Word processor (electronic device)

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March, 1969) as "a production program which facilitates the editing and printing of 'finished' documents directly on the printer of a relatively small (64k) computer system. It features good performance, totally free-form input, very flexible formatting capabilities including up to eight columns per page, automatic capitalization, aids for index construction, and a minimum of nontext items." Input was normally on punched cards or magnetic tape, with up to 80capital letters and non-alphabetic characters per card. The limited typographical controls available were implemented by control sequences; for example, letters were automatically converted to lower case unless they followed a full stop, that is, the "period" character. Output could be printed on a typical line printer in all-capitals — or in upper and lower case using a special ("TN") printer chain — or could be punched as a paper tape which could be printed, in better than line printer quality, on a Flexowriter. A workalike program with some improvements, DORMAT, was developed and used at

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most executives without private secretaries. Instead one secretary would perform various administrative tasks for three or more secretaries." A 1971 article said that "Some see W/P as a career ladder into management; others see it as a dead-end into the automated ghetto; others predict it will lead straight to the picket line." The National Secretaries Association, which defined secretaries as people who "can assume responsibility without direct supervision", feared that W/P would transform secretaries into "space-age typing pools". The article considered only the organizational changes resulting from secretaries operating word processors rather than typewriters; the possibility that word processors might result in managers creating documents without the intervention of secretaries was not considered—not surprising in an era when few managers, but most secretaries, possessed keyboarding skills.

653:, and went on to successfully market its brand of word processors worldwide until its demise in the mid-1980s. Its first office product, the AES-90, combined for the first time a CRT-screen, a floppy-disk and a microprocessor, that is, the very same winning combination that would be used by IBM for its PC seven years later. The AES-90 software was able to handle French and English typing from the start, displaying and printing the texts side-by-side, a Canadian government requirement. The first eight units were delivered to the office of the then Prime Minister, 31: 704: 571:, Founder and President of Canadian company Automatic Electronic Systems (AES), introduced the world's first programmable word processor with a video screen. The real breakthrough by Dorsey's AES team was that their machine stored the operator's texts on magnetic disks. Texts could be retrieved from the disks simply by entering their names at the keyboard. More importantly, a text could be edited, for instance a paragraph moved to a new place, or a spelling error corrected, and these changes were recorded on the magnetic disk. 712: 241:, by mathematicians and scientists (for complex formulas and for citations in rare languages). They are also useful when fast startup times, small file sizes, editing speed, and simplicity of operation are valued, and when formatting is unimportant. Due to their use in managing complex software projects, text editors can sometimes provide better facilities for managing large writing projects than a word processor. 605: 726:, for example, was written for an insurance company that had hundreds of typists using Wang systems, and spread from there to other Wang customers. To adapt to the smaller, more generic PC keyboard, MultiMate used stick-on labels and a large plastic clip-on template to remind users of its dozens of Wang-like functions, using the shift, alt and 722:, released in December 1976, was the first word processor software for microcomputers. Software-based word processors running on general-purpose personal computers gradually displaced dedicated word processors, and the term came to refer to software rather than hardware. Some programs were modeled after particular dedicated WP hardware. 631:

roughly 20 pages of text, and could be "played back" (i.e., the text retrieved) by printing the contents on continuous-form paper in the 1200 typewriter's "print" mode. The stored text could also be edited, using keys on a simple, six-key array. Basic editing functions included Insert, Delete, Skip (character, line), and so on.

828:, Microsoft Word, and other word processing programs for the bit-mapped Apple Macintosh screen, introduced in 1984, were probably the first true WYSIWYG word processors to become known to many people until the introduction of Microsoft Windows. Dedicated word processors eventually became museum pieces. 1248:

reports introduction of "five new models of 'input word processing equipment', better known in the past as dictation equipment" and gives IBM's definition of WP as "the combination of people, procedures, and equipment which transforms ideas into printed communications". The machines described were of

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The competitive edge for Dorsey's Micom 2000 was that, unlike many other machines, it was truly programmable. The Micom machine countered the problem of obsolescence by avoiding the limitations of a hard-wired system of program storage. The Micom 2000 utilized RAM, which was mass-produced and totally

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In 1974, Koplow's interface program was developed into the Wang 1200 Word Processor, an IBM Selectric-based text-storage device. The operator of this machine typed text on a conventional IBM Selectric; when the Return key was pressed, the line of text was stored on a cassette tape. One cassette held

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The 1970s word processing concept did not refer merely to equipment, but, explicitly, to the use of equipment for "breaking down secretarial labor into distinct components, with some staff members handling typing exclusively while others supply administrative support. A typical operation would leave

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The "buzz word" for this year's show was "word processing", or the use of electronic equipment, such as typewriters; procedures and trained personnel to maximize office efficiency. At the IBM exhibition a girl typed on an electronic typewriter. The copy was received on a magnetic tape cassette which

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IBM defined the term in a broad and vague way as "the combination of people, procedures, and equipment which transforms ideas into printed communications," and originally used it to include dictating machines and ordinary, manually operated Selectric typewriters. By the early seventies, however, the

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A text editor is a program that is used for typing, copying, pasting, and printing text (a single character, or strings of characters). Text editors do not format lines or pages. (There are extensions of text editors which can perform formatting of lines and pages: batch document processing systems,

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through the window, then run over it with the company van. It seems that the instructor forgot to tell me a few things about doing multi-page documents ... To do any serious editing, I must use both tape drives, and, without a display, I must visualize and mentally track what is going onto the

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Berezin diseñó el primer sistema central de reservas de United Airlines cuando trabajaba para Teleregister y otro similar para gestionar la contabilidad de la banca a nivel nacional. En 1968 empezó a trabajar en la idea de un ordenador que procesara textos, utilizando pequeños circuitos integrados.

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While many homes have a word processor on their computers, word processing in the home tends to be educational, planning or business related, dealing with school assignments or work being completed at home. Occasionally word processors are used for recreational purposes, e.g. writing short stories,

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In the late 1960s IBM provided a program called FORMAT for generating printed documents on any computer capable of running Fortran IV. Written by Gerald M. Berns, FORMAT was described in his paper "Description of FORMAT, a Text-Processing Program" (Communications of the ACM, Volume 12, Number 3,

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Word processing added to the text editor the ability to control type style and size, to manage lines (word wrap), to format documents into pages, and to number pages. Functions now taken for granted were added incrementally, sometimes by purchase of independent providers of add-on programs. Spell

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Automated cordiality will be one of the services offered to physicians and dentists who take space in a new medical center.... The typist will insert the homey touch in the appropriate place as the Friden automated, programmed "Flexowriter" rattles off the form letters requesting payment... or

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The phrase "word processor" rapidly came to refer to CRT-based machines similar to the AES 90. Numerous machines of this kind emerged, typically marketed by traditional office-equipment companies such as IBM, Lanier (marketing AES Data machines, re-badged), CPT, and NBI. All were specialized,

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The labor and cost savings of this device were immediate, and remarkable: pages of text no longer had to be retyped to correct simple errors, and projects could be worked on, stored, and then retrieved for use later on. The rudimentary Wang 1200 machine was the precursor of the Wang Office

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In 1975, Dorsey started Micom Data Systems and introduced the Micom 2000 word processor. The Micom 2000 improved on the AES design by using the Intel 8080 single-chip microprocessor, which made the word processor smaller, less costly to build and supported multiple languages.

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product as a "speedier electronic typewriter", but went on to describe the product, which had no screen, as "a word processor rather than strictly a typewriter, in that it stores copy on magnetic tape or magnetic cards for retyping, corrections, and subsequent printout".

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programs were specifically designed with elaborate pre-formatted layouts for publication, offering only limited options for changing the layout, while allowing users to import text that was written using a text editor or word processor, or type the text in themselves.

520:) and later Mag Card Selectric (MCST) were early devices of this kind, which allowed editing, simple revision, and repetitive typing, with a one-line display for editing single lines. The first novel to be written on a word processor, the IBM MT/ST, was 65:

machine) with a simple dedicated computer processor for the editing of text. Although features and designs varied among manufacturers and models, and new features were added as technology advanced, the first word processors typically featured a

745:, were so compelling that personal computers and word processing software soon became serious competition for the dedicated machines. Word processing became the most popular use for personal computers, and unlike the spreadsheet (dominated by 98:, which still made them. Many older machines, however, remain in use. Since 2009, Sentinel has offered a machine described as a "word processor", but it is more accurately a highly specialised microcomputer used for accounting and publishing. 93:

became commonplace, and computer software applications for word processing became popular, most business machine companies stopped manufacturing dedicated word processor machines. As of 2009 there were only two U.S. companies, Classic and

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article, urged that "the concept of 'word processing' could be the answer to Women's Lib advocates' prayers. Word processing will replace the 'traditional' secretary and give women new administrative roles in business and industry."

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During the late 1980s and into the 1990s the predominant word processing program was WordPerfect. It had more than 50% of the worldwide market as late as 1995, but by 2000 Microsoft Word had up to 95% market share.

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and the ability to output to an external printer. They also got a name change, now being called "electronic typewriters" and typically occupying a lower end of the market, selling for under US$ 200.

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Other early word-processing software required users to memorize semi-mnemonic key combinations rather than pressing keys labelled "copy" or "bold". (In fact, many early PCs lacked cursor keys;

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assistance. (True indexing, as performed by a professional human indexer, is far beyond current technology, for the same reasons that fully automated, literary-quality machine translation is.)

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product range). Standalone word processors adapted by getting smaller and replacing their CRTs with small character-oriented LCD displays. Some models also had computer-like features such as

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The Wang was not the first CRT-based machine nor were all of its innovations unique to Wang. In the early 1970s Linolex, Lexitron and Vydec introduced pioneering word-processing systems with

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Information System (OIS), introduced in 1976. It was a true office machine, affordable by organizations such as medium-sized law firms, and easily learned and operated by secretarial staff.

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Nonetheless, the text editors used in program development environments can provide much better facilities for managing large writing projects than their office word-processing counterparts.

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Terminal). These 1969 products preceded CRT display-based word processors. Text editing was done using a line numbering system viewed on a paper copy inserted in the Selectric typewriter.

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were some of the most popular add-ons for early word processors. Word processors are also capable of hyphenation, and the management and correct positioning of footnotes and endnotes.

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programmable. The Micom 2000 was said to be a year ahead of its time when it was introduced into a marketplace that represented some pretty serious competition such as IBM, Xerox and

1782:- A comprehensive history of early word processing concepts, hardware, software, and use. By Thomas Haigh, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 28:4 (October–December 2006):6-31. 550:

In 1971, a third of all working women in the United States were secretaries, and they could see that word processing would affect their careers. Some manufacturers, according to a

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term was generally understood to mean semiautomated typewriters affording at least some form of editing and correction, and the ability to produce perfect "originals". Thus, the

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editing. A Canadian electronics company, Automatic Electronic Systems, had introduced a product in 1972, but went into receivership a year later. In 1976, refinanced by the

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is the most widely used word processing software according to a user tracking system built into the software. Microsoft estimates that roughly half a billion people use the

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article referred to "the brave new world of Word Processing or W/P. That's International Business Machines talk ... I.B.M. introduced W/P about five years ago for its

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Within the business world, word processors are extremely useful tools. Some typical uses include: creating legal documents, company reports, publications for clients,

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The New York Times December 6, 1978 p. D1: " Amy Wohl... said... 'Since then, the company has installed more of these systems than any other vendor in the business."

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for navigation.) However, the price differences between dedicated word processors and general-purpose PCs, and the value added to the latter by software such as

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Word processors have a variety of uses and applications within the business world, home, education, journalism, publishing, and the literary arts.

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Word processors evolved dramatically once they became software programs rather than dedicated machines. They can usefully be distinguished from

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invented a Selectric-based word processor in 1969, and founded the Redactron Corporation to market the $ 8,000 machine. Redactron was sold to

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The AES machine was actually a sophisticated computer that could be reprogrammed by changing the instructions contained within a few chips.

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capability. Typical features of a modern word processor include multiple font sets, spell checking, grammar checking, a built-in thesaurus,

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The word processor was a stand-alone office machine developed in the 1960s, combining the keyboard text-entry and printing functions of an

1259: 650: 1819: 516:". Circa 1970 it began to be feasible to apply electronic computers to office automation tasks. IBM's Mag Tape Selectric Typewriter ( 452:

in 1976, where the Redactron-II and -III were sold both as standalone units and as peripherals to the company's mainframe computers.

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reviewed 57 different programs in one January 1986 issue. Development of higher-resolution monitors allowed them to provide limited

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was hired by Wang Laboratories to program calculators. One of his programs permitted a Wang calculator to interface with an

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has also reduced the home role of the word processor as uses that formerly required printed output can now be done entirely

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and Dorsey grew Micom's sales position to number three among major word processor manufacturers, behind only IBM and Wang.

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Around this time, DeltaData and Wang word processors also appeared, again with a video screen and a magnetic storage disk.

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The mid-to-late 1980s saw the spread of laser printers, a "typographic" approach to word processing, and of true WYSIWYG

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accepted corrections, deletions, and additions and then produced a perfect letter for the boss's signature ...

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dedicated, proprietary systems, priced around $ 10,000. Cheap general-purpose computers were still for hobbyists.

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famously used the E-S-D-X-centered "diamond" for cursor navigation, and modern vi-like editors encourage use of

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Bergin, Thomas J. (Oct–Dec 2006). "The Origins of Word Processing Software for Personal Computers: 1976–1985".

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Management, editing, and positioning of visual material (illustrations, diagrams), and sometimes sound files.

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typewriter (a letter-quality printer), it may be considered the first-word processing program, but the term

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Miller, Diane Fisher (1997) "My Life with the Machine": "By Sunday afternoon, I urgently want to throw the

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In 1969, two software based text editing products (Astrotype and Astrocomp) were developed and marketed by

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Generation of document statistics (characters, words, readability level, time spent editing by each user).

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CBC Television, Venture, "AES: A Canadian Cautionary Tale" Broadcast date February 4, 1985, minute 3:50.

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in office productivity, and was the most widely used application on personal computers until the

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Some of the earliest CRT-based machines used cassette tapes for removable-memory storage until

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Printing of documents was initially accomplished using IBM Selectric typewriters modified for

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informing that the X-ray's of the patient (kidney) (arm) (stomach) (chest) came out negative.

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had long been available; the Flexowriter allowed for operations such as repetitive typing of

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typewriter, which was at the time used to calculate and print the paperwork for auto sales.

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Thomas, David "Knights of the New Technology". Key Porter Books, 1983, p. 102 & p. 103.

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Al año decidió dejar la empresa para crear la suya propia, que llamó Redactron Corporation.

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This article is about stand-alone word processing machines. For the computer program, see

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Thomas, David "Knights of the New Technology". Key Porter Books, 1983, p. 97 & p. 98.

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became available for this purpose - first the 8-inch floppy, then the 5¼-inch (drives by

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course ordinary dictation machines recording onto magnetic belts, not voice typewriters.

2313: 2227: 2202: 2114: 1920: 1910: 1595: 1557: 1325:"Computer a Help to 'Friendly Doc'; Automated Letter Writer Can Dispense a Cheery Word" 1172: 1012: 669: 505: 366: 288: 259: 170: 67: 1370:"The Book-Writing Machine: What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?" 161:, and still (2014) is favored for legal applications), Apple's Pages application, and 1925: 1663: 1423: 1023: 914: 842: 815: 612: 586: 150:

suite, which includes Word. Many other word processing applications exist, including

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or desktop publishing programs specifically oriented toward home uses. The rise of

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Pea, Roy D. and D. Midian Kurland (1987). "Cognitive Technologies for Writing".

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by CBC Television (Broadcast date: February 4, 1985, link updated Nov. 2, 2012)

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Collaborative editing, allowing multiple users to work on the same document.

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Version control of a document, permitting reconstruction of its evolution.

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for document formatting, most modern word processors take advantage of a

71: 58: 1131:"Muere Evelyn Berezin, creadora del primer procesador digital de textos" 711: 2303: 2270: 2237: 2187: 1561: 897: 811: 803: 795: 787: 513: 317: 313: 246: 234: 95: 1765: 1135: 341:, but many of these home publishing processes have been taken over by 2323: 2285: 2242: 2038: 1969: 1527:"NBI INC Securities Registration, Form SB-2, Filing Date Sep 8, 1998" 877: 847: 766: 723: 517: 460: 420: 370: 75: 683:-character input. These were later replaced by application-specific 2262: 2232: 2142: 1905: 825: 742: 734: 439: 271:

Automatically managed (updated) cross-references to pages or notes.

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keys with the 10 IBM function keys and many of the alphabet keys.

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Examples of standalone word processor typefaces c. 1980–1981

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More advanced features found in recent word processors include:

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or personal correspondence. Some use word processors to create

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FOSS word processors compared: OOo Writer, AbiWord, and KWord

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Word processing was one of the earliest applications for the

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Although the early word processors evolved to use tag-based

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Schuyten, Peter J. (1978): "Wang Labs: Healthy Survivor"

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Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology

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Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer

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Track Changes - A Literary History of Word Processing

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Brother WP-1400D editing electronic typewriter (1994)

1786:"A Brief History of Word Processing (Through 1986)" 1651: 1606: 1441: 1439: 1408: 1294:"Description of FORMAT, a text-processing program" 1011: 592:In 1978, Micom partnered with Dutch multinational 533: 1577: 2354: 1733: 1682: 1642: 1712:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science 1436: 1104:"Computer Aided Typists Produce Perfect Copies" 810:word processor which was commercialised in the 786:displays with multiple fonts (pioneered by the 388:, was a text editing program that ran on a DEC 1699: 1636: 455:By 1971 word processing was recognized by the 205:, the category of software they evolved from. 78:. Later models introduced innovations such as 1813: 1676: 1618:"Electric Pencil, first micro word processor" 1573: 1571: 691:, which became a Xerox company, and later by 373:(later, Magnetic Card Selectric Typewriter). 1827: 1348:"The word processor: cumbersome, but great" 82:programs, and improved formatting options. 1820: 1806: 1612: 1568: 1322: 46:is an electronic device (later a computer 1705: 1422:. Toronto: Key Porter Books. p. 94. 1215: 1213: 1739: 1709:(1992). "Word Processing (History of)". 1165: 1159: 710: 702: 611:JW-10, the first word processor for the 603: 29: 1580:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 1541: 1496:. University of Minnesota. May 18, 2007 1494:"1970–1979 C.E.: Media History Project" 1396:Smith, William D. (December 16, 1974). 1368:Kirschenbaum, Matthew (March 1, 2013). 1193: 1191: 1189: 619:In the early 1970s, computer scientist 365:Word processors are descended from the 233:). Text editors are now used mainly by 217:and still available in such systems as 2355: 1658:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 1417: 1345: 1219: 1210: 1198:Smith, William D. (October 26, 1971). 1018:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1009: 277:Non-printing comments and annotations. 57:with a recording unit, either tape or 1801: 1395: 1291: 1273:Smith, William D. (October 8, 1974). 1272: 1240:"IBM Adds to Line of Dictation Items" 1200:"Lag Persists for Business Equipment" 1197: 1128: 471:and other electronic razzle-dazzle." 109:rose to prominence in the mid-1990s. 85:As the more versatile combination of 70:and the ability to save documents on 1220:Dullea, Georgia (February 5, 1974). 1186: 487: 185:. Web-based word processors such as 1685:"Confessions of a naked programmer" 975:"Microsoft Office Is Right at Home" 562: 423:Michigan). Both products used the 13: 1683:Shrayer, Michael (November 1984). 1166:McFadden, Robert D. (2018-12-10). 1129:Pozzi, Sandro (12 December 2018). 599: 469:Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter 371:Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter 303: 196: 132:and text, the latter handled with 14: 2379: 1792:"AES: A Canadian Cautionary Tale" 1759: 1722:. pp. 268–78. Archived from 1687:. Creative Computing. p. 130 1323:O'Kane, Lawrence (May 22, 1966). 1246:. September 12, 1972. p. 72. 698: 1850:of early word processor programs 376: 295: 38:6016 Memorywriter Word Processor 1788:by Brian Kunde (December, 1986) 1550:Review of Research in Education 1507: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1389: 1361: 1339: 1316: 1285: 1266: 1252: 1232: 1122: 534:Effect on office administration 404:itself was only introduced, by 265:Creation of tables of contents. 245:checking, grammar checking and 193:are a relatively new category. 23:. For the general concept, see 2223:The First XLEnt Word Processor 1745:"It's a Word World, Or Is It?" 1053: 1044:UNIX Text Processing, O'Reilly 1036: 1003: 989: 967: 958: 946: 931: 913:Harvard University Press 2016 649:, it returned to operation as 647:Canada Development Corporation 412:Laboratory in the late 1960s. 323: 1: 1420:Knights of the New Technology 924: 903: 853:Comparison of word processors 425:Digital Equipment Corporation 1139:(in Spanish). Archived from 977:. Microsoft. January 8, 2009 964:StarLux Illumination catalog 122:what-you-see-is-what-you-get 7: 831: 417:Information Control Systems 10: 2384: 1775:History of Word Processing 1718:. Vol. 49. New York: 1084:. January 1969. p. 59 794:word processing program), 396:. Since it could drive an 360: 18: 2337: 2296: 2170: 2094: 2063: 2047: 1988: 1981: 1936: 1860: 1835: 1298:Communications of the ACM 1292:Berns, Gerald M. (1969). 1010:Reilly, Edwin D. (2003). 858:Content management system 800:graphical user interfaces 495:University College London 138:automatic text correction 2342:Category:Word processors 2319:IBM Displaywriter System 1082:Computers and Automation 909:Matthew G. Kirschenbaum 436:IBM Selectric typewriter 118:graphical user interface 2138:MobiSystems OfficeSuite 2102:Atlantis Word Processor 1829:Word processor programs 1346:Rostky, Georgy (2000). 943:, June 1989, pp. 71-73. 873:List of word processors 120:providing some form of 1418:Thomas, David (1983). 997:"InfoWorld Jan 1 1990" 868:Document collaboration 716: 708: 616: 569:Stephen Bernard Dorsey 504:equipment such as the 39: 21:Word processor program 2368:Computing terminology 1310:10.1145/362875.362877 806:innovation, with the 714: 706: 687:, first developed by 655:Pierre Elliot Trudeau 607: 530:, published in 1970. 450:Burroughs Corporation 167:OpenOffice.org Writer 165:applications such as 33: 2193:Atari Word Processor 2148:Scientific WorkPlace 2081:Nisus Writer Express 1592:10.1109/MAHC.2006.76 685:daisy wheel printers 382:Expensive Typewriter 48:software application 1143:on 12 December 2018 1110:. November 13, 1968 863:CPT Word Processors 55:electric typewriter 2314:Friden Flexowriter 2228:IBM Lotus Symphony 2203:Bank Street Writer 2115:IBM Lotus Word Pro 1749:The New York Times 1402:The New York Times 1329:The New York Times 1279:The New York Times 1244:The New York Times 1226:The New York Times 1204:The New York Times 1173:The New York Times 816:floppy disk drives 717: 709: 670:Shugart Associates 617: 539:The New York Times 506:Friden Flexowriter 500:Electromechanical 367:Friden Flexowriter 289:desktop publishing 171:LibreOffice Writer 87:personal computers 68:monochrome display 40: 2350: 2349: 2166: 2165: 2107:Corel WordPerfect 2001:Corel WordPerfect 1707:Eisenberg, Daniel 1529:. secdatabase.com 941:Popular Mechanics 843:Authoring systems 672:and diskettes by 613:Japanese language 587:Wang Laboratories 488:Mainframe systems 479:headlined a 1974 103:personal computer 16:Electronic device 2375: 2124: 2111: 2086:Nisus Writer Pro 2005: 1986: 1985: 1974: 1966: 1958: 1916:Collabora Online 1877: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1753: 1752: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1729:on May 21, 2019. 1728: 1717: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1657: 1644:Freiberger, Paul 1640: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1614:Freiberger, Paul 1610: 1604: 1603: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1443: 1434: 1433: 1415: 1406: 1405: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1270: 1264: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1217: 1208: 1207: 1195: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1079: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1017: 1007: 1001: 1000: 993: 987: 986: 984: 982: 971: 965: 962: 956: 950: 944: 935: 749:) and database ( 666:floppy diskettes 563:Dedicated models 502:paper-tape-based 386:L. Peter Deutsch 159:operating system 148:Microsoft Office 61:(as used by the 2383: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2363:Word processors 2353: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2333: 2309:CPT Corporation 2292: 2218:Electric Pencil 2208:Cut & Paste 2162: 2128:Microsoft Works 2122: 2110:(since v. 10.0) 2109: 2090: 2059: 2043: 2024:Kingsoft Writer 2003: 1977: 1972: 1964: 1956: 1932: 1875: 1856: 1831: 1826: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1715: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1648:Swaine, Michael 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1611: 1607: 1576: 1569: 1546: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1416: 1409: 1394: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1366: 1362: 1353: 1351: 1344: 1340: 1331:. p. 348. 1321: 1317: 1290: 1286: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1253: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1218: 1211: 1196: 1187: 1178: 1176: 1164: 1160: 1146: 1144: 1127: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1030: 1008: 1004: 999:. January 1990. 995: 994: 990: 980: 978: 973: 972: 968: 963: 959: 951: 947: 938:"TECHNOWRITERS" 936: 932: 927: 906: 834: 720:Electric Pencil 701: 602: 600:Software models 565: 536: 490: 430:mini computer, 402:word processing 379: 363: 351:social networks 326: 312:, and internal 306: 304:Use in business 298: 199: 197:Characteristics 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2381: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2276:OpenOffice.org 2273: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2248:Perfect Writer 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2029:Microsoft Word 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2004:(up to v. 9.0) 1998: 1992: 1990: 1989:Cross-platform 1983: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1967: 1959: 1957:(since v. 3.x) 1951: 1946: 1944:Adobe Buzzword 1940: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1881:Calligra Words 1878: 1876:(up to v. 2.x) 1870: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1772: 1761: 1760:External links 1758: 1755: 1754: 1743:(2000-09-21). 1741:Brinkley, Joel 1732: 1698: 1675: 1668: 1635: 1616:(1982-05-10). 1605: 1567: 1540: 1518: 1506: 1485: 1476: 1467: 1458: 1449: 1435: 1428: 1407: 1388: 1360: 1338: 1315: 1304:(3): 141–146. 1284: 1265: 1251: 1231: 1209: 1185: 1158: 1121: 1108:Computer World 1095: 1066: 1052: 1035: 1028: 1002: 988: 966: 957: 952:Mark Newhall, 945: 929: 928: 926: 923: 922: 921: 905: 902: 901: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 833: 830: 763:Microsoft Word 700: 699:WYSIWYG models 697: 601: 598: 564: 561: 548: 547: 535: 532: 489: 486: 457:New York Times 446:Evelyn Berezin 378: 375: 362: 359: 339:greeting cards 325: 322: 305: 302: 297: 294: 285: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 257: 209:starting with 198: 195: 144:Microsoft Word 107:World Wide Web 80:spell-checking 44:word processor 25:Word processor 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2380: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048:Classic MacOS 2046: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949:Atlantis Nova 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770:Bruce Byfield 1767: 1764: 1763: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1725: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1702: 1686: 1679: 1671: 1669:0-07-135892-7 1665: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1495: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1462: 1453: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1431: 1429:0-919493-16-5 1425: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1404:. p. 57. 1403: 1399: 1392: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1288: 1281:. p. 57. 1280: 1276: 1269: 1261: 1255: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1228:. p. 32. 1227: 1223: 1216: 1214: 1206:. p. 59. 1205: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1125: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1083: 1076: 1070: 1062: 1056: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1031: 1029:9781573565219 1025: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1006: 998: 992: 976: 970: 961: 955: 949: 942: 939: 934: 930: 920: 919:9780674417076 916: 912: 908: 907: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 829: 827: 823: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 790:computer and 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 773: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 713: 705: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 662: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 641: 636: 632: 628: 626: 625:IBM Selectric 622: 621:Harold Koplow 614: 610: 606: 597: 595: 590: 588: 582: 579: 575: 572: 570: 560: 556: 553: 544: 543: 542: 540: 531: 529: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 485: 482: 478: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 447: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398:IBM Selectric 395: 391: 387: 383: 377:IBM Selectric 374: 372: 368: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 321: 319: 315: 311: 301: 296:Typical usage 293: 290: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 248: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 206: 204: 194: 192: 188: 187:Office Online 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 108: 104: 99: 97: 92: 88: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 64: 60: 56: 51: 49: 45: 37: 32: 26: 22: 2213:davka writer 2183:Apple Writer 2171:Discontinued 2055:Nisus Writer 1996:Adobe InCopy 1748: 1735: 1724:the original 1711: 1701: 1689:. Retrieved 1678: 1653: 1638: 1626:. Retrieved 1624:. p. 12 1621: 1608: 1586:(4): 32–47. 1583: 1579: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1531:. Retrieved 1521: 1514: 1509: 1498:. Retrieved 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1419: 1401: 1391: 1379:. Retrieved 1373: 1363: 1352:. Retrieved 1341: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1278: 1268: 1254: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1203: 1177:. Retrieved 1171: 1161: 1152: 1145:. Retrieved 1141:the original 1134: 1124: 1114:10 September 1112:. Retrieved 1107: 1098: 1086:. Retrieved 1081: 1069: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1013: 1005: 991: 979:. Retrieved 969: 960: 953: 948: 940: 933: 910: 888:Office suite 824: 820: 781: 770: 732: 718: 678: 663: 659: 637: 633: 629: 618: 591: 583: 580: 576: 573: 566: 557: 551: 549: 538: 537: 525: 522:Len Deighton 510:form letters 499: 491: 476: 473: 464: 456: 454: 444: 414: 401: 392:computer at 380: 364: 327: 307: 299: 286: 251: 243: 207: 203:text editors 200: 142: 134:type-setting 111: 100: 84: 72:memory cards 52: 43: 41: 2253:SpeedScript 2198:AtariWriter 2071:Apple Pages 2009:Google Docs 1921:LibreOffice 1886:GNU TeXmacs 1861:Open-source 1556:: 277–326. 1147:13 December 1088:5 September 883:Microwriter 838:Amstrad PCW 772:PC Magazine 755:WordPerfect 753:) markets, 747:Lotus 1-2-3 324:Use in home 235:programmers 223:Ghostscript 191:Google Docs 163:open source 152:WordPerfect 59:floppy disk 2357:Categories 2304:AlphaSmart 2271:StarOffice 2238:Magic Desk 2188:AppleWorks 2123:(enhanced) 1982:Commercial 1965:(standard) 1926:OpenOffice 1845:Comparison 1500:2008-03-29 1354:2006-05-29 1179:2018-12-11 981:August 14, 925:References 904:Literature 898:Typography 812:Xerox Star 804:Xerox PARC 796:PostScript 788:Xerox Alto 514:mail merge 463:". A 1974 318:letterhead 247:mail merge 96:AlphaSmart 2324:IBM MT/ST 2286:NeoOffice 2243:PaperClip 2133:Nota Bene 2039:TextMaker 2034:Scrivener 1970:TextMaker 1622:InfoWorld 1350:. EETimes 1260:Xerox 800 954:Farm Show 878:IBM MT/ST 848:Canon Cat 802:(another 767:pfs:Write 724:MultiMate 567:In 1972, 461:buzz word 421:Ann Arbor 410:Böblingen 76:diskettes 2297:Hardware 2263:WordStar 2233:MacWrite 2178:1st Word 2143:PolyEdit 2019:Ichitaro 1937:Freeware 1906:TextEdit 1691:March 6, 1650:(2000). 1628:March 5, 1600:18895790 1381:March 2, 832:See also 826:MacWrite 743:VisiCalc 735:WordStar 651:AES Data 440:IBM 2741 343:web apps 260:Indexing 130:graphics 91:printers 2267:Writer 2158:XyWrite 2153:WordPad 2095:Windows 1868:AbiWord 1660:186–187 1562:1167314 1533:May 14, 1263:tapes." 1136:El País 777:WYSIWYG 759:XyWrite 643:display 609:Toshiba 594:Philips 432:DECtape 361:History 335:résumés 310:letters 175:AbiWord 2258:Sprint 2076:Mellel 2014:Hangul 1973:(2008) 1911:Writer 1720:Dekker 1666: 1598: 1560: 1426: 1026: 917: 798:, and 784:bitmap 689:Diablo 615:(1978) 527:Bomber 459:as a " 355:online 287:Later 215:RUNOFF 181:, and 156:MS-DOS 126:images 114:markup 2281:Go-oo 2120:Jarte 2064:macOS 1962:Jarte 1891:KWord 1727:(PDF) 1716:(PDF) 1596:S2CID 1558:JSTOR 1375:Slate 1078:(PDF) 808:Gypsy 792:Bravo 751:dBase 681:ASCII 674:Dysan 552:Times 518:MT/ST 481:Xerox 477:Times 465:Times 438:(the 428:PDP-8 390:PDP-1 347:email 331:poems 314:memos 239:LaTeX 219:LaTeX 179:KWord 36:Xerox 2329:Wang 1954:Bean 1873:Bean 1840:List 1693:2011 1664:ISBN 1630:2011 1535:2018 1424:ISBN 1383:2013 1149:2018 1116:2013 1090:2020 1024:ISBN 983:2010 915:ISBN 739:hjkl 728:ctrl 693:Qume 349:and 337:and 229:and 227:HTML 221:and 213:and 211:TJ-2 89:and 63:Wang 1901:Ted 1896:LyX 1768:by 1588:doi 1306:doi 1020:256 893:TeX 676:). 640:CRT 524:'s 408:'s 406:IBM 394:MIT 231:CSS 189:or 183:LyX 74:or 2359:: 1747:. 1662:. 1646:; 1620:. 1594:. 1584:28 1582:. 1570:^ 1554:14 1552:. 1438:^ 1410:^ 1400:. 1372:. 1327:. 1302:12 1300:. 1296:. 1277:. 1242:. 1224:. 1212:^ 1202:. 1188:^ 1170:. 1151:. 1106:. 1080:. 1046:. 1022:. 765:, 761:, 757:, 589:. 497:. 357:. 177:, 173:, 169:, 128:, 42:A 34:A 1821:e 1814:t 1807:v 1751:. 1695:. 1672:. 1632:. 1602:. 1590:: 1564:. 1537:. 1503:. 1432:. 1385:. 1357:. 1312:. 1308:: 1182:. 1118:. 1092:. 1063:. 1032:. 985:. 419:( 27:.

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