467:, leading through from one roadsted to the other. There may be fifty of them in all, and these are finished into fancy and toy shops in the richest manner – with polished marble counters, tapestry linings gilded shelves, and mirrors that make everything appear double. Ladies, in fashionable dresses and with smiling faces, wait within and allow no gentleman to pass without giving him an opportunity to purchase some pretty thing to carry home as a remembrancer of the Thames Tunnel. The Arches are lighted with gas burners, that make it as bright as the sun; and the avenues are always crowded with a moving throng of men, women and children, examining the structure of the Tunnel, or inspecting the fancy wares, toys, &c., displayed by the arch-looking girls of these arches
455:, around which are stands for the sale of papers, pamphlets, books, confectioners, beer, &c. A sort of watch-house stands on the side of the rotunda next the river, in which is a fat publican, or tax gatherer. Before him is a brass turnstile, through which you are permitted to pass, on paying him a penny, and, entering a door, you begin to descend the shaft, by a flight of very long marble steps that descend to a wide platform, from which the next series of steps descends in an opposite direction. The walls of the shaft are circular, finished in stucco, and hung with paintings and other curious objects. You halt a few moments on the first platform and listen to the notes of a huge organ that occupies a part of it, discoursing excellent music.
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each for one workman, and open to the rear, but closed in the front with moveable boards. The front was placed against the earth to be removed, and the workman, having removed one board, excavated the earth behind it to the depth directed, and placed the board against the new surface exposed. The board was then in advance of the cell, and was kept in its place by props; and having thus proceeded with all the boards, each cell was advanced by two screws, one at its head and the other at its foot, which, resting against the finished brickwork and turned, impelled it forward into the vacant space. The other set of divisions then advanced. As the miners worked at one end of the cell, so the bricklayers formed at the other the top, sides and bottom.
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315:, soon to become Regent of Portugal. Isambard himself was extremely lucky to survive the flooding. The six men had made their way to the main stairwell, as the emergency exit was known to be locked. Isambard instead made for the locked exit. A contractor named Beamish heard him there and broke the door down, and an unconscious Isambard was pulled out and revived. He was sent to Brislington, near Bristol, to recuperate. There he heard about the competition to build what became the
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statues, or figures in plaster, &c. Arrived at the bottom, you find yourself in a rotunda corresponding to that you entered from the street, a round room, with marble floor, fifty feet in diameter. There are alcoves near the walls in which are all sorts of contrivances to get your money, from
Egyptian necromancers and fortune-tellers to dancing monkeys. The room is lighted with gas, and is brilliant.
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London
Overground network. This space, with walls blackened with smoke from steam trains, forms part of the museum and functions at times as a concert venue and occasional bar. A rooftop garden has been built on top of the shaft. In 2016 the entrance hall opened as an exhibition space, with a staircase providing access to the shaft for the first time in over 150 years.
626:. As construction would require the temporary closure of the East London Line, it was decided to take this opportunity to perform long-term maintenance on the tunnel and so in 1995 the East London Line was closed to allow construction and maintenance to take place. The proposed repair method for the tunnel was to seal it against leaks by "
52:. It measures 35 ft (11 m) wide by 20 ft (6.1 m) high and is 1,300 ft (400 m) long, running at a depth of 75 ft (23 m) below the river surface measured at high tide. It is the first tunnel known to have been constructed successfully underneath a navigable river. It was built between 1825 and 1843 by
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was used only by pedestrians. It became a major tourist attraction, attracting about two million people a year, each paying a penny to pass through, and became the subject of popular songs. The
American traveller William Allen Drew commented that "No one goes to London without visiting the Tunnel" and described it as the "
630:" it with concrete, obliterating its original appearance, causing a controversy that led to a bitter conflict between London Underground, who wished to complete the work as quickly and cheaply as possible, and architectural interests wishing to preserve the tunnel's appearance. The architectural interests won, with the
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The mode in which this great excavation was accomplished was by means of a powerful apparatus termed a shield, consisting of twelve great frames, lying close to each other like as many volumes on the shelf of a book-case, and divided into three stages or stories, thus presenting 36 chambers of cells,
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The first step was the construction of a large shaft on the south bank at
Rotherhithe, 150 ft (46 m) back from the river bank. It was dug by assembling an iron ring 50 ft (15 m) in diameter above ground. A brick wall 40 ft (12 m) high and 3 ft (0.9 m) thick was
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Now look into the Thames Tunnel before you. It consists of two beautiful Arches, extending to the opposite side of the river. These Arches contain each a roadsted, fourteen feet wide and twenty-two feet high, and pathways for pedestrians, three feet wide. The Tunnel appears to be well ventilated, as
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Although it was a triumph of civil engineering, the Thames Tunnel was not a financial success. It had cost £454,000 to dig and another £180,000 to fit out – far exceeding its initial cost estimates. Proposals to extend the entrance to accommodate wheeled vehicles failed owing to cost, and it
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Work was slow, progressing at only 1–8 ft (0.3–2.4 m) a week. To earn income from the tunnel, the company directors allowed sightseers to view the shield in operation. They charged a shilling for the adventure and an estimated 600–800 visitors took advantage of the opportunity every day.
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The shaft became stuck at one point during its sinking, as the pressure of the earth around it held it firmly in position. Extra weight was required to make it continue its descent. 50,000 bricks were added as temporary weights. It was realised that the problem was caused because the shaft's sides
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In the 1860s, when trains started running through the tunnel, the entrance shaft at
Rotherhithe was used for ventilation. The staircase was removed to reduce the risk of fire. In 2011, a concrete raft was built near the bottom of the shaft, above the tracks, when the tunnel was upgraded for the
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You resume your downward journey till you reach the next story, or marble platform, where you find other objects of curiosity to engage your attention whilst you stop to rest. And thus you go down – down – to the bottom of the shaft eighty feet; the walls meanwhile, being studded with pictures,
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There are people who spend their lives there, seldom or never, I presume, seeing any daylight, except perhaps a little in the morning. All along the extent of this corridor, in little alcoves, there are stalls of shops, kept principally by women, who, as you approach, are seen through the dusk
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project was abandoned after the initial pilot tunnel (a 'driftway') flooded twice when 1,000 ft (300 m) of a total of 1,200 ft (370 m) had been dug. It only measured 2–3 ft (0.6–0.9 m) by 5 ft (1.5 m), and was intended as a drain for a larger tunnel for
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Following an agreement to leave a short section at one end of the tunnel untreated, and more sympathetic treatment of the rest of the tunnel, the work went ahead and the route reopened – much later than originally anticipated – in 1998. The tunnel closed again from 23 December 2007 to permit
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Each of the twelve frames of the shield weighed over 7 LT (7.1 t). The key innovation of the tunnelling shield was its support for the unlined ground in front and around it to reduce the risk of collapses. However, many workers, including Brunel himself, soon fell ill from the poor
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Amongst the blocks of buildings that separate the street from the river, we notice an octagonal edifice of marble. We enter by one of several great doors, and find ourselves in a rotunda of fifty feet diameter, and the floor laid in mosaic work of blue and white marble. The walls are
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An Act for making and maintaining a Tunnel under the River Thames, from some Place in the Parish of Saint John of
Wapping in the County of Middlesex, to the opposite Shore of the said River in the Parish of Saint Mary Rotherhithe in the County of Surrey, with sufficient Approaches
242:
were parallel. Years later when the
Wapping shaft was built, it was slightly wider at the bottom than the top. This non-cylindrical tapering design ensured it did not get stuck. By November 1825 the Rotherhithe shaft was in place and tunnelling work could begin.
222:, a revolutionary advance in tunnelling technology, in January 1818. In 1823 Brunel produced a plan for a tunnel between Rotherhithe and Wapping, which would be dug using his new shield. Financing was soon found from private investors, including the
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The construction of the Thames Tunnel showed that it was indeed possible to build underwater tunnels, despite the previous scepticism of many engineers. Several new underwater tunnels were built in the UK in the following decades: the
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446:". When he saw it for himself in 1851, he pronounced himself "somewhat disappointed in it" but still left a vivid description of its interior, which was more like an underground marketplace than a transport artery:
1987:
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from a boat to repair the hole at the bottom of the river, throwing bags filled with clay into the breach in the tunnel's roof. Following the repairs and the drainage of the tunnel, he held a banquet inside it.
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At the start of the 19th century, there was a pressing need for a new land connection between the north and south banks of the Thames to link the expanding docks on each side of the river. The engineer
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gas, the remainder of the tunnelling was completed in
November 1841, after another five and a half years. The extensive delays and repeated flooding made the tunnel the butt of metropolitan humour:
234:(1,000 t). The soil below the ring's sharp lower edge was removed manually by Brunel's workers. The whole shaft thus gradually sank under its own weight, slicing through the soft ground like a
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The tunnel was originally designed for horse-drawn carriages, but was mainly used by pedestrians and became a tourist attraction. In 1869 it was converted into a railway tunnel for use by the
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conditions caused by filthy sewage-laden water seeping through from the river above. This sewage gave off methane gas which was ignited by the miners' oil lamps. When the resident engineer,
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Other opinions of the tunnel were more negative; some regarded it as the haunt of prostitutes and "tunnel thieves" who lurked under its arches and mugged passers-by. The
American writer
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It is impossible to pass through without purchasing some curiosity. Most of the articles are labelled – "Bought in the Thames Tunnel" – "a present from the Thames Tunnel".
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619:. It continued to be used for goods services as late as 1962. During the Underground days, the Thames Tunnel was the oldest underground piece of the Tube's infrastructure.
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Starting in August 1835 the old rusted shield was dismantled and removed. By March 1836 the new shield, improved and heavier, was assembled in place and boring resumed.
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The first train ran through the tunnel on 7 December 1869. In 1884, the tunnel's disused construction shaft to the north of the river was repurposed to serve as
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The Thames Tunnel was fitted out with lighting, roadways and spiral staircases during 1841–1842. An engine house on the
Rotherhithe side, which now houses the
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1835:
132:, but failed because of the difficult conditions of the ground. The Cornish miners were used to hard rock and did not modify their methods for soft clay and
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Company, a consortium of six mainline railways which sought to use the tunnel to provide a rail link for goods and passengers between Wapping (and later
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The excavation was hazardous. The tunnel flooded suddenly on 18 May 1827 after 549 ft (167 m) had been dug. Isambard Kingdom Brunel lowered a
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586:. The tunnel's generous headroom, resulting from the architects' original intention of accommodating horse-drawn carriages, also provided a sufficient
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built on top of this, with a powerful steam engine surmounting it to drive the excavation's pumps. The whole apparatus was estimated to weigh 1,000
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passenger use. The failure of the Thames Archway project led engineers to conclude that "an underground tunnel is impracticable".
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425:, was also constructed to house machinery for draining the tunnel. The tunnel was finally opened to the public on 25 March 1843.
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156:. This scheme was turned down (a bridge was built instead) and Brunel continued to develop ideas for new methods of tunnelling.
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the air seemed neither damp nor close. The partition between these Arches, running the whole length of the Tunnel, is cut into
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1295:– Based in Rotherhithe, London, the museum is housed in the building that contained the pumps to keep the Thames Tunnel dry
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consisted of an arched corridor of apparently interminable length, gloomily lighted with jets of gas at regular intervals
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of the tunnel on 24 March 1995, the day London Underground had scheduled the start of the long-term maintenance work.
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Six men died when the tunnel flooded again the following year, on 12 January 1828, just four days after a visit by
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who was also noted, with W. H. Barlow, for the major re-design and completion of Isambard Brunel's long-abandoned
1950:
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The tunnel was purchased in September 1865 at a cost of £800,000 (equivalent to £97 million in 2023) by the
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1202:
I. K. Brunel (1806-1859) and His Extensive British Civil Engineering Contributions: Video of the Life of Brunel
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works and assembled in the Rotherhithe shaft, was the key to Brunel's construction of the Thames Tunnel. The
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Glimpses and Gatherings During a Voyage and Visit to London and the Great Exhibition in the Summer of 1851
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Impeded by further floods (23 August and 3 November 1837, 20 March 1838, 3 April 1840) fires and leaks of
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Nearby in Rotherhithe, Brunel's engine house (built to house drainage pumps) is open to visitors as the
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2013:
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1372:– BBC News (26 May 2014) – A brief 'potted history' (a 2-minute video filmed in the tunnel)
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It was planned to construct a junction between the East London Line and the Jubilee Line extension at
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In December 1834 Marc Brunel succeeded in raising enough money, including a loan of £247,000 from
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The Anglo-French engineer Marc Brunel refused to accept this conclusion. In 1814 he proposed to
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Flickr, 23 May 2006 – Photos of a promotional book commemorating the opening of the tunnel
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An Act for the winding-up of the Affairs and the Dissolution of the Thames Tunnel Company.
226:, and a Thames Tunnel Company was formed in 1824, the project beginning in February 1825.
8:
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291:, fell ill in April 1826, Marc's son Isambard Kingdom Brunel took over at the age of 20.
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An explanation of the works of the tunnel under the Thames from Rotherhithe to Wapping
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Memoirs, Letters, and Comic Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, of the Late James Smith
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1988:
Isambard Kingdom Brunel Standing Before the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern
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1047:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
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646:. After its reopening on 27 April 2010, it was used by mainline trains again.
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parodied the construction of the Thames Tunnel in lines 126–129 of the poem
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1079:. The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Society. pp. 68–69, 108–111.
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Underground route and approaches (highlighted in red) to the Thames Tunnel
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1254:"Brunel's Thames tunnel (and accidental brothel) becomes new arts space"
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Denis Smith, "London and the Thames Valley", p. 17, Thomas Telford, 2001
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to have been successfully constructed underneath a navigable river, the
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So far as any present use is concerned, the tunnel is an entire failure.
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visited it a few years after Drew, and wrote in 1855 that the tunnel:
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642:. The extension work resulted in the tunnel becoming part of the new
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playing a particularly important role in developing the technology.
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Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts
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Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
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Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Southwark
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An 1870 view of a train exiting the Thames Tunnel at Wapping
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The Thames Tunnel excavation as it was, probably around 1840
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Isambard Kingdom Brunel: The Life of an Engineering Genius
1204:. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.
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Bath:St James's Bridge; Skew Bridge; St James' Viaduct
1370:
Thames Tunnel: Rare access to 'eighth wonder of world'
1114:"The Great Bore in its time – a forgotten gem in ours"
687:. Brunel's tunnelling shield was later refined, with
831:"Tunnel Drilling, Old as Babylon, Now Becomes Safer"
611:
The East London Railway was later absorbed into the
1145:
500:
2243:List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks
1836:Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway
1399:
696:International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark
2715:Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
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1357:Photos of the East London Line and Thames Tunnel
713:in recognition of its architectural importance.
694:In 1991, the Thames Tunnel was designated as an
120:, tried to dig a tunnel further upriver between
32:Inside the Thames Tunnel in the mid-19th century
16:Tunnel crossing under the River Thames in London
1344:, published in 1882, actually marks the tunnel
958:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. pp. 47–49.
662:before the East London line was closed in 2007
257:A scale model of the tunnelling shield at the
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1141:
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101:tried, but failed, to build a tunnel between
2710:Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
2000:borrowed by Brunel, used for propeller tests
1301:BBC News – Slideshow of Thames Tunnel images
1033:
1025:"Railway And Other Companies, East London".
383:That your work, half complete, is begun ill;
2176:(commissioned by Brunel for his retirement)
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1470:
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1015:, p. 195. Cambridge University Press, 2000
86:
1043:inflation figures are based on data from
1013:The Cambridge Companion to Virginia Woolf
601:at Bristol, which was completed in 1864.
148:a plan to build a tunnel under the river
2770:Pedestrian tunnels in the United Kingdom
1072:
978:
720:
653:
565:
557:
432:
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326:
252:
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27:
1179:"Last minute listing for Thames Tunnel"
1002:, pp. 242–249. Homan & Manley, 1852
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437:The entrance shaft to the Thames Tunnel
79:railway network under the ownership of
64:newly invented by the elder Brunel and
2692:
2182:, whose portrait was painted by Brunel
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1124:from the original on 25 September 2015
841:from the original on 25 September 2017
829:Browne, Malcomn W. (2 December 1990).
828:
2357:
2339:
2313:
2283:2012 London Olympics opening ceremony
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1398:
1224:"Inside Brunel's Thames Tunnel Shaft"
1176:
1044:
953:
932:, p. 28, The Oliver Press, Inc., 1999
930:Construction: Building the Impossible
747:List of crossings of the River Thames
638:tracklaying and resignalling for the
412:James Smith, "The Thames Tunnel", in
389:Nor doubt the success of your Tunnel.
249:The shield in use during construction
2740:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
2167:Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream
987:
908:
906:
904:
902:
873:
853:
360:"Palinodia al Marchese Gino Capponi"
2720:Tunnels underneath the River Thames
1557:Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton
1287:"Brief history during the Snow era"
810:from the original on 9 October 2013
752:Tunnels underneath the River Thames
700:American Society of Civil Engineers
428:
396:And made it fit haunt for an otter,
21:Tunnels underneath the River Thames
13:
1527:Cheltenham and Great Western Union
1264:from the original on 15 April 2016
1200:Rogers, Jerry R. (26 April 2012).
1156:National Heritage List for England
1112:Cruickshank, Dan (22 March 1995).
112:Between 1805 and 1809, a group of
75:which, since 2010, is part of the
14:
2781:
2603:London Overground Rail Operations
1305:London's Oldest Underwater Tunnel
1280:
1234:from the original on 14 July 2014
1093:from the original on 30 July 2007
899:
709:In 1995 the tunnel was listed at
2725:Works of Isambard Kingdom Brunel
2642:
2569:
2400:
2358:
2170:(picture commissioned by Brunel)
1323:The Thames Tunnel: a tunnel book
530:Parliament of the United Kingdom
523:
501:Conversion into a railway tunnel
265:The tunnelling shield, built at
186:Parliament of the United Kingdom
179:
2557:London Overground Night Service
1951:Great Western Steamship Company
1246:
1216:
1193:
1170:
1105:
1066:
1018:
1005:
972:
770:Despite being the first tunnel
660:Rotherhithe underground station
91:
2755:1843 establishments in England
2103:Institution of Civil Engineers
2040:Other engineering and building
1800:Cumberland Basin swing bridges
1366:while still London Underground
947:
935:
922:
822:
796:
764:
704:Institution of Civil Engineers
1:
2376:Planned and proposed stations
1944:Ships, harbours and waterways
1522:Bristol and South Wales Union
1413:
1388:– digital facsimile from the
1375:Thames Tunnel Company (1836)
789:
402:They can't say "'twill never
394:When the Thames forced a gap,
322:
146:Emperor Alexander I of Russia
2215:Bristol Temple Meads Station
1925:South Devon Railway sea wall
1602:Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth
1289:UCLA School of Public Health
912:"The Brunels' Tunnel" 2006,
649:
593:The line's engineer was Sir
347:, to continue construction.
7:
2649:London transport portal
2447:Planned and proposed routes
2278:Two Brunel £2 coins in 2006
2150:University of Caen Normandy
2098:Fellow of the Royal Society
2077:Crystal Palace water towers
1547:Great Western and Brentford
1185:(1122): 4–5. Archived from
1076:Sir John Hawkshaw 1811-1891
1029:. London. 2 September 1869.
782:nearly 4,000 years earlier.
740:
716:
398:Has proved that your scheme
10:
2786:
2598:East London line extension
1810:Gatehampton Railway Bridge
979:Leopardi, Giacomo (1835).
725:Staircase inside the shaft
658:A commemorative plaque at
640:East London Line extension
505:United Kingdom legislation
444:eighth wonder of the world
416:, p. 185, H. Colburn, 1840
353:In 1835, the Italian poet
306:
161:United Kingdom legislation
18:
2705:Railway tunnels in London
2700:Tunnels completed in 1843
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2347:
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1943:
1935:Wellington Bank, Somerset
1882:
1783:Cornwall Railway viaducts
1778:Clifton Suspension Bridge
1740:
1610:
1567:South Devon and Tavistock
1499:
1442:
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1151:"Thames Tunnel (1242119)"
1073:Beaumont, Martin (2015).
1011:Susan Sellers / Sue Roe,
778:may have constructed the
599:Clifton Suspension Bridge
546:
536:
522:
517:
510:
317:Clifton Suspension Bridge
277:described how it worked:
203:
192:
178:
173:
166:
2735:Grade II* listed tunnels
2256:Brunel University London
2232:Broad gauge running line
2195:Legacy and commemoration
2088:Malmaison Hotel, Reading
1844:Moulsford Railway Bridge
1805:"Devil's Bridge", Uphill
1705:Hilton Hotel, Paddington
1353:Flickr, 12–13 March 2010
1334:13 November 2013 at the
1183:New Civil Engineer (NCE)
954:Maggs, Colin G. (2016).
757:
400:Is no catchpenny dream;—
387:Through gravel and clay,
385:Heed them not, bore away
40:is a tunnel beneath the
2263:(Network Rail typeface)
2115:Robert Pearson Brereton
1900:Great Western Main Line
1493:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1045:Clark, Gregory (2017).
942:Illustrated London News
570:Inside the tunnel, 2010
552:29 & 30 Vict. c. xx
275:Illustrated London News
87:History and development
19:For other tunnels, see
2289:Brunel (opera project)
2067:Brook House, Steventon
1883:Tunnels and earthworks
1517:Bristol and Gloucester
1351:Thames Tunnel photoset
1299:Brunel's Thames Tunnel
726:
663:
615:, where it became the
571:
563:
512:Thames Tunnel Act 1866
498:
473:
438:
419:
359:
340:
332:
284:
262:
250:
168:Thames Tunnel Act 1824
44:in London, connecting
33:
2301:Other works of Brunel
2186:Kensal Green Cemetery
2109:Abraham-Louis Breguet
2084:(Brunel on committee)
2072:Crew's Hole tar works
2052:Balloon flange girder
1859:Three Bridges, London
1362:14 April 2016 at the
1210:10.1061/41173(414)196
724:
689:James Henry Greathead
681:Mersey Railway Tunnel
657:
569:
561:
492:multifarious trumpery
481:
448:
436:
376:
338:
330:
279:
256:
248:
31:
2676:51.50306°N 0.05444°W
2608:North London Railway
2582:Transport for London
2272:100 Greatest Britons
2132:Marc Isambard Brunel
1741:Bridges and viaducts
1638:Bristol Temple Meads
1537:Dartmouth and Torbay
1230:. 15 February 2011.
998:William Allen Drew,
870:, p. 287, Kent, 1860
624:Canada Water station
381:Let misanthropy tell
379:Good Monsieur Brunel
218:Brunel patented the
81:Transport for London
2672: /
2459:West London Orbital
2428:Old Oak Common Lane
2205:Victoria Embankment
2047:Atmospheric railway
1869:Wharncliffe Viaduct
1849:Royal Albert Bridge
1699:The Railway Station
1577:South Wales Mineral
1384:30 May 2015 at the
1310:8 July 2010 at the
804:"The Thames Tunnel"
576:East London Railway
477:Nathaniel Hawthorne
2681:51.50306; -0.05444
2618:Overground Network
2552:Arriva Rail London
2210:Paddington Station
2201:Statues of Brunel
1773:Chippenham viaduct
1512:Bristol and Exeter
1448:Rotherhithe Tunnel
1390:Linda Hall Library
1177:Doyle, N. (1995).
1041:Retail Price Index
835:The New York Times
727:
664:
613:London Underground
572:
564:
439:
341:
333:
263:
251:
224:Duke of Wellington
118:Richard Trevithick
116:miners, including
34:
2730:London Overground
2655:
2654:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2540:
2539:
2467:
2466:
2349:
2341:London Overground
2307:
2306:
2160:Henry Marc Brunel
2117:(Chief assistant)
1991:(1857 photograph)
1920:South Devon Banks
1905:Llansamlet arches
1830:Maidenhead Bridge
1815:Hungerford Bridge
1748:Angarrack viaduct
1459:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1293:The Brunel Museum
1260:. 15 April 2016.
1086:978-0-9559467-7-6
965:978-1-4456-4065-5
806:. Brunel Museum.
644:London Overground
632:Grade II* listing
584:South London line
556:
555:
518:Act of Parliament
488:offering for sale
465:transverse arches
392:That very mishap,
372:hydrogen sulphide
220:tunnelling shield
216:
215:
174:Act of Parliament
77:London Overground
62:tunnelling shield
2777:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
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2670:
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2665:
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2645:
2573:
2476:
2475:
2404:
2383:Brent Cross West
2373:
2372:
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2355:
2354:
2348:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2239:, 98 Cheyne Walk
2146:(childhood home)
2111:(trained Brunel)
2093:Renkioi Hospital
2082:Great Exhibition
2014:Cumberland Basin
1910:Sapperton Tunnel
1678:Exeter St Thomas
1673:Exeter St Davids
1658:Cirencester Town
1623:Bradford-on-Avon
1611:Railway stations
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1479:
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1228:blogs.nature.com
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1147:Historic England
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1103:
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1100:
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1016:
1009:
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985:
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951:
945:
939:
933:
926:
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910:
897:
894:
871:
864:
851:
850:
848:
846:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
800:
783:
780:Euphrates Tunnel
768:
617:East London line
580:Liverpool Street
527:
526:
513:
508:
507:
495:
491:
486:
470:
429:Pedestrian usage
417:
362:
355:Giacomo Leopardi
183:
182:
169:
164:
163:
73:East London line
2785:
2784:
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2308:
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2293:
2285:featured Brunel
2190:
2120:
2035:
2009:Bristol Harbour
1972:Balanced rudder
1939:
1915:Sonning Cutting
1878:
1854:Somerset Bridge
1825:Loughor Viaduct
1820:Landore Viaduct
1768:Chepstow Bridge
1763:Bishop's Bridge
1736:
1727:Weston Junction
1606:
1495:
1490:
1460:
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1446:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1407:
1386:Wayback Machine
1364:Wayback Machine
1336:Wayback Machine
1314:– slideshow by
1312:Wayback Machine
1283:
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1222:
1221:
1217:
1198:
1194:
1189:on 21 May 2014.
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1118:The Independent
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948:
944:, 25 March 1843
940:
936:
928:Nathan Aaseng,
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923:
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827:
823:
813:
811:
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801:
797:
792:
787:
786:
769:
765:
760:
743:
719:
671:in London; the
652:
606:Wapping station
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418:
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66:Thomas Cochrane
56:, and his son,
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2138:Sophia Kingdom
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2105:(VP from 1850)
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2074:
2069:
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2031:Westport Canal
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2023:
2022:
2021:
2019:Underfall Yard
2016:
2006:
2004:Brentford Dock
2001:
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1975:
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1937:
1932:
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1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
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1895:Cockett Tunnel
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1886:
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1877:
1876:
1874:Windsor Bridge
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1451:
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1431:Grid reference
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1281:External links
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1065:
1052:MeasuringWorth
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1004:
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898:
872:
852:
821:
794:
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308:
305:
289:John Armstrong
267:Henry Maudslay
261:at Rotherhithe
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2438:Primrose Hill
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2418:Junction Road
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2027:
2026:Millbay Docks
2024:
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1977:
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1968:
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1966:Great Britain
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:Great Western
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1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Thames Tunnel
1928:
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1587:Vale of Neath
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1542:East Somerset
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1338:Brunel portal
1337:
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1329:Thames Tunnel
1327:
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1317:Life magazine
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2577:Network Rail
2454:R25 (London)
2423:Surrey Canal
2408:East Brixton
2388:Castle Green
2369:Future plans
2359:Other topics
2267:Brunel Award
2248:
2227:Being Brunel
2174:Brunel Manor
2165:
2162:(second son)
1996:
1986:
1980:
1965:
1957:
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1834:
1697:
1443:
1427:
1422:Tower Bridge
1417:
1405:River Thames
1377:
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1315:
1266:. Retrieved
1258:The Guardian
1257:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
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1187:the original
1182:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1154:
1128:15 September
1126:. Retrieved
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685:River Mersey
677:River Severn
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42:River Thames
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2745:Rotherhithe
2679: /
2562:London Rail
2413:Maiden Lane
2274:(Brunel #2)
2237:Blue plaque
2180:Sarah Guppy
2062:Broad gauge
1753:Avon Bridge
1572:South Wales
1562:South Devon
1342:Wapping map
845:18 February
814:26 November
776:Babylonians
628:shotcreting
300:diving bell
122:Rotherhithe
54:Marc Brunel
46:Rotherhithe
2694:Categories
2667:00°03′16″W
2664:51°30′11″N
2623:Silverlink
2545:Operations
2433:Hythe Road
2398:Abbey Wood
2393:Thamesmead
2057:Baulk road
1997:Archimedes
1890:Box Tunnel
1864:Usk Bridge
1793:St Pinnock
1712:St Germans
1693:Paddington
1653:Chippenham
1633:Bridgwater
1444:Downstream
1120:. London.
790:References
683:under the
679:; and the
675:under the
582:) and the
538:Long title
404:hold water
323:Completion
313:Don Miguel
194:Long title
99:Ralph Dodd
2532:Class 508
2527:Class 317
2522:Class 315
2517:Class 313
2512:Class 172
2507:Class 150
2491:Class 710
2486:Class 378
2261:NR Brunel
1717:Salisbury
1648:Charlbury
1643:Charfield
1582:Taff Vale
1401:Crossings
1027:The Times
711:Grade II*
650:Influence
232:long tons
212:. c. clvi
134:quicksand
130:Limehouse
109:in 1799.
103:Gravesend
2613:Orbirail
2247:SS
2140:(mother)
2134:(father)
2125:Personal
1995:SS
1979:SS
1964:SS
1956:SS
1688:Mortimer
1683:Liskeard
1663:Crediton
1628:Bridgend
1618:Bath Spa
1532:Cornwall
1500:Railways
1436:TQ351801
1418:Upstream
1382:Archived
1360:Archived
1346:Old-Maps
1332:Archived
1308:Archived
1268:15 April
1262:Archived
1232:Archived
1162:8 August
1122:Archived
1091:Archived
839:Archived
808:Archived
741:See also
717:Visiting
702:and the
548:Citation
453:stuccoed
410:—
210:5 Geo. 4
205:Citation
199:thereto.
58:Isambard
2750:Wapping
2591:History
2479:Current
1403:of the
1238:28 July
698:by the
368:methane
307:Closure
271:Lambeth
136:. This
126:Wapping
114:Cornish
107:Tilbury
50:Wapping
2500:Former
1788:Carnon
1732:Yatton
1722:Stroud
1668:Culham
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1097:5 May
1058:7 May
981:Canti
772:known
758:Notes
2252:#97)
1270:2016
1240:2021
1164:2009
1130:2017
1099:2017
1081:ISBN
1060:2024
960:ISBN
914:ISBN
847:2017
816:2012
370:and
150:Neva
124:and
105:and
48:and
36:The
1206:doi
1039:UK
406:".
269:'s
152:in
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