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345:. While the average unit price in 1980 was 2,000,000 JPY (US$ 14,300), it was dropped to 164,000 JPY (US$ 1,200) in 1985. Even after personal computers became widely available, Japanese word processors remained popular as they tended to be more portable (an "office computer" was initially too large to carry around), and become commonplace for business and academics, even for private individuals in the second half of the 1980s. The phrase "word processor" has been abbreviated as "Wa-pro" or "wapuro" in Japanese.
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another tape, and it also allowed limited collaboration in the sense that a user could send the tape to another person to let them edit the document or make a copy. It was a revolution for the word processing industry. In 1969, the tapes were replaced by magnetic cards. These memory cards were inserted into an extra device that accompanied the MT/ST, able to read and record users' work.
360:
more accessible to the public. By the late 1970s, computerized word processors were still primarily used by employees composing documents for large and midsized businesses (e.g., law firms and newspapers). Within a few years, the falling prices of PCs made word processing available for the first time to all writers in the convenience of their homes.
403:, and a set of stick-on "keycaps" describing the function were provided with the software. Lexitype was popular with large organizations that had previously used the Lexitron. Eventually, the price differences between dedicated word processors and general-purpose PCs, and the value added to the latter by software such as “
359:
The final step in word processing came with the advent of the personal computer in the late 1970s and 1980s and with the subsequent creation of word processing software. Word processing software that would create much more complex and capable output was developed and prices began to fall, making them
232:
became one of the most popular systems of the 1970s and early 1980s. The Wang system displayed text on a CRT screen, and incorporated virtually every fundamental characteristic of word processors as they are known today. While early computerized word processor system were often expensive and hard to
216:
Another of the early word processing adopters was Vydec, which created in 1973 the first modern text processor, the "Vydec Word
Processing System". It had built-in multiple functions like the ability to share content by diskette and print it. The Vydec Word Processing System sold for $ 12,000 at the
94:
At first, the designers of word processing systems combined existing technologies with emerging ones to develop stand-alone equipment, creating a new business distinct from the emerging world of the personal computer. The concept of word processing arose from the more general data processing, which
170:
from earlier in 1961, but it came built into its own desk, integrated with magnetic tape recording and playback facilities along with controls and a bank of electrical relays. The MT/ST automated word wrap, but it had no screen. This device allowed a user to rewrite text that had been written on
454:
fonts used in both
Macintosh and Windows PCs. While the publishers of the operating systems provide TrueType typefaces, they are largely gathered from traditional typefaces converted by smaller font publishing houses to replicate standard fonts. Demand for new and interesting fonts, which can be
125:
The only "word processing" these mechanical systems could perform was to change where letters appeared on the page, to fill in spaces that were previously left on the page, or to skip over lines. It was not until decades later that the introduction of electricity and electronics into typewriters
83:
Word processors developed from mechanical machines, later merging with computer technology. The history of word processing is the story of the gradual automation of the physical aspects of writing and editing, and then to the refinement of the technology to make it available to corporations and
190:
During this era, these early stand-alone word processing systems were designed, built, and marketed by several pioneering companies. Linolex
Systems was founded in 1970 by James Lincoln and Robert Oleksiak. Linolex based its technology on microprocessors, floppy drives and software. It was a
236:
The phrase "word processor" rapidly came to refer to CRT-based machines similar to Wang's. Numerous machines of this kind emerged, typically marketed by traditional office-equipment companies such as IBM, Lanier (AES Data machines - re-badged), CPT, and NBI. All were specialized, dedicated,
398:
Early word processing software was not as intuitive as word processor devices. Most early word processing software required users to memorize semi-mnemonic key combinations rather than pressing keys such as "copy" or "bold". Moreover, CP/M lacked cursor keys; for example WordStar used the
174:
Throughout the 1960s and 70s, word processing began to slowly shift from glorified typewriters augmented with electronic features to become fully computer-based (although only with single-purpose hardware) with the development of several innovations. Just before the arrival of the
245:
In Japan, even though typewriters with
Japanese writing system had widely been used for businesses and governments, they were limited to specialists and required special skills due to the wide variety of letters, until computer-based devices came onto the market. In 1977,
322:
launched OKI WORD EDITOR-200 in March 1979 with this kana-based keyboard input system. In 1980 several electronics and office equipment brands including entered this rapidly growing market with more compact and affordable devices. For instance, NEC introduced the
399:
E-S-D-X-centered "diamond" for cursor navigation. A notable exception was the software
Lexitype for MS-DOS that took inspiration from the Lexitron dedicated word processor's user interface and which mapped individual functions to particular keyboard
153:
Thus, by 1972, the discussion of word processing was common in publications devoted to business office management and technology; by the mid-1970s, the term would have been familiar to any office manager who consulted business periodicals.
191:
computer-based system for application in the word processing businesses and it sold systems through its own sales force. With a base of installed systems in over 500 sites, Linolex
Systems sold 3 million units in 1975 — a year before the
474:. Google Docs enabled word processing from within any vendor's web browser, which could run on any vendor's operating system on any physical device type including tablets and smartphones, although offline editing is limited to a few
224:
in 1969) designed and manufactured editing systems, including correcting/editing typewriters, cassette and card units, and eventually a word processor called the Data
Secretary. The Burroughs Corporation acquired Redactron in 1976.
469:
popularized the transition to online or offline web browser based word processing. This was enabled by the widespread adoption of suitable internet connectivity in businesses and domestic households and later the popularity of
198:
At that time, the
Lexitron Corporation also produced a series of dedicated word-processing microcomputers. Lexitron was the first to use a full-sized video display screen (CRT) in its models by 1978. Lexitron also used
233:
use (that is, like the computer mainframes of the 1960s), the Wang system was a true office machine, affordable to organizations such as medium-sized law firms, and easily mastered and operated by secretarial staff.
110:
for a machine that was capable of "writing so clearly and accurately you could not distinguish it from a printing press". More than a century later, another patent appeared in the name of
91:
appeared in
American offices in the early 1970s centered on the idea of streamlining the work to typists, but the meaning soon shifted toward the automation of the whole editing cycle.
314:(logographic Chinese characters) which require 2 bytes to store, so having one key per each symbol is infeasible. Japanese word processing became possible with the development of the
626:
142:), though many of the ideas, products, and technologies to which it would later be applied were already well known. Nonetheless, by 1971, the term was recognized by the
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on the IBM PC in 1984. These were probably the first true WYSIWYG word processors to become known to many people. Of particular interest also is the standardization of
372:
134:, a German IBM typewriter sales executive, or by an American electro-mechanical typewriter executive, George M. Ryan, who obtained a trademark registration in the
415:, were so compelling that personal computers and word processing software became serious competition for the dedicated machines and soon dominated the market.
52:—the distinctions between a word processor and a desktop publishing program has become unclear as word processing software has gained features such as
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280:
106:
The first word processing device (a "Machine for
Transcribing Letters" that appears to have been similar to a typewriter) was patented in 1714 by
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335:
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inch floppy diskettes, which became the standard in the personal computer field. The program disk was inserted in one drive, and the system
27:) is a device or computer program that provides for input, editing, formatting, and output of text, often with some additional features.
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based web browsers. Google Docs also enabled the significant growth of use of information technology such as remote access to files and
213:. The data diskette was then put in the second drive. The operating system and the word processing program were combined in one file.
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proprietary systems, with prices in the $ 10,000 range. Cheap general-purpose personal computers were still the domain of hobbyists.
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showcased a prototype of a computer-based word processing dedicated device with Japanese writing system in Business Show in Tokyo.
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565:
526:
150:". Word processing paralleled the more general "data processing", or the application of computers to business administration.
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647:
Price, Jonathan, and Urban, Linda Pin. The Definitive Word-Processing Book. New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1984, page xxiii.
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for the phrase. However, it did not make its appearance in 1960s office management or computing literature (an example of
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along with it. Originally called "Microsoft Multi-Tool Word", this program quickly became a synonym for “word processor”.
48:
program. While the distinction between a text editor and a word processor is clear—namely the capability of editing
1129:
30:
318:(a sequence of keypresses, with visual feedback, which selects a character) -- now widely used in personal computers.
183:. In the 1970s, the first proper word-processing systems appeared, which allowed display and editing of documents on
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began to help the writer with the mechanical part. The term “word processing” (translated from the German word
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appeared and because of its many new features soon dominated the market. WordStar was written for the early
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Linolex Systems, Internal Communications & Disclosure in 3M acquisition, The Petritz Collection, 1975.
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in February 1979. The price was 6,300,000 JPY, equivalent to US$ 45,000. This is selected as one of the
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Through history, there have been three types of word processors: mechanical, electronic and software.
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426:- What You See Is What You Get), using bitmap displays with multiple fonts (pioneered by the
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W.D. Smith, “Lag Persists for Business Equipment,” New York Times, 26 Oct. 1971, pp. 59-60.
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word processing program), and graphical user interfaces such as “copy and paste” (another
8:
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Toshiba Rupo JW-P22(K) (March 1986) and an optional micro floppy disk drive unit JW-F201
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found free of copyright restrictions, or commissioned from font designers, developed.
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created the first recognizable typewriter, which was described as a "literary piano".
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were stand-alone devices dedicated to the function, but current word processors are
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The functions of a word processor program fall somewhere between those of a simple
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since the 1950s had been the application of computers to business administration.
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The growing popularity of the Windows operating system in the 1990s later took
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World-first Japanese word processor Toshiba JW-10 (launched in February 1979,
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The Scientific American, The Type Writer, New York (August 10, 1872)
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391:, and was the most popular word processing program until 1985 when
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W.A. Kleinschrod, "The 'Gal Friday' is a Typing Specialist Now,"
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Device or computer program used for writing and editing documents
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In 1973 Vydec introduced a word processor with the floppy disk
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The Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan
589:"What Distinguishes Desktop Publishing From Word Processing?"
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166:(Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter). It was a model of the
135:
380:
363:
The first word processing program for personal computers (
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819:
619:"How to Use Microsoft Word as a Desktop Publishing Tool"
418:
In the late 1980s, innovations such as the advent of
383:(Control Program–Micro) operating system, ported to
240:
1634:
375:, which went on sale in December 1976. In 1978,
158:Electromechanical and electronic word processing
422:, a "typographic" approach to word processing (
217:time, (about $ 60,000 adjusted for inflation).
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586:
130:) itself was possibly created in the 1950s by
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101:
729:"Oral history interview with George M. Ryan"
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442:word processor). These were popularized by
348:
268:released the first Japanese word processor
58:added to the 2010 version of Microsoft Word
1100:
1086:
547:
520:
988:"プレスリリース；当社の日本語ワードプロセッサが「IEEEマイルストーン」に認定"
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548:Waterhouse, Shirley A. (1 January 1979).
162:By the late 1960s, IBM had developed the
842:
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297:
289:
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220:The Redactron Corporation (organized by
521:Enterprise, I. D. G. (1 January 1981).
63:Common word processor programs include
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37:running on general purpose computers.
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1049:
885:from the original on 15 December 2018
855:from the original on 24 December 2018
395:sales first exceeded WordStar sales.
939:
446:on the Apple Macintosh in 1983, and
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790:from the original on 3 January 2019
629:from the original on 19 August 2017
568:from the original on 2 January 2019
529:from the original on 2 January 2019
13:
843:Hinojosa, Santiago (1 June 2016).
587:Amanda Presley (28 January 2010).
14:
1654:
599:from the original on 1 April 2019
407:” spreadsheet applications, e.g.
1130:of early word processor programs
845:"The History of Word Processors"
672:"The History of Word Processors"
670:Hinojosa, Santiago (June 2016).
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1005:
980:
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875:"Redactron Corporation. @ SNAC"
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682:from the original on 6 May 2018
660:vol. 32, no. 6, 1971, pp. 20-27
480:collaborative real-time editing
241:Japanese word processor devices
1503:The First XLEnt Word Processor
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1:
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492:Comparison of word processors
78:
1050:Stemp, Morris (1988-02-29).
727:George M. Ryan (June 1993).
551:Word processing fundamentals
118:. In the late 19th century,
7:
973:10.1541/ieejjournal.117.175
735:, University of Minnesota.
485:
465:Early in the 21st century,
334:, and Fujitsu launched the
10:
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1032:情報処理学会 歴史特別委員会『日本のコンピュータ史』
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102:Mechanical word processing
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733:Charles Babbage Institute
658:Administrative Management
576:– via Google Books.
537:– via Google Books.
259:Toshiba Science Institute
120:Christopher Latham Sholes
1622:Category:Word processors
1599:IBM Displaywriter System
780:"Lexitron VT1200 - RICM"
373:Michael Shrayer Software
349:Word processing software
179:(PC), IBM developed the
168:IBM Selectric typewriter
1418:MobiSystems OfficeSuite
1382:Atlantis Word Processor
1109:Word processor programs
497:List of word processors
310:uses a large number of
308:Japanese writing system
44:and a fully functioned
35:word processor programs
355:Word processor program
303:
295:
262:
228:A CRT-based system by
849:The Tech Ninja's Dojo
676:The Tech Ninja's Dojo
438:innovation, with the
316:Japanese input method
301:
293:
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31:Early word processors
1473:Atari Word Processor
1428:Scientific WorkPlace
1361:Nisus Writer Express
926:"【シャープ】 日本語ワープロの試作機"
784:Ricomputermuseum.org
964:1997JIEEJ.117..175.
948:"日本人による日本人のためのワープロ"
879:Snaccooperative.org
302:Sharp Shoin WD-J150
112:William Austin Burt
1594:Friden Flexowriter
1508:IBM Lotus Symphony
1483:Bank Street Writer
1395:IBM Lotus Word Pro
1052:"Lexitype Plus II"
1013:"【富士通】 OASYS 100G"
678:. The Tech Ninja.
554:. Canfield Press.
525:. IDG Enterprise.
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132:Ulrich Steinhilper
65:LibreOffice Writer
46:desktop publishing
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1281:Corel WordPerfect
230:Wang Laboratories
177:personal computer
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128:Textverarbeitung
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1488:Cut & Paste
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1390:(since v. 10.0)
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1015:. IPSJコンピュータ博物館
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928:. IPSJコンピュータ博物館
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907:. IPSJコンピュータ博物館
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146:as a business "
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958:(3): 175–178.
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460:Microsoft Word
448:Microsoft Word
420:laser printers
365:microcomputers
353:Main article:
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222:Evelyn Berezin
195:was released.
193:Apple computer
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144:New York Times
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73:Microsoft Word
21:word processor
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