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typography. During the period of transition from text figures to lining, a justification for the old system was that the height differences helped distinguish similar numbers, while a justification for lining figures was that they were clearer (being larger) and that they looked better by giving all
378:
and early digital technologies with limited character sets and no support for alternate characters. Walter Tracy noted that they were avoided by phototypesetting manufacturers since (not being of even height) they could not be miniaturised to form fraction numerals, requiring an additional set of
259:
Although many conventional typefaces have both types of numerals in full, early digital fonts only had one or the other (with the exception of those used by professional printers). Modern
338:
Lining figures came out of the new middle-class phenomenon of shopkeepers’ hand-lettered signage. They were introduced to
European typography in 1788, when Richard Austin cut a
346:, which included three-quarter height lining figures. They were further developed by 19th-century type designers, and largely displaced text figures in some contexts, such as
754:
Some variations of decimal digits are considered glyph variants and are not separately encoded. These include the old style variants of digits, as shown in Figure 22-7.
1427:
122:
838:
1801:
81:
designed with varying heights in a fashion that resembles a typical line of running text, hence the name. They are contrasted with
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225:, a form preserved in some later French typefaces. A few other typefaces used different arrangements. Sometimes the stress of the
390:, because they are not considered separate characters from lining figures, only a different way of writing the same characters.
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format and encode both text and lining figures as OpenType alternate characters. Text figures are not encoded separately in
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248:, unlike runs of lining figures. Lining figures are called for in all-capitals settings (hence the alternative name
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describes the new fashion as 'preposterous', but the book was printed using lining figures and the
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Modern professional digital fonts are almost universally in one or another variant of the
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fraction characters. They made a comeback with more advanced digital typesetting systems.
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page numbers the same height. Amusingly, as several later writers have noted, the printer
8:
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for non-default sets of numerals, but the most recent ones only use OpenType features.
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feature tags. The few common digital fonts that default to using text figures include
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658:
280:
130:
35:
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696:
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Typographia, an
Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing
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375:
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607:(URW)++ Design & Development; Puga, Diego; Stubner, Ralf (March 13, 2008).
332:
245:
110:
78:
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In text figures, the shape and positioning of the numerals vary as those of
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is an example of a popular typeface that employs text figures by default.
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between the late 18th and early 19th centuries typically had an ascending
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435:(16th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 891, 899.
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The ascending six and descending nines are minted on this 1996 U.S.
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Personal communication from Thomas
Phinney, formerly of Adobe Type
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reached 12th century Europe, where they eventually supplanted
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University of
Chicago Press (2010). "Appendix B: Glossary".
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and its clone FPL Neu support both text and lining figures.
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fonts generally include both, and being able to switch via
93:
figures), which are the same height as upper-case letters.
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The
Unicode® Standard: Version 12.0 – Core Specification
526:
Bergmann, Christoph; Hardwig, Florian (23 August 2016).
125:. Note the ascending 3, 4 and 5 in the two latter fonts.
553:"Registered features - definitions and implementations"
197:
have descenders. Other schemes exist; for example, the
519:
374:, text figures became rarer still with the advent of
503:
501:
499:
497:
413:
Arabic numeral variations § Old-style numerals
244:: they integrate better with lowercase letters and
661:(1930). "The Evolution of the Modern-Face Roman".
528:"Zero vs. oh: Strategies of glyph differentiation"
323:implies, text figures have been in use since the
233:in some way, although many fonts do not do this.
26:, a typeface designed in 1991, uses text figures.
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494:
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1802:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
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1344:
810:. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. pp.
155:, having neither ascenders nor descenders;
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858:
800:
683:
469:
1828:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
786:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
778:
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104:
29:
18:
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359:in his landmark textbook on printing
252:), and may work better in tables and
16:Numerals typeset with varying heights
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13:
839:"Using Numbers in the Proper Case"
574:Devroye, Luc (November 30, 2002).
240:generally prefers text figures in
14:
1883:
841:. DT&G Design. Archived from
830:
807:The Elements of Typographic Style
507:
488:The Chronicle of Higher Education
484:"Old-Style Versus Lining Figures"
1841:
1840:
609:"FPL Neu Fonts—OpenType Edition"
482:Saller, Carol (March 14, 2012).
229:is made different from a letter
759:
677:
629:Hansard, Thomas Curson (1825).
600:
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367:he also criticised throughout.
133:do. In the most common scheme,
109:Text figures in various fonts:
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555:. Microsoft. February 14, 2017
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475:
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451:
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424:
342:for typefounder and publisher
1:
1797:History of Western typography
418:
394:'s early OpenType fonts used
1644:traditional point-size names
701:"Hoefler Text: design notes"
576:"More on the Palatino Story"
7:
897:Canons of page construction
671:10.1093/library/s4-XI.3.353
433:The Chicago Manual of Style
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10:
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370:While always popular with
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299:(such as the open-source
100:
77:figures or numerals) are
1812:Vox-ATypI classification
942:Intentionally blank page
594:April 15, 2011, at the
1345:
733:The Unicode Consortium
665:. s4-XI (3): 353–377.
126:
39:
27:
735:. 2019. p. 820.
731:. Mountain View, CA:
357:Thomas Curson Hansard
295:, some variations of
108:
85:figures (also called
33:
22:
1682:Typographic features
784:Notes on Book Design
589:Index of /~was/x/FPL
167:have ascenders; and
1807:Technical lettering
1706:Typography in other
1447:Hanging punctuation
1770:Handwriting script
1697:Desktop publishing
1667:Character encoding
1660:Digital typography
1174:Horizontal aspects
1127:Visual distinction
985:Widows and orphans
837:Bergsland, David.
802:Bringhurst, Robert
703:. Hoefler & Co
659:Johnson, Alfred F.
615:on April 25, 2012.
127:
40:
28:
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1853:
1601:Typographic units
1519:For position only
1418:
1417:
1270:
1269:
845:on June 21, 2012.
742:978-1-936213-22-1
697:Hoefler, Jonathan
515:. pp. 67–70.
513:Letters of Credit
486:. Lingua Franca.
321:medieval numerals
131:lowercase letters
1879:
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1821:Related template
1753:Related articles
1554:Phototypesetting
1408:reverse-contrast
1393:Display typeface
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1201:Sentence spacing
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408:Arabic numerals
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329:Arabic numerals
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45:(also known as
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1544:Movable type
1514:Font catalog
1474:Vertical bar
1211:Word spacing
1181:Figure space
1064:Text figures
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843:the original
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746:. Retrieved
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319:As the name
318:
285:Hoefler Text
258:
254:spreadsheets
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211:typographers
207:punchcutters
203:Didot family
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1787:Type design
1782:Style guide
1775:Calligraphy
1765:Handwriting
1579:Type design
1529:Lorem ipsum
1524:Letterpress
1484:Typesetting
1424:Punctuation
1388:Record type
1359:Gaelic type
1347:Schwabacher
1237:Body height
1102:Letter case
970:Line length
772:Works cited
663:The Library
635:. pp.
361:Typographia
352:advertising
325:Middle Ages
301:EB Garamond
238:typesetting
201:cut by the
1867:Typography
1861:Categories
1760:Penmanship
1732:East Asian
1574:Type color
1507:monospaced
1464:Interpunct
1457:minus sign
1381:Specialist
1317:Sans-serif
1310:slab serif
1287:Roman type
1242:Cap height
1206:Thin space
1165:Whitespace
1117:Title case
1112:Snake case
1107:Small caps
1092:Camel case
1024:Diacritics
932:Pull quote
927:Pagination
922:Paper size
881:Typography
419:References
277:Constantia
47:non-lining
1257:Overshoot
1252:Mean line
1247:Descender
1160:Underline
1002:Character
980:Runaround
960:Alignment
952:Paragraph
643:12 August
559:April 24,
532:Isoglosse
348:newspaper
344:John Bell
242:body text
55:old style
51:lowercase
1872:Numerals
1846:Category
1725:PT Fonts
1720:Cyrillic
1584:Typeface
1502:computer
1403:fat face
1276:Typeface
1262:x-height
1232:Baseline
1227:Ascender
1087:All caps
1049:Rotation
1044:Ligature
1039:Ink trap
804:(1992).
782:(2004).
592:Archived
402:See also
384:OpenType
340:new font
309:Palatino
305:FF Scala
297:Garamond
293:Junicode
261:OpenType
153:x-height
79:numerals
67:medieval
1672:Hinting
1549:Pangram
1367:Insular
1340:Rotunda
1335:Fraktur
1300:Antiqua
1186:Kerning
1155:Oblique
1150:Italics
1097:Initial
1029:Dingbat
1019:Counter
965:Leading
388:Unicode
327:, when
315:History
303:), and
289:Georgia
273:Candara
151:are of
95:Georgia
87:titling
75:antique
71:billing
63:hanging
59:ranging
1715:Arabic
1614:Cicero
1452:Hyphen
1437:Bullet
1398:script
1372:Uncial
1305:Didone
1069:Tittle
912:Margin
902:Column
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739:
722:"22".
707:24 May
281:Corbel
215:France
191:, and
145:, and
101:Design
91:modern
83:lining
1639:Point
1609:Agate
1469:Space
1295:Serif
1196:Pitch
1059:Swash
1034:Glyph
975:River
812:46–48
729:(PDF)
392:Adobe
199:types
73:, or
36:penny
1737:Thai
1651:Twip
1634:Pica
1589:list
1569:Sort
1497:Font
1442:Dash
1428:List
1140:Bold
990:runt
889:Page
816:ISBN
788:ISBN
750:2019
737:ISBN
709:2019
645:2015
561:2018
539:2016
350:and
269:onum
267:and
265:lnum
221:and
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161:and
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