29:
1641:
102:
entries (items 23 and 24 in table below) were made by a second hand. The annotations might indicate that the manuscript was consulted in some post-Conquest trials. However, the glosses are very sparse and just clarify a few uncertain terms. For example, the entry on f. 67r merely explains that the
1041:
The unknown scribe was remarkable for his knowledge of old forms of
English, and was able to transcribe accurately from a range of original manuscripts written in Anglo-Saxon dialects, including the local Kentish used for the laws of the kings of Kent. Two or more generations after the
128:
The first part is a collection of laws and other, primarily secular documents, whilst the second is the cartulary of the
Cathedral priory. The first part is of fundamental importance to the study of Anglo-Saxon law. It begins with the earliest surviving royal law-code, from King
1651:
1128:
scribe made remarkably few errors and only some minor edits which lightly modernise the text. This can be seen in the Laws of Ine. The original laws were written in the late seventh century. They were already updated when recorded in Alfred's
1049:
He followed standard practice of distinguishing between written
English and written Latin. The overall aspect is Protogothic with, for example, narrow letter-forms and forked tops to ascenders. However, he used a modified
988:
for
Rochester Cathedral, in Latin. However, its final entry (222r–v) is in English, listing the number of masses to be recited for those institutions in England and Normandy which were in confraternity with Rochester.
1227:
under reference number DRc/R1 and has since been withdrawn. It is currently held in an airtight case in
Rochester Cathedral's Crypt. Sometime between 1708 and 1718 the book was immersed for several hours in either the
1069:
in
English and the right-hand page the start of Henry I's Coronation Charter, in Latin. It is not only the general letter-shapes which show some differences. In the English, the only abbreviations are the
1046:, this was distinctly unusual. Few of his records were contemporary and, to read the Laws of Aethelberht, he was looking back at an obsolete dialect of early Anglo-Saxon English, some 500 years old.
86:
that consists of two separate works written between 1122 and 1124. It is catalogued as "Rochester
Cathedral Library, MS A.3.5" and as of 2023 is currently on display in a new exhibition at
1976:
1161:(wealth). There is some dispute whether this reflects the changing position of slaves after the Conquest or whether it is just correcting the term, since slaves were chattels.
1089:(concerning yours/ - mine). The number of abbreviations, suspensions and ligatures in the Latin give a different look, accentuated by different letter-forms, such as
1168:
scribe treated his sources with respect. He did not, for example, make erroneous 'corrections' to the Old
English law texts, unlike the "incompetent translations of
1707:
1383:
1058:
for the Latin. This was standard practice in the years around 1000, but proficiency in writing
Insular Minuscule was in terminal decline by the time of the
1219:
has been loaned, lost and recovered on several occasions and has been in the custody of a variety of different people and places: was once held at the
145:, 695. This is the only manuscript source for these three laws, though Wihtred's are heavily reliant on the laws of the contemporary West-Saxon King,
1955:
1778:
1065:
The double-page opening of f95v and f96r is a good place to examine differences in the two scripts. The left-hand page contains the end of
1693:
1666:
2074:
1718:
For details, see Stefan
Jurasinski, 'Scribal Malpractice and the Study of Anglo-Saxon Law in the Twelfth Century' in B. R. O'Brien and
1708:
http://enriqueta.man.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/Man4MedievalVC~4~4~990378~142729?qvq=q:%3DTextus%2BRoffensis%2B&mi=0&trs=2
2034:
2044:
1965:
2069:
20:
1180:
The two manuscripts were bound together in around 1300. The first part is a collection of documents which includes the
2049:
1986:
2011:
1889:
1137:('a child shall be baptised within thirty days'). The scribe substitutes for the tenth-century term for baptism (
1258:
A short film was also produced about the book by Rochester Cathedral about its history and digitization process.
1935:
1440:
2059:
951:
Lists of Kings, Saints, and Bishops: Lists of Popes, Emperors, Patriarchs and English Archbishops and Bishops
1853:
1248:
1914:
207:
38:. From Rochester Cathedral Library, MS A.3.5; formerly in the Medway Studies Centre, now in the crypt of
2054:
1336:
1873:
1414:"Rochester, Cathedral Library, A. 3. 5. – The Production and Use of English Manuscripts: 1060 to 1220"
1251:'s Centre for Heritage Imaging and Collection Care. The full digital facsimile is available through
2064:
1804:
1827:
1800:
571:
1055:
968:
Lists: of 24 elders, of popes responsible for various liturgical reforms, and of 7 archangels
595:
1185:
1133:
two centuries later. The earliest preserved version is from c. 925. In clause 2, this has
130:
2039:
1511:
1413:
858:
1679:
1181:
183:
8:
1366:
1252:
1236:
when the ship transporting it overturned; water damage is apparent on a number of pages.
1006:
854:
87:
71:
61:
39:
1584:
1552:
1288:
1244:
1193:
377:'s Exeter Law Code (V Aethelstan) and a fragment from the London Code (VI Æthelstan, 6)
1572:
1527:
1208:
is the oldest of the Rochester Cathedral registers. The entire volume consists of 235
1982:
1961:
1051:
231:
1515:
1457:
772:
1507:
1482:
506:
486:
443:
288:
19:
The 'Annals of Rochester' redirects here. For other works known by that name, see
1343:
in 1969, and was transferred to the Medway office in 1992 following its creation.
1240:
1043:
117:
91:
1001:
was a book with a decorated cover suitable to be kept in the church by the high
133:, dating to c 600, followed by those of two Kentish successors, the joint kings
1646:
94:. It is thought that the main text of both manuscripts was written by a single
1947:
Textus Roffensis : law, language, and libraries in early medieval England
1915:"Preliminary Account of 'Notes on the Textus Roffensis', by Dr. F. Liebermann"
1819:
1025:
by the cathedral is considered indicative of the book's importance during the
2028:
1978:
Texts and Their Traditions in the Medieval Library Rochester Cathedral Priory
1719:
749:
296:
146:
1874:"England's 'Hidden Treasure' is the focus of Kent conference and exhibition"
1311:
1233:
1229:
616:
374:
354:
1201:
1197:
1026:
28:
398:
1724:
Textus Roffensis Law, Language, and Libraries in Early Medieval England
1609:
1189:
83:
1340:
985:
1071:
1014:
546:
526:
134:
1365:
Nicholas Kar, 'Information and Its Retrieval' in Julia Crick and
447:
142:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1224:
1220:
1209:
138:
95:
75:
1691:
Julia Crick, 'English Vernacular Script' in R. Gameson (ed.),
1664:
Julia Crick, 'English Vernacular Script' in R. Gameson (ed.),
149:(see item 6 below). The full contents of the first part are:
1002:
99:
57:
1996:
Sawyer, Peter (1962) . "Textus Roffensis, Parts I and II".
658:
1858:
The Production and Use of English Manuscripts 1060 to 1220
1801:"A book 100 years older than the Magna Carta goes digital"
934:
Lists of Kings, Saints, and Bishops: West-Saxon Genealogy
270:
Lists of Kings (West-Saxon genealogy), Saints and Bishops
1247:
in 2010. It has been digitised and published on line by
837:(On bequests: 'he that owned it bequeathed it and died')
1680:
http://www.le.ac.uk/english/em1060to1220/mss/EM.RCL.htm
1735:
Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 173, ff. 47r-52v
1510:(899–924) but a fraud, probably written by Archbishop
1239:
The book was named 'Britain's Hidden Treasure' by the
598:
dealing with lawsuits by Englishmen against Frenchmen)
295:), containing the Laws of his West-Saxon predecessor,
1957:
Their Hands Before Our Eyes: A Closer Look at Scribes
1289:
http://www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/texts/wl-art/
1573:
http://www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/texts/vi-as/
67:
Textus de Ecclesia Roffensi per Ernulphum episcopum
1765:University of Kent, "England’s 'Hidden Treasure'."
1516:http://www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/texts/egu/
1013:was a less decorated book, suitable only for the
984:is just over 100 pages long. It consists of the
2026:
2000:. VII and XI. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger.
1981:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
1944:
1196:. The Law of Æthelberht is the oldest surviving
1945:O'Brien, Bruce R; Bombi, Barbara, eds. (2015).
1585:"Early English Laws: NorĂ°leoda laga (NorĂ°leod)"
1437:The definitive translation of items 1–3 is now
1817:
1032:
2017:- scanned images of each of the pages of the
1243:, and was the subject of a conference at the
1694:The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain
1667:The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain
1005:. The term does not mean a text concerning
1773:
1771:
1081:and the suspensions on dative endings e.g.
116:There is a clear, digitised version in the
104:
50:
33:
1204:text in existence. The second part of the
98:, although the English glosses to the two
1706:For image, see the digitised manuscript:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1974:
1820:"The Textus Roffensis A Hidden Treasure"
1768:
1309:
1287:Not entirely William's actual laws: see
732:Æthelstan's Sixth Law Code (London Code)
27:
1761:
1759:
1135:Cild binnan Ă°ritegum nihta sie gefulwad
1017:. It is rare that a secular book is a
900:(formula for excommunicating criminals)
715:(Papal decrees on accusers/ prosectors)
678:Institutes of Cnut (collection of laws)
529:'s First Law Code (ecclesiastical laws)
284:Probably after 893; Laws of Ine, c. 694
2027:
1998:Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile
1995:
1953:
1933:
1912:
1627:
1614:Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
1438:
1371:A Social History of England, 900-–1200
1830:from the original on 21 December 2021
1149:. Similarly, the scribe substitutes
1940:. Toronto: Toronto University Press.
1851:
1756:
1408:
1406:
1404:
21:Annals of Rochester (disambiguation)
1779:"Leaf Through the Textus Roffensis"
1528:"Æthelred's Woodstock code (I Atr)"
357:'s Grately Law Code (II Aethelstan)
78:") and sometimes also known as the
13:
2075:Manuscripts about England in Latin
1906:
1818:Phil Smethurst (5 November 2014).
574:'s First Law Code (Woodstock Code)
14:
2086:
2005:
1401:
1274:The only surviving version is in
113:(insult ordeal = triple ordeal).
442:Fraudulent peace Treaty between
1811:
1793:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1712:
1700:
1685:
1673:
1658:
1602:
1577:
1562:
1545:
1520:
1500:
1281:
1268:
1054:for the English and a modified
253:(compensation for the ordained)
1475:
1450:
1431:
1376:
1359:
1346:
1329:
1303:
768:No later than mid-10th Century
1:
2035:Medieval documents of England
1949:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
1937:The Beginnings of English Law
1445:, Toronto: Early English laws
1442:The Beginnings of English Law
563:
434:
337:(penalties for grave-robbery)
223:
199:
175:
2045:English-language manuscripts
1297:
1249:The University of Manchester
1021:, and the name given to the
592:Willelmes cyninges asetnysse
7:
2070:12th-century books in Latin
1954:Parkes, Malcolm B. (2008).
1188:(c. 560–616), and the 1100
1143:) the twelfth-century term
615:Æthelred's Third Law Code (
123:
10:
2091:
1975:Richards, Mary P. (1988).
1876:. University of Kent. 2010
1845:
1589:www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk
1175:
1117:(English, line 10) and in
208:Hlothere and Eadric's Laws
18:
1860:. University of Leicester
438: early 11th Century
2050:12th-century manuscripts
1805:University of Manchester
1335:It was deposited in the
1261:
1215:Over the centuries, the
880:(laws on excommunication
800:(Of a woman's betrothal)
780:in Northumbrian society)
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1067:Hit becƿæð. ond becƿæl
992:
2014:"The Textus Roffensis"
1960:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
1913:Arnold, A. A. (1898).
1892:. John Rylands Library
1670:, vol. 1 (2011), 185–6
1642:"The Textus Roffensis"
1506:Not from the reign of
401:'s Danelaw territories
397:('Peace'), for use in
109:is called in English,
105:
51:
43:
34:
2012:John Rylands Library
1934:Oliver, Lisi (2002).
1919:Archaeologia Cantiana
1439:Oliver, Lisi (2002),
1155:(slave) for Alfred's
1109:(f.96r, line 9); the
1105:(f.95v, line 11) and
695:Articles of William I
120:Medieval Collection.
64:"), fully titled the
31:
2060:Medieval English law
1682:, 'Hand Description'
1571:is the only source:
1384:"Manchester Digital"
1337:Kent Archives Office
1200:code and the oldest
636:Judgement of God X (
16:Mediaeval manuscript
1388:enriqueta.man.ac.uk
1367:Elisabeth van Houts
1316:Rochester Cathedral
1253:Rochester Cathedral
1223:Archives Office in
1007:Rochester Cathedral
980:The second part of
878:Excommunicatio VIII
798:Wifmannes beweddung
88:Rochester Cathedral
80:Annals of Rochester
72:Church of Rochester
40:Rochester Cathedral
1902:(online facsimile)
1890:"Textus Roffensis"
1854:"Textus Roffensis"
1852:Treharne, Elaine.
1753:Jurasinski, 99, 94
1557:Early English Laws
1553:"Textus Roffensis"
1532:Early English Laws
1487:Early English laws
1462:Early English Laws
1312:"Textus Roffensis"
1245:University of Kent
1194:Henry I of England
1186:Æthelberht of Kent
1056:Caroline Minuscule
859:Coronation Charter
817:Cattle-Theft Charm
549:'s Second Law Code
509:'s Second Law Code
415:Early 11th century
247:Early 11th century
131:Æthelberht of Kent
106:triplex iudiciu(m)
70:("The Tome of the
44:
32:First page of the
2055:Legal manuscripts
1967:978-0-7546-6337-9
1483:"Alfred's domboc"
1182:Law of Æthelberht
1121:(Latin, line 10)
1052:Insular Minuscule
978:
977:
898:Excommunicatio IX
874:10th–11th century
489:'s First Law Code
184:Æthelberht's Laws
82:, is a mediaeval
60:for "The Tome of
2082:
2019:Textus Roffensis
2001:
1992:
1971:
1950:
1941:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1766:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1654:on 17 July 2011.
1650:. Archived from
1638:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1581:
1575:
1569:Textus Roffensis
1566:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1518:
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1498:
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1473:
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1468:
1454:
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1446:
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1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1410:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1380:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1354:Textus Roffensis
1350:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1307:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1276:Textus Roffensis
1272:
1217:Textus Roffensis
1206:Textus Roffensis
1184:, attributed to
1170:Quadripartitus's
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1060:Textus Roffensis
1035:Textus Roffensis
1023:Textus Roffensis
982:Textus Roffensis
568:
565:
507:Edward the Elder
487:Edward the Elder
444:Edward the Elder
439:
436:
228:
225:
204:
201:
180:
177:
164:Manuscript Pages
152:
151:
141:, c 679–85, and
108:
54:
52:Textus Roffensis
37:
35:Textus Roffensis
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2065:Anglo-Saxon law
2025:
2024:
2008:
1989:
1968:
1924:
1922:
1921:. xxiii: 94–112
1909:
1907:Further reading
1895:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1824:www.youtube.com
1816:
1812:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
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1764:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:, vol. 1 (2011)
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1640:
1639:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1603:
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1501:
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1351:
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1320:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1241:British Library
1178:
1044:Norman Conquest
1039:
995:
566:
437:
226:
202:
178:
126:
92:Rochester, Kent
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2023:
2022:
2007:
2006:External links
2004:
2003:
2002:
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1987:
1972:
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1951:
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1931:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
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1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1810:
1792:
1781:. 17 July 2020
1767:
1755:
1746:
1744:Jurasinski, 99
1737:
1728:
1726:(2015), 83–101
1711:
1699:
1684:
1672:
1657:
1647:Medway Council
1626:
1601:
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1544:
1519:
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1449:
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1310:Olley Design.
1301:
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1293:
1292:
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1263:
1260:
1177:
1174:
1107:erga uos habeo
1083:beÞinū/ beminū
1038:
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994:
991:
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966:
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958:
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773:NorĂ°leoda laga
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470:
469:(on bloodfeud)
464:
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232:Wihtred's Laws
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203: 679–695
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111:ofraceth ordel
45:
15:
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6:
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3:
2:
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2068:
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2053:
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2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1988:0-87169-783-1
1984:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
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1255:'s website.
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291:, (Alfred's
250:
127:
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79:
66:
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25:
2040:1120s books
1925:17 November
1864:17 November
1202:Anglo-Saxon
1198:English law
1192:charter of
1027:Middle Ages
754:(On status)
713:Accusatores
419:Mircna laga
161:Description
2029:Categories
1834:1 December
1785:1 December
1352:Treharne,
1190:coronation
835:Hit becwæð
776:(concerns
657:a text of
638:Iud Dei XV
567: 997
227: 695
179: 600
84:manuscript
1341:Maidstone
1298:Citations
1172:author".
1166:Roffensis
1126:Roffensis
986:cartulary
954:105r–116r
937:102r–104r
692:1066–1087
675:1016–1035
654:1016–1035
633:Post-1066
596:William I
594:(laws of
588:1066–1087
375:Æthelstan
355:Æthelstan
167:Language
62:Rochester
1880:7 August
1828:Archived
1722:(eds.),
1720:B. Bombi
1512:Wulfstan
1458:"Hadbot"
1369:(eds.),
1212:leaves.
1146:gefullod
1140:gefulwad
1072:tironian
1015:cloister
957:English
940:English
923:English
903:99v–100r
843:English
823:English
806:English
786:English
760:English
751:GeĂ°yncĂ°o
738:English
661:'s reign
625:English
604:English
580:English
572:Æthelred
555:English
535:English
515:English
495:English
475:English
455:English
426:English
407:English
399:Æthelred
383:English
363:English
343:English
323:English
304:English
287:Laws of
276:English
259:English
239:English
215:English
191:English
135:Hlothere
124:Contents
1846:Sources
1619:28 July
1594:28 July
1537:28 July
1492:28 July
1467:28 July
1423:28 July
1393:28 July
1321:28 June
1232:or the
1176:History
1103:gehyrde
883:98r–99v
863:96r–97v
855:Henry I
803:94v–95r
783:93v–94r
778:wergeld
735:88r–93r
718:81v–87r
698:80r–81v
681:58r–80r
643:49v–57r
622:48r–49v
577:46r–47r
552:45r–46r
543:942–946
532:44r–45r
523:942–946
512:43r–44r
503:899–924
492:42r–43r
483:899–924
472:41v–42r
452:40r–41v
448:Guthrum
423:38v–39v
380:37r–38r
371:924–939
360:32v–37r
351:924–939
335:Walreaf
143:Wihtred
118:Rylands
1985:
1964:
1896:12 May
1508:Edward
1225:Strood
1221:Medway
1210:vellum
1131:Domboc
1115:forĂ°am
1037:Scribe
1019:textus
999:textus
974:Latin
920:100r–v
906:Latin
886:Latin
866:Latin
729:c 1008
721:Latin
701:Latin
684:Latin
667:Latin
646:Latin
547:Edmund
527:Edmund
301:9r–32r
293:Domboc
289:Alfred
251:Hadbot
139:Eadric
96:scribe
74:up to
1373:, 375
1262:Notes
1119:facio
1011:liber
1009:. A
1003:altar
840:95r–v
757:93r–v
601:47r–v
320:32r–v
316:Ordal
273:7v–8v
236:5r–6v
212:3v–5r
188:1r–3v
158:Dates
100:Latin
58:Latin
1983:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1927:2012
1898:2019
1882:2012
1866:2012
1836:2020
1787:2020
1621:2018
1596:2018
1539:2018
1494:2018
1469:2018
1425:2018
1395:2018
1323:2023
1158:fioh
1152:Ăľeow
1124:The
1097:and
1085:for
1077:for
1033:The
993:Name
971:116v
851:1100
659:Cnut
446:and
391:990s
331:990s
256:7r–v
155:Item
137:and
48:The
1339:in
1113:in
1101:in
1087:–um
1079:ond
857:'s
820:95r
664:57v
612:997
467:Wer
404:38r
395:Pax
340:32v
297:Ine
147:Ine
90:in
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1770:^
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224:c.
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