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agreeable to analysts. There are two common approaches. The first, called narrow transcription, captures the details of conversational interaction such as which particular words are stressed, which words are spoken with increased loudness, points at which the turns-at-talk overlap, how particular words are articulated, and so on. If such detail is less important, perhaps because the analyst is more concerned with the overall gross structure of the conversation or the relative distribution of turns-at-talk amongst the participants, then a second type of transcription known as broad transcription may be sufficient (Williamson, 2009).
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779:(CA). Her work has greatly influenced the sociological study of interaction, but also disciplines beyond, especially linguistics, communication, and anthropology. This system is employed universally by those working from the CA perspective and is regarded as having become a near-globalized set of instructions for transcription.
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by (MacWhinney 2000). The field of
Conversation Analysis itself includes a number of distinct approaches to transcription and sets of transcription conventions. These include, among others, Jefferson Notation. To analyze conversation, recorded data is typically transcribed into a written form that is
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Selting, M., Auer, P., Barth-Weingarten, D., Bergmann, J., Bergmann, P., Birkner, K., Couper-Kuhlen, E., Deppermann, A., Gilles, P., GĂĽnthner, S., Hartung, M., Kern, F., Mertzlufft, C., Meyer, C., Morek, M., Oberzaucher, F., Peters, J., Quasthoff, U., SchĂĽtte, W., Stukenbrock, A., Uhmann, S. (2009):
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Department of Public Health to transcribe sensitivity-training sessions for prison guards, Jefferson began transcribing some of the recordings that served as the materials out of which Harvey Sacks' earliest lectures were developed. Over four decades, for the majority of which she held no university
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can be used to assist the process of transcription: one that facilitates manual transcription and the other automated transcription. For the former, the work is still very much done by a human transcriber who listens to a recording and types up what is heard in a computer, and this type of software
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Literature is relatively consistent in pointing out the nonneutrality of transcription practices. There is not and cannot be a neutral transcription system. Knowledge of social culture enters directly into the making of a transcript. They are captured in the texture of the transcript (Baker, 2005).
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The type of transcription chosen depends mostly on the context of usage. Because phonetic transcription strictly foregrounds the phonetic nature of language, it is mostly used for phonetic or phonological analyses. Orthographic transcription, however, has a morphological and a lexical component
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Mapping spoken language onto written symbols is not as straightforward a process as may seem at first glance. Written language is an idealization, made up of a limited set of clearly distinct and discrete symbols. Spoken language, on the other hand, is a continuous (as opposed to discrete)
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Selting, Margret / Auer, Peter / Barden, Birgit / Bergmann, Jörg / Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth / Günthner, Susanne / Meier, Christoph / Quasthoff, Uta / Schlobinski, Peter / Uhmann, Susanne (1998): Gesprächsanalytisches
Transkriptionssystem (GAT). In: Linguistische Berichte 173,
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Transcription was originally a process carried out manually, i.e. with pencil and paper, using an analogue sound recording stored on, e.g., a
Compact Cassette. Nowadays, most transcription is done on computers. Recordings are usually digital
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aspects of spoken language are transcribed. Phonetic transcription is more systematic in a scientific sense, but it is also more difficult to learn, more time-consuming to carry out and less widely applicable than orthographic transcription.
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Arguably the first system of its kind, originally described in (Ehlich and
Rehbein 1976) – see (Ehlich 1992) for an English reference - adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as (Rehbein et al. 2004), and widely used in functional
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Haberland, H. & Mortensen, J. (2016) Transcription as second order entextualisation: The challenge of heteroglossia. In: Capone, A. & Mey, J. L. (eds.): Interdisciplinary
Studies in Pragmatics, Culture and Society, 581–600. Cham:
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phenomenon, made up of a potentially unlimited number of components. There is no predetermined system for distinguishing and classifying these components and, consequently, no preset way of mapping these components onto written symbols.
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Hepburn, A., & Bolden, G. B. (2013). The conversation analytic approach to transcription. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The handbook of
Conversation Analysis (pp. 57–76). Oxford: Blackwell.
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Ehlich, K. (1992). HIAT - a
Transcription System for Discourse Data. In: Edwards, Jane / Lampert, Martin (eds.): Talking Data – Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 123-148.
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alongside the phonetic component (which aspect is represented to which degree depends on the language and orthography in question). This form of transcription is thus more convenient wherever
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Rehbein, J.; Schmidt, T.; Meyer, B.; Watzke, F. & Herkenrath, A. (2004) Handbuch fĂĽr das computergestĂĽtzte
Transkribieren nach HIAT. In: Arbeiten zur Mehrsprachigkeit, Folge B (56).
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Transcription systems are sets of rules which define how spoken language is to be represented in written symbols. Most phonetic transcription systems are based on the
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focuses on phonetic and phonological properties of spoken language. Systems for phonetic transcription thus furnish rules for mapping individual sounds or
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DuBois, John / Schuetze-Coburn, Stephan / Cumming, Susanne / Paolino, Danae (1992): Outline of
Discourse Transcription. In: Edwards/Lampert (1992), 45–89.
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A system described in (Selting et al. 1998), later developed further into GAT2 (Selting et al. 2009), widely used in German speaking countries for
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Ochs, E. (1979) Transcription as theory. In: Ochs, E. & Schieffelin, B. B. (ed.): Developmental pragmatics, 43–72. New York: Academic Press.
770:, which is used for transcribing talk. Having had some previous experience in transcribing when she was hired in 1963 as a clerk typist at the
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is often a multimedia player with functionality such as playback or changing speed. For the latter, automated transcription is achieved by a
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Arguably the first system of its kind, originally sketched in (Sacks et al. 1978), later adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as
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Jenks, C.J. (2011) Transcribing Talk and
Interaction: Issues in the Representation of Communication Data. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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position and was unsalaried, Jefferson's research into talk-in-interaction has set the standard for what became known as
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1077:. In: Schenkein, J. (ed.): Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction, 7-56. New York: Academic Press.
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Examples for orthographic transcription systems (all from the field of conversation analysis or related fields) are:
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which converts audio or video files into electronic text. Some of the software would also include the function of
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of a given language. Phonetic transcription operates with specially defined character sets, usually the
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MacWhinney, Brian (2000): The CHILDES project: tools for analyzing talk. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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Independent writing in current approaches to writing instruction: What have we overlooked?
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Transcription - a website with resources for transcription in conversation analysis
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A simplest systematics for the organization of turn taking for conversation
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This article is about transcription in linguistics. For other uses, see
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The Jefferson Transcription System is a set of symbols, developed by
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oriented conversation analysis and interactional linguistics.
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Documentation and examples for the HIAT transcription system
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English Teaching: Practice and Critique. Volume 6, Number 1.
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Transcription in Action - website from UC Santa Barbara
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or, especially in speech technology, on its derivative
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There are two main types of linguistic transcription.
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Systematic representation of language in written form
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Sacks, H.; Schegloff, E. & Jefferson, G. (1978)
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Gesprächsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem 2 (GAT 2)
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