:editors
410:Notepad
355:, or a
332:records
274:strings
202:History
56:notepad
32:Leafpad
1610:27 May
1389:
1362:
1292:
1248:
1217:
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903:macros
829:Cursor
803:plugin
793:SELECT
774:themes
724:BEGIN;
715:files.
546:or of
505:memory
321:ported
255:SQUOZE
178:(e.g.
170:(e.g.
147:, and
133:UTF-16
1419:(PDF)
1410:(PDF)
1322:(PDF)
1313:(PDF)
1136:EXEC2
1120:CLIST
1097:Notes
990:LaTeX
855:XEDIT
741:shell
664:ASCII
642:UTF-8
607:ctags
568:SEDIT
564:KEDIT
552:VM/SP
548:XEDIT
513:Emacs
387:GNOME
383:gedit
351:), a
336:array
313:Emacs
305:Linux
283:When
222:with
220:cards
141:space
131:, or
129:UTF-8
117:ASCII
1637:2021
1612:2015
1453:2010
1431:2022
1387:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1338:2022
1290:ISBN
1246:ISBN
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1188:ISBN
1140:PL/I
971:Ruby
949:and
925:IDEs
851:ISPF
789:WHEN
728:END;
556:z/VM
544:EDIT
536:REXX
398:pico
394:Unix
357:rope
343:, a
303:and
301:Unix
240:disk
238:and
236:drum
184:HTML
107:).
89:and
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1480:doi
1423:IBM
1154:ucc
1134:),
1126:),
1124:TSO
1021:or
988:or
986:TeX
975:PHP
973:or
867:))3
833:End
817:or
597:or
560:THE
527:of
476:or
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456:or
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436:by
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1130:(
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23:.
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