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51:
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4106:. The annual change in the Earth–Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.8% in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.
2651:
1987:
4732:. The amount of solar energy that reaches Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles, and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. Earth's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate. Ranging from the equator to the polar regions, these are the tropical (or equatorial),
5442:
2521:
4664:
5428:
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17747:
4751:, the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, and topology. Places close to oceans typically have colder summers and warmer winters, due to the fact that oceans can store large amounts of heat. The wind transports the cold or the heat of the ocean to the land. Atmospheric circulation also plays an important role: San Francisco and Washington DC are both coastal cities at about the same latitude. San Francisco's climate is significantly more moderate as the prevailing wind direction is from sea to land. Finally, temperatures
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2471:(150 million km; 93 million mi), about 250 times its present radius. Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius, otherwise, with tidal effects, it may enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized.
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23000:
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20250:
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3968:, of Earth is about 1.5 million km (930,000 mi) in radius. This is the maximum distance at which Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than that of the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit Earth within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun. Earth, along with the Solar System, is situated in the
22878:
4179:, states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth's crust. Computer simulations suggest that two blob-like remnants of this prototype could be inside the Earth.
3713:. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the day-side of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the night-side magnetosphere into a long tail. Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which waves propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic
2444:. A lack of vegetation would result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making current animal life impossible. Due to the increased luminosity, Earth's mean temperature may reach 100 °C (212 °F) in 1.5 billion years, and all ocean water will evaporate and be lost to space, which may trigger a
3914:. With an apparent movement of the Sun in Earth's sky at a rate of about 1°/day eastward, which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the
4392:
Earth's hydrosphere is the sum of Earth's water and its distribution. Most of Earth's hydrosphere consists of Earth's global ocean. Earth's hydrosphere also consists of water in the atmosphere and on land, including clouds, inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters. The mass of the oceans is
1401:
recognizes the lowercase form as the more common, with the capitalized form an acceptable variant. Another convention capitalizes "Earth" when appearing as a name, such as a description of the "Earth's atmosphere", but employs the lowercase when it is preceded by "the", such as "the atmosphere of the
4471:
of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of seawater (3.5% salt). Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks. The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases, which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life
3415:
than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year, although both somewhat higher and much lower rates have also been proposed. The radius of the inner core is about one-fifth of that of Earth. The density increases with depth. Among the Solar System's planetary-sized objects, Earth is
21119:
18673:
5303:
and fresh water, and the oceanic ecosystem depends on dissolved nutrients washed down from the land. In 2019, 39 million km (15 million sq mi) of Earth's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands, 12 million km (4.6 million sq mi) was shrub and
3921:
The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km/s (107,200 km/h; 66,600 mph), which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about 12,742 km (7,918 mi), in seven minutes, and the distance from Earth to the Moon, 384,400 km (238,900 mi), in
4697:
Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, gradually becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km (6.8 mi) of the surface; this lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and
3150:
under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is
2050:
after Earth's formation. There are two main models of how this initial small volume of continental crust evolved to reach its current abundance: (1) a relatively steady growth up to the present day, which is supported by the radiometric dating of continental crust globally and (2) an initial rapid
10668:
And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez
Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. The International Olympic Committee's official flag, containing the single continent of America (North and South America being connected as the Isthmus of
4911:
state to its current oxidizing one. Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen, but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is thought to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere. Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the
4767:
is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and
6254:
4912:
atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth. In the current, oxygen-rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape. Instead, most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere.
2608:. Such a geoid shape is gained if the ocean is idealized, covering Earth completely and without any perturbations such as tides and winds. The result is a smooth but gravitational irregular geoid surface, providing a mean sea level (MSL) as a reference level for topographic measurements.
4401:
or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of 361.8 million km (139.7 million sq mi) with a mean depth of 3,682 m (12,080 ft), resulting in an estimated volume of 1.332 billion km (320 million cu mi).
5280:, are only replenished over geological timescales. Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth's crust, consisting of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production. Mineral
5304:
grassland, 40 million km (15 million sq mi) were used for animal feed production and grazing, and 11 million km (4.2 million sq mi) were cultivated as croplands. Of the 12–14% of ice-free land that is used for croplands, 2
4639:
are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.
3222:
advancing at a rate of 75 mm/a (3.0 in/year) and the
Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/a (2.0–2.7 in/year). At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the South American Plate, progressing at a typical rate of 10.6 mm/a (0.42 in/year).
5373:
are thought to have passed the safe threshold. As of 2018, no country meets the basic needs of its population without transgressing planetary boundaries. It is thought possible to provide all basic physical needs globally within sustainable levels of resource use.
3669:
process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, approximately, a
4879:
thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind. Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The
4619:, permitting life on land. Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature. This last phenomenon is the
6242:
2906:
is 10.7% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland. Earth has an estimated 16.7 million km (6.4 million sq mi) of cropland and 33.5 million km (12.9 million sq mi) of pastureland.
1107:. This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C (58.57 °F), at which water is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure. Differences in the amount of captured energy between geographic regions (as with the
3697:
at epoch 2000, decreasing nearly 6% per century (although it still remains stronger than its long time average). The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes
4190:: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the
2815:
Earth's land covers 29.2%, or 149 million km (58 million sq mi) of Earth's surface. The land surface includes many islands around the globe, but most of the land surface is taken by the four continental
13504:
13078:
3562:). Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher. At approximately
2692:
Earth's surface is the boundary between the atmosphere, and the solid Earth and oceans. Defined in this way, it has an area of about 510 million km (197 million sq mi). Earth can be divided into two
4758:
Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as
6004:
5192:, with 68% of the world's land mass being in the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, since the 19th century humans have increasingly converged into urban areas with the majority living in urban areas by the 21st century.
5172:
has since the 19th century grown exponentially to seven billion in the early 2010s, and is projected to peak at around ten billion in the second half of the 21st century. Most of the growth is expected to take place in
10721:
5207:. The human population virtually completely remains on Earth's surface, fully depending on Earth and the environment it sustains. Since the second half of the 20th century, some hundreds of humans have temporarily
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4221:
applied by the Sun and planets to Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, exhibiting large changes over millions of years, as is the case for Mars, though this is disputed.
9121:
5925:
5046:), occurs over most of Earth's surface and has a large impact on life in those areas. From 1980 to 2000, these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year. Many places are subject to earthquakes,
3497:, the core is primarily composed of the denser elements: iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. The most common rock constituents of the crust are
8365:
4233:) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant. This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth.
7760:(2011). "Late Heavy Bombardment". In Gargaud, Muriel; Amils, Prof Ricardo; Quintanilla, José Cernicharo; Cleaves II, Henderson James (Jim); Irvine, William M.; Pinti, Prof Daniele L.; Viso, Michel (eds.).
3399:, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 660 km (250 and 410 mi) below the surface, spanning a
5479:, emphasizing its beauty, uniqueness and apparent fragility. In particular, this caused a realization of the scope of effects from human activity on Earth's environment. Enabled by science, particularly
3634:
is approximately 9.8 m/s (32 ft/s). Local differences in topography, geology, and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad regional differences in Earth's gravitational field, known as
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17360:
4405:
If all of Earth's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km (1.68 to 1.74 mi). About 97.5% of the water is
3721:
are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates. The ring current is defined by medium-energy
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more readily, and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases. The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth's atmosphere and surface from an initially
3845:
Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. For bodies near the
4891:
Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth's gravity. This causes a slow but steady
17254:
4198:, the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm/a (1.5 in/year). Over millions of years, these tiny modifications—and the lengthening of Earth's day by about 23
3941:. Viewed from a vantage point above the Sun and Earth's north poles, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's
4010:. Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the
13305:
5214:
Earth has been subject to extensive human settlement, and humans have developed diverse societies and cultures. Most of Earth's land has been territorially claimed since the 19th century by
2658:
image of Earth, with its different types of surface discernible: Earth's surface dominating Ocean (blue), Africa with lush (green) to dry (brown) land and Earth's polar ice in the form of
2358:
species gained the ability to stand upright. This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which led to the
17284:
3388:. The thickness of the crust varies from about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) under the oceans to 30–50 km (19–31 mi) for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the
17557:
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is about 22 or 23 September. In the
Southern Hemisphere, the situation is reversed, with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped.
10536:
5346:
and climate. It is estimated that global temperatures in the year 2020 were 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) warmer than the preindustrial baseline. This increase in temperature, known as
4568:
varies with latitude, ranging between 8 km (5 mi) at the poles to 17 km (11 mi) at the equator, with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors.
8517:
3849:, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same.
16825:
5469:, developed in the mid-20th century, compared Earth's environments and life as a single self-regulating organism leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability.
4217:
evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon. Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the
4079:. Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface. This
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were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth's age was established, proving the planet to be billions of years old.
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for life. Earth's life developed in Earth's early bodies of water some hundred million years after Earth formed. Earth's life has been shaping and inhabiting many particular
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22185:
20165:
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8621:"The potential of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) for testing the synchronicity of abrupt climate change during the Last Glacial Interval (60,000–11,700 years ago)"
5680:
is almost exactly 40,000 km because the meter was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.
2736:. Indeed, in Earth's early history the ocean may have covered Earth completely. The world ocean is commonly divided into the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean,
22581:
20135:
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5581:
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to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on the subject; it was only when radioactivity and
3949:), and the Earth-Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between
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10833:
9876:
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Change in average surface air temperature and drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.
4487:. Solar System planets with considerable atmospheres do partly host atmospheric water vapor, but they lack surface conditions for stable surface water. Despite some
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15929:
4048:
By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the
2942:, sediments and metamorphic rocks. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the mass of the crust.
13133:"A 'Big Whack' Formed the Moon and Left Traces Deep in Earth, a Study Suggests - Two enormous blobs deep inside Earth could be remnants of the birth of the moon"
103:
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Most of Earth's surface is ocean water: 70.8% or 361 million km (139 million sq mi). This vast pool of salty water is often called the
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12920:
6434:
17643:
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13109:
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Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early
Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".
3674:. The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is
16848:
12411:
10859:
6445:
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13765:
9547:
8857:"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia"
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Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% of the energy at aphelion.
5742:, some areas of Earth such as large mountain ranges and oceanic trenches would feel like tiny imperfections, whereas much of the planet, including the
5338:
Human activities have impacted Earth's environments. Through activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, humans have been increasing the amount of
5292:, erosion, and plate tectonics. These metals and other elements are extracted by mining, a process which often brings environmental and health damage.
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During the summer, the day lasts longer, and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter. Above the
1431:
occasionally is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish humanity's inhabited planet from others, while in poetry
16954:"What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like? – For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it"
14145:
9184:
8097:
7695:
Meier, M. M. M.; Reufer, A.; Wieler, R. (4 August 2014). "On the origin and composition of Theia: Constraints from new models of the Giant Impact".
4175:. The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as "moons", after Earth's. The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the
4071:; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years. The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time,
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20172:
13297:
12220:
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10090:
4795:), which are further divided into more specific subtypes. The Köppen system rates regions based on observed temperature and precipitation. Surface
4335:
makes close approaches to the Earth–Moon system roughly every twenty years. During these approaches, it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time.
2141:, colloquially called the "last ice age", covered large parts of the continents, to the middle latitudes, in ice and ended about 11,700 years ago.
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6042:
5942:
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every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the
11001:
2448:, within an estimated 1.6 to 3 billion years. Even if the Sun were stable, a fraction of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the
1201:
Earth at 384,400 km (1.28 light seconds) and is roughly a quarter as wide as Earth. The Moon's gravity helps stabilize Earth's axis, causes
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16723:
of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press). SPM-7.
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5475:, particularly during the Apollo program, have been credited with altering the way that people viewed the planet that they lived on, called the
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the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower-density air then rises and is replaced by cooler, higher-density air. The result is
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Therefore, life has impacted Earth, significantly altering Earth's atmosphere and surface over long periods of time, causing changes like the
4763:. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This
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around 4 July. These dates shift over time due to precession and changes to the orbit, the latter of which follows cyclical patterns known as
22170:
20413:
19724:
15139:"World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)"
12821:
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17178:"Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World – Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth"
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15867:; Skuce, Andrew G.; Green, Sarah A.; Nuccitelli, Dana; Jacobs, Peter; Richardson, Mark; Winkler, Bärbel; Painting, Rob; Rice, Ken (2016).
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The abundance of water, particularly liquid water, on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes it from other planets in the
3737:, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's
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4164:, with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although
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around in a complete circle over each 25,800-year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a
17213:"We Are All Riders on the Same Planet – Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened?"
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Aoki, S.; Kinoshita, H.; Guinot, B.; Kaplan, G. H.; McCarthy, D. D.; Seidelmann, P. K. (1982). "The new definition of universal time".
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Simon, J.L.; et al. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets".
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Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in people's view of the planet. Initial belief in a
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in the Arctic covers an area about as big as the United States, although it is quickly retreating as a consequence of climate change.
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at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.
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2585:(8,848 metres or 29,029 feet above local sea level) lengthens it by only 0.14%. Since Earth's surface is farthest out from Earth's
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3612:. The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs under the oceans.
18478:
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11930:; Hurter, Suzanne J.; Johnson, Jeffrey R. (August 1993). "Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set".
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4884:, defined as 100 km (62 mi) above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and
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regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 21,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years. The
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Daver, G.; Guy, F.; Mackaye, H. T.; Likius, A.; Boisserie, J.-R.; Moussa, A.; Pallas, L.; Vignaud, P.; Clarisse, N. D. (2022).
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1910:, collided with Earth. It hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged with Earth. Between approximately 4.1 and
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2879:, snow, ice, artificial structures or vegetation. Most of Earth's land hosts vegetation, but considerable amounts of land are
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16539:
16302:
16272:
16175:
15832:
15792:
15765:
15717:
15121:
15069:
15044:
15019:
14994:
14942:
14660:
14576:
14237:
14201:
14176:
13862:
12846:
12795:
12634:
12609:
12442:
12386:
12203:
11862:
11699:
11540:
11066:
10649:
10577:
10286:
9672:
9240:
9215:
8199:
7957:
7777:
7408:
7071:
7042:
7010:
6918:
6723:
6681:
6458:
6402:
6287:
6213:
5661:
4796:
3429:
2961:
depth of 4 km, and is as varied as the terrain above sea level. Earth's surface is continually being shaped by internal
16987:
Liungman, Carl G. (2004). "Group 29: Multi-axes symmetric, both soft and straight-lined, closed signs with crossing lines".
14084:
14054:
11080:
10825:
10223:
9976:
6490:
6024:
As of 4 January 2018, the United States
Strategic Command tracked a total of 18,835 artificial objects, mostly debris. See:
4965:, which are inhabited by comparatively similar plants and animals. The different biomes developed at distinct elevations or
2346:
triggered the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but largely spared small animals such as insects,
23118:
22606:
22543:
22197:
21918:
21856:
21851:
21141:
20160:
20097:
19751:
19472:
19410:
19405:
18695:
18208:
13787:
6585:
6576:
4808:
3894:. Earth's average orbital distance is about 150 million km (93 million mi), which is the basis for the
3417:
2540:
1155:
76:
21139:
21136:
21132:
21128:
18693:
18690:
18686:
18682:
16792:
16234:
14254:
13211:
9117:"SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions"
4456:
form over land in polar regions. The flow of glaciers erodes the surface, changing it dramatically, with the formation of
23108:
22954:
22760:
21861:
20483:
20314:
19415:
14725:
9845:
9089:
7524:
3965:
21146:
21138:
18700:
18692:
15998:
15937:
11453:
10614:
7325:
4477:
21135:
18689:
15298:
8513:
7984:
7829:
7757:
7423:
2515:
21153:
21149:
18707:
18703:
16068:
12351:
1385:, particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies. More recently, the name is sometimes simply given as
22009:
21982:
21144:
20406:
19563:
19536:
18698:
17223:
16964:
16402:
15782:
15267:
14015:
13986:
13587:
12563:
12537:
7556:"Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples"
6346:
5767:
3725:
that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field, and the
881:
12912:
3554:. At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360
2271:
22397:
21154:
20674:
19951:
18708:
16711:
16505:
8327:"Early formation and long-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle"
5712:
datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of Earth's surface. The ice sheets of
4875:. Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the
3729:
are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but contained in the magnetosphere. During
2082:
of hundreds of millions of years, tectonic forces have caused areas of continental crust to group together to form
17344:
13101:
8986:
7505:"Ag Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle During Accretion: New Constraints from Pd and Ag Metal–Silicate Partitioning"
5365:
was introduced to quantify humanity's impact on Earth. Of the nine identified boundaries, five have been crossed:
4772:
4688:
4006:
The axial tilt of Earth is approximately 23.439281° with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the
4002:
Earth's axial tilt causing different angles of seasonal illumination at different orbital positions around the Sun
18619:
18503:
18445:
17949:
17676:
16617:
5321:
3518:
2593:
in
Ecuador (6,384.4 km or 3,967.1 mi) is its farthest point out. Parallel to the rigid land topography
2371:
2298:, with the Moon still orbiting Earth half as far as it is today, appearing 2.8 times larger and producing strong
1249:
339:
21925:
19479:
15357:
15332:
12403:
11423:
10855:
9693:"The end of life on Earth is not the end of the world: converging to an estimate of life span of the biosphere?"
8806:
8781:
5181:
5066:, and other calamities and disasters. Human impact is felt in many areas due to pollution of the air and water,
4225:
Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The
22576:
21992:
21826:
20130:
19546:
19380:
18369:
17778:
17438:
13755:
9555:
6432:
5351:
5235:
5107:
3385:
3163:, although zircons have been found preserved as clasts within Eoarchean sedimentary rocks that give ages up to
2167:
1922:
caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.
1402:
earth". It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as "what on earth are you doing?"
1330:, dry land, the human world, the surface of the world (including the sea), and the globe itself. As with Roman
843:
179:
16333:
14600:
8719:
6759:
5827:
The ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".—
5184:
varies greatly around the world with the majority living in south to eastern Asia and 90% inhabiting only the
4580:
3871:
Exaggerated illustration of Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, marking that the orbital extreme points (
22101:
21997:
19655:
19551:
17637:
17188:
16106:
13825:
10973:
10881:
10315:
9664:
The Life and Death of Planet Earth: How the New
Science of Astrobiology Charts the Ultimate Fate of Our World
9115:
Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. (2017).
8978:
7938:
Our
Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate
7798:
7358:(September 2010). "The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion".
5571:
4492:
3699:
2367:
2185:) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective
35:
22514:
20068:
15236:
14788:
13038:
12877:
11572:
4067:
The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo
4041:, and this night extends for several months at the poles themselves. These same latitudes also experience a
1895:, with the primordial Earth being estimated as likely taking anywhere from 70 to 100 million years to form.
1623:
There are a number of adjectives for the planet Earth. The word "earthly" is derived from "Earth". From the
23123:
22601:
22156:
22136:
22031:
20399:
20155:
19710:
19690:
19585:
18272:
16720:
16260:
13327:
13001:
12328:
11927:
10181:
4115:
2419:
22519:
21151:
20073:
18705:
15299:"Presentation of the Karman separation line, used as the boundary separating Aeronautics and Astronautics"
14137:
13817:
9457:
Wilkinson, B. H.; McElroy, B. J. (2007). "The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation".
9368:
8620:
2166:
led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the
2055:, forming the bulk of the continental crust that now exists, which is supported by isotopic evidence from
22676:
22202:
22131:
22096:
21129:
21123:
20765:
20759:
20230:
19756:
19685:
19650:
18683:
18677:
18471:
18288:
18120:
18042:
16370:
12493:
9654:
9176:
8069:
6441:
5411:
4351:
4149:
3232:
2322:, when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity. Following the Cambrian explosion,
1959:. Sufficient water to fill the oceans may have been on Earth since it formed. In this model, atmospheric
1931:
1797:
1479:, while in other Romance languages the word gave rise to names with slightly altered spellings, like the
991:
22116:
19670:
11029:
10080:
8326:
5016:
from water, soils and the atmosphere. These nutrients are constantly recycled between different species.
3115:. These plates are rigid segments that move relative to each other at one of three boundaries types: at
2581:(10,925 metres or 35,843 feet below local sea level), only shortens Earth's average radius by 0.17% and
1103:), creates the conditions for both liquid surface water and water vapor to persist via the capturing of
22832:
22591:
22392:
22275:
22258:
22224:
21150:
21092:
20145:
19946:
19829:
19812:
19778:
18704:
18646:
18047:
16365:
15820:
13854:
Technical
Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes]
13132:
12274:
6818:
6027:
5705:
5586:
5155:
4804:
4094:
Earth's annual orbit is elliptical rather than circular, and its closest approach to the Sun is called
3903:
3631:
3392:
are collectively known as the lithosphere, which is divided into independently moving tectonic plates.
7975:"Oldest measurement of Earth's magnetic field reveals battle between Sun and Earth for our atmosphere"
6906:
4472:
forms. Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large
22434:
22409:
22219:
20583:
19988:
19963:
19773:
18498:
18052:
17593:
17574:
16441:
15903:
14468:"Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Clouds Observed by MODIS Onboard the Terra and Aqua Satellites"
13238:
11691:
11685:
11103:
11006:
9877:"I've always wondered: why are the stars, planets and moons round, when comets and asteroids aren't?"
7298:
7264:
7230:
7196:
7162:
7128:
7094:
6554:
6311:
5650:
is the eccentricity. The difference between Earth's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers.—
5432:
5103:
4784:
4139:
3648:
3600:, a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce
3462:
2445:
2248:
2154:
2067:
in sedimentary rocks. The two models and the data that support them can be reconciled by large-scale
1976:
1232:
within it. Life spread globally and has been altering Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the
17:
21147:
18701:
15959:
15405:
12168:
11717:
8473:
8287:
7793:
5195:
Beyond Earth's surface humans have lived on a temporary basis, with only a few special-purpose deep
4213:
The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate.
3143:, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates.
22725:
22330:
20448:
20279:
19884:
18389:
18384:
17854:
17768:
15703:
14466:
King, Michael D.; Platnick, Steven; Menzel, W. Paul; Ackerman, Steven A.; Hubanks, Paul A. (2013).
12764:
11880:"Cooling of the Earth in the Archaean: Consequences of pressure-release melting in a hotter mantle"
11774:
10908:
8826:
8545:
8393:"Rates of generation and destruction of the continental crust: implications for continental growth"
6881:
6792:
5387:
5343:
5223:
5134:
5024:
4722:
4476:. Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts, such as the
4275:
3726:
2950:
2860:. The elevation of the land surface varies from a low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the
2594:
2501:
2389:
1948:
1892:
1151:
1033:
1022:
696:
652:
11288:
10376:
1875:, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and
22414:
22241:
21888:
21792:
21699:
21399:
21249:
21140:
21131:
20951:
19968:
19795:
19442:
19346:
19253:
18953:
18803:
18694:
18685:
18595:
18379:
18374:
18265:
17306:
14848:
12812:
12734:
11476:
10682:
9949:
8388:
7936:
Guinan, E. F.; Ribas, I. (2002). Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan (ed.).
7336:
7303:
7269:
7235:
7201:
7167:
7133:
7099:
7063:
6994:
6173:
5243:
4699:
4287:
4176:
3608:. More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with
3403:
that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid
3400:
3112:
3011:
2923:
2536:
2196:) in the upper atmosphere. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the
2028:
in composition, formed by the partial melting of this mafic crust. The presence of grains of the
1964:
1899:
1143:
1112:
678:
406:
275:
249:
159:
140:
17247:"ESPI Evening Event "Seeing Our Planet Whole: A Cultural and Ethical View of Earth Observation""
15608:
14963:
10151:
5330:
4961:. Earth's life has also over time greatly diversified, allowing the biosphere to have different
4627:
emitted from the surface, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide,
3630:
that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within Earth. Near Earth's surface,
22419:
22357:
22305:
22295:
22280:
22231:
22091:
22021:
21437:
21125:
20559:
19973:
19911:
19859:
19849:
19834:
19785:
19645:
19575:
18991:
18679:
18464:
15511:
15472:
15400:
15328:
14934:
14928:
12681:
12095:
10743:
10219:
9579:"Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere"
8861:
8468:
8282:
7875:"Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites"
7443:
5273:
4990:
4947:
4596:
4385:
4246:
3827:
3788:). Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to
3769:
3686:
3279:
2789:
2363:
2279:
1919:
1817:
1544:
1319:
1187:
975:
31:
22340:
21145:
21137:
21134:
19894:
18699:
18691:
18688:
17022:
17016:
14534:
12024:(1981). "Oceans and Continents: Similarities and Differences in the Mechanisms of Heat Loss".
11910:
10714:"Seeing Forests for the Trees and the Carbon: Mapping the World's Forests in Three Dimensions"
10637:
10567:
6713:
6671:
6203:
3368:
Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their
23093:
22858:
22785:
22712:
22586:
22439:
22402:
22290:
22285:
21085:
20508:
20339:
20266:
20140:
19993:
19956:
19844:
19839:
18639:
18607:
18521:
18427:
18351:
18346:
17821:
17316:
16256:
15086:
14650:
13968:
12947:
12885:
11244:; Williams, Ian S. (1999). "Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada".
10276:
10047:
8259:
7311:
7277:
7243:
7209:
7175:
7141:
7107:
6946:
6908:
6335:
5295:
Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans, including food, wood,
4958:
4052:, when Earth's rotational axis is aligned with its orbital axis. In the Northern Hemisphere,
3559:
3505:
is composed of various oxides of eleven elements, principally oxides containing silicon (the
3408:
3357:
3344:
3191:
3078:
2252:
2209:
1233:
1045:
781:
370:
22454:
20008:
17222:
17187:
16963:
15449:
15383:(2001). "Biogenic Methane, Hydrogen Escape, and the Irreversible Oxidation of Early Earth".
14432:
13684:
13457:
13393:"Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit"
13369:
11898:
8753:
7849:
7612:
6093:
5842:
4591:
the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today. This change enabled the proliferation of
4291:
4091:. Earth's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length-of-day variation.
22347:
22300:
21957:
21409:
21374:
21369:
21263:
21214:
21187:
21143:
21122:
20667:
20575:
19901:
19854:
19511:
18963:
18928:
18923:
18817:
18768:
18741:
18697:
18676:
18410:
17982:
17934:
17706:
17589:
17137:
17086:
16895:
16750:
16481:
15880:
15869:"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming"
15484:
15392:
15344:
15199:
15150:
14895:
14479:
13706:
13646:
13453:
13404:
13250:
13179:
13043:
12726:
12509:
12232:
12110:
12068:
12033:
11978:
11939:
11894:
11793:
11638:
11584:
11520:
11372:
11331:
11253:
11188:
10923:
10782:
10419:
10346:
10125:
10011:
10000:"The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans"
9814:
9753:
9704:
9593:
9518:
9466:
9403:
9344:
9272:
9130:
9029:
8925:
8870:
8793:
8695:
8632:
8597:
8460:
8404:
8341:
8274:
8224:
8146:
8081:
7945:
7886:
7845:
7714:
7653:
7567:
7516:
7455:
7367:
7002:
6834:
6623:
6382:
6089:
5838:
5776:
5422:
5396:
5362:
4541:
4429:(covering only 2.8% of Earth's land) and other small forms of fresh water deposits such as
4264:
4256:
4084:
3998:
3915:
3703:
3318:
3305:
3195:
3175:
3104:
3089:
3045:
2982:
2919:
2694:
2197:
2002:
1370:
1362:
1178:
is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing
1136:
864:
510:
199:
21126:
21124:
18680:
18678:
17435:
The Nine Planets, A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System: one star, eight planets, and more
12059:
Watts, A. B.; Daly, S. F. (May 1981). "Long wavelength gravity and topography anomalies".
11320:"Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no-net-rotation reference frame"
5720:
are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.
5441:
4087:. In addition to an annual component to this motion, there is a 14-month cycle called the
4026:
faces the Sun. In each instance, winter occurs simultaneously in the opposite hemisphere.
3127:, two plates slide past one another laterally. Along these plate boundaries, earthquakes,
2650:
8:
22989:
22906:
22799:
22688:
22526:
22499:
22449:
22253:
21711:
21404:
21256:
20878:
20813:
20522:
20353:
20242:
20080:
20053:
20003:
19807:
19265:
18958:
18810:
18516:
18333:
18317:
18125:
18082:
17916:
17859:
17701:
17693:
17669:
15864:
15699:
15571:
14685:
13592:
13441:
11481:
10085:
9335:
8973:
8686:
8126:
5404:
5185:
4986:
4788:
4576:
4508:
4322:
4161:
4103:
4023:
4019:
4011:
3862:
3759:
3214:
in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between
3116:
2706:
2702:
2667:
2558:
2532:
2491:
2331:
2138:
2079:
2078:, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. Over
1986:
1936:
1826:
1476:
1257:
1171:
1064:
971:
288:
21607:
21486:
19161:
19040:
17141:
17090:
16899:
16485:
15893:
15884:
15868:
15496:
15488:
15396:
15348:
15203:
15154:
14899:
14818:
14623:
14483:
13710:
13650:
13408:
13254:
13183:
12730:
12513:
12236:
12114:
12080:
12072:
12037:
11982:
11943:
11797:
11642:
11596:
11588:
11524:
11376:
11335:
11257:
10927:
10786:
10423:
10245:
10015:
9818:
9757:
9708:
9597:
9578:
9522:
9470:
9407:
9348:
9276:
9134:
9033:
8929:
8874:
8797:
8699:
8636:
8464:
8408:
8345:
8278:
8228:
8150:
8130:
8085:
7949:
7942:
ASP Conference Proceedings: The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments
7890:
7718:
7657:
7571:
7520:
7459:
7371:
6870:
6838:
6627:
6524:
6433:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group (2004).
6386:
5780:
5465:
in many religions involve the creation of Earth by a supernatural deity or deities. The
5427:
4863:
The upper atmosphere, the atmosphere above the troposphere, is usually divided into the
998:. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of
22918:
22779:
22649:
22596:
22474:
22444:
22352:
22165:
21296:
21127:
20604:
20502:
20333:
20203:
20150:
20028:
19998:
19906:
19719:
18850:
18681:
18566:
17994:
17601:
17217:
17182:
17155:
16958:
16919:
16710:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.).
16583:
16497:
15960:"Introduction to Human Evolution | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program"
15639:
15426:
14784:
14759:
14515:
14217:
13891:
13724:
13696:
13664:
13636:
13527:
13422:
13203:
13137:
12712:"The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets"
12654:
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temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.
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4588:
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around two-thirds of Earth's surface, more so over oceans than land. The height of the
4195:
4157:
3891:
3890:
Earth orbits the Sun, making Earth the third-closest planet to the Sun and part of the
3789:
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3155:
old. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and is estimated to be
3120:
2833:
2718:
2714:
2547:
2524:
Earth's western hemisphere showing topography relative to Earth's center instead of to
2437:
2343:
2319:
2278:, which are early oxygen-producing forms of life from billions of years ago. After the
2229:
1880:
1872:
1225:
1206:
21580:
21543:
19134:
19097:
16493:
14343:
13937:
13002:"Croll Revisited: Why is the Northern Hemisphere Warmer than the Southern Hemisphere?"
11751:
11661:
11626:
11546:
11395:
11360:
9356:
8707:
8353:
7644:(2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation".
6453:. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie. p. 12.
6117:
5697:, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the
3493:(1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to
2898:
is the outermost layer of Earth's land surface and is composed of soil and subject to
22639:
22209:
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13858:
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11994:
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9047:
8941:
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8711:
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8490:
8430:
8240:
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7953:
7922:
7910:
7902:
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7585:
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7404:
7292:
7067:
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7006:
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6852:
6719:
6677:
6653:
6641:
6454:
6408:
6398:
6283:
6277:
6209:
5788:
5657:
5606:
5566:
5480:
5392:
5366:
5358:, increased risk of drought and wildfires, and migration of species to colder areas.
5309:
5200:
5114:, increased risk of drought and wildfires, and migration of species to colder areas.
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4620:
4592:
4488:
4242:
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1979:
was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the
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1343:
1291:
1190:
1108:
443:
387:
130:
91:
21663:
19217:
16883:
16289:
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14366:
14224:. Marine science series (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 35.
13668:
13426:
13262:
12471:
12138:
11821:
10432:
10407:
10024:
9999:
9915:
9836:
9775:
9312:
8953:
8644:
8482:
8176:
5299:, oxygen, and the recycling of organic waste. The land-based ecosystem depends upon
2520:
1244:
in Africa and have spread across every continent on Earth. Humans depend on Earth's
1174:
around its own axis in slightly less than a day (in about 23 hours and 56 minutes).
22894:
22882:
22700:
22504:
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22387:
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19015:
18855:
18720:
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18236:
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18137:
18004:
17989:
17866:
17846:
17788:
17349:. Indianapolis, IN and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 53.
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15898:
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15677:
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14814:
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13654:
13550:
13461:
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9474:
9411:
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9290:
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9138:
9055:
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9009:
8982:
8933:
8886:
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8703:
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8478:
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8349:
8292:
8232:
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8122:
8089:
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6390:
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had been the last continent to see a first and until today limited human presence.
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2013:
2009:
1968:
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1507:
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995:
757:
640:
314:
123:
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8236:
7769:
7467:
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21977:
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19541:
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19321:
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19270:
19258:
19212:
19200:
19104:
19087:
19047:
19025:
19020:
18561:
18394:
18341:
18132:
18115:
18072:
18062:
17954:
17340:
17277:"Two early images of Earth that bolstered the environmental movement – CBC Radio"
17150:
17125:
16527:
15753:
15376:
14564:
14459:
14076:
13554:
13466:
11990:
11056:
10215:
10147:
9973:"Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model"
9972:
9662:
9086:"Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago"
7726:
7439:
7396:
7088:
6550:
6498:
6350:
5709:
5503:
5476:
5466:
5458:
5446:
5436:
5215:
5189:
5139:
5123:
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that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.
4616:
4457:
4449:
4283:
4279:
4268:
4088:
4057:
4053:
4007:
3636:
3609:
3203:
3187:
3124:
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3002:
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of Earth's land surface. The submarine terrain of the ocean floor has an average
2785:
2781:
2562:
2505:
2383:
2359:
2314:, much of Earth might have been covered in ice. This hypothesis has been termed "
2244:
2158:
2134:
2075:
1868:
1565:
1487:
1398:
1347:
1331:
1147:
1037:
1006:
829:
664:
625:
56:
22937:
16029:"World population in 2100 could be 2 billion below UN forecasts, study suggests"
13795:
11519:. AGU Reference Shelf. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
7156:
6381:. AGU Reference Shelf. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
4954:
on Earth and has eventually expanded globally forming an overarching biosphere.
4938:
vegetation on land (low in brown; heavy in dark green) and phytoplankton at the
3764:
3665:
The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, the site of a
521:
23098:
22930:
22870:
22846:
22555:
22335:
22325:
22263:
22126:
22053:
22014:
21935:
21908:
21762:
21736:
21626:
21597:
21575:
21565:
21555:
21508:
20109:
19889:
19879:
19817:
19680:
19607:
19568:
19489:
19462:
19316:
19290:
19180:
19151:
19129:
19119:
19109:
19062:
18246:
18165:
18155:
18019:
18014:
17773:
17763:
17662:
17173:
17074:
17046:
16601:
16375:
16230:
16128:
15860:
14262:
13620:
13191:
12021:
11365:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
11241:
10773:
Obu, J. (2021). "How Much of the Earth's Surface is Underlain by Permafrost?".
10493:(6534). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1088–1089.
9853:
9415:
9265:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
9261:"Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history"
8670:
6951:
6907:
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008).
6593:
5694:
5534:
5526:
5499:
5454:
5370:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5325:
5296:
5239:
5231:
5111:
5099:
5091:
4900:
4748:
4624:
4473:
3977:
3934:
3730:
3569:, twice the present-day heat would have been produced, increasing the rates of
3179:
3136:
3056:
2962:
2899:
2868:. The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 m (2,615 ft).
2773:
2737:
2663:
2586:
2578:
2539:, with an average diameter of 12,742 kilometres (7,918 mi), making it the
2525:
2315:
2307:
2174:
allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant
2171:
2083:
1960:
1907:
1898:
Estimates of the age of the Moon range from 4.5 Ga to significantly younger. A
1884:
1556:
1550:
1361:
Historically, "Earth" has been written in lowercase. Beginning with the use of
1295:
1277:
1269:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1096:
1092:
917:
215:
113:
50:
17625:
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16907:
16098:
15163:
15138:
14908:
14883:
14713:
14492:
14467:
12122:
9717:
9692:
8451:(2011). "Secular Trends in the Geologic Record and the Supercontinent Cycle".
8296:
8135:"Heterogeneous Hadean hafnium: evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5 ga"
7580:
7555:
7504:
4702:
that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.
4673:'s band of clouds over the Eastern Pacific and the Americas as seen from space
3842:. Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms.
23087:
22654:
22634:
22214:
21947:
21930:
21751:
21668:
21631:
21602:
21592:
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20208:
20188:
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19484:
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19003:
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18322:
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17876:
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17403:
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17106:
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16041:
15912:
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15172:
14924:
14511:
14434:
Meteorology: An Educator's Resource for Inquiry-Based Learning for Grades 5–9
13531:
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12452:
12262:
11445:
11076:
10802:
10606:
10506:
10441:
10033:
9726:
9423:
9051:
9018:"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon"
8945:
8777:
8448:
8033:
7999:
7906:
7734:
7589:
7547:
7419:
6856:
6645:
6367:
5747:
5739:
5677:
5561:
5519:
5462:
5227:
5204:
5075:
5028:
4994:
4939:
4823:
4792:
4760:
4718:
4632:
4522:
4441:
4426:
4346:, the oldest satellite currently in orbit, and over 16,000 pieces of tracked
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4076:
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3171:
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crust. Beneath the ocean-floor sediments, the oceanic crust is predominantly
2927:
2876:
2865:
2809:
2793:
2761:
2757:
2741:
2582:
2509:
2256:
2217:
2130:
2029:
1339:
1253:
1241:
1210:
1159:
1128:
1116:
1049:
987:
872:
261:
16571:
15414:
15302:
14502:
13912:
13895:
13719:
13685:"Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3, the smallest and closest Earth quasi-satellite"
12045:
11651:
10498:
9766:
9741:
9606:
9285:
9143:
9042:
8559:
8159:
8134:
8024:
7974:
7898:
7340:
5999:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{3\cdot 332,946}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}=0.01}
5098:. Human activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which cause
4548:
of about 8.5 km (5.3 mi). A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084%
3596:. A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by
2410:
Earth's expected long-term future is tied to that of the Sun. Over the next
2374:
and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues to this day.
22942:
22732:
22718:
22509:
22464:
22121:
22004:
21898:
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21821:
21641:
21619:
21570:
21528:
21513:
21498:
21364:
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21108:
20974:
20960:
20640:
20455:
20441:
20286:
20272:
20063:
20018:
19675:
19558:
19452:
19392:
19375:
19195:
19173:
19124:
19082:
19067:
19052:
18918:
18877:
18842:
18662:
18571:
18556:
18329:
18312:
18218:
18180:
18170:
18160:
18100:
17881:
17726:
17716:
16579:
16023:
15635:
15576:
15422:
13583:
13442:"A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth"
13357:
13199:
12355:
12130:
11998:
11857:(2 ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 137.
11813:
11805:
11670:
11404:
11385:
10907:
Hooke, Roger LeB.; Martín-Duque, José F.; Pedraza, Javier (December 2012).
10514:
9625:
9431:
9304:
9162:
9069:
8900:
8852:
8715:
8578:
8434:
8416:
8244:
8168:
8051:
7914:
7673:
7551:
7026:
6709:
6667:
6199:
5760:
5743:
5369:, climate change, chemical pollution, destruction of wild habitats and the
4966:
4872:
4864:
4852:
4836:
4741:
4545:
4530:
4484:
4422:
4406:
4373:
4347:
4295:
4260:
4226:
4214:
4169:
4130:
4080:
4042:
3899:
3681:
3627:
3605:
3597:
3574:
3543:
3389:
3211:
2821:
2551:
2497:
2275:
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1915:
1902:
is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a
1888:
1864:
1834:
1822:
1390:
1286:
1217:
1163:
983:
17383:
15707:
15275:
14478:(7). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 3826–3852.
14229:
12575:
12541:
12253:
11265:
9364:
8882:
8782:"On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere"
7874:
7444:"The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved"
6525:"Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1)"
5264:
5158:
and with the advent of agriculture in the 10th millennium BC increasingly
4827:
Earth's night-side upper atmosphere appearing from the bottom as bands of
3653:
3007:
2938:, while the continental crust may include lower density materials such as
1095:
and, together with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly
87:
22773:
22767:
22550:
22538:
22533:
22484:
22459:
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22372:
22367:
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20808:
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20327:
20321:
20104:
20092:
20087:
20038:
20013:
19983:
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19921:
19746:
19660:
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19580:
19457:
19282:
19205:
19168:
19057:
18576:
18551:
17977:
17783:
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17577:
was created from a revision of this article dated 22 April 2021
16334:"What are the consequences of the overexploitation of natural resources?"
15856:
15212:
15187:
14879:
14676:
13417:
13392:
12244:
11773:
Alfè, D.; Gillan, M. J.; Vočadlo, L.; Brodholt, J.; Price, G. D. (2002).
11344:
11319:
10794:
9574:
8848:
8739:
8541:"Causes of ice age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition"
7637:
7034:
6343:
5856:
5556:
5530:
5285:
5277:
5211:, a tiny fraction of whom have reached another celestial body, the Moon.
5071:
4885:
4832:
4764:
4706:
4613:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4544:
at Earth's sea level averages 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi), with a
4518:
4434:
4410:
4381:
4377:
4363:
4230:
4210:) there were 400±7 days in a year, with each day lasting 21.9±0.4 hours.
4199:
4191:
4038:
3961:
3795:
3551:
3547:
3219:
3207:
3108:
2966:
2958:
2911:
2903:
2733:
2729:
2678:
2655:
2645:
2186:
2150:
2122:
1994:
1952:
1876:
1808:
1394:
1281:
1256:, threatening the livelihood of humans and many other forms of life, and
1229:
1084:
1072:
1029:
990:. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering
979:
904:
794:
773:
763:
16501:
16469:
12297:
8215:
Hurley, P. M.; Rand, J. R. (June 1969). "Pre-drift continental nuclei".
4595:
and, indirectly, the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent
3531:
from Earth's interior to the surface of Earth's crust, mostly along the
3167:, indicating that at least some continental crust existed at that time.
22792:
22739:
22479:
22058:
21636:
21025:
20906:
20591:
20515:
20462:
20346:
20293:
20033:
19612:
19190:
18541:
18536:
18067:
18034:
18009:
17811:
17721:
17126:"Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis"
16849:"Chemical pollution has passed safe limit for humanity, say scientists"
16816:"We've crossed four of nine planetary boundaries. What does this mean?"
16679:
16410:
16069:"MAP OF THE DAY: Pretty Much Everyone Lives In The Northern Hemisphere"
14962:. UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from
13361:
10935:
8674:
6847:
6822:
6612:"Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation"
5713:
5698:
5511:
5507:
5495:
5163:
5083:
5009:
4868:
4843:(pink area) extends to the orange and faintly green line of the lowest
4840:
4812:
4800:
4752:
4733:
4710:
4453:
4430:
4398:
4343:
4326:
4183:
4098:. In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around 3 January, and its
4095:
3973:
3942:
3926:
3803:
3738:
3658:
3440:
3404:
3147:
2974:
2954:
2946:
2895:
2884:
2872:
2864:, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of
2829:
2801:
2671:
2641:
2629:
2621:
2590:
2574:
2480:
2394:
2212:
by the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface. Among the earliest
1980:
1944:
1088:
1053:
1014:
731:
461:
22972:
17487:
An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter
16609:
13298:"Tidally locked exoplanets may be more common than previously thought"
11951:
11419:
3945:
some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the
2569:; its diameter is 43 kilometres (27 mi) longer there than at its
1314:
1067:, which sustains Earth's surface conditions and protects it from most
22753:
22746:
22175:
22141:
21972:
21893:
21816:
21811:
21782:
21523:
21476:
21345:
21328:
20984:
20946:
20901:
20891:
20831:
20652:
20476:
20469:
20307:
20300:
19729:
19695:
19526:
19447:
19370:
19365:
19336:
19077:
19030:
18899:
18882:
18546:
18257:
17999:
17944:
17929:
17901:
17871:
17798:
17731:
16605:
16338:
16132:
13922:
13760:
13166:"Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth's basal mantle anomalies"
9478:
9013:
8937:
8361:
7665:
5717:
5690:
5610:
5289:
5272:
Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed
5159:
5067:
5047:
5039:
4951:
4921:
4876:
4828:
4737:
4572:
4517:
A view of Earth with different layers of its atmosphere visible: the
4495:, with possibly even more volume than Earth's ocean, all of them are
4339:
4310:
4203:
3981:
3969:
3907:
3876:
3714:
3578:
3528:
3490:
3474:
3457:
3128:
2970:
2880:
2837:
2805:
2745:
2710:
2460:
2403:
2291:
2221:
2201:
2064:
2046:
2033:
1940:
1848:
1351:
1245:
1068:
1018:
999:
832:
61:
23074:
21777:
20391:
19331:
17610:
17430:
15756:; Fleming, Lora; Solo-Gabriele, Helena; Gerwick, William H. (2011).
12790:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 291–292.
11969:(1989). "Flood Basalts and Hot-Spot Tracks: Plume Heads and Tails".
7379:
5518:
until the 16th century, when scientists first concluded that it was
4721:
are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the
4513:
4448:, bodies of ice that flow under the influence of their own gravity.
4368:
2208:
became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful
23040:
22889:
22841:
22806:
22644:
22111:
21967:
21952:
21687:
21394:
21242:
21035:
20979:
20911:
20846:
20732:
20720:
20692:
20529:
20360:
20198:
19665:
19521:
19506:
19241:
18948:
18796:
17308:
Earthly Things: Immanence, New Materialisms, and Planetary Thinking
16820:
15627:
13978:
13701:
13499:
11744:"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought"
9531:
9506:
8121:
7979:
7834:"Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to Earth"
6636:
6611:
5284:
bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of
5259:
5226:
exist today, with only parts of Antarctica and a few small regions
5063:
5059:
5013:
4974:
4970:
4896:
4556:, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules.
4549:
4468:
4338:
As of September 2021, there are 4,550 operational, human-made
4300:
4099:
4068:
3946:
3937:, the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all
3884:
3872:
3734:
3722:
3450:
3373:
3369:
2861:
2857:
2825:
2817:
2765:
2698:
2418:
by 40%. Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the
2247:
found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. The
2232:
2095:
1871:
by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a
1076:
1002:
947:
890:
328:
23057:
23023:
15188:"Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station, Antarctica"
13683:
Marcos, C. de la Fuente; Marcos, R. de la Fuente (8 August 2016).
13641:
11532:
9809:
7709:
6394:
5920:{\displaystyle R_{H}=a\left({\frac {m}{3M}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}
5019:
4930:
3776:
Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is
3523:
2350:, lizards and birds. Mammalian life has diversified over the past
23006:
22048:
22036:
21962:
21355:
21333:
21208:
21193:
21030:
21018:
20956:
20886:
20861:
20821:
20800:
20770:
19602:
19590:
19516:
18909:
18887:
18762:
18747:
18531:
18526:
18092:
17969:
17939:
17755:
17736:
16877:
16534:(second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–294.
14681:"Where, exactly, is the edge of space? It depends on who you ask"
14569:
Causes and Environmental Implications of Increased UV-B Radiation
12971:"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate"
12889:
10736:
10569:
The New World History: A Field Guide for Teachers and Researchers
10369:
9392:"Postcranial evidence of late Miocene hominin bipedalism in Chad"
9114:
6823:"Estimation of the absolute surface air temperature of the Earth"
5614:
5418:
5300:
5147:
5095:
5055:
5051:
5043:
4844:
4653:
4649:
4628:
4526:
4461:
4445:
4418:
4414:
4342:
orbiting Earth. There are also inoperative satellites, including
4251:
4083:
has multiple, cyclical components, which collectively are termed
4049:
3933:, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the
3880:
3741:, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing an
3539:
3486:
3470:
3381:
3132:
2986:
2978:
2939:
2853:
2841:
2797:
2682:
2601:
2295:
2267:
2114:
2103:
2091:
2056:
2052:
1998:
1041:
941:
935:
613:
498:
424:
133:
18456:
15827:. MIT Press. pp. 52, 66, 69, 137, 142, 185, 202, 355, 366.
15752:
13525:
13239:"Tides, tidalites, and secular changes in the Earth–Moon system"
12324:
11718:"Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core"
10485:
Voosen, Paul (9 March 2021). "Ancient Earth was a water world".
5765:
Chorowicz, Jean (October 2005). "The East African rift system".
2902:
processes. Soil is crucial for land to be arable. Earth's total
2836:. These landmasses are further broken down and grouped into the
2094:, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form
1252:. Humanity's current impact on Earth's climate and biosphere is
1170:, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution.
22489:
21680:
21675:
21389:
21384:
21350:
21338:
21283:
21235:
21228:
21203:
21198:
21077:
21013:
21006:
20715:
20710:
20684:
20043:
19234:
19229:
18943:
18938:
18904:
18892:
18837:
18789:
18782:
18757:
18752:
18631:
17959:
17826:
17806:
17629:
15116:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 159.
14440:. NASA/Langley Research Center. p. 6. NP-2006-08-97-LaRC.
9691:
Mello, Fernando de Sousa; Friaça, Amâncio César Santos (2020).
9330:
8386:
7330:
6990:
5219:
4998:
4856:
4218:
4182:
The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes
3671:
3482:
3478:
3466:
2935:
2888:
2845:
2740:, and Arctic Ocean, from largest to smallest. The ocean covers
2347:
2213:
2060:
2025:
1812:
1179:
1080:
1025:
963:
929:
897:
748:
573:
477:
17644:
Interactive 3D visualization of the Sun, Earth and Moon system
17388:(1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 26–31.
16137:"What share of people will live in urban areas in the future?"
15064:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 46.
15039:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 34.
15014:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 32.
14989:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 49.
14431:
Exline, Joseph D.; Levine, Arlene S.; Levine, Joel S. (2006).
12657:. NASA. See the apparent diameters on the Sun and Moon pages.
11289:"Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center"
8969:"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth"
7509:
Differentiation: Building the Internal Architecture of Planets
6744:
5008:
can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain a
4987:
forests, particularly in equatorial, warm and humid conditions
4440:
In Earth's coldest regions, snow survives over the summer and
3509:), aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium.
2844:
of the land surface varies greatly and consists of mountains,
1763:
1727:
1645:
1516:
1420:
22948:
21806:
21379:
21306:
21221:
21171:
21043:
21001:
20994:
20989:
20826:
20780:
20700:
19360:
18933:
18860:
18775:
18725:
18147:
17924:
17906:
17746:
17648:
9169:
7872:
7828:
5525:
It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized
5450:
5129:
4962:
4908:
4755:
causing mountainous areas to be colder than low-lying areas.
4636:
4553:
4172:
3573:
and plate tectonics, and allowing the production of uncommon
3498:
3218:. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the
2849:
2633:
2605:
2039:
suggests that at least some felsic crust existed as early as
2017:
1956:
1624:
1537:
1472:
1310:
1237:
1198:
1183:
1010:
911:
358:
246:
83:
17211:
Boulton, Matthew Myer; Heithaus, Joseph (24 December 2018).
16291:
Politics and Process at the United Nations: The Global Dance
16168:
Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
14367:"Tour of Water in the Solar System – U.S. Geological Survey"
14108:"How Much Water is There on Earth? – U.S. Geological Survey"
14016:"Chart: Globally, 70% of Freshwater is Used for Agriculture"
13439:
11030:"Terrestrial Impact Cratering and Its Environmental Effects"
8506:"When and how did the ice age end? Could another one start?"
5702:
4037:
there is no daylight at all for part of the year, causing a
3879:) are not the same as the four seasonal extreme points, the
3384:
solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the
3139:
formation can occur. The tectonic plates ride on top of the
2467:. Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1
2318:", and it is of particular interest because it preceded the
1951:
into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids,
21432:
21316:
21181:
20921:
20856:
20851:
20841:
20836:
20705:
18986:
18870:
18735:
18198:
17816:
17605:
16758:
16707:
16639:
15358:
10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1118:TAOHIT>2.0.CO;2
14877:
14721:
10537:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: GalAPAGoS: Where Ridge Meets Hotspot"
10189:
10081:"Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations: Scale of the Himalayas"
8807:
10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2
6246:
5617:
of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.
5582:
Table of physical properties of planets in the Solar System
5400:
4780:
4670:
4560:
content varies between 0.01% and 4% but averages about 1%.
4144:
4126:
3976:
from its center. It is about 20 light-years above the
3867:
3717:
precedes the day-side magnetosphere within the solar wind.
2990:
2625:
2414:, solar luminosity will increase by 10%, and over the next
2299:
2071:, particularly during the early stages of Earth's history.
1903:
1769:
1766:
1754:
1718:
1695:
1692:
1680:
1671:
1648:
1612:
1606:
1586:
1580:
1532:
1522:
1452:
1446:
1423:
1393:, though "earth" and forms with "the earth" remain common.
1369:
as "the globe" was expressed as "the earth". By the era of
1355:
1335:
1327:
1202:
1194:
1162:, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight
923:
592:
393:
95:
16989:
Symbols – Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms
16878:
O'Neill, Daniel W.; Fanning, Andrew L.; Lamb, William F.;
16265:
The Discretely Plumper Second QI Book of General Ignorance
15924:
15922:
14465:
12298:"Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth's bow shock"
9946:"Exploring the Ocean Basins with Satellite Altimeter Data"
9505:
Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993).
8913:
8005:
6122:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
4747:
Further factors that affect a location's climates are its
3812:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
3709:
The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the
3411:. Earth's inner core may be rotating at a slightly higher
3159:
old. By comparison, the oldest dated continental crust is
2577:
variations. Though the largest local variations, like the
2262:
1829:
from which Earth and other Solar System bodies were formed
1513:
21161:
18715:
15581:
15333:"The Aeronomy of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere of the Earth"
15268:"Stratosphere and Weather; Discovery of the Stratosphere"
14882:; Pilewskie, Peter; Snow, Martin; Lindholm, Doug (2016).
12629:(4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p. 56.
12604:. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 48.
12496:; Hackman, Christine; Nelson, Robert A. (November 2008).
12218:
11772:
8847:
7545:
6875:
6786:
6250:
6026:
Anz-Meador, Phillip; Shoots, Debi, eds. (February 2018).
5828:
5729:
Source for minimum, mean, and maximum surface temperature
5281:
5004:
Earth provides liquid water—an environment where complex
4705:
The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the
4623:: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture
4388:
regions, its hydrosphere forms larger areas of ice cover.
3819:
2883:(10%, not including the equally large area of land under
2637:
2429:
concentration to levels lethally low for current plants (
2399:
2398:
Conjectured illustration of the scorched Earth after the
2355:
1963:
kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun
1603:
1577:
1091:
that cover most of the planet. The water vapor acts as a
967:
300:
17654:
17460:
Monroe, James; Wicander, Reed; Hazlett, Richard (2007).
15850:
15846:
15844:
15301:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from
13966:
13788:"2006 RH120 ( = 6R10DB9) (A second moon for the Earth?)"
13232:
12219:
Ganushkina, N. Yu; Liemohn, M. W.; Dubyagin, S. (2018).
11964:
11213:
10906:
10826:"What Percentage of the Earth's Land Surface is Desert?"
10399:
10268:
9568:
9504:
8324:
1213:
has made the Moon always face Earth with the same side.
16193:"Space: how far have we gone – and where are we going?"
16121:
15919:
15136:
12710:
Vázquez, M.; Rodríguez, P. Montañés; Palle, E. (2006).
12370:
11877:
11287:
Meschede, Martin; Barckhausen, Udo (20 November 2000).
10566:
Dunn, Ross E.; Mitchell, Laura J.; Ward, Kerry (2016).
9007:
8594:"Paleoclimatology – The Study of Ancient Climates"
8117:
8115:
5763:, which is being formed out of the African Plate. See:
4060:
is near 21 June, spring equinox is around 20 March and
3783:
3376:) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct
16105:. University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. Archived from
15475:(1976). "Hydrogen loss from the terrestrial planets".
13756:"First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last"
13350:
12946:. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Archived from
11517:
Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants
10705:
10278:
Rising Sea Levels: An Introduction to Cause and Impact
8538:
7944:. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
6913:. New York: United Nations (published 2010). Table 1.
6379:
Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants
5421:
have developed many views of the planet. The standard
4444:. This accumulated snow and ice eventually forms into
4413:. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in
4290:. There are at least five quasi-satellites, including
4236:
2604:
employs an idealized Earth producing a shape called a
2600:
To measure the local variation of Earth's topography,
2452:, due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges.
2204:. True multicellular organisms formed as cells within
2086:
that have subsequently broken apart. At approximately
1463:
has been used to denote personification of the Earth.
1111:
receiving more sunlight than the polar regions) drive
22830:
17459:
15841:
15712:(First ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand & Company.
13536:"Equilibrium rotational stability and figure of Mars"
12709:
12492:
12019:
11058:
Earth's Evolving Systems: The History of Planet Earth
9740:
Bounama, Christine; Franck, S.; Von Bloh, W. (2001).
9739:
9389:
8823:"Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land"
8325:
De Smet, J.; Van Den Berg, A.P.; Vlaar, N.J. (2000).
8006:
Trainer, Melissa G.; et al. (28 November 2006).
7632:
7630:
7222:
5945:
5939:
is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in AU is about
5865:
5689:
Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding
5613:. The quantities given are the values at the instant
5487:
globally, acknowledging the impact of humans and the
4255:
A computer-generated image mapping the prevalence of
4186:
on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its
2330:
and many minor ones. Apart from the proposed current
2051:
growth in the volume of continental crust during the
1772:
1730:
1683:
1651:
1455:
17489:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 117–118.
16548:
15787:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 3.
14069:
12705:
12703:
12198:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
11958:
11926:
11573:"Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Earth's Inner Core"
11501:
11475:
Micalizio, Caryl-Sue; Evers, Jeannie (20 May 2015).
10681:
Center, National Geophysical Data (19 August 2020).
9788:
8744:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted"
8183:
8112:
7546:
Tartèse, Romain; Anand, Mahesh; Gattacceca, Jérôme;
5377:
4855:(invisible). Continuing with green and red bands of
4709:
in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the
2251:
on Earth is contained in 3.45 billion-year-old
1906:-sized object with about 10% of Earth's mass, named
1760:
1751:
1724:
1715:
1698:
1689:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1642:
1449:
1443:
1417:
20383:
15991:"Various '7 billionth' babies celebrated worldwide"
13612:
12758:
12354:. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. Archived from
11766:
11627:"Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury"
11286:
10712:Carlowicz, Michael; Simmon, Robert (15 July 2019).
10683:"Hypsographic Curve of Earth's Surface from ETOPO1"
10281:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 20.
9782:
7605:"Controversial Moon Origin Theory Rewrites History"
7502:
7290:
6592:Special Publication 330. p. 52. Archived from
6360:
6167:
6165:
6163:
5190:
hemispherical predominance of the world's land mass
2981:driven by ice, water, wind and temperature; and by
2589:at its equatorial bulge, the summit of the volcano
1757:
1721:
1674:
1639:
1600:
1574:
1510:
1440:
1414:
1354:("Earth"), a giantess often given as the mother of
1248:and natural resources for their survival, but have
1216:Earth, like most other bodies in the Solar System,
30:"Planet Earth" redirects here. For other uses, see
16027:
15572:"Interdependency between animal and plant species"
15371:
14922:
14916:
14712:Erickson, Kristen; Doyle, Heather (28 June 2019).
14624:"Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition)"
14472:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
14430:
12602:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac
12377:Baumjohann, Wolfgang; Treumann, Rudolf A. (1997).
12376:
11677:
11620:
11618:
11122:
11095:
8596:. Page Paleontology Science Center. Archived from
8539:Chalk, Thomas B.; et al. (12 December 2007).
7627:
7347:
7291:
7257:
7223:
7189:
7155:
7121:
7087:
6718:(4th ed.). New York: AIP Press. p. 244.
6518:
6516:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6143:
5998:
5919:
2756:to a lesser extent. The oceanic crust forms large
1036:combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving
17385:Flat earth : the history of an infamous idea
16884:"A good life for all within planetary boundaries"
16678:
16403:"How Are Fossil Fuels Extracted From the Ground?"
15078:
14526:
13689:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
13629:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
12700:
11317:
10559:
9796:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9667:. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company.
9647:
9548:"Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?"
7694:
7256:
6372:"Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms"
5249:
4946:Earth is the only known place that has ever been
3146:As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is
23085:
17346:Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History
17119:
17010:
17008:
16437:"Electricity generation – what are the options?"
16159:
15365:
14365:Center, Astrogeology Science (14 October 2021).
13102:"Curious Kids: Why is the moon called the moon?"
12673:
12160:
11849:
11709:
11311:
10644:. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215.
10565:
9456:
8380:
8190:Rogers, John James William; Santosh, M. (2004).
7764:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 909–912.
7755:
7448:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
7188:
7120:
6863:
6025:
5506:, which was attributed to both the philosophers
5001:are relatively barren of plant and animal life.
21121:
18675:
17514:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–18.
17422:
17210:
17077:(1972). "Gaia as seen through the atmosphere".
16713:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
16255:
16103:"Distribution of landmasses of the Paleo-Earth"
16018:
16016:
15698:
15609:"On the Generality of the Latitudinal Gradient"
15600:
15143:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
14888:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
14615:
14130:
13938:"Third rock from the Sun – restless Earth"
13625:"A long-lived horseshoe companion to the Earth"
12935:
12593:
12564:"Rapid Service/Prediction of Earth Orientation"
12540:. Time Service Department, USNO. Archived from
11878:Vlaar, N; Vankeken, P.; Vandenberg, A. (1994).
11786:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
11631:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
11615:
11240:
11180:
11002:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
10711:
9998:Stewart, Heather A.; Jamieson, Alan J. (2019).
9997:
9964:
9846:"Hope dims that Earth will survive Sun's death"
9791:"Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited"
9586:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9233:Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Cambrian Explosion
9208:Climate Change and the Course of Global History
8776:
8734:
8732:
8208:
8012:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7966:
7554:; Snape, Joshua F.; Weiss, Benjamin P. (2019).
7086:
6774:
6513:
6140:
4499:under a kilometers thick frozen surface layer.
3657:A schematic view of Earth's magnetosphere with
3430:Abundance of the chemical elements § Earth
2144:
1859:the primordial Earth had formed. The bodies in
17616:Earth – Videos – International Space Station:
16942:
16651:IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land
15709:Ecology environmental science and conservation
15297:de Córdoba, S. Sanz Fernández (21 June 2004).
14951:
14807:
14779:
14777:
14590:
14588:
14563:
14557:
14426:
14424:
14422:
13883:
13233:Coughenour, Christopher L.; Archer, Allen W.;
12579:(.DAT file (displays as plaintext in browser))
12221:"Current Systems in the Earth's Magnetosphere"
11690:(2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p.
11474:
11411:
11352:
11318:Argus, D.F.; Gordon, R.G.; DeMets, C. (2011).
10775:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
10607:"Geography Facts about the World's Continents"
9789:Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (2008).
8814:
7596:
7550:; Mortimer, James I.; Pernet-Fisher, John F.;
7154:
6712:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.).
6670:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.).
6202:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.).
5268:Earth's land use for human agriculture in 2019
4835:in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and the
4350:. Earth's largest artificial satellite is the
4202:/yr—add up to significant changes. During the
3250:Illustration of Earth's cutaway, not to scale
1250:increasingly impacted the planet's environment
1052:capable of deflecting most of the destructive
21282:
21093:
20668:
20407:
18836:
18647:
18472:
18273:
17670:
17005:
16980:
15989:Gomez, Jim; Sullivan, Tim (31 October 2011).
15988:
15477:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
15470:
15317:
14823:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
14745:
14743:
14711:
14642:
14532:
13889:
13850:
13618:
13157:
13124:
12869:
12752:
12625:Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998).
12624:
12486:
12061:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
11207:
11149:
10957:
10598:
10448:
10114:"Did Edmund Hillary Climb the Wrong Mountain"
9939:
9686:
9684:
9562:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9459:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
9450:
9074:Early edition, published online before print.
8669:
8189:
7353:
6435:"General Definitions and Numerical Standards"
6018:
6009:
5753:
5315:
4535:altitude of 100 km, at the edge of space
4525:blue sky at the horizon, and a line of green
2796:is covered by seasonally variable amounts of
2090:, one of the earliest known supercontinents,
2008:As the molten outer layer of Earth cooled it
1040:, which interact to produce mountain ranges,
17311:. Fordham University Press. 3 October 2023.
16600:
16127:
16013:
15859:; Anderegg, William R. L.; Verheggen, Bart;
15290:
15259:
15192:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
15112:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
15060:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
15035:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
15010:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
14985:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
14626:. University of British Columbia, Okanagan.
14358:
14288:. NASA Astrobiology Magazine. Archived from
14277:
14210:
14099:
13682:
13356:
12786:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
11843:
11683:
11624:
11361:"Structural geology of the Earth's interior"
11214:Mueller, R. D.; et al. (7 March 2007).
11128:
11101:
10766:
9653:
9249:
8729:
8441:
8067:
7636:
7503:Righter, K.; Schonbachler, M. (7 May 2018).
6827:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
6817:
6603:
6527:. University of British Columbia, Okanagan.
5849:
5683:
4437:in the atmosphere, biological binding, etc.
3834:(when the Sun is at 90° on the equator), is
3380:solid crust, which is underlain by a highly
3243:
3210:off the west coast of South America and the
2595:the Ocean exhibits a more dynamic topography
2406:phase, about 5–7 billion years from now
2354:, and several million years ago, an African
2220:fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old
16807:
15825:The Human Impact on the Natural Environment
15510:Rutledge, Kim; et al. (24 June 2011).
15464:
15437:
15237:"Upper atmosphere Definition und Bedeutung"
14853:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
14774:
14585:
14419:
14331:
14304:
14246:
13433:
13164:Yuan, Qian; et al. (1 November 2023).
13039:"What's so special about our Moon, anyway?"
12944:"Earth Rotation and Equatorial Coordinates"
12648:
12646:
12618:
12395:
12166:
11920:
11564:
11129:Kious, W. J.; Tilling, R. I. (5 May 1999).
10635:
10572:. Univ of California Press. pp. 232–.
10338:
10274:
10238:
9935:
9933:
9868:
9733:
9690:
8770:
8133:; Holden, P.; Mojzsis, S. (December 2005).
8008:"Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth"
7935:
7822:
6976:
6974:
4859:stretching over several hundred kilometers.
4521:with its clouds casting shadows, a band of
3906:. Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean
2474:
2074:New continental crust forms as a result of
1609:
1583:
1560:) is rare, though the alternative spelling
1519:
1175:
1127:, and a range of weather phenomena such as
23104:Astronomical objects known since antiquity
21100:
21086:
20675:
20661:
20414:
20400:
18654:
18640:
18479:
18465:
18280:
18266:
17677:
17663:
17509:
17021:. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp.
16846:
16813:
16594:
16165:
15606:
15323:
15296:
14740:
14106:School, Water Science (13 November 2019).
13495:"Earth's moon may not be critical to life"
13328:"Lunar Phases and Eclipses | Earth's Moon"
13163:
12599:
12468:"Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere"
12459:
12426:
12187:
12013:
11871:
11684:Brown, Geoff C.; Mussett, Alan E. (1981).
11186:
11158:"The Structure of the Terrestrial Planets"
10900:
10817:
10478:
9681:
9493:
9210:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
8966:
8663:
8251:
8214:
8194:. Oxford University Press US. p. 48.
7386:
5522:, one of the planets of the Solar System.
5489:interconnectedness of Earth's environments
4985:reaches a peak in shallow waters and with
4713:in the mid-latitudes between 30° and 60°.
3099:Earth's mechanically rigid outer layer of
2985:including the growth and decomposition of
49:
17464:. Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 263–265.
17149:
16991:. New York: Ionfox AB. pp. 281–282.
16719:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
15904:1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6
15902:
15892:
15780:
15404:
15356:
15211:
15162:
15137:El Fadli, Khalid I.; et al. (2013).
15111:
15059:
15034:
15009:
14984:
14907:
14813:
14652:Climate Change and International Politics
14533:Geerts, B.; Linacre, E. (November 1997).
14501:
14491:
13921:
13911:
13851:Welch, Rosanne; Lamphier, Peg A. (2019).
13718:
13700:
13658:
13640:
13465:
13416:
12785:
12627:Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics
12530:
12521:
12432:
12349:
12322:
12252:
12167:Fitzpatrick, Richard (16 February 2006).
12093:
12058:
11706:Note: After Ronov and Yaroshevsky (1969).
11660:
11650:
11417:
11394:
11384:
11343:
11293:Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program
11280:
11246:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
11234:
10972:. Oregon State University. Archived from
10909:"Land transformation by humans: A review"
10431:
10105:
10048:"Is a Pool Ball Smoother than the Earth?"
10023:
9826:
9808:
9765:
9716:
9615:
9605:
9539:
9530:
9319:
9294:
9284:
9152:
9142:
9059:
9041:
8890:
8805:
8568:
8558:
8472:
8424:
8286:
8257:
8158:
8041:
8023:
7857:
7708:
7579:
7438:
7403:. California: Stanford University Press.
7395:
6910:Sources and effects of ionizing radiation
6846:
6635:
6543:
6488:
6331:
6329:
6243:"Horizons Batch Call for 2023 Perihelion"
5764:
5651:
5230:. Most of these states together form the
4847:, at about one hundred kilometers at the
4045:, where the sun remains visible all day.
3987:
2274:after Earth's formation, featuring round
1309:was used to translate the many senses of
22619:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
20173:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
17585:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
17568:
17073:
17045:
16986:
16467:
15509:
14884:"A Solar Irradiance Climate Data Record"
14621:
13534:; Richards, Mark A. (22 November 2007).
13390:
13036:
12904:
12875:
12719:Lecture Notes and Essays in Astrophysics
12679:
12652:
12643:
12193:
11507:
11438:
11162:Online Astronomy eText Table of Contents
11155:
10307:
10146:
9970:
9930:
9084:Tyrell, Kelly April (18 December 2017).
8619:Turner, Chris S.M.; et al. (2010).
8318:
6971:
6752:"Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures"
6708:
6666:
6660:
6609:
6569:
6522:
6482:
6426:
6366:
6198:
6171:
6075:
6073:
5391:
5329:
5263:
5133:
5018:
4934:An animation of the changing density of
4929:
4822:
4512:
4452:form in mountainous areas, whereas vast
4367:
4250:
4138:
3997:
3866:
3826:Earth's rotation period relative to the
3802:Earth's rotation period relative to the
3763:
3652:
3522:
3461:). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%
3006:
2677:
2649:
2519:
2393:
2261:
2168:last common ancestor of all current life
1985:
1821:A 2012 artistic impression of the early
1816:
1375:capitalization of nouns began to prevail
1305:. In its earliest attestation, the word
22815:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
21843:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
20538:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
20369:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
19397:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
17484:
17381:
17172:
17014:
16748:
16400:
16366:"13. Exploitation of Natural Resources"
16267:. Faber & Faber. pp. 116–117.
15676:. NASA, Lockheed Martin. Archived from
15665:
15448:. Ohio State University. Archived from
15084:
14791:. University of California, San Diego.
14216:
14191:
14166:
14044:
14013:
13530:; Matsuyama, Isamu; Perron, J. Taylor;
12913:"Animation of precession of moon orbit"
12878:"The Lengths of the Seasons (on Earth)"
12759:Astrophysicist team (1 December 2005).
12680:Williams, David R. (1 September 2004).
12653:Williams, David R. (10 February 2006).
12498:"The Physical Basis of the Leap Second"
12401:
12323:Gallagher, Dennis L. (14 August 2015).
12087:
11715:
10988:
10781:(5). American Geophysical Union (AGU).
10629:
10604:
9255:
9008:Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick;
8447:
8260:"The persistent myth of crustal growth"
8063:
8061:
7929:
7804:Universities Space Research Association
6702:
6355:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
6304:"Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011"
6275:
6269:
6192:
5605:All astronomical quantities vary, both
3423:
1594:rather than the more classical English
1467:is also the name of the planet in some
108:Earthly, terrestrial, terran, tellurian
14:
23086:
20682:
18287:
17428:
17317:10.5422/fordham/9781531503055.001.0001
17251:ESPI – European Space Policy Institute
16948:
16847:Carrington, Damien (18 January 2022).
16785:"The State of the Global Climate 2020"
16684:Take Shelter: At Home Around the World
16558:(2003). "Resources of the Sea Floor".
16526:
16401:Huebsch, Russell (29 September 2017).
16190:
16097:
16022:
15819:
15653:from the original on 22 September 2017
15443:
15234:
15185:
14783:
14758:. NASA/World Book, Inc. Archived from
14364:
14337:
14319:from the original on 16 September 2008
14252:
14105:
13492:
13295:
12999:
12941:
12295:
12148:from the original on 27 September 2019
11831:from the original on 30 September 2009
11358:
11054:
11021:
10693:from the original on 15 September 2017
10680:
10484:
10405:
9874:
9843:
9205:
9083:
8820:
8738:
8618:
8391:; Delavault, H.; Cawood, P.A. (2018).
7602:
7417:
6578:The international system of units (SI)
6326:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
5738:If Earth were shrunk to the size of a
4643:
3615:
3436:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
3123:, two plates are pulled apart; and at
2573:. Earth's shape furthermore has local
2326:, there have been at least five major
1549:
21081:
20656:
20600:History of the center of the Universe
20421:
20395:
20382:
18635:
18460:
18261:
17658:
17462:Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth
17363:from the original on 14 December 2023
16814:DiGirolamo, Mike (8 September 2021).
16660:from the original on 17 February 2020
16532:Earth: Evolution of a Habitable World
16287:
16048:from the original on 4 September 2020
15671:
15552:from the original on 17 November 2023
15265:
15247:from the original on 21 February 2023
14749:
14675:
14594:
14310:
14087:from the original on 28 February 2023
13995:from the original on 29 November 2020
13822:Nuclear Weapons & Global Security
13747:
13582:
13130:
13099:
13018:from the original on 7 September 2021
12923:from the original on 31 December 2010
12465:
12327:. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center.
11570:
11418:Robertson, Eugene C. (26 July 2001).
11104:"SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates"
11102:Brown, W. K.; Wohletz, K. H. (2005).
11083:from the original on 21 February 2023
10754:from the original on 27 November 2023
10724:from the original on 31 December 2022
10658:from the original on 21 February 2023
10586:from the original on 21 February 2023
10344:
10295:from the original on 21 February 2023
10111:
10078:
10060:from the original on 4 September 2014
9697:International Journal of Astrobiology
9545:
9371:from the original on 25 February 2007
9325:
9230:
9187:from the original on 7 September 2015
8821:Burton, Kathleen (29 November 2002).
7972:
7873:Piani, Laurette; et al. (2020).
7794:"Earth's Early Atmosphere and Oceans"
7482:from the original on 11 November 2007
7426:from the original on 23 December 2005
7025:
6732:from the original on 21 February 2023
6690:from the original on 21 February 2023
6523:Pidwirny, Michael (2 February 2006).
6489:Humerfelt, Sigurd (26 October 2010).
6276:Various (2000). David R. Lide (ed.).
6222:from the original on 21 February 2023
6115:
6079:
6070:
5821:
5529:was at least many millions of years.
5514:. Earth was generally believed to be
5012:. Plants and other organisms take up
4728:Earth receives 1361 W/m of
4491:showing signs of large reservoirs of
4380:, which dominate Earth's surface and
4056:currently occurs around 21 December;
3772:of Earth's rotation showing axis tilt
3748:
3226:
2800:that often connects with polar land,
2106:, which also began to break apart at
1568:, in which case its pronunciation is
1555:
1087:is widely present in the atmosphere,
340:Longitude of ascending node
22955:
18614:
18209:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
17512:Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth
17339:
17287:from the original on 27 January 2022
17257:from the original on 27 January 2022
16930:from the original on 1 February 2022
16828:from the original on 27 January 2022
16749:Lindsey, Rebecca (14 January 2009).
16706:
16638:
16554:
16508:from the original on 6 November 2020
16314:from the original on 17 October 2020
16147:from the original on 29 October 2020
16079:from the original on 19 January 2018
16066:
15970:from the original on 8 November 2023
15444:Abedon, Stephen T. (31 March 1997).
14923:Sadava, David E.; Heller, H. Craig;
14819:"The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation"
14728:from the original on 4 December 2021
14648:
14397:"Are there oceans on other planets?"
14377:from the original on 19 January 2022
14222:Practical handbook of marine science
14026:from the original on 6 December 2020
13948:from the original on 6 November 2015
13832:from the original on 25 January 2016
13810:
13753:
13735:from the original on 31 October 2020
13600:from the original on 15 October 2020
13507:from the original on 30 October 2020
13338:from the original on 16 October 2020
13277:from the original on 28 October 2012
13214:from the original on 2 November 2023
13145:from the original on 1 November 2023
13112:from the original on 8 November 2020
13081:from the original on 14 October 2020
13051:from the original on 6 November 2020
12981:from the original on 30 October 2020
12968:
12857:from the original on 22 October 2020
12810:
12381:. World Scientific. pp. 8, 31.
12350:Gallagher, Dennis L. (27 May 2015).
11716:Sanders, Robert (10 December 2003).
11456:from the original on 28 October 2020
11324:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
10823:
10605:Dempsey, Caitlin (15 October 2013).
10256:from the original on 9 December 2006
10226:from the original on 17 October 2020
10162:from the original on 30 January 2013
10093:from the original on 23 October 2020
8967:Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015).
8267:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
8068:McDonough, W.F.; Sun, S.-s. (1995).
8058:
7527:from the original on 6 November 2020
7312:participating institution membership
7278:participating institution membership
7244:participating institution membership
7210:participating institution membership
7176:participating institution membership
7142:participating institution membership
7108:participating institution membership
7060:The New Oxford Dictionary of English
7003:10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001
6959:from the original on 26 January 2023
6878:Weather and Climate Extremes Archive
6789:Weather and Climate Extremes Archive
6586:United States Department of Commerce
6531:from the original on 9 December 2006
6240:
6176:. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.
6172:Williams, David R. (16 March 2017).
6128:from the original on 29 October 2012
5670:
5620:
5599:
5403:astronaut, observing Earth from the
4206:period, for example, (approximately
4109:
2926:. Earth's crust may be divided into
1224:. During the first billion years of
1075:. It has a composition of primarily
978:. This is enabled by Earth being an
17441:from the original on 23 August 2000
16765:from the original on 2 October 2019
16751:"Climate and Earth's Energy Budget"
16730:from the original on 13 August 2021
16686:. Orca Book Publishers. p. 6.
16211:from the original on 6 October 2020
16191:Holmes, Oliver (19 November 2018).
15801:from the original on 10 August 2023
15497:10.1146/annurev.ea.04.050176.001405
15337:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
14933:(8th ed.). MacMillan. p.
14655:. Kalpaz Publications. p. 40.
14630:from the original on 15 August 2011
13871:from the original on 10 August 2023
13768:from the original on 26 August 2013
13308:from the original on 9 October 2020
12910:
12761:"Earth's location in the Milky Way"
12331:from the original on 28 August 2016
12081:10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.002215
11887:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
11724:from the original on 26 August 2013
11597:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054658
11426:from the original on 28 August 2011
11195:from the original on 31 August 2011
11187:Duennebier, Fred (12 August 1999).
11137:from the original on 10 August 2011
10945:from the original on 9 January 2018
10862:from the original on 2 October 2015
10836:from the original on 3 January 2023
10772:
10617:from the original on 26 August 2022
10387:from the original on 19 August 2022
10357:from the original on 27 August 2022
10326:from the original on 26 August 2022
10186:Ocean Surface Topography from Space
9979:from the original on 20 August 2011
9905:
9746:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
9438:from the original on 27 August 2022
8851:; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David;
8786:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
8585:
8503:
7838:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
7603:Reilly, Michael (22 October 2009).
6470:from the original on 12 August 2016
6296:
6100:
5308:were irrigated in 2015. Humans use
4818:
4799:around 55 °C (131 °F) in
4237:Asteroids and artificial satellites
3198:. Other notable plates include the
2918:, which together with parts of the
2820:, which are (in descending order):
2728:, and makes Earth with its dynamic
2235:found in 3.7 billion-year-old
1861:the Solar System formed and evolved
1389:, by analogy with the names of the
1154:of about 40,000 km. It is the
1009:. Most of Earth's land is somewhat
24:
21117:
18671:
17555:
17410:from the original on 31 March 2021
16859:from the original on 12 April 2022
16620:from the original on 11 April 2019
16166:Shayler, David; Vis, Bert (2005).
15997:. Associated Press. Archived from
15734:from the original on 31 March 2021
15186:Turner, John; et al. (2009).
14829:from the original on 27 March 2013
14795:from the original on 16 March 2013
14756:World Book Online Reference Center
14545:from the original on 27 April 2020
14283:
14057:from the original on 22 April 2015
13366:"Secular acceleration of the Moon"
13131:Chang, Kenneth (1 November 2023).
12827:from the original on 6 August 2023
12574:(15). 9 April 2015. Archived from
12304:from the original on 31 March 2021
12196:Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields
12175:from the original on 27 April 2020
12094:Olson, Peter; Amit, Hagay (2006).
11625:Morgan, J. W.; Anders, E. (1980).
11299:from the original on 8 August 2011
11222:from the original on 5 August 2011
11168:from the original on 22 March 2008
11106:. Los Alamos National Laboratory.
11032:. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.
10997:"Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks"
10994:
10313:
9975:. National Geodetic Survey, NOAA.
9844:Palmer, Jason (22 February 2008).
9546:Britt, Robert (25 February 2000).
9507:"Our Sun. III. Present and Future"
9096:from the original on 31 March 2021
8651:from the original on 31 March 2021
8514:American Museum of Natural History
8368:from the original on 31 March 2021
8306:from the original on 8 August 2017
7987:from the original on 27 April 2011
7859:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x
7418:Newman, William L. (9 July 2007).
6799:from the original on 23 March 2019
5162:Earth's land. In the 20th century
5117:
5108:melting of glaciers and ice sheets
3925:The Moon and Earth orbit a common
2996:
2516:List of highest mountains on Earth
2286:had cooled, its water-rich barren
2121:, and then intensified during the
2069:recycling of the continental crust
1925:
1787:
1156:densest planet in the Solar System
25:
23135:
20610:Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex
18486:
17532:
17018:Thematic Guide to World Mythology
16791:. 14 January 2021. Archived from
16789:World Meteorological Organization
16494:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-84
16449:from the original on 27 June 2019
16417:from the original on 27 June 2019
16382:from the original on 27 June 2019
16346:from the original on 27 June 2019
16237:from the original on 1 March 2023
15936:. 14 January 2019. Archived from
15760:. Elsevier Science. p. 212.
15588:from the original on 27 June 2019
15235:Morton, Oliver (26 August 2022).
15093:from the original on 2 April 2013
14957:
14539:Resources in Atmospheric Sciences
14407:from the original on 19 June 2017
14045:Perlman, Howard (17 March 2014).
13967:European Investment Bank (2019).
13754:Choi, Charles Q. (27 July 2011).
13493:Cooper, Keith (27 January 2015).
13000:Kang, Sarah M.; Seager, Richard.
12919:. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
12820:. The Aurora Research Institute.
12688:from the original on 13 June 2020
12661:from the original on 4 March 2016
12435:Origins of Magnetospheric Physics
12020:Sclater, John G; Parsons, Barry;
11110:from the original on 2 April 2016
11061:. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
11027:
10963:
10888:from the original on 13 July 2015
10314:Ro, Christine (3 February 2020).
10246:"8(o) Introduction to the Oceans"
10196:from the original on 29 July 2021
10053:. Billiards Digest. 1 June 2013.
9887:from the original on 3 March 2023
9357:10.1038/scientificamerican1094-84
8708:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90
8591:
8520:from the original on 27 June 2019
6927:from the original on 16 July 2019
6279:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
6048:from the original on 2 April 2019
5768:Journal of African Earth Sciences
5656:. CSIRO Publishing. p. 144.
5425:of Earth are a quartered circle,
5378:Cultural and historical viewpoint
5238:, which extends human governance
5112:global rise in average sea levels
4893:loss of the atmosphere into space
3966:sphere of gravitational influence
3898:(AU) and is equal to roughly 8.3
3642:
3584:The mean heat loss from Earth is
2485:
1947:. Water vapor from these sources
1833:The oldest material found in the
1218:formed 4.5 billion years ago
721:Equatorial rotation velocity
23066:
23049:
23032:
23015:
22998:
22981:
22964:
22936:
22924:
22912:
22900:
22888:
22876:
22864:
22852:
22840:
22706:
22694:
22682:
21107:
21062:
21061:
20635:
20623:
20260:
20248:
20236:
18661:
18613:
18601:
18590:
18589:
18441:
18440:
18385:D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle)
18380:660 discontinuity (upper mantle)
18375:410 discontinuity (upper mantle)
18242:
18241:
17745:
17567:
17503:
17478:
17453:
17375:
17333:
17299:
17269:
17239:
17204:
17166:
17113:
17067:
17039:
16871:
16840:
16777:
16742:
16700:
16672:
16632:
16520:
16461:
16429:
16394:
16358:
16326:
16281:
16249:
16231:"Member States | United Nations"
16223:
16184:
16091:
16060:
15982:
15952:
15813:
15774:
15746:
15692:
15564:
15534:
15522:from the original on 28 May 2022
15503:
15228:
15179:
15130:
15105:
15053:
15028:
15003:
14978:
14871:
14841:
14705:
14669:
14447:from the original on 28 May 2018
14389:
14338:Sample, Sharron (21 June 2005).
14196:. Boston: Cengage. p. 329.
14185:
14171:. Boston: Cengage. p. 330.
14160:
14148:from the original on 26 May 2022
14118:from the original on 9 June 2022
14038:
14014:Khokhar, Tariq (22 March 2017).
14007:
13960:
13930:
13844:
13780:
13676:
13660:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18595.x
13576:
13519:
13486:
13474:from the original on 17 May 2018
13440:Laskar, J.; et al. (2004).
13384:
13320:
13296:Kelley, Peter (17 August 2017).
13289:
13226:
13093:
13063:
13030:
12993:
12962:
12942:Fisher, Rick (5 February 1996).
12839:
12804:
12779:
12556:
12433:Van Allen, James Alfred (2004).
12414:from the original on 3 July 2016
12410:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
12352:"How the Plasmasphere is Formed"
12343:
12316:
12289:
12212:
12052:
11965:Richards, M. A.; Duncan, R. A.;
11736:
11510:"Crustal Structure of the Earth"
11489:from the original on 29 May 2022
11468:
11048:
11036:from the original on 13 May 2011
10874:
10848:
10674:
10529:
10275:Janin, H.; Mandia, S.A. (2012).
10208:
10174:
9828:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x
9635:from the original on 4 July 2009
9331:"The Evolution of Life on Earth"
9235:. Elsevier Science. p. 56.
7810:from the original on 8 July 2019
7031:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
6715:Allen's Astrophysical Quantities
6673:Allen's Astrophysical Quantities
6257:from the original on 3 July 2022
6205:Allen's Astrophysical Quantities
5808:
5795:
5789:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019
5473:Images of Earth taken from space
5440:
5426:
5156:humans have since been migrating
4973:and on land also with different
4915:
4680:
4662:
4156:The Moon is a relatively large,
4143:Earth and the Moon as seen from
3799:longer than the mean solar day.
3512:
2249:earliest direct evidence of life
2016:, which is thought to have been
1747:
1711:
1664:
1635:
1596:
1570:
1506:
1436:
1410:
1207:gradually slows Earth's rotation
22582:Gravitationally rounded objects
20384:Other articles related to Earth
20136:Gravitationally rounded objects
17950:Human impact on the environment
17622:on YouTube – Earth (time-lapse)
14859:from the original on 8 May 2013
14311:Scott, Michon (24 April 2006).
14253:Mullen, Leslie (11 June 2002).
13588:"The Solar Eclipse Coincidence"
13263:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.09.002
13100:Brown, Toby (2 December 2019).
13037:Klemetti, Erik (17 June 2019).
12969:Buis, Alan (27 February 2020).
12600:Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (1992).
12466:Stern, David P. (8 July 2005).
12194:Campbell, Wallace Hall (2003).
12026:Journal of Geophysical Research
11779:simulation of the Earth's core"
11750:. 25 April 2013. Archived from
11748:The European Synchrotron (ESRF)
11603:from the original on 7 May 2020
11216:"Age of the Ocean Floor Poster"
10882:"World Bank permanent cropland"
10642:Encyclopedia of World Geography
10433:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.11.017
10140:
10072:
10040:
10025:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896
9991:
9899:
9569:Li, King-Fai; Pahlevan, Kaveh;
9383:
9224:
9199:
9108:
9090:University of Wisconsin–Madison
9077:
9001:
8960:
8907:
8841:
8645:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.017
8612:
8532:
8497:
8483:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003
8100:from the original on 6 May 2023
7866:
7786:
7749:
7688:
7539:
7496:
7422:. Publications Services, USGS.
7318:
7284:
7250:
7216:
7182:
7148:
7114:
7080:
7051:
7019:
6939:
6900:
6888:from the original on 1 May 2018
6811:
6551:"Planetary Physical Parameters"
6180:from the original on 8 May 2013
5732:
5723:
5322:Human impact on the environment
4942:(low in purple; high in yellow)
3418:object with the highest density
3395:Beneath the lithosphere is the
3170:The seven major plates are the
3119:, two plates come together; at
2951:topography of the ocean surface
2528:, as in common topographic maps
1028:retain more water than Earth's
17891:
17779:Climate variability and change
17015:Stookey, Lorena Laura (2004).
16682:; Tate-Stratton, Dani (2014).
16297:. Lynne Reiner. pp. 1–4.
15873:Environmental Research Letters
14571:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
14535:"The height of the tropopause"
14194:Earth Science: An Introduction
14169:Earth Science: An Introduction
12851:Australian Antarctic Programme
12404:"Ionosphere and magnetosphere"
12296:Masson, Arnaud (11 May 2007).
9875:Horner, Jonti (16 July 2021).
8631:(27–28). Elsevier: 3677–3682.
8192:Continents and Supercontinents
8070:"The composition of the Earth"
7033:. Translated by Hall, Angela.
6758:. 18 July 2013. Archived from
6234:
5693:, and mapping conventions for
5485:action on environmental issues
5483:, humans have started to take
5250:Natural resources and land use
5246:, and therefore all of Earth.
5236:intergovernmental organization
4811:−89 °C (−128 °F) in
4775:system has five broad groups (
4689:Köppen climate classifications
4575:has significantly altered its
4357:
4018:is facing the Sun, and in the
3581:that are rarely formed today.
2266:An artist's impression of the
1997:, featuring its tinted orange
1471:, languages that evolved from
1258:causing widespread extinctions
1131:, allowing components such as
13:
1:
18204:Evolution of the Solar System
17604:– Solar System Exploration –
17429:Arnett, Bill (16 July 2006).
16468:Brimhall, George (May 1991).
15894:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002
15542:"NASA Astrobiology Institute"
14401:NOAA's National Ocean Service
13896:"The Volume of Earth's Ocean"
13826:Union of Concerned Scientists
13332:NASA Solar System Exploration
11515:. In Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.).
11131:"Understanding plate motions"
10345:Smith, Yvette (7 June 2021).
10152:"The 'Highest' Spot on Earth"
9971:Milbert, D. G.; Smith, D. A.
9850:NewScientist.com news service
9181:Lunar and Planetary Institute
8979:Mindspark Interactive Network
8354:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00055-X
8237:10.1126/science.164.3885.1229
7799:Lunar and Planetary Institute
7770:10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_869
7468:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14
6377:. In Ahrens, Thomas J (ed.).
6063:
6035:Orbital Debris Quarterly News
5935:is an astronomical unit, and
5572:List of Solar System extremes
5082:), loss of wildlife, species
4773:Köppen climate classification
4502:
4493:extraterrestrial liquid water
4162:planet-like natural satellite
3972:and orbits about 28,000
1867:partitions a volume out of a
1564:has become common due to the
1046:Earth has a liquid outer core
36:Planet Earth (disambiguation)
17955:Evolutionary history of life
17151:10.3402/tellusa.v26i1-2.9731
17099:10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5
17053:. Basic Books. p. 255.
16480:(5). Nature America: 84–91.
14930:Life, the Science of Biology
14789:"The Earth's Climate System"
14567:; Hester, Ronald E. (2002).
13555:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.017
12917:Survey of Astronomy AST110-6
12876:Bromberg, Irv (1 May 2008).
12523:10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1906
12437:. University of Iowa Press.
12402:McElroy, Michael B. (2012).
11991:10.1126/science.246.4926.103
11907:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90028-0
11853:; Schubert, G. (2002). "4".
11577:Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci
11295:. Texas A&M University.
10824:Cain, Fraser (1 June 2010).
10406:Lunine, Jonathan I. (2017).
9022:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
8679:"Uprooting the tree of life"
8397:Philosophical Transactions A
8094:10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4
7762:Encyclopedia of Astrobiology
7727:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.003
6871:"World: Highest Temperature"
6282:(81st ed.). CRC Press.
5654:Probing the New Solar System
5342:in the atmosphere, altering
5288:, resulting from actions of
5188:of Earth, partly due to the
4839:in white and blue. Next the
4478:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
4116:Satellite system (astronomy)
3904:Earth's distance to the Moon
3626:The gravity of Earth is the
3588:, for a global heat loss of
3519:Earth's internal heat budget
2198:development of complex cells
2145:Origin of life and evolution
2030:mineral zircon of Hadean age
1993:, an artist's impression of
1802:
1263:
1228:, the ocean formed and then
7:
23119:Planets of the Solar System
22677:Outline of the Solar System
22440:Interplanetary medium/space
20231:Outline of the Solar System
19994:Interplanetary medium/space
17510:Burchfield, Joe D. (1990).
17382:Garwood, Christine (2008).
16371:European Environment Agency
16288:Smith, Courtney B. (2006).
16067:Lutz, Ashley (4 May 2012).
15607:Hillebrand, Helmut (2004).
12096:"Changes in earth's dipole"
11446:"The Crust and Lithosphere"
11420:"The Interior of the Earth"
11156:Seligman, Courtney (2008).
10748:National Geographic Society
10381:National Geographic Society
9948:. NOAA/NGDC. Archived from
9906:Lea, Robert (6 July 2021).
9742:"The fate of Earth's ocean"
6782:"World: Lowest Temperature"
6610:Williams, James G. (1994).
5646:is the semi-major axis and
5544:
5498:was gradually displaced in
5453:. In many cultures it is a
5412:International Space Station
5182:density of human population
4797:air temperature can rise to
4352:International Space Station
4150:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3753:
3233:Internal structure of Earth
2738:Antarctic or Southern Ocean
2664:Antarctic or Southern Ocean
2113:The most recent pattern of
1932:Geological history of Earth
1863:with the Sun. In theory, a
1798:Timeline of natural history
1530:) of the Greek poetic name
1290:. It has cognates in every
1105:energy from the Sun's light
371:Argument of perihelion
10:
23140:
23109:Global natural environment
22393:Extraterrestrial materials
19947:Extraterrestrial materials
18370:Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)
17743:
17051:The Vanishing Face of Gaia
16644:"Summary for Policymakers"
15089:. University of Illinois.
14622:Pidwirny, Michael (2006).
14315:. NASA Earth Observatory.
14259:NASA Astrobiology Magazine
13792:Great Shefford Observatory
13467:10.1051/0004-6361:20041335
13446:Astronomy and Astrophysics
13192:10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1
12811:Burn, Chris (March 1996).
12379:Basic Space Plasma Physics
12325:"The Earth's Plasmasphere"
11508:Tanimoto, Toshiro (1995).
10408:"Ocean worlds exploration"
10182:"Ocean Surface Topography"
10124:(5): 16–21. Archived from
9416:10.1038/s41586-022-04901-z
8780:; Marshall, L. C. (1965).
8625:Quaternary Science Reviews
6491:"How WGS 84 defines Earth"
6082:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5831:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5587:Timeline of the far future
5516:the center of the universe
5381:
5319:
5316:Humans and the environment
5253:
5142:at night on a map of Earth
5140:artificial light emissions
5127:
5121:
4919:
4851:and the lower edge of the
4647:
4597:conversion of atmospheric
4506:
4361:
4240:
4168:is larger relative to the
4124:
4113:
3991:
3856:
3792:, each day varies between
3757:
3661:flowing from left to right
3646:
3632:gravitational acceleration
3619:
3516:
3433:
3427:
3230:
3000:
2615:
2611:
2513:
2495:
2489:
2478:
2442:100–900 million years
2387:
2381:
2370:, led to humans having an
2364:development of agriculture
2148:
2020:in composition. The first
1939:and oceans were formed by
1929:
1806:
1791:
1538:
1298:has been reconstructed as
29:
22713:Earth sciences portal
22672:
22627:
22564:
22435:Interplanetary dust cloud
22314:
22150:
22080:
21791:
21727:
21420:
21273:
21115:
21057:
20970:
20929:
20920:
20877:
20799:
20741:
20691:
20618:
20544:
20429:
20389:
20267:Earth sciences portal
20226:
20181:
20118:
19989:Interplanetary dust cloud
19868:
19704:
19634:
19345:
19281:
18974:
18827:
18669:
18585:
18512:
18494:
18436:
18403:
18362:
18295:
18227:
18189:
18146:
18091:
18033:
17968:
17915:
17845:
17797:
17754:
17692:
17684:
17485:Henshaw, John M. (2014).
16908:10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4
16442:World Nuclear Association
15781:Alexander, David (1993).
15164:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1
14909:10.1175/bams-d-14-00265.1
14750:Moran, Joseph M. (2005).
14541:. University of Wyoming.
14493:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2227333
14340:"Sea Surface Temperature"
14313:"Earth's Big heat Bucket"
14255:"Salt of the Early Earth"
14051:USGS Water-Science School
13857:. ABC-CLIO. p. 126.
12300:. European Space Agency.
12123:10.1007/s00114-006-0138-6
11450:London Geological Society
10636:R.W. McColl, ed. (2005).
10250:www.physicalgeography.net
10112:Senne, Joseph H. (2000).
9718:10.1017/S1473550419000120
9231:Cabej, Nelson R. (2019).
8297:10.1080/08120099108727995
8258:Armstrong, R. L. (1991).
7581:10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x
7299:Oxford English Dictionary
7265:Oxford English Dictionary
7231:Oxford English Dictionary
7197:Oxford English Dictionary
7163:Oxford English Dictionary
7129:Oxford English Dictionary
7095:Oxford English Dictionary
6987:Oxford English Dictionary
6947:"What Is Climate Change?"
6756:American Chemical Society
6676:. Springer. p. 296.
6555:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
6241:Park, Ryan (9 May 2022).
6208:. Springer. p. 294.
5457:that is also the primary
5433:four corners of the world
5414:on 11 September 2010
5350:, has contributed to the
5218:(countries) separated by
5150:in Eastern Africa 300,000
5146:Originating from earlier
5034:Extreme weather, such as
4979:Earth's species diversity
4612:. The ozone layer blocks
4552:, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934%
4372:A view of Earth with its
4321:around the Sun. The tiny
4315:Lagrange triangular point
3838:of mean solar time (UT1)
3727:Van Allen radiation belts
3538:The major heat-producing
3386:Mohorovičić discontinuity
3242:
3238:Geologic layers of Earth
2910:The land surface and the
2533:Earth has a rounded shape
2446:runaway greenhouse effect
2377:
2255:rocks showing fossils of
2155:Earliest known life forms
1220:from gas and dust in the
880:
861:
856:
841:
827:
788:
772:
747:
729:
719:
694:
676:
662:
650:
623:
610:
591:
572:
519:
484:
460:
441:
422:
404:
399:
386:
368:
356:
337:
287:
273:
258:
216:Orbital period (sidereal)
213:
198:
177:
158:
139:
129:
122:
112:
102:
74:
69:
48:
27:Third planet from the Sun
22726:Local Interstellar Cloud
21438:other near-Earth objects
20449:Local Interstellar Cloud
20280:Local Interstellar Cloud
18992:other near-Earth objects
18423:Gutenberg (upper mantle)
18404:Regional discontinuities
18214:Location in the Universe
18156:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
17855:List of sovereign states
15930:"Global Warming Effects"
15672:Staff (September 2003).
15085:Various (21 July 1997).
14595:Staff (8 October 2003).
13818:"UCS Satellite Database"
13619:Christou, Apostolos A.;
12502:The Astronomical Journal
11191:. University of Hawaii.
10856:"World Bank arable land"
10418:. Elsevier BV: 123–130.
10347:"Earth Is a Water World"
10316:"Is It Ocean Or Oceans?"
9206:Brooke, John L. (2014).
8546:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
7062:(1st ed.). Oxford:
6882:Arizona State University
6793:Arizona State University
6616:The Astronomical Journal
6444:; Petit, Gérard (eds.).
6308:The Astronomical Almanac
5652:Wilkinson, John (2009).
5593:
5388:Earth in science fiction
5234:, the leading worldwide
4969:, planetary temperature
4723:thermohaline circulation
4409:; the remaining 2.5% is
3852:
3495:gravitational separation
2475:Physical characteristics
2390:Global catastrophic risk
2170:arose. The evolution of
1851:(billion years) ago. By
1338:, Earth may have been a
1284:noun most often spelled
1176:Earth's axis of rotation
844:Absolute magnitude
778:255 K (−18 °C)
697:Sidereal rotation period
653:Moment of inertia factor
400:Physical characteristics
22689:Solar System portal
22415:Giant-impact hypothesis
22022:Trans-Neptunian objects
20243:Solar System portal
19969:Giant-impact hypothesis
19576:Trans-Neptunian objects
17628:on YouTube – Earth and
17079:Atmospheric Environment
16721:Sixth Assessment Report
16572:10.1126/science.1080679
15758:Oceans and Human Health
15415:10.1126/science.1061976
14649:Gaan, Narottam (2008).
13973:. Publications Office.
13913:10.5670/oceanog.2010.51
13458:2004A&A...428..261L
13391:Williams, G.E. (2000).
12655:"Planetary Fact Sheets"
12408:Encyclopædia Britannica
12046:10.1029/JB086iB12p11535
11899:1994E&PSL.121....1V
11652:10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973
11055:Martin, Ronald (2011).
10499:10.1126/science.abh4289
9767:10.5194/hess-5-569-2001
9607:10.1073/pnas.0809436106
9286:10.1073/pnas.1613094113
9144:10.1073/pnas.1718063115
9043:10.1073/pnas.1517557112
8560:10.1073/pnas.1702143114
8160:10.1126/science.1117926
8025:10.1073/pnas.0608561103
7899:10.1126/science.aba1948
7850:2000M&PS...35.1309M
7337:Oxford University Press
7304:Oxford University Press
7270:Oxford University Press
7236:Oxford University Press
7202:Oxford University Press
7168:Oxford University Press
7134:Oxford University Press
7100:Oxford University Press
7064:Oxford University Press
6995:Oxford University Press
6447:IERS Conventions (2003)
6116:Staff (13 March 2021).
6094:1994A&A...282..663S
5843:1982A&A...105..359A
5814:Locally varies between
5801:Locally varies between
5312:to construct shelters.
5274:non-renewable resources
4700:atmospheric circulation
4581:Oxygenic photosynthesis
4421:. The remaining 30% is
4278:population consists of
4177:giant-impact hypothesis
4120:
3994:Axial tilt § Earth
2784:, and a globe-spanning
2561:it has the shape of an
2537:hydrostatic equilibrium
1236:two billion years ago.
679:Synodic rotation period
359:Time of perihelion
124:Orbital characteristics
22577:Possible dwarf planets
22420:Gravitational collapse
22358:Circumstellar envelope
21157:
20561:To the Moon and Beyond
20131:Possible dwarf planets
19974:Gravitational collapse
19912:Circumstellar envelope
18711:
18428:Lehmann (upper mantle)
18363:Global discontinuities
17651:(University of Sydney)
17563:
17539:Listen to this article
15863:; Carlton, J. Stuart;
15706:; Gupta, S.R. (2013).
15674:"Astrobiology Roadmap"
15087:"The Hydrologic Cycle"
14599:. NASA. Archived from
14342:. NASA. Archived from
14192:Hendrix, Mark (2019).
14167:Hendrix, Mark (2019).
14138:"Freshwater Resources"
13890:Charette, Matthew A.;
13368:. NASA. Archived from
12911:Lin, Haosheng (2006).
12763:. NASA. Archived from
12470:. NASA. Archived from
11806:10.1098/rsta.2002.0992
11687:The Inaccessible Earth
11386:10.1073/pnas.76.9.4192
11359:Jordan, T. H. (1979).
11189:"Pacific Plate Motion"
10718:NASA Earth Observatory
10541:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
10220:National Ocean Service
8825:. NASA. Archived from
8417:10.1098/rsta.2017.0403
7973:Staff (4 March 2010).
7832:; et al. (2000).
7758:Morbidelli, Alessandro
6821:; Harpham, C. (2013).
6000:
5931:is the mass of Earth,
5921:
5750:, would feel smoother.
5415:
5335:
5269:
5143:
5070:, loss of vegetation (
5054:, volcanic eruptions,
5031:
4943:
4860:
4785:humid middle latitudes
4537:
4389:
4271:
4247:Claimed moons of Earth
4153:
4003:
3988:Axial tilt and seasons
3887:
3773:
3702:of the main field and
3687:magnetic dipole moment
3662:
3649:Earth's magnetic field
3558:(52 million
3535:
3248:
3096:
2689:
2675:
2567:bulging at its Equator
2529:
2420:inorganic carbon cycle
2416:3.5 billion years
2412:1.1 billion years
2407:
2303:
2280:Late Heavy Bombardment
2005:
1977:Earth's magnetic field
1920:Late Heavy Bombardment
1830:
1166:away from the Sun and
982:, the only one in the
714:(23h 56 m 4.100s)
32:Earth (disambiguation)
22786:Laniakea Supercluster
22403:Sample-return mission
21156:
20579:(1968 and 1977 films)
20509:Laniakea Supercluster
20340:Laniakea Supercluster
19957:Sample-return mission
18710:
18522:Environmental science
17935:Biogeochemical cycles
17860:dependent territories
17562:
16888:Nature Sustainability
16880:Steinberger, Julia K.
16470:"The Genesis of Ores"
15546:astrobiology.nasa.gov
15381:McKay, Christopher P.
14230:10.1201/9781420038484
13720:10.1093/mnras/stw1972
13397:Reviews of Geophysics
13243:Earth-Science Reviews
12886:University of Toronto
12225:Reviews of Geophysics
11932:Reviews of Geophysics
11571:Deuss, Arwen (2014).
11266:10.1007/s004100050465
10966:"Layers of the Earth"
10118:Professional Surveyor
10004:Earth-Science Reviews
9571:Kirschvink, Joseph L.
9511:Astrophysical Journal
9177:"Earth-Moon Dynamics"
8883:10.1089/ast.2013.1030
8453:Earth-Science Reviews
7560:Space Science Reviews
7333:UK English Dictionary
6349:11 March 2020 at the
6336:World Geodetic System
6028:"Satellite Box Score"
6001:
5922:
5708:26 March 2015 at the
5445:. Earth is sometimes
5395:
5344:Earth's energy budget
5333:
5267:
5138:A composite image of
5137:
5022:
4959:Great Oxidation Event
4933:
4826:
4516:
4497:large bodies of water
4460:and other landforms.
4371:
4257:artificial satellites
4254:
4142:
4114:Further information:
4001:
3870:
3767:
3656:
3526:
3428:Further information:
3247:
3117:convergent boundaries
3079:Indo-Australian Plate
3010:
2742:Earth's oceanic crust
2713:into the continental
2681:
2653:
2616:Further information:
2523:
2502:Earth's circumference
2496:Further information:
2479:Further information:
2397:
2265:
2216:evidence for life is
2210:ultraviolet radiation
1989:
1820:
1807:Further information:
1738:, and from the Latin
1234:Great Oxidation Event
1119:, producing a global
882:Composition by volume
782:blackbody temperature
22701:Astronomy portal
22602:Solar System objects
22348:Circumplanetary disk
20942:Evolutionary history
20255:Astronomy portal
20156:Solar System objects
19902:Circumplanetary disk
18390:Core–mantle boundary
17983:Computer cartography
17707:Prebiotic atmosphere
17602:Earth – Profile
17594:More spoken articles
17176:(21 December 2018).
16952:(24 December 2018).
15865:Lewandowsky, Stephan
15213:10.1029/2009JD012104
14679:(20 December 2018).
14597:"Earth's Atmosphere"
14083:. 28 February 2016.
13828:. 1 September 2021.
13418:10.1029/1999RG900016
13235:Lacovara, Kenneth J.
13077:. 19 December 2019.
12245:10.1002/2017RG000590
11720:. UC Berkeley News.
11345:10.1029/2011GC003751
10795:10.1029/2021jf006123
10216:"What is the geoid?"
10079:Tewksbury, Barbara.
7401:The Age of the Earth
6710:Allen, Clabon Walter
6668:Allen, Clabon Walter
6200:Allen, Clabon Walter
5943:
5863:
5423:astronomical symbols
5397:Tracy Caldwell Dyson
5363:planetary boundaries
5203:presences and a few
5062:, floods, droughts,
4999:extremely arid areas
4753:decrease with height
4542:atmospheric pressure
4276:co-orbital asteroids
4085:quasiperiodic motion
3935:celestial north pole
3818:of mean solar time (
3780:of mean solar time (
3424:Chemical composition
3125:transform boundaries
3121:divergent boundaries
3090:South American Plate
3046:North American Plate
3012:Earth's major plates
2983:biological processes
2965:processes including
2834:Australia (landmass)
2662:(grey) covering the
2465:5 billion years
2422:, possibly reducing
1493:. The Latinate form
1371:Early Modern English
1363:Early Middle English
1065:a dynamic atmosphere
1032:, lakes, rivers and
23124:Terrestrial planets
22800:Observable universe
22597:Solar System models
22527:Protoplanetary disk
22450:Interstellar medium
22410:Frost/Ice/Snow line
20879:Natural environment
20523:Observable universe
20354:Observable universe
20151:Solar System models
20081:Protoplanetary disk
20004:Interstellar medium
19964:Frost/Ice/Snow line
18517:Atmospheric science
18395:Inner-core boundary
18318:Lithospheric mantle
18126:Geologic time scale
17847:Culture and society
17702:Atmosphere of Earth
17142:1974Tell...26....2L
17091:1972AtmEn...6..579L
16900:2018NatSu...1...88O
16795:on 29 November 2023
16528:Lunine, Jonathan I.
16486:1991SciAm.264e..84B
16474:Scientific American
15964:humanorigins.si.edu
15934:National Geographic
15885:2016ERL....11d8002C
15616:American Naturalist
15516:National Geographic
15489:1976AREPS...4..265H
15452:on 29 November 2012
15397:2001Sci...293..839C
15349:1974JAtS...31.1118L
15204:2009JGRD..11424102T
15155:2013BAMS...94..199E
14900:2016BAMS...97.1265C
14878:Coddington, Odele;
14785:Berger, Wolfgang H.
14762:on 13 December 2010
14686:National Geographic
14484:2013ITGRS..51.3826K
14286:"Oceanic Processes"
14218:Kennish, Michael J.
14047:"The World's Water"
13892:Smith, Walter H. F.
13711:2016MNRAS.462.3441D
13651:2011MNRAS.414.2965C
13593:Scientific American
13528:Mitrovica, Jerry X.
13409:2000RvGeo..38...37W
13364:(7 February 2007).
13255:2009ESRv...97...59C
13184:2023Natur.623...95Y
13009:Columbia University
12892:on 18 December 2008
12731:2006LNEA....2...49V
12514:2008AJ....136.1906M
12494:McCarthy, Dennis D.
12474:on 14 February 2013
12358:on 15 November 2016
12237:2018RvGeo..56..309G
12169:"MHD dynamo theory"
12115:2006NW.....93..519O
12103:Naturwissenschaften
12073:1981AREPS...9..415W
12038:1981JGR....8611535S
11983:1989Sci...246..103R
11944:1993RvGeo..31..267P
11798:2002RSPTA.360.1227A
11792:(1795): 1227–1244.
11643:1980PNAS...77.6973M
11589:2014AREPS..42..103D
11525:1995geph.conf.....A
11482:National Geographic
11377:1979PNAS...76.4192J
11336:2011GGG....1211001A
11258:1999CoMP..134....3B
10976:on 11 February 2013
10928:2012GSAT...12l...4H
10787:2021JGRF..12606123O
10547:on 15 November 2023
10424:2017AcAau.131..123L
10086:Carleton University
10016:2019ESRv..19702896S
9942:Smith, Walter H. F.
9908:"How big is Earth?"
9819:2008MNRAS.386..155S
9758:2001HESS....5..569B
9709:2020IJAsB..19...25D
9598:2009PNAS..106.9576L
9523:1993ApJ...418..457S
9471:2007GSAB..119..140W
9408:2022Natur.609...94D
9349:1994SciAm.271d..84G
9336:Scientific American
9277:2016PNAS..113E6325S
9271:(42): E6325–E6334.
9135:2018PNAS..115...53S
9034:2015PNAS..11214518B
9016:(19 October 2015).
8930:2014NatGe...7...25O
8875:2013AsBio..13.1103N
8855:(8 November 2013).
8798:1965JAtS...22..225B
8700:2000SciAm.282b..90D
8687:Scientific American
8637:2010QSRv...29.3677T
8553:(50): 13114–13119.
8465:2011ESRv..108...16B
8409:2018RSPTA.37670403D
8346:2000Tectp.322...19D
8279:1991AuJES..38..613A
8229:1969Sci...164.1229H
8223:(3885): 1229–1242.
8151:2005Sci...310.1947H
8145:(5756): 1947–1950.
8086:1995ChGeo.120..223M
8018:(48): 18035–18042.
7950:2002ASPC..269...85G
7891:2020Sci...369.1110P
7885:(6507): 1110–1113.
7719:2014Icar..242..316M
7658:2001Natur.412..708C
7572:2019SSRv..215...54T
7521:2018LPICo2084.4034R
7460:2001GSLSP.190..205D
7440:Dalrymple, G. Brent
7397:Dalrymple, G. Brent
7372:2010NatGe...3..637B
7302:(Online ed.).
7268:(Online ed.).
7234:(Online ed.).
7200:(Online ed.).
7166:(Online ed.).
7132:(Online ed.).
7098:(Online ed.).
6839:2013JGRD..118.3213J
6628:1994AJ....108..711W
6599:on 5 February 2009.
6442:McCarthy, Dennis D.
6387:1995geph.conf.....A
5781:2005JAfES..43..379C
5431:, representing the
5367:Biosphere integrity
5352:melting of glaciers
5228:remaining unclaimed
5209:stayed beyond Earth
5186:Northern Hemisphere
4749:proximity to oceans
4644:Weather and climate
4509:Atmosphere of Earth
4323:near-Earth asteroid
4313:around the leading
4104:Milankovitch cycles
4024:Tropic of Capricorn
4020:Southern Hemisphere
4014:occurring when the
4012:Northern Hemisphere
3836:86,164.0905 seconds
3816:86,164.0989 seconds
3616:Gravitational field
3407:lies above a solid
3239:
2949:comprises both the
2924:Earth's lithosphere
2788:system. At Earth's
2770:submarine volcanoes
2760:with features like
2709:hemispheres; or by
2668:Antarctic ice sheet
2492:Figure of the Earth
2440:) in approximately
2360:evolution of humans
2332:Holocene extinction
2312:1000 to 539 Ma
2139:Last Glacial Period
1881:primordial nuclides
1827:protoplanetary disk
1706:, and (via French)
1475:, like Italian and
1340:personified goddess
1044:, and earthquakes.
972:astronomical object
689:(24h 00 m 00s)
45:
22780:Virgo Supercluster
22761:Milky Way subgroup
22592:Natural satellites
22475:Nebular hypothesis
22455:Interstellar space
22445:Interstellar cloud
22353:Circumstellar disc
21943:Near-Earth objects
21827:names and meanings
21158:
20605:Order of magnitude
20587:(1996 documentary)
20503:Virgo Supercluster
20484:Milky Way subgroup
20334:Virgo Supercluster
20315:Milky Way subgroup
20146:Natural satellites
20029:Nebular hypothesis
20009:Interstellar space
19999:Interstellar cloud
19907:Circumstellar disc
19497:Near-Earth objects
19381:names and meanings
18712:
18567:Physical geography
18289:Structure of Earth
18121:Geological history
17995:Geodetic astronomy
17564:
17253:. 7 October 2021.
17218:The New York Times
17183:The New York Times
17075:Lovelock, James E.
17047:Lovelock, James E.
16959:The New York Times
16233:. United Nations.
16001:on 31 October 2011
15940:on 18 January 2017
15446:"History of Earth"
15305:on 15 January 2010
15241:Collins Wörterbuch
14849:"Earth Fact Sheet"
14144:. 18 August 2022.
14077:"Where Are Lakes?"
13798:on 6 February 2015
13673:See table 2, p. 5.
13564:on 1 December 2020
13138:The New York Times
11552:on 16 October 2006
11242:Bowring, Samuel A.
10936:10.1130/GSAT151A.1
9028:(47): 14518–4521.
8829:on 11 October 2011
8749:The New York Times
8742:(3 October 2013).
8671:Doolittle, W. Ford
7756:Claeys, Philippe;
7420:"Age of the Earth"
6848:10.1002/jgrd.50359
6762:on 27 January 2023
6414:on 16 October 2006
6174:"Earth Fact Sheet"
6118:"Useful Constants"
5996:
5917:
5539:radioactive dating
5416:
5336:
5310:building materials
5270:
5175:sub-Saharan Africa
5144:
5102:. This is driving
5032:
4944:
4895:. Because unfixed
4861:
4809:can fall as low as
4771:The commonly used
4715:Ocean heat content
4538:
4393:approximately 1.35
4390:
4292:469219 Kamoʻoalewa
4272:
4154:
4004:
3892:inner Solar System
3888:
3790:tidal deceleration
3774:
3770:time lapse imagery
3749:Orbit and rotation
3663:
3536:
3501:. Over 99% of the
3249:
3237:
3227:Internal structure
3111:, is divided into
3097:
2826:America (landmass)
2690:
2676:
2548:terrestrial object
2530:
2408:
2372:influence on Earth
2344:an asteroid impact
2320:Cambrian explosion
2304:
2164:Chemical reactions
2006:
1969:current luminosity
1937:Earth's atmosphere
1900:leading hypothesis
1873:circumstellar disk
1831:
1334:/Tellūs and Greek
1326:: the ground, its
1222:early Solar System
986:sustaining liquid
43:
22828:
22827:
22822:
22821:
22667:
22666:
22663:
22662:
22640:Lagrangian points
22612:by discovery date
22210:Human spaceflight
22181:historical models
22074:
22073:
21693:S/2015 (136472) 1
21075:
21074:
21053:
21052:
20726:chemical elements
20650:
20649:
20423:Location of Earth
20376:
20375:
20221:
20220:
20217:
20216:
20194:Lagrangian points
20166:by discovery date
19764:Human spaceflight
19735:historical models
19628:
19627:
19247:S/2015 (136472) 1
18629:
18628:
18454:
18453:
18416:continental crust
18255:
18254:
18191:Planetary science
18111:Extremes on Earth
18078:Signal processing
17640:, interactive map
17611:Earth Observatory
17560:
17521:978-0-226-08043-7
17496:978-1-4214-1491-1
17471:978-0-495-01148-4
17395:978-0-312-38208-7
17356:978-0-87220-575-8
17326:978-1-5315-0413-7
17283:. 16 April 2020.
17227:on 1 January 2022
17192:on 1 January 2022
17060:978-0-465-01549-8
17032:978-0-313-31505-3
16998:978-91-972705-0-2
16968:on 1 January 2022
16755:Earth Observatory
16693:978-1-4598-0742-6
16614:Our World in Data
16566:(5607): 673–674.
16541:978-0-521-61519-8
16378:. 20 April 2016.
16304:978-1-58826-323-0
16274:978-0-571-29072-7
16177:978-0-387-21894-6
16141:Our World in Data
16109:on 6 January 2019
15834:978-0-262-57138-8
15794:978-1-317-93881-1
15784:Natural Disasters
15767:978-0-08-087782-2
15719:978-93-83746-00-2
15391:(5531): 839–843.
15373:Catling, David C.
15123:978-1-284-12656-3
15071:978-1-284-12656-3
15046:978-1-284-12656-3
15021:978-1-284-12656-3
14996:978-1-284-12656-3
14944:978-0-7167-7671-0
14925:Orians, Gordon H.
14815:Rahmstorf, Stefan
14662:978-81-7835-641-9
14578:978-0-85404-265-4
14239:978-0-8493-2391-1
14203:978-0-357-11656-2
14178:978-0-357-11656-2
13864:978-1-61069-094-2
13623:(31 March 2011).
12950:on 18 August 2011
12797:978-1-284-12656-3
12740:on 17 August 2011
12682:"Moon Fact Sheet"
12636:978-0-03-006228-5
12611:978-0-935702-68-2
12444:978-0-87745-921-7
12388:978-1-86094-079-8
12205:978-0-521-82206-0
11977:(4926): 103–107.
11967:Courtillot, V. E.
11952:10.1029/93RG01249
11928:Pollack, Henry N.
11916:on 19 March 2012.
11864:978-0-521-66624-4
11701:978-0-04-550028-4
11637:(12): 6973–6977.
11542:978-0-87590-851-9
11164:. cseligman.com.
11068:978-0-7637-8001-2
10750:. 6 August 2006.
10651:978-0-8160-7229-3
10579:978-0-520-28989-5
10466:on 27 August 2022
10412:Acta Astronautica
10288:978-0-7864-5956-8
9940:Sandwell, D. T.;
9918:on 9 January 2024
9674:978-0-8050-6781-1
9592:(24): 9576–9579.
9327:Gould, Stephen J.
9242:978-0-12-814312-4
9217:978-0-521-87164-8
9010:Harrison, T. Mark
8989:on 18 August 2016
8917:Nature Geoscience
8869:(12): 1103–1124.
8758:on 3 October 2013
8677:(February 2000).
8201:978-0-19-516589-0
8127:Blichert-Toft, J.
7959:978-1-58381-109-2
7779:978-3-642-11271-3
7652:(6848): 708–712.
7615:on 9 January 2010
7548:Joy, Katherine H.
7410:978-0-8047-1569-0
7360:Nature Geoscience
7356:Wadhwa, Meenakshi
7354:Bouvier, Audrey;
7343:on 31 March 2021.
7310:(Subscription or
7276:(Subscription or
7242:(Subscription or
7208:(Subscription or
7174:(Subscription or
7140:(Subscription or
7106:(Subscription or
7073:978-0-19-861263-6
7044:978-0-85991-513-7
7012:978-0-19-957112-3
6920:978-92-1-142274-0
6725:978-0-387-98746-0
6683:978-0-387-98746-0
6584:(2008 ed.).
6460:978-3-89888-884-4
6404:978-0-87590-851-9
6314:on 26 August 2013
6289:978-0-8493-0481-1
6215:978-0-387-98746-0
5987:
5973:
5914:
5900:
5803:5 and 200 km
5663:978-0-643-09949-4
5567:Extremes on Earth
5502:by the idea of a
5481:Earth observation
5356:rising sea levels
5306:percentage points
5220:political borders
5180:Distribution and
5036:tropical cyclones
5006:organic molecules
4989:. While freezing
4903:, it can achieve
4831:illuminating the
4621:greenhouse effect
4593:aerobic organisms
4282:: objects with a
4243:Near-Earth object
4196:tidal interaction
4135:Orbit of the Moon
4110:Earth–Moon system
3922:about 3.5 hours.
3896:astronomical unit
3847:celestial equator
3719:Charged particles
3700:secular variation
3637:gravity anomalies
3571:mantle convection
3542:within Earth are
3507:silicate minerals
3443:is approximately
3366:
3365:
3216:50 and 55 Ma
3133:mountain-building
3129:volcanic activity
2778:submarine canyons
2754:continental crust
2732:a water world or
2670:(white) covering
2660:Antarctic sea ice
2618:Planetary surface
2438:C4 photosynthesis
2243:, and remains of
2241:Western Greenland
2226:Western Australia
2037:sedimentary rocks
2024:, which was more
2022:continental crust
1941:volcanic activity
1469:Romance languages
1381:was also written
1344:Germanic paganism
1292:Germanic language
1242:300,000 years ago
1191:natural satellite
1109:equatorial region
1073:UV-light at entry
1048:that generates a
1034:atmospheric water
957:
956:
823:
822:
268:29.7827 km/s
77:Alternative names
16:(Redirected from
23131:
23079:
23078:from Wikiversity
23071:
23070:
23069:
23062:
23054:
23053:
23052:
23045:
23037:
23036:
23035:
23028:
23020:
23019:
23018:
23011:
23003:
23002:
23001:
22994:
22986:
22985:
22984:
22977:
22969:
22968:
22967:
22957:
22941:
22940:
22929:
22928:
22917:
22916:
22915:
22905:
22904:
22903:
22893:
22892:
22881:
22880:
22879:
22869:
22868:
22867:
22857:
22856:
22855:
22845:
22844:
22836:
22816:
22814:
22805:
22798:
22791:
22784:
22778:
22772:
22766:
22759:
22752:
22745:
22738:
22731:
22724:
22711:
22710:
22709:
22699:
22698:
22697:
22687:
22686:
22685:
22388:Exozodiacal dust
22078:
22077:
22044:Detached objects
21280:
21279:
21276:
21275:
21120:
21102:
21095:
21088:
21079:
21078:
21065:
21064:
20937:
20927:
20926:
20867:tropical cyclone
20817:
20677:
20670:
20663:
20654:
20653:
20639:
20629:Astronomy portal
20627:
20539:
20537:
20528:
20521:
20514:
20507:
20501:
20495:
20489:
20482:
20475:
20468:
20461:
20454:
20447:
20440:
20416:
20409:
20402:
20393:
20392:
20380:
20379:
20370:
20368:
20359:
20352:
20345:
20338:
20332:
20326:
20320:
20313:
20306:
20299:
20292:
20285:
20278:
20265:
20264:
20263:
20253:
20252:
20251:
20241:
20240:
20239:
19942:Exozodiacal dust
19632:
19631:
19598:Detached objects
18834:
18833:
18830:
18829:
18674:
18656:
18649:
18642:
18633:
18632:
18617:
18616:
18605:
18593:
18592:
18481:
18474:
18467:
18458:
18457:
18444:
18443:
18282:
18275:
18268:
18259:
18258:
18245:
18244:
18138:History of Earth
17789:Paleoclimatology
17749:
17679:
17672:
17665:
17656:
17655:
17584:
17582:
17571:
17570:
17561:
17551:
17549:
17545:
17540:
17526:
17525:
17507:
17501:
17500:
17482:
17476:
17475:
17457:
17451:
17450:
17448:
17446:
17426:
17420:
17419:
17417:
17415:
17379:
17373:
17372:
17370:
17368:
17341:Kahn, Charles H.
17337:
17331:
17330:
17303:
17297:
17296:
17294:
17292:
17273:
17267:
17266:
17264:
17262:
17243:
17237:
17236:
17234:
17232:
17226:
17221:. Archived from
17208:
17202:
17201:
17199:
17197:
17191:
17186:. Archived from
17170:
17164:
17163:
17153:
17120:Lovelock, J.E.;
17117:
17111:
17110:
17071:
17065:
17064:
17043:
17037:
17036:
17012:
17003:
17002:
16984:
16978:
16977:
16975:
16973:
16967:
16962:. Archived from
16946:
16940:
16939:
16937:
16935:
16875:
16869:
16868:
16866:
16864:
16844:
16838:
16837:
16835:
16833:
16811:
16805:
16804:
16802:
16800:
16781:
16775:
16774:
16772:
16770:
16746:
16740:
16739:
16737:
16735:
16729:
16718:
16704:
16698:
16697:
16676:
16670:
16669:
16667:
16665:
16659:
16648:
16636:
16630:
16629:
16627:
16625:
16598:
16592:
16591:
16552:
16546:
16545:
16524:
16518:
16517:
16515:
16513:
16465:
16459:
16458:
16456:
16454:
16433:
16427:
16426:
16424:
16422:
16398:
16392:
16391:
16389:
16387:
16362:
16356:
16355:
16353:
16351:
16330:
16324:
16323:
16321:
16319:
16313:
16296:
16285:
16279:
16278:
16261:Mitchinson, John
16253:
16247:
16246:
16244:
16242:
16227:
16221:
16220:
16218:
16216:
16188:
16182:
16181:
16163:
16157:
16156:
16154:
16152:
16125:
16119:
16118:
16116:
16114:
16095:
16089:
16088:
16086:
16084:
16073:Business Insider
16064:
16058:
16057:
16055:
16053:
16031:
16026:(15 July 2020).
16020:
16011:
16010:
16008:
16006:
15986:
15980:
15979:
15977:
15975:
15966:. 11 July 2022.
15956:
15950:
15949:
15947:
15945:
15926:
15917:
15916:
15906:
15896:
15848:
15839:
15838:
15817:
15811:
15810:
15808:
15806:
15778:
15772:
15771:
15750:
15744:
15743:
15741:
15739:
15696:
15690:
15689:
15687:
15685:
15680:on 12 March 2012
15669:
15663:
15662:
15660:
15658:
15652:
15613:
15604:
15598:
15597:
15595:
15593:
15568:
15562:
15561:
15559:
15557:
15538:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15527:
15507:
15501:
15500:
15468:
15462:
15461:
15459:
15457:
15441:
15435:
15434:
15408:
15377:Zahnle, Kevin J.
15369:
15363:
15362:
15360:
15343:(4): 1118–1136.
15321:
15315:
15314:
15312:
15310:
15294:
15288:
15287:
15285:
15283:
15274:. Archived from
15263:
15257:
15256:
15254:
15252:
15232:
15226:
15225:
15215:
15183:
15177:
15176:
15166:
15134:
15128:
15127:
15109:
15103:
15102:
15100:
15098:
15082:
15076:
15075:
15057:
15051:
15050:
15032:
15026:
15025:
15007:
15001:
15000:
14982:
14976:
14975:
14973:
14971:
14966:on 8 August 2010
14955:
14949:
14948:
14920:
14914:
14913:
14911:
14894:(7): 1265–1282.
14875:
14869:
14868:
14866:
14864:
14845:
14839:
14838:
14836:
14834:
14811:
14805:
14804:
14802:
14800:
14781:
14772:
14771:
14769:
14767:
14747:
14738:
14737:
14735:
14733:
14709:
14703:
14702:
14700:
14698:
14689:. Archived from
14673:
14667:
14666:
14646:
14640:
14639:
14637:
14635:
14619:
14613:
14612:
14610:
14608:
14603:on 27 April 2020
14592:
14583:
14582:
14565:Harrison, Roy M.
14561:
14555:
14554:
14552:
14550:
14530:
14524:
14523:
14505:
14503:2060/20120010368
14495:
14463:
14457:
14456:
14454:
14452:
14446:
14439:
14428:
14417:
14416:
14414:
14412:
14393:
14387:
14386:
14384:
14382:
14362:
14356:
14355:
14353:
14351:
14346:on 27 April 2013
14335:
14329:
14328:
14326:
14324:
14308:
14302:
14301:
14299:
14297:
14292:on 15 April 2009
14281:
14275:
14274:
14272:
14270:
14261:. Archived from
14250:
14244:
14243:
14214:
14208:
14207:
14189:
14183:
14182:
14164:
14158:
14157:
14155:
14153:
14134:
14128:
14127:
14125:
14123:
14103:
14097:
14096:
14094:
14092:
14073:
14067:
14066:
14064:
14062:
14042:
14036:
14035:
14033:
14031:
14020:World Bank Blogs
14011:
14005:
14004:
14002:
14000:
13964:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13953:
13934:
13928:
13927:
13925:
13915:
13887:
13881:
13880:
13878:
13876:
13848:
13842:
13841:
13839:
13837:
13814:
13808:
13807:
13805:
13803:
13794:. Archived from
13784:
13778:
13777:
13775:
13773:
13751:
13745:
13744:
13742:
13740:
13722:
13704:
13695:(4): 3441–3456.
13680:
13674:
13672:
13662:
13644:
13635:(4): 2965–2969.
13616:
13610:
13609:
13607:
13605:
13580:
13574:
13573:
13571:
13569:
13563:
13557:. Archived from
13540:
13523:
13517:
13516:
13514:
13512:
13490:
13484:
13483:
13481:
13479:
13469:
13437:
13431:
13430:
13420:
13388:
13382:
13381:
13379:
13377:
13354:
13348:
13347:
13345:
13343:
13324:
13318:
13317:
13315:
13313:
13293:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13282:
13230:
13224:
13223:
13221:
13219:
13161:
13155:
13154:
13152:
13150:
13128:
13122:
13121:
13119:
13117:
13106:The Conversation
13097:
13091:
13090:
13088:
13086:
13067:
13061:
13060:
13058:
13056:
13034:
13028:
13027:
13025:
13023:
13017:
13006:
12997:
12991:
12990:
12988:
12986:
12966:
12960:
12959:
12957:
12955:
12939:
12933:
12932:
12930:
12928:
12908:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12897:
12888:. Archived from
12873:
12867:
12866:
12864:
12862:
12853:. 24 June 2020.
12847:"Sunlight Hours"
12843:
12837:
12836:
12834:
12832:
12826:
12819:
12808:
12802:
12801:
12783:
12777:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12756:
12750:
12749:
12747:
12745:
12739:
12733:. Archived from
12716:
12707:
12698:
12697:
12695:
12693:
12677:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12666:
12650:
12641:
12640:
12622:
12616:
12615:
12597:
12591:
12590:
12588:
12586:
12581:on 14 March 2015
12580:
12560:
12554:
12553:
12551:
12549:
12544:on 12 March 2015
12534:
12528:
12527:
12525:
12508:(5): 1906–1908.
12490:
12484:
12483:
12481:
12479:
12463:
12457:
12456:
12430:
12424:
12423:
12421:
12419:
12399:
12393:
12392:
12374:
12368:
12367:
12365:
12363:
12347:
12341:
12340:
12338:
12336:
12320:
12314:
12313:
12311:
12309:
12293:
12287:
12286:
12284:
12282:
12277:on 31 March 2021
12273:. Archived from
12256:
12216:
12210:
12209:
12191:
12185:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12164:
12158:
12157:
12155:
12153:
12147:
12100:
12091:
12085:
12084:
12056:
12050:
12049:
12017:
12011:
12010:
11962:
11956:
11955:
11924:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11909:. Archived from
11884:
11875:
11869:
11868:
11847:
11841:
11840:
11838:
11836:
11830:
11783:
11770:
11764:
11763:
11761:
11759:
11740:
11734:
11733:
11731:
11729:
11713:
11707:
11705:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11664:
11654:
11622:
11613:
11612:
11610:
11608:
11568:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11557:
11551:
11545:. Archived from
11514:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11496:
11494:
11472:
11466:
11465:
11463:
11461:
11442:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11431:
11415:
11409:
11408:
11398:
11388:
11371:(9): 4192–4200.
11356:
11350:
11349:
11347:
11315:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11304:
11284:
11278:
11277:
11238:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11227:
11211:
11205:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11184:
11178:
11177:
11175:
11173:
11153:
11147:
11146:
11144:
11142:
11126:
11120:
11119:
11117:
11115:
11099:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11088:
11052:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11028:Kring, David A.
11025:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11014:
11005:. Archived from
10992:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10961:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10950:
10944:
10913:
10904:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10878:
10872:
10871:
10869:
10867:
10852:
10846:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10821:
10815:
10814:
10770:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10759:
10740:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10709:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10698:
10678:
10672:
10671:
10665:
10663:
10633:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10602:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10563:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10552:
10543:. Archived from
10533:
10527:
10526:
10482:
10476:
10475:
10473:
10471:
10462:. Archived from
10452:
10446:
10445:
10435:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10392:
10373:
10367:
10366:
10364:
10362:
10342:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10331:
10311:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10300:
10272:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10242:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10212:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10178:
10172:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10150:(7 April 2007).
10148:Krulwich, Robert
10144:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10133:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10076:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10065:
10059:
10052:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10027:
9995:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9984:
9968:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9957:
9937:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9923:
9914:. Archived from
9903:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9892:
9881:The Conversation
9872:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9856:on 15 April 2012
9852:. Archived from
9840:
9830:
9812:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9769:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9720:
9688:
9679:
9678:
9659:Brownlee, Donald
9651:
9645:
9644:
9642:
9640:
9634:
9619:
9609:
9583:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9554:. Archived from
9543:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9502:
9491:
9490:
9479:10.1130/B25899.1
9465:(1–2): 140–156.
9454:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9402:(7925): 94–100.
9387:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9329:(October 1994).
9323:
9317:
9316:
9298:
9288:
9253:
9247:
9246:
9228:
9222:
9221:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9173:
9167:
9166:
9156:
9146:
9112:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9081:
9075:
9073:
9063:
9045:
9005:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8985:. Archived from
8983:Associated Press
8964:
8958:
8957:
8938:10.1038/ngeo2025
8911:
8905:
8904:
8894:
8853:Hazen, Robert M.
8845:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8757:
8752:. Archived from
8736:
8727:
8726:
8725:on 15 July 2011.
8724:
8718:. Archived from
8683:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8572:
8562:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8476:
8445:
8439:
8438:
8428:
8389:Hawksworth, C.J.
8384:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8373:
8331:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8305:
8290:
8264:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8212:
8206:
8205:
8187:
8181:
8180:
8162:
8119:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8080:(3–4): 223–253.
8074:Chemical Geology
8065:
8056:
8055:
8045:
8027:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7844:(6): 1309–1320.
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7712:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7666:10.1038/35089010
7634:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7611:. Archived from
7600:
7594:
7593:
7583:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7500:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7414:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7339:. Archived from
7322:
7316:
7315:
7307:
7295:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7273:
7261:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7239:
7227:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7205:
7193:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7171:
7159:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7137:
7125:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7103:
7091:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7023:
7017:
7016:
6978:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6850:
6833:(8): 3213–3217.
6815:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6639:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6583:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6520:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6501:on 24 April 2011
6497:. Archived from
6486:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6469:
6452:
6439:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6407:. Archived from
6376:
6364:
6358:
6344:Available online
6333:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6310:. Archived from
6300:
6294:
6293:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6169:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6113:
6098:
6097:
6077:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6047:
6032:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5989:
5988:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5952:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5888:
5875:
5874:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5825:
5819:
5817:
5816:5 and 70 km
5812:
5806:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5775:(1–3): 379–410.
5757:
5751:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5721:
5703:Global Landcover
5687:
5681:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5634:); perihelion =
5624:
5618:
5603:
5577:Outline of Earth
5552:Celestial sphere
5444:
5430:
5384:Earth in culture
5340:greenhouse gases
5256:Natural resource
5216:sovereign states
5170:Human population
5153:
5088:soil degradation
4819:Upper atmosphere
4730:solar irradiance
4684:
4666:
4610:
4603:
4586:
4458:U-shaped valleys
4442:changes into ice
4396:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4280:quasi-satellites
4263:around Earth in
4209:
4062:autumnal equinox
4035:Antarctic Circle
4016:Tropic of Cancer
3939:counterclockwise
3863:Earth's location
3841:
3837:
3825:
3817:
3798:
3787:
3779:
3760:Earth's rotation
3696:
3694:
3684:
3679:
3622:Gravity of Earth
3610:mid-ocean ridges
3595:
3593:
3587:
3568:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3413:angular velocity
3271:
3259:
3240:
3236:
3217:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3021:
2945:Earth's surface
2914:form the top of
2782:oceanic plateaus
2774:oceanic trenches
2559:Earth's rotation
2466:
2443:
2435:
2428:
2417:
2413:
2402:has entered the
2353:
2341:
2328:mass extinctions
2325:
2313:
2195:
2184:
2176:molecular oxygen
2128:
2120:
2109:
2101:
2089:
2049:
2042:
2012:the first solid
2003:early atmosphere
1974:
1961:greenhouse gases
1916:asteroid impacts
1913:
1883:). According to
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1794:History of Earth
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1559:
1557:[ɡâj.ja]
1553:
1551:[ɡâi̯.a]
1548:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1058:cosmic radiation
875:
837:0.274 μSv/h
790:
789:
743:
741:
725:0.4651 km/s
712:
710:
707:
687:
672:
671:11.186 km/s
637:
635:
606:
604:
601:
587:
585:
582:
565:
563:
560:
552:
550:
547:
539:
537:
534:
509:
507:
497:
495:
475:
474:
471:
456:
454:
437:
435:
418:
416:
382:
380:
352:– J2000 ecliptic
351:
349:
326:
324:
315:invariable plane
312:
310:
298:
283:
269:
244:
243:
240:
237:
229:
228:
225:
209:
208:
194:
192:
189:
173:
171:
168:
154:
152:
149:
53:
46:
42:
21:
23139:
23138:
23134:
23133:
23132:
23130:
23129:
23128:
23084:
23083:
23082:
23072:
23067:
23065:
23055:
23050:
23048:
23044:from Wikisource
23038:
23033:
23031:
23021:
23016:
23014:
23004:
22999:
22997:
22987:
22982:
22980:
22976:from Wiktionary
22970:
22965:
22963:
22960:
22956:sister projects
22953:at Knowledge's
22947:
22935:
22923:
22913:
22911:
22901:
22899:
22887:
22877:
22875:
22865:
22863:
22853:
22851:
22839:
22831:
22829:
22824:
22823:
22818:
22812:
22810:
22809:
22803:
22796:
22789:
22782:
22776:
22770:
22764:
22757:
22750:
22743:
22736:
22729:
22722:
22707:
22705:
22695:
22693:
22683:
22681:
22668:
22659:
22623:
22560:
22544:vs. Hill sphere
22470:Molecular cloud
22398:Sample curation
22378:Detached object
22317:
22310:
22154:
22146:
22083:
22070:
22015:Neptune trojans
21798:
21796:
21794:
21787:
21723:
21416:
21287:
21269:
21155:
21118:
21111:
21106:
21076:
21071:
21049:
20966:
20935:
20916:
20873:
20815:
20795:
20786:Gaia hypothesis
20776:Plate tectonics
20737:
20687:
20681:
20651:
20646:
20614:
20540:
20535:
20533:
20532:
20526:
20519:
20512:
20505:
20499:
20493:
20487:
20480:
20473:
20466:
20459:
20452:
20445:
20438:
20425:
20420:
20385:
20377:
20372:
20366:
20364:
20363:
20357:
20350:
20343:
20336:
20330:
20324:
20318:
20311:
20304:
20297:
20290:
20283:
20276:
20261:
20259:
20249:
20247:
20237:
20235:
20222:
20213:
20177:
20114:
20098:vs. Hill sphere
20024:Molecular cloud
19952:Sample curation
19932:Detached object
19871:
19864:
19708:
19700:
19637:
19624:
19569:Neptune trojans
19352:
19350:
19348:
19341:
19277:
18970:
18841:
18823:
18709:
18672:
18665:
18660:
18630:
18625:
18581:
18562:Paleogeoscience
18508:
18490:
18485:
18455:
18450:
18432:
18399:
18358:
18291:
18286:
18256:
18251:
18223:
18185:
18142:
18133:Geologic record
18087:
18073:Plate tectonics
18063:Mineral physics
18043:Earth structure
18029:
17964:
17911:
17841:
17793:
17750:
17741:
17688:
17683:
17638:Google Earth 3D
17598:
17597:
17586:
17580:
17578:
17575:This audio file
17572:
17565:
17556:
17553:
17547:
17543:
17542:
17538:
17535:
17530:
17529:
17522:
17508:
17504:
17497:
17483:
17479:
17472:
17458:
17454:
17444:
17442:
17427:
17423:
17413:
17411:
17396:
17380:
17376:
17366:
17364:
17357:
17338:
17334:
17327:
17305:
17304:
17300:
17290:
17288:
17275:
17274:
17270:
17260:
17258:
17245:
17244:
17240:
17230:
17228:
17209:
17205:
17195:
17193:
17174:Overbye, Dennis
17171:
17167:
17118:
17114:
17072:
17068:
17061:
17044:
17040:
17033:
17013:
17006:
16999:
16985:
16981:
16971:
16969:
16947:
16943:
16933:
16931:
16876:
16872:
16862:
16860:
16845:
16841:
16831:
16829:
16812:
16808:
16798:
16796:
16783:
16782:
16778:
16768:
16766:
16747:
16743:
16733:
16731:
16727:
16716:
16705:
16701:
16694:
16677:
16673:
16663:
16661:
16657:
16646:
16637:
16633:
16623:
16621:
16599:
16595:
16553:
16549:
16542:
16525:
16521:
16511:
16509:
16466:
16462:
16452:
16450:
16435:
16434:
16430:
16420:
16418:
16399:
16395:
16385:
16383:
16364:
16363:
16359:
16349:
16347:
16332:
16331:
16327:
16317:
16315:
16311:
16305:
16294:
16286:
16282:
16275:
16254:
16250:
16240:
16238:
16229:
16228:
16224:
16214:
16212:
16189:
16185:
16178:
16164:
16160:
16150:
16148:
16126:
16122:
16112:
16110:
16101:(6 July 2011).
16096:
16092:
16082:
16080:
16065:
16061:
16051:
16049:
16021:
16014:
16004:
16002:
15987:
15983:
15973:
15971:
15958:
15957:
15953:
15943:
15941:
15928:
15927:
15920:
15857:Doran, Peter T.
15849:
15842:
15835:
15818:
15814:
15804:
15802:
15795:
15779:
15775:
15768:
15751:
15747:
15737:
15735:
15720:
15697:
15693:
15683:
15681:
15670:
15666:
15656:
15654:
15650:
15611:
15605:
15601:
15591:
15589:
15570:
15569:
15565:
15555:
15553:
15540:
15539:
15535:
15525:
15523:
15508:
15504:
15471:Hunten, D. M.;
15469:
15465:
15455:
15453:
15442:
15438:
15406:10.1.1.562.2763
15370:
15366:
15322:
15318:
15308:
15306:
15295:
15291:
15281:
15279:
15278:on 13 July 2007
15264:
15260:
15250:
15248:
15233:
15229:
15198:(D24): D24102.
15184:
15180:
15135:
15131:
15124:
15110:
15106:
15096:
15094:
15083:
15079:
15072:
15058:
15054:
15047:
15033:
15029:
15022:
15008:
15004:
14997:
14983:
14979:
14969:
14967:
14960:"Climate Zones"
14956:
14952:
14945:
14921:
14917:
14880:Lean, Judith L.
14876:
14872:
14862:
14860:
14855:. 5 June 2023.
14847:
14846:
14842:
14832:
14830:
14812:
14808:
14798:
14796:
14782:
14775:
14765:
14763:
14748:
14741:
14731:
14729:
14710:
14706:
14696:
14694:
14693:on 4 March 2021
14674:
14670:
14663:
14647:
14643:
14633:
14631:
14620:
14616:
14606:
14604:
14593:
14586:
14579:
14562:
14558:
14548:
14546:
14531:
14527:
14464:
14460:
14450:
14448:
14444:
14437:
14429:
14420:
14410:
14408:
14403:. 1 June 2013.
14395:
14394:
14390:
14380:
14378:
14363:
14359:
14349:
14347:
14336:
14332:
14322:
14320:
14309:
14305:
14295:
14293:
14284:Morris, Ron M.
14282:
14278:
14268:
14266:
14265:on 30 June 2007
14251:
14247:
14240:
14215:
14211:
14204:
14190:
14186:
14179:
14165:
14161:
14151:
14149:
14136:
14135:
14131:
14121:
14119:
14104:
14100:
14090:
14088:
14075:
14074:
14070:
14060:
14058:
14043:
14039:
14029:
14027:
14012:
14008:
13998:
13996:
13989:
13965:
13961:
13951:
13949:
13936:
13935:
13931:
13888:
13884:
13874:
13872:
13865:
13849:
13845:
13835:
13833:
13816:
13815:
13811:
13801:
13799:
13786:
13785:
13781:
13771:
13769:
13752:
13748:
13738:
13736:
13681:
13677:
13621:Asher, David J.
13617:
13613:
13603:
13601:
13586:(18 May 2012).
13584:Sharf, Caleb A.
13581:
13577:
13567:
13565:
13561:
13538:
13526:Dadarich, Amy;
13524:
13520:
13510:
13508:
13491:
13487:
13477:
13475:
13438:
13434:
13389:
13385:
13375:
13373:
13372:on 2 March 2008
13355:
13351:
13341:
13339:
13326:
13325:
13321:
13311:
13309:
13294:
13290:
13280:
13278:
13231:
13227:
13217:
13215:
13178:(7985): 95–99.
13162:
13158:
13148:
13146:
13129:
13125:
13115:
13113:
13098:
13094:
13084:
13082:
13069:
13068:
13064:
13054:
13052:
13035:
13031:
13021:
13019:
13015:
13004:
12998:
12994:
12984:
12982:
12967:
12963:
12953:
12951:
12940:
12936:
12926:
12924:
12909:
12905:
12895:
12893:
12874:
12870:
12860:
12858:
12845:
12844:
12840:
12830:
12828:
12824:
12817:
12814:The Polar Night
12809:
12805:
12798:
12784:
12780:
12770:
12768:
12757:
12753:
12743:
12741:
12737:
12714:
12708:
12701:
12691:
12689:
12678:
12674:
12664:
12662:
12651:
12644:
12637:
12623:
12619:
12612:
12598:
12594:
12584:
12582:
12578:
12568:IERS Bulletin-A
12562:
12561:
12557:
12547:
12545:
12536:
12535:
12531:
12491:
12487:
12477:
12475:
12464:
12460:
12445:
12431:
12427:
12417:
12415:
12400:
12396:
12389:
12375:
12371:
12361:
12359:
12348:
12344:
12334:
12332:
12321:
12317:
12307:
12305:
12294:
12290:
12280:
12278:
12217:
12213:
12206:
12192:
12188:
12178:
12176:
12165:
12161:
12151:
12149:
12145:
12109:(11): 519–542.
12098:
12092:
12088:
12057:
12053:
12022:Jaupart, Claude
12018:
12014:
11963:
11959:
11925:
11921:
11913:
11882:
11876:
11872:
11865:
11851:Turcotte, D. L.
11848:
11844:
11834:
11832:
11828:
11781:
11771:
11767:
11757:
11755:
11754:on 28 June 2013
11742:
11741:
11737:
11727:
11725:
11714:
11710:
11702:
11682:
11678:
11623:
11616:
11606:
11604:
11569:
11565:
11555:
11553:
11549:
11543:
11512:
11506:
11502:
11492:
11490:
11473:
11469:
11459:
11457:
11444:
11443:
11439:
11429:
11427:
11416:
11412:
11357:
11353:
11316:
11312:
11302:
11300:
11285:
11281:
11239:
11235:
11225:
11223:
11212:
11208:
11198:
11196:
11185:
11181:
11171:
11169:
11154:
11150:
11140:
11138:
11127:
11123:
11113:
11111:
11100:
11096:
11086:
11084:
11069:
11053:
11049:
11039:
11037:
11026:
11022:
11012:
11010:
10995:Jessey, David.
10993:
10989:
10979:
10977:
10962:
10958:
10948:
10946:
10942:
10911:
10905:
10901:
10891:
10889:
10880:
10879:
10875:
10865:
10863:
10854:
10853:
10849:
10839:
10837:
10822:
10818:
10771:
10767:
10757:
10755:
10742:
10741:
10737:
10727:
10725:
10710:
10706:
10696:
10694:
10679:
10675:
10661:
10659:
10652:
10634:
10630:
10620:
10618:
10611:Geography Realm
10603:
10599:
10589:
10587:
10580:
10564:
10560:
10550:
10548:
10535:
10534:
10530:
10483:
10479:
10469:
10467:
10454:
10453:
10449:
10404:
10400:
10390:
10388:
10383:. 20 May 2022.
10375:
10374:
10370:
10360:
10358:
10343:
10339:
10329:
10327:
10312:
10308:
10298:
10296:
10289:
10273:
10269:
10259:
10257:
10244:
10243:
10239:
10229:
10227:
10214:
10213:
10209:
10199:
10197:
10180:
10179:
10175:
10165:
10163:
10145:
10141:
10131:
10129:
10128:on 17 July 2015
10110:
10106:
10096:
10094:
10077:
10073:
10063:
10061:
10057:
10050:
10046:
10045:
10041:
9996:
9992:
9982:
9980:
9969:
9965:
9955:
9953:
9952:on 15 July 2014
9944:(7 July 2006).
9938:
9931:
9921:
9919:
9904:
9900:
9890:
9888:
9873:
9869:
9859:
9857:
9841:
9787:
9783:
9738:
9734:
9689:
9682:
9675:
9652:
9648:
9638:
9636:
9632:
9581:
9567:
9563:
9558:on 5 June 2009.
9544:
9540:
9503:
9494:
9455:
9451:
9441:
9439:
9388:
9384:
9374:
9372:
9324:
9320:
9254:
9250:
9243:
9229:
9225:
9218:
9204:
9200:
9190:
9188:
9175:
9174:
9170:
9113:
9109:
9099:
9097:
9082:
9078:
9006:
9002:
8992:
8990:
8977:. Yonkers, NY:
8965:
8961:
8912:
8908:
8846:
8842:
8832:
8830:
8819:
8815:
8775:
8771:
8761:
8759:
8737:
8730:
8722:
8681:
8668:
8664:
8654:
8652:
8617:
8613:
8603:
8601:
8600:on 4 March 2007
8590:
8586:
8537:
8533:
8523:
8521:
8502:
8498:
8474:10.1.1.715.6618
8446:
8442:
8385:
8381:
8371:
8369:
8329:
8323:
8319:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8288:10.1.1.527.9577
8262:
8256:
8252:
8213:
8209:
8202:
8188:
8184:
8123:Harrison, T. M.
8120:
8113:
8103:
8101:
8066:
8059:
8004:
8000:
7990:
7988:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7934:
7930:
7871:
7867:
7827:
7823:
7813:
7811:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7780:
7754:
7750:
7693:
7689:
7635:
7628:
7618:
7616:
7601:
7597:
7544:
7540:
7530:
7528:
7501:
7497:
7485:
7483:
7429:
7427:
7411:
7391:
7387:
7380:10.1038/ngeo941
7352:
7348:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7309:
7289:
7285:
7275:
7255:
7251:
7241:
7221:
7217:
7207:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7153:
7149:
7139:
7119:
7115:
7105:
7085:
7081:
7074:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7037:. p. 179.
7024:
7020:
7013:
6980:
6979:
6972:
6962:
6960:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6930:
6928:
6921:
6905:
6901:
6891:
6889:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6816:
6812:
6802:
6800:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6735:
6733:
6726:
6707:
6703:
6693:
6691:
6684:
6665:
6661:
6608:
6604:
6596:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6570:
6560:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6534:
6532:
6521:
6514:
6504:
6502:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6450:
6437:
6431:
6427:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6374:
6365:
6361:
6351:Wayback Machine
6334:
6327:
6317:
6315:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6290:
6274:
6270:
6260:
6258:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6216:
6197:
6193:
6183:
6181:
6170:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6114:
6101:
6078:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6030:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6010:
5979:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5906:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5855:For Earth, the
5854:
5850:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5758:
5754:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5710:Wayback Machine
5695:vertical datums
5688:
5684:
5675:
5671:
5664:
5625:
5621:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5547:
5520:a moving object
5504:spherical Earth
5477:overview effect
5467:Gaia hypothesis
5459:fertility deity
5437:globus cruciger
5390:
5382:Main articles:
5380:
5361:The concept of
5328:
5320:Main articles:
5318:
5297:pharmaceuticals
5262:
5254:Main articles:
5252:
5224:205 such states
5151:
5132:
5126:
5124:Human geography
5120:
5118:Human geography
5080:desertification
4928:
4926:History of life
4920:Main articles:
4918:
4905:escape velocity
4821:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4656:
4648:Main articles:
4646:
4617:solar radiation
4609:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4584:
4511:
4505:
4450:Alpine glaciers
4394:
4366:
4360:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4296:trojan asteroid
4284:horseshoe orbit
4269:low Earth orbit
4249:
4241:Main articles:
4239:
4215:Paleontological
4207:
4194:. Due to their
4137:
4125:Main articles:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4089:Chandler wobble
4058:summer solstice
4054:winter solstice
4008:Celestial Poles
3996:
3990:
3865:
3857:Main articles:
3855:
3839:
3835:
3830:or moving mean
3823:
3815:
3793:
3781:
3777:
3762:
3756:
3751:
3731:magnetic storms
3704:field reversals
3692:
3690:
3677:
3675:
3651:
3645:
3624:
3618:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3563:
3521:
3515:
3455:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3401:transition zone
3269:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3235:
3229:
3215:
3204:Caribbean Plate
3192:Indo-Australian
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3113:tectonic plates
3095:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3073:
3068:Antarctic Plate
3063:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3005:
3003:Plate tectonics
2999:
2997:Tectonic plates
2786:mid-ocean ridge
2701:into the polar
2648:
2614:
2544:planetary sized
2518:
2512:
2506:Earth curvature
2494:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2464:
2441:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2392:
2386:
2384:Future of Earth
2380:
2351:
2339:
2323:
2311:
2245:biotic material
2237:metasedimentary
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2161:
2159:History of life
2149:Main articles:
2147:
2135:middle-latitude
2126:
2118:
2107:
2102:, then finally
2100:600–540 Ma
2099:
2087:
2084:supercontinents
2076:plate tectonics
2044:
2040:
1991:Pale orange dot
1972:
1934:
1928:
1926:After formation
1911:
1869:molecular cloud
1854:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1792:Main articles:
1790:
1788:Natural history
1750:
1746:
1714:
1710:
1667:
1663:
1638:
1634:
1599:
1595:
1573:
1569:
1566:Gaia hypothesis
1543:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1439:
1435:
1413:
1409:
1399:Oxford spelling
1348:Norse mythology
1276:developed, via
1266:
1226:Earth's history
1152:a circumference
1125:climate regions
1123:with different
1102:
1038:tectonic plates
1013:and covered by
1007:land hemisphere
1005:within Earth's
952:
870:
867:
849:
830:equivalent dose
779:
768:
739:
737:
734:
722:
715:
713:
708:
705:
703:
699:
690:
688:
685:
681:
670:
667:
665:Escape velocity
655:
644:
638:
633:
631:
628:
626:Surface gravity
619:5.513 g/cm
616:
602:
599:
597:
583:
580:
578:
568:
561:
558:
556:
548:
545:
543:
535:
532:
530:
524:
515:
505:
503:
493:
491:
472:
469:
467:
452:
450:
447:
433:
431:
428:
414:
412:
409:
378:
376:
373:
361:
347:
345:
342:
333:
322:
320:
308:
306:
296:
281:
278:
267:
264:
252:
241:
238:
235:
233:
231:
226:
223:
221:
218:
206:
204:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:Semi-major axis
169:
166:
164:
150:
147:
145:
82:The world, the
79:
65:
64:, December 1972
57:The Blue Marble
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
23137:
23127:
23126:
23121:
23116:
23111:
23106:
23101:
23096:
23081:
23080:
23063:
23061:from Wikibooks
23046:
23029:
23027:from Wikiquote
23012:
22995:
22978:
22949:
22946:
22945:
22933:
22921:
22909:
22897:
22885:
22873:
22861:
22859:Earth sciences
22849:
22826:
22825:
22820:
22819:
22716:
22715:
22703:
22691:
22679:
22673:
22670:
22669:
22665:
22664:
22661:
22660:
22658:
22657:
22652:
22647:
22642:
22637:
22631:
22629:
22625:
22624:
22622:
22621:
22616:
22615:
22614:
22609:
22599:
22594:
22589:
22584:
22579:
22574:
22568:
22566:
22562:
22561:
22559:
22558:
22556:Scattered disc
22553:
22548:
22547:
22546:
22536:
22531:
22530:
22529:
22524:
22523:
22522:
22512:
22507:
22502:
22497:
22487:
22482:
22477:
22472:
22467:
22462:
22457:
22452:
22447:
22442:
22437:
22432:
22427:
22422:
22417:
22412:
22407:
22406:
22405:
22400:
22390:
22385:
22380:
22375:
22370:
22365:
22360:
22355:
22350:
22345:
22344:
22343:
22341:Excretion disk
22336:Accretion disk
22333:
22328:
22326:Star formation
22322:
22320:
22312:
22311:
22309:
22308:
22303:
22298:
22293:
22288:
22283:
22278:
22273:
22272:
22271:
22261:
22256:
22251:
22250:
22249:
22239:
22234:
22229:
22228:
22227:
22222:
22217:
22215:space stations
22207:
22206:
22205:
22200:
22190:
22189:
22188:
22183:
22178:
22168:
22162:
22160:
22148:
22147:
22145:
22144:
22139:
22134:
22129:
22124:
22119:
22114:
22109:
22104:
22099:
22094:
22088:
22086:
22075:
22072:
22071:
22069:
22068:
22063:
22062:
22061:
22056:
22054:Scattered disc
22051:
22046:
22041:
22040:
22039:
22034:
22019:
22018:
22017:
22012:
22002:
22001:
22000:
21995:
21990:
21985:
21980:
21975:
21970:
21965:
21960:
21950:
21945:
21940:
21939:
21938:
21933:
21928:
21923:
21922:
21921:
21916:
21906:
21901:
21896:
21886:
21885:
21884:
21879:
21874:
21869:
21864:
21859:
21854:
21849:
21841:
21836:
21835:
21834:
21829:
21819:
21814:
21809:
21803:
21801:
21789:
21788:
21786:
21785:
21780:
21775:
21770:
21765:
21760:
21755:
21745:
21740:
21733:
21731:
21725:
21724:
21722:
21721:
21720:
21719:
21709:
21708:
21707:
21697:
21696:
21695:
21685:
21684:
21683:
21673:
21672:
21671:
21666:
21656:
21655:
21654:
21649:
21644:
21639:
21634:
21624:
21623:
21622:
21612:
21611:
21610:
21605:
21600:
21595:
21585:
21584:
21583:
21578:
21573:
21568:
21563:
21558:
21548:
21547:
21546:
21541:
21536:
21531:
21526:
21521:
21516:
21511:
21506:
21501:
21491:
21490:
21489:
21484:
21479:
21474:
21469:
21459:
21458:
21457:
21452:
21442:
21441:
21440:
21435:
21426:
21424:
21418:
21417:
21415:
21414:
21413:
21412:
21407:
21402:
21397:
21392:
21387:
21382:
21377:
21372:
21362:
21361:
21360:
21359:
21358:
21353:
21343:
21342:
21341:
21336:
21321:
21320:
21319:
21314:
21309:
21304:
21293:
21291:
21274:
21271:
21270:
21268:
21267:
21260:
21253:
21246:
21239:
21232:
21225:
21218:
21211:
21206:
21201:
21196:
21191:
21184:
21179:
21174:
21169:
21164:
21116:
21113:
21112:
21105:
21104:
21097:
21090:
21082:
21073:
21072:
21070:
21069:
21058:
21055:
21054:
21051:
21050:
21048:
21047:
21040:
21039:
21038:
21033:
21023:
21022:
21021:
21016:
21011:
21010:
21009:
20999:
20998:
20997:
20982:
20977:
20971:
20968:
20967:
20965:
20964:
20954:
20949:
20944:
20939:
20930:
20924:
20918:
20917:
20915:
20914:
20909:
20904:
20899:
20894:
20889:
20883:
20881:
20875:
20874:
20872:
20871:
20870:
20869:
20864:
20854:
20849:
20844:
20839:
20834:
20829:
20824:
20819:
20811:
20805:
20803:
20797:
20796:
20794:
20793:
20788:
20783:
20778:
20773:
20768:
20763:
20753:
20747:
20745:
20739:
20738:
20736:
20735:
20730:
20729:
20728:
20723:
20713:
20708:
20703:
20697:
20695:
20689:
20688:
20680:
20679:
20672:
20665:
20657:
20648:
20647:
20645:
20644:
20632:
20619:
20616:
20615:
20613:
20612:
20607:
20602:
20597:
20589:
20581:
20573:
20565:
20557:
20548:
20546:
20542:
20541:
20433:
20431:
20427:
20426:
20419:
20418:
20411:
20404:
20396:
20390:
20387:
20386:
20374:
20373:
20270:
20269:
20257:
20245:
20233:
20227:
20224:
20223:
20219:
20218:
20215:
20214:
20212:
20211:
20206:
20201:
20196:
20191:
20185:
20183:
20179:
20178:
20176:
20175:
20170:
20169:
20168:
20163:
20153:
20148:
20143:
20138:
20133:
20128:
20122:
20120:
20116:
20115:
20113:
20112:
20110:Scattered disc
20107:
20102:
20101:
20100:
20090:
20085:
20084:
20083:
20078:
20077:
20076:
20066:
20061:
20056:
20051:
20041:
20036:
20031:
20026:
20021:
20016:
20011:
20006:
20001:
19996:
19991:
19986:
19981:
19976:
19971:
19966:
19961:
19960:
19959:
19954:
19944:
19939:
19934:
19929:
19924:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19898:
19897:
19895:Excretion disk
19890:Accretion disk
19887:
19882:
19880:Star formation
19876:
19874:
19866:
19865:
19863:
19862:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19842:
19837:
19832:
19827:
19826:
19825:
19815:
19810:
19805:
19804:
19803:
19793:
19788:
19783:
19782:
19781:
19776:
19771:
19769:space stations
19761:
19760:
19759:
19754:
19744:
19743:
19742:
19737:
19732:
19722:
19716:
19714:
19702:
19701:
19699:
19698:
19693:
19688:
19683:
19678:
19673:
19668:
19663:
19658:
19653:
19648:
19642:
19640:
19629:
19626:
19625:
19623:
19622:
19617:
19616:
19615:
19610:
19608:Scattered disc
19605:
19600:
19595:
19594:
19593:
19588:
19573:
19572:
19571:
19566:
19556:
19555:
19554:
19549:
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19055:
19045:
19044:
19043:
19038:
19033:
19028:
19023:
19013:
19012:
19011:
19006:
18996:
18995:
18994:
18989:
18980:
18978:
18972:
18971:
18969:
18968:
18967:
18966:
18961:
18956:
18951:
18946:
18941:
18936:
18931:
18926:
18916:
18915:
18914:
18913:
18912:
18907:
18897:
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18875:
18874:
18873:
18868:
18863:
18858:
18847:
18845:
18828:
18825:
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18822:
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18814:
18807:
18800:
18793:
18786:
18779:
18772:
18765:
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18755:
18750:
18745:
18738:
18733:
18728:
18723:
18718:
18670:
18667:
18666:
18659:
18658:
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18644:
18636:
18627:
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18623:
18611:
18599:
18586:
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18579:
18574:
18569:
18564:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18544:
18539:
18534:
18529:
18524:
18519:
18513:
18510:
18509:
18507:
18506:
18501:
18495:
18492:
18491:
18484:
18483:
18476:
18469:
18461:
18452:
18451:
18449:
18448:
18437:
18434:
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18425:
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18407:
18405:
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18377:
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18364:
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18320:
18305:
18299:
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18277:
18270:
18262:
18253:
18252:
18250:
18249:
18239:
18234:
18228:
18225:
18224:
18222:
18221:
18216:
18211:
18206:
18201:
18195:
18193:
18187:
18186:
18184:
18183:
18178:
18173:
18168:
18166:Atlantic Ocean
18163:
18158:
18152:
18150:
18144:
18143:
18141:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18129:
18128:
18118:
18113:
18108:
18103:
18097:
18095:
18089:
18088:
18086:
18085:
18080:
18075:
18070:
18065:
18060:
18055:
18050:
18048:Fluid dynamics
18045:
18039:
18037:
18031:
18030:
18028:
18027:
18022:
18020:Geopositioning
18017:
18015:Remote Sensing
18012:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17986:
17985:
17974:
17972:
17966:
17965:
17963:
17962:
17957:
17952:
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17927:
17921:
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17910:
17909:
17904:
17899:
17894:
17889:
17884:
17879:
17874:
17869:
17864:
17863:
17862:
17851:
17849:
17843:
17842:
17840:
17839:
17834:
17829:
17824:
17819:
17814:
17809:
17803:
17801:
17795:
17794:
17792:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17776:
17774:Climate change
17771:
17769:Energy balance
17766:
17764:Climate system
17760:
17758:
17752:
17751:
17744:
17742:
17740:
17739:
17734:
17729:
17724:
17719:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17698:
17696:
17690:
17689:
17682:
17681:
17674:
17667:
17659:
17653:
17652:
17649:GPlates Portal
17646:
17641:
17635:
17634:
17633:
17623:
17614:
17608:
17587:
17573:
17566:
17554:
17537:
17536:
17534:
17533:External links
17531:
17528:
17527:
17520:
17502:
17495:
17477:
17470:
17452:
17421:
17394:
17374:
17355:
17332:
17325:
17298:
17268:
17238:
17203:
17165:
17112:
17085:(8): 579–580.
17066:
17059:
17038:
17031:
17004:
16997:
16979:
16941:
16870:
16839:
16806:
16776:
16741:
16699:
16692:
16671:
16631:
16593:
16556:Rona, Peter A.
16547:
16540:
16519:
16460:
16428:
16393:
16376:European Union
16357:
16325:
16303:
16280:
16273:
16248:
16222:
16183:
16176:
16170:. Birkhäuser.
16158:
16120:
16090:
16059:
16012:
15981:
15951:
15918:
15853:Oreskes, Naomi
15840:
15833:
15821:Goudie, Andrew
15812:
15793:
15773:
15766:
15745:
15718:
15691:
15664:
15628:10.1086/381004
15622:(2): 192–211.
15599:
15563:
15533:
15502:
15483:(1): 265–292.
15463:
15436:
15364:
15329:Donahue, T. M.
15316:
15289:
15266:Staff (2004).
15258:
15227:
15178:
15149:(2): 199–204.
15129:
15122:
15104:
15077:
15070:
15052:
15045:
15027:
15020:
15002:
14995:
14977:
14950:
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14840:
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14704:
14668:
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14556:
14525:
14458:
14418:
14388:
14357:
14330:
14303:
14276:
14245:
14238:
14209:
14202:
14184:
14177:
14159:
14129:
14098:
14081:Lake Scientist
14068:
14037:
14006:
13987:
13979:10.2867/509830
13959:
13929:
13906:(2): 112–114.
13882:
13863:
13843:
13809:
13779:
13746:
13675:
13611:
13575:
13549:(2): 463–475.
13532:Manga, Michael
13518:
13485:
13452:(1): 261–285.
13432:
13383:
13349:
13319:
13288:
13225:
13156:
13123:
13092:
13062:
13029:
12992:
12961:
12934:
12903:
12868:
12838:
12803:
12796:
12778:
12767:on 1 July 2008
12751:
12699:
12672:
12642:
12635:
12617:
12610:
12592:
12555:
12538:"Leap seconds"
12529:
12485:
12458:
12443:
12425:
12394:
12387:
12369:
12342:
12315:
12288:
12254:2027.42/145256
12231:(2): 309–332.
12211:
12204:
12186:
12159:
12086:
12067:(1): 415–418.
12051:
12032:(B12): 11535.
12012:
11957:
11938:(3): 267–280.
11919:
11870:
11863:
11842:
11765:
11735:
11708:
11700:
11676:
11614:
11583:(1): 103–126.
11563:
11541:
11500:
11467:
11437:
11410:
11351:
11310:
11279:
11233:
11206:
11179:
11148:
11121:
11094:
11067:
11047:
11020:
11009:on 3 July 2007
10987:
10956:
10899:
10884:. World Bank.
10873:
10858:. World Bank.
10847:
10830:Universe Today
10816:
10765:
10735:
10704:
10673:
10650:
10628:
10597:
10578:
10558:
10528:
10477:
10456:"Ocean Worlds"
10447:
10398:
10377:"Water-Worlds"
10368:
10337:
10306:
10287:
10267:
10237:
10207:
10173:
10139:
10104:
10071:
10039:
9990:
9963:
9929:
9898:
9867:
9803:(1): 155–163.
9781:
9752:(4): 569–575.
9732:
9680:
9673:
9655:Ward, Peter D.
9646:
9561:
9538:
9532:10.1086/173407
9492:
9449:
9382:
9318:
9257:Stanley, S. M.
9248:
9241:
9223:
9216:
9198:
9168:
9107:
9076:
9000:
8959:
8906:
8840:
8813:
8792:(3): 225–261.
8778:Berkner, L. V.
8769:
8728:
8662:
8611:
8584:
8531:
8496:
8459:(1–2): 16–33.
8440:
8379:
8340:(1–2): 19–33.
8334:Tectonophysics
8317:
8273:(5): 613–630.
8250:
8207:
8200:
8182:
8129:; Müller, W.;
8111:
8057:
7998:
7965:
7958:
7928:
7865:
7830:Morbidelli, A.
7821:
7785:
7778:
7748:
7687:
7642:Asphaug, E. I.
7626:
7609:Discovery News
7595:
7538:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7454:(1): 205–221.
7436:
7415:
7409:
7385:
7366:(9): 637–641.
7346:
7317:
7283:
7249:
7215:
7181:
7147:
7113:
7079:
7072:
7050:
7043:
7018:
7011:
6989:(3 ed.).
6970:
6952:United Nations
6938:
6919:
6899:
6862:
6810:
6773:
6743:
6724:
6701:
6682:
6659:
6637:10.1086/117108
6602:
6568:
6542:
6512:
6481:
6459:
6425:
6403:
6368:Cazenave, Anny
6359:
6325:
6295:
6288:
6268:
6233:
6214:
6191:
6139:
6099:
6088:(2): 663–683.
6068:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6017:
6008:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5950:
5913:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5848:
5837:(2): 359–361.
5820:
5807:
5794:
5759:Including the
5752:
5748:abyssal plains
5731:
5722:
5682:
5669:
5662:
5619:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5535:thermodynamics
5500:Ancient Greece
5463:Creation myths
5455:mother goddess
5419:Human cultures
5379:
5376:
5371:nitrogen cycle
5348:global warming
5326:Climate change
5317:
5314:
5251:
5248:
5240:over the ocean
5232:United Nations
5205:space stations
5122:Main article:
5119:
5116:
5100:global warming
5092:soil depletion
4995:high altitudes
4917:
4914:
4901:molecular mass
4820:
4817:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4668:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4645:
4642:
4625:thermal energy
4607:
4600:
4507:Main article:
4504:
4501:
4474:heat reservoir
4362:Main article:
4359:
4356:
4265:geosynchronous
4238:
4235:
4122:
4119:
4111:
4108:
4033:and below the
3992:Main article:
3989:
3986:
3978:galactic plane
3955:solar eclipses
3951:lunar eclipses
3943:axis is tilted
3854:
3851:
3840:(23 56 4.0905)
3778:86,400 seconds
3758:Main article:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3647:Main article:
3644:
3643:Magnetic field
3641:
3620:Main article:
3617:
3614:
3533:oceanic ridges
3517:Main article:
3514:
3511:
3425:
3422:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3231:Main article:
3228:
3225:
3196:South American
3176:North American
3137:oceanic trench
3094:
3093:
3082:
3071:
3060:
3057:Eurasian Plate
3049:
3038:
3027:
3015:
3001:Main article:
2998:
2995:
2963:plate tectonic
2900:soil formation
2822:Africa-Eurasia
2810:polar ice caps
2762:abyssal plains
2758:oceanic basins
2613:
2610:
2587:center of mass
2579:Mariana Trench
2526:mean sea level
2490:Main article:
2487:
2486:Size and shape
2484:
2476:
2473:
2425:
2382:Main article:
2379:
2376:
2316:Snowball Earth
2308:Neoproterozoic
2257:microorganisms
2192:
2181:
2172:photosynthesis
2151:Origin of life
2146:
2143:
1930:Main article:
1927:
1924:
1885:nebular theory
1804:
1801:
1789:
1786:
1367:definite sense
1296:ancestral root
1278:Middle English
1270:Modern English
1265:
1262:
1230:life developed
1158:. Of the four
1121:climate system
1117:ocean currents
1100:
1097:carbon dioxide
1093:greenhouse gas
1089:forming clouds
1017:, while large
955:
954:
951:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
918:carbon dioxide
914:
908:
901:
894:
886:
884:
878:
877:
876:(at sea level)
868:
862:
859:
858:
854:
853:
850:
842:
839:
838:
835:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
786:
785:
776:
770:
769:
767:
766:
760:
753:
751:
745:
744:
735:
730:
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
716:
702:
700:
695:
692:
691:
684:
682:
677:
674:
673:
668:
663:
660:
659:
656:
651:
648:
647:
642:
629:
624:
621:
620:
617:
611:
608:
607:
595:
589:
588:
576:
570:
569:
567:
566:
553:
540:
527:
525:
520:
517:
516:
514:
513:
501:
488:
486:
482:
481:
464:
458:
457:
448:
442:
439:
438:
429:
423:
420:
419:
410:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
390:
384:
383:
374:
369:
366:
365:
362:
357:
354:
353:
343:
338:
335:
334:
332:
331:
318:
304:
293:
291:
285:
284:
279:
274:
271:
270:
265:
259:
256:
255:
250:
219:
214:
211:
210:
202:
196:
195:
183:
178:
175:
174:
162:
156:
155:
143:
137:
136:
127:
126:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
106:
100:
99:
98:, Mother Earth
80:
75:
72:
71:
67:
66:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
23136:
23125:
23122:
23120:
23117:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
23105:
23102:
23100:
23097:
23095:
23092:
23091:
23089:
23077:
23076:
23064:
23060:
23059:
23047:
23043:
23042:
23030:
23026:
23025:
23013:
23010:from Wikinews
23009:
23008:
22996:
22992:
22991:
22979:
22975:
22974:
22962:
22961:
22958:
22952:
22944:
22939:
22934:
22932:
22927:
22922:
22920:
22910:
22908:
22898:
22896:
22891:
22886:
22884:
22874:
22872:
22862:
22860:
22850:
22848:
22843:
22838:
22837:
22834:
22817:
22808:
22801:
22794:
22787:
22781:
22775:
22769:
22762:
22755:
22748:
22741:
22734:
22727:
22720:
22714:
22704:
22702:
22692:
22690:
22680:
22678:
22675:
22674:
22671:
22656:
22655:Tidal locking
22653:
22651:
22648:
22646:
22643:
22641:
22638:
22636:
22635:Double planet
22633:
22632:
22630:
22626:
22620:
22617:
22613:
22610:
22608:
22605:
22604:
22603:
22600:
22598:
22595:
22593:
22590:
22588:
22587:Minor planets
22585:
22583:
22580:
22578:
22575:
22573:
22570:
22569:
22567:
22563:
22557:
22554:
22552:
22549:
22545:
22542:
22541:
22540:
22537:
22535:
22532:
22528:
22525:
22521:
22520:Merging stars
22518:
22517:
22516:
22513:
22511:
22508:
22506:
22503:
22501:
22498:
22496:
22493:
22492:
22491:
22488:
22486:
22483:
22481:
22478:
22476:
22473:
22471:
22468:
22466:
22463:
22461:
22458:
22456:
22453:
22451:
22448:
22446:
22443:
22441:
22438:
22436:
22433:
22431:
22428:
22426:
22423:
22421:
22418:
22416:
22413:
22411:
22408:
22404:
22401:
22399:
22396:
22395:
22394:
22391:
22389:
22386:
22384:
22381:
22379:
22376:
22374:
22371:
22369:
22366:
22364:
22361:
22359:
22356:
22354:
22351:
22349:
22346:
22342:
22339:
22338:
22337:
22334:
22332:
22329:
22327:
22324:
22323:
22321:
22319:
22313:
22307:
22304:
22302:
22299:
22297:
22294:
22292:
22289:
22287:
22284:
22282:
22279:
22277:
22274:
22270:
22267:
22266:
22265:
22262:
22260:
22257:
22255:
22252:
22248:
22245:
22244:
22243:
22240:
22238:
22235:
22233:
22230:
22226:
22223:
22221:
22218:
22216:
22213:
22212:
22211:
22208:
22204:
22201:
22199:
22196:
22195:
22194:
22191:
22187:
22184:
22182:
22179:
22177:
22174:
22173:
22172:
22169:
22167:
22164:
22163:
22161:
22158:
22153:
22149:
22143:
22140:
22138:
22135:
22133:
22130:
22128:
22125:
22123:
22122:Subsatellites
22120:
22118:
22115:
22113:
22110:
22108:
22105:
22103:
22100:
22098:
22095:
22093:
22090:
22089:
22087:
22085:
22082:Hypothetical
22079:
22076:
22067:
22064:
22060:
22057:
22055:
22052:
22050:
22047:
22045:
22042:
22038:
22035:
22033:
22030:
22029:
22028:
22025:
22024:
22023:
22020:
22016:
22013:
22011:
22008:
22007:
22006:
22003:
21999:
21996:
21994:
21991:
21989:
21986:
21984:
21981:
21979:
21976:
21974:
21971:
21969:
21966:
21964:
21961:
21959:
21956:
21955:
21954:
21951:
21949:
21948:Asteroid belt
21946:
21944:
21941:
21937:
21934:
21932:
21929:
21927:
21924:
21920:
21917:
21915:
21912:
21911:
21910:
21907:
21905:
21902:
21900:
21897:
21895:
21892:
21891:
21890:
21887:
21883:
21880:
21878:
21875:
21873:
21870:
21868:
21865:
21863:
21860:
21858:
21855:
21853:
21850:
21848:
21845:
21844:
21842:
21840:
21837:
21833:
21830:
21828:
21825:
21824:
21823:
21822:Minor planets
21820:
21818:
21815:
21813:
21810:
21808:
21805:
21804:
21802:
21800:
21790:
21784:
21781:
21779:
21776:
21774:
21771:
21769:
21766:
21764:
21761:
21759:
21756:
21753:
21749:
21746:
21744:
21741:
21738:
21735:
21734:
21732:
21730:
21726:
21718:
21715:
21714:
21713:
21710:
21706:
21703:
21702:
21701:
21698:
21694:
21691:
21690:
21689:
21686:
21682:
21679:
21678:
21677:
21674:
21670:
21667:
21665:
21662:
21661:
21660:
21657:
21653:
21650:
21648:
21645:
21643:
21640:
21638:
21635:
21633:
21630:
21629:
21628:
21625:
21621:
21618:
21617:
21616:
21613:
21609:
21606:
21604:
21601:
21599:
21596:
21594:
21591:
21590:
21589:
21586:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21559:
21557:
21554:
21553:
21552:
21549:
21545:
21542:
21540:
21537:
21535:
21532:
21530:
21527:
21525:
21522:
21520:
21517:
21515:
21512:
21510:
21507:
21505:
21502:
21500:
21497:
21496:
21495:
21492:
21488:
21485:
21483:
21480:
21478:
21475:
21473:
21470:
21468:
21465:
21464:
21463:
21460:
21456:
21453:
21451:
21448:
21447:
21446:
21443:
21439:
21436:
21434:
21431:
21430:
21428:
21427:
21425:
21423:
21419:
21411:
21408:
21406:
21403:
21401:
21398:
21396:
21393:
21391:
21388:
21386:
21383:
21381:
21378:
21376:
21373:
21371:
21368:
21367:
21366:
21363:
21357:
21354:
21352:
21349:
21348:
21347:
21344:
21340:
21337:
21335:
21332:
21331:
21330:
21327:
21326:
21325:
21322:
21318:
21315:
21313:
21310:
21308:
21305:
21303:
21300:
21299:
21298:
21295:
21294:
21292:
21290:
21285:
21281:
21278:
21277:
21272:
21266:
21265:
21261:
21259:
21258:
21254:
21252:
21251:
21247:
21245:
21244:
21240:
21238:
21237:
21233:
21231:
21230:
21226:
21224:
21223:
21219:
21217:
21216:
21212:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21189:
21185:
21183:
21180:
21178:
21175:
21173:
21170:
21168:
21165:
21163:
21160:
21159:
21114:
21110:
21103:
21098:
21096:
21091:
21089:
21084:
21083:
21080:
21068:
21060:
21059:
21056:
21046:
21045:
21041:
21037:
21034:
21032:
21029:
21028:
21027:
21024:
21020:
21017:
21015:
21012:
21008:
21005:
21004:
21003:
21000:
20996:
20993:
20992:
20991:
20988:
20987:
20986:
20983:
20981:
20978:
20976:
20973:
20972:
20969:
20962:
20958:
20955:
20953:
20950:
20948:
20945:
20943:
20940:
20938:
20936:(abiogenesis)
20932:
20931:
20928:
20925:
20923:
20919:
20913:
20910:
20908:
20905:
20903:
20900:
20898:
20895:
20893:
20890:
20888:
20885:
20884:
20882:
20880:
20876:
20868:
20865:
20863:
20860:
20859:
20858:
20855:
20853:
20850:
20848:
20845:
20843:
20840:
20838:
20835:
20833:
20830:
20828:
20825:
20823:
20820:
20818:
20812:
20810:
20807:
20806:
20804:
20802:
20798:
20792:
20789:
20787:
20784:
20782:
20779:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20767:
20764:
20761:
20757:
20754:
20752:
20751:Earth science
20749:
20748:
20746:
20744:
20740:
20734:
20731:
20727:
20724:
20722:
20719:
20718:
20717:
20714:
20712:
20709:
20707:
20704:
20702:
20699:
20698:
20696:
20694:
20690:
20686:
20678:
20673:
20671:
20666:
20664:
20659:
20658:
20655:
20643:
20642:
20638:
20633:
20631:
20630:
20626:
20621:
20620:
20617:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20601:
20598:
20596:
20594:
20590:
20588:
20586:
20585:Cosmic Voyage
20582:
20580:
20578:
20577:Powers of Ten
20574:
20572:
20570:
20566:
20564:
20562:
20558:
20556:
20554:
20550:
20549:
20547:
20543:
20531:
20524:
20517:
20510:
20504:
20498:
20492:
20485:
20478:
20471:
20464:
20457:
20450:
20443:
20436:
20432:
20428:
20424:
20417:
20412:
20410:
20405:
20403:
20398:
20397:
20394:
20388:
20381:
20371:
20362:
20355:
20348:
20341:
20335:
20329:
20323:
20316:
20309:
20302:
20295:
20288:
20281:
20274:
20268:
20258:
20256:
20246:
20244:
20234:
20232:
20229:
20228:
20225:
20210:
20209:Tidal locking
20207:
20205:
20202:
20200:
20197:
20195:
20192:
20190:
20189:Double planet
20187:
20186:
20184:
20180:
20174:
20171:
20167:
20164:
20162:
20159:
20158:
20157:
20154:
20152:
20149:
20147:
20144:
20142:
20141:Minor planets
20139:
20137:
20134:
20132:
20129:
20127:
20124:
20123:
20121:
20117:
20111:
20108:
20106:
20103:
20099:
20096:
20095:
20094:
20091:
20089:
20086:
20082:
20079:
20075:
20074:Merging stars
20072:
20071:
20070:
20067:
20065:
20062:
20060:
20057:
20055:
20052:
20050:
20047:
20046:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20035:
20032:
20030:
20027:
20025:
20022:
20020:
20017:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20005:
20002:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19958:
19955:
19953:
19950:
19949:
19948:
19945:
19943:
19940:
19938:
19935:
19933:
19930:
19928:
19925:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19896:
19893:
19892:
19891:
19888:
19886:
19883:
19881:
19878:
19877:
19875:
19873:
19867:
19861:
19858:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19846:
19843:
19841:
19838:
19836:
19833:
19831:
19828:
19824:
19821:
19820:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19809:
19806:
19802:
19799:
19798:
19797:
19794:
19792:
19789:
19787:
19784:
19780:
19777:
19775:
19772:
19770:
19767:
19766:
19765:
19762:
19758:
19755:
19753:
19750:
19749:
19748:
19745:
19741:
19738:
19736:
19733:
19731:
19728:
19727:
19726:
19723:
19721:
19718:
19717:
19715:
19712:
19707:
19703:
19697:
19694:
19692:
19689:
19687:
19684:
19682:
19679:
19677:
19676:Subsatellites
19674:
19672:
19669:
19667:
19664:
19662:
19659:
19657:
19654:
19652:
19649:
19647:
19644:
19643:
19641:
19639:
19636:Hypothetical
19633:
19630:
19621:
19618:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19592:
19589:
19587:
19584:
19583:
19582:
19579:
19578:
19577:
19574:
19570:
19567:
19565:
19562:
19561:
19560:
19557:
19553:
19550:
19548:
19545:
19543:
19540:
19538:
19535:
19533:
19530:
19528:
19525:
19523:
19520:
19518:
19515:
19513:
19510:
19509:
19508:
19505:
19503:
19502:Asteroid belt
19500:
19498:
19495:
19491:
19488:
19486:
19483:
19481:
19478:
19474:
19471:
19469:
19466:
19465:
19464:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19446:
19445:
19444:
19441:
19437:
19434:
19432:
19429:
19427:
19424:
19422:
19419:
19417:
19414:
19412:
19409:
19407:
19404:
19402:
19399:
19398:
19396:
19394:
19391:
19387:
19384:
19382:
19379:
19378:
19377:
19376:Minor planets
19374:
19372:
19369:
19367:
19364:
19362:
19359:
19358:
19356:
19354:
19344:
19338:
19335:
19333:
19330:
19328:
19325:
19323:
19320:
19318:
19315:
19313:
19310:
19307:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19295:
19292:
19289:
19288:
19286:
19284:
19280:
19272:
19269:
19268:
19267:
19264:
19260:
19257:
19256:
19255:
19252:
19248:
19245:
19244:
19243:
19240:
19236:
19233:
19232:
19231:
19228:
19224:
19221:
19219:
19216:
19215:
19214:
19211:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19187:
19184:
19183:
19182:
19179:
19175:
19172:
19171:
19170:
19167:
19163:
19160:
19158:
19155:
19153:
19150:
19148:
19145:
19144:
19143:
19140:
19136:
19133:
19131:
19128:
19126:
19123:
19121:
19118:
19116:
19113:
19111:
19108:
19107:
19106:
19103:
19099:
19096:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19054:
19051:
19050:
19049:
19046:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19034:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19018:
19017:
19014:
19010:
19007:
19005:
19002:
19001:
19000:
18997:
18993:
18990:
18988:
18985:
18984:
18982:
18981:
18979:
18977:
18973:
18965:
18962:
18960:
18957:
18955:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18935:
18932:
18930:
18927:
18925:
18922:
18921:
18920:
18917:
18911:
18908:
18906:
18903:
18902:
18901:
18898:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18886:
18885:
18884:
18881:
18880:
18879:
18876:
18872:
18869:
18867:
18864:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18853:
18852:
18849:
18848:
18846:
18844:
18839:
18835:
18832:
18831:
18826:
18820:
18819:
18815:
18813:
18812:
18808:
18806:
18805:
18801:
18799:
18798:
18794:
18792:
18791:
18787:
18785:
18784:
18780:
18778:
18777:
18773:
18771:
18770:
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18744:
18743:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18713:
18668:
18664:
18657:
18652:
18650:
18645:
18643:
18638:
18637:
18634:
18622:
18621:
18612:
18610:
18609:
18604:
18600:
18598:
18597:
18588:
18587:
18584:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18545:
18543:
18540:
18538:
18535:
18533:
18530:
18528:
18525:
18523:
18520:
18518:
18515:
18514:
18511:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18497:
18496:
18493:
18489:
18488:Earth science
18482:
18477:
18475:
18470:
18468:
18463:
18462:
18459:
18447:
18439:
18438:
18435:
18429:
18426:
18424:
18421:
18417:
18414:
18413:
18412:
18409:
18408:
18406:
18402:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18376:
18373:
18371:
18368:
18367:
18365:
18361:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18344:
18343:
18340:
18335:
18331:
18328:
18324:
18323:Asthenosphere
18321:
18319:
18316:
18315:
18314:
18311:
18310:
18309:
18306:
18304:
18301:
18300:
18298:
18294:
18290:
18283:
18278:
18276:
18271:
18269:
18264:
18263:
18260:
18248:
18240:
18238:
18235:
18233:
18230:
18229:
18226:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18197:
18196:
18194:
18192:
18188:
18182:
18179:
18177:
18176:Pacific Ocean
18174:
18172:
18169:
18167:
18164:
18162:
18159:
18157:
18154:
18153:
18151:
18149:
18145:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18127:
18124:
18123:
18122:
18119:
18117:
18114:
18112:
18109:
18107:
18106:Earth science
18104:
18102:
18099:
18098:
18096:
18094:
18090:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18058:Magnetosphere
18056:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18041:
18040:
18038:
18036:
18032:
18026:
18025:Virtual globe
18023:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17991:
17990:Earth's orbit
17988:
17984:
17981:
17980:
17979:
17976:
17975:
17973:
17971:
17967:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17922:
17920:
17918:
17914:
17908:
17905:
17903:
17900:
17898:
17897:World history
17895:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17887:World economy
17885:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17875:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17865:
17861:
17858:
17857:
17856:
17853:
17852:
17850:
17848:
17844:
17838:
17837:South America
17835:
17833:
17832:North America
17830:
17828:
17825:
17823:
17820:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17804:
17802:
17800:
17796:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17775:
17772:
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17762:
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17757:
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17748:
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17708:
17705:
17703:
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17695:
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17687:
17680:
17675:
17673:
17668:
17666:
17661:
17660:
17657:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17639:
17636:
17631:
17627:
17626:Video (00:27)
17624:
17621:
17620:Video (01:02)
17618:
17617:
17615:
17612:
17609:
17607:
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17600:
17599:
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17576:
17523:
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17463:
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17440:
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17432:
17425:
17409:
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17397:
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17387:
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17378:
17362:
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17318:
17314:
17310:
17309:
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17286:
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17256:
17252:
17248:
17242:
17225:
17220:
17219:
17214:
17207:
17190:
17185:
17184:
17179:
17175:
17169:
17161:
17157:
17152:
17147:
17143:
17139:
17136:(1–2): 2–10.
17135:
17131:
17127:
17123:
17116:
17108:
17104:
17100:
17096:
17092:
17088:
17084:
17080:
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17034:
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17000:
16994:
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16983:
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16955:
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16945:
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16925:
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16913:
16909:
16905:
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16897:
16893:
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16874:
16858:
16854:
16850:
16843:
16827:
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16810:
16794:
16790:
16786:
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16764:
16760:
16756:
16752:
16745:
16726:
16722:
16715:
16714:
16709:
16703:
16695:
16689:
16685:
16681:
16675:
16656:
16653:. p. 8.
16652:
16645:
16641:
16635:
16619:
16615:
16611:
16607:
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16597:
16589:
16585:
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16094:
16078:
16074:
16070:
16063:
16047:
16043:
16039:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16024:Harvey, Fiona
16019:
16017:
16000:
15996:
15992:
15985:
15969:
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15914:
15910:
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15895:
15890:
15886:
15882:
15879:(4): 048002.
15878:
15874:
15870:
15866:
15862:
15861:Maibach, Ed W
15858:
15854:
15847:
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15836:
15830:
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15816:
15800:
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15763:
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15754:Smith, Sharon
15749:
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15695:
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15637:
15633:
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15625:
15621:
15617:
15610:
15603:
15587:
15584:. p. 3.
15583:
15579:
15578:
15573:
15567:
15551:
15547:
15543:
15537:
15521:
15517:
15513:
15506:
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15490:
15486:
15482:
15478:
15474:
15473:Donahue, T. M
15467:
15451:
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15330:
15326:
15320:
15304:
15300:
15293:
15277:
15273:
15269:
15262:
15246:
15243:(in German).
15242:
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15223:
15219:
15214:
15209:
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14778:
14761:
14757:
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14746:
14744:
14727:
14723:
14719:
14715:
14714:"Troposphere"
14708:
14692:
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14025:
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14017:
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13994:
13990:
13988:9789286143199
13984:
13980:
13976:
13972:
13971:
13963:
13947:
13943:
13942:NASA's Cosmos
13939:
13933:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13905:
13901:
13897:
13894:(June 2010).
13893:
13886:
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13855:
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13406:
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13363:
13359:
13358:Espenak, Fred
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12250:
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12242:
12238:
12234:
12230:
12226:
12222:
12215:
12207:
12201:
12197:
12190:
12174:
12171:. NASA WMAP.
12170:
12163:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12108:
12104:
12097:
12090:
12082:
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12074:
12070:
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12055:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12016:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11992:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11972:
11968:
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11953:
11949:
11945:
11941:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11923:
11912:
11908:
11904:
11900:
11896:
11893:(1–2): 1–18.
11892:
11888:
11881:
11874:
11866:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11846:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11815:
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11807:
11803:
11799:
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11791:
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11778:
11769:
11753:
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11703:
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11598:
11594:
11590:
11586:
11582:
11578:
11574:
11567:
11548:
11544:
11538:
11534:
11533:10.1029/RF001
11530:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11511:
11504:
11488:
11484:
11483:
11478:
11477:"Lithosphere"
11471:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11441:
11425:
11421:
11414:
11406:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
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11051:
11035:
11031:
11024:
11008:
11004:
11003:
10998:
10991:
10975:
10971:
10970:Volcano World
10967:
10960:
10941:
10937:
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10929:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10910:
10903:
10887:
10883:
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10808:
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10776:
10769:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10739:
10723:
10719:
10715:
10708:
10692:
10688:
10687:ngdc.noaa.gov
10684:
10677:
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9057:
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9049:
9044:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9014:Mao, Wendy L.
9011:
9004:
8988:
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8976:
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8963:
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8947:
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8556:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8542:
8535:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8504:Kinzler, Ro.
8500:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8449:Bradley, D.C.
8444:
8436:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8383:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8328:
8321:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8211:
8203:
8197:
8193:
8186:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8116:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8064:
8062:
8053:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8002:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7969:
7961:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7932:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7869:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7789:
7781:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7691:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7552:Russell, Sara
7549:
7542:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7499:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7425:
7421:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7332:
7327:
7321:
7313:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7294:
7287:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7266:
7260:
7253:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7232:
7226:
7225:"terrestrial"
7219:
7211:
7203:
7199:
7198:
7192:
7185:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7158:
7151:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7124:
7117:
7109:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7090:
7083:
7075:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7054:
7046:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7027:Simek, Rudolf
7022:
7014:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6977:
6975:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6942:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6903:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6788:
6783:
6777:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6705:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6606:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6579:
6572:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6530:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6396:
6395:10.1029/RF001
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6330:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6291:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6272:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6179:
6175:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6074:
6069:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6021:
6012:
5993:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5911:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5858:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5824:
5811:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5762:
5756:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5740:billiard ball
5735:
5726:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5679:
5678:circumference
5673:
5665:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Earth science
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5076:deforestation
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5027:storm in the
5026:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4991:polar regions
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4940:ocean surface
4937:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4916:Life on Earth
4913:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4849:edge of space
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4777:humid tropics
4774:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4761:precipitation
4756:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4690:
4683:
4672:
4665:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4633:nitrous oxide
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4532:
4529:of the lower
4528:
4524:
4523:stratospheric
4520:
4515:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4427:surface water
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4400:
4387:
4384:; at Earth's
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4324:
4320:
4319:Earth's orbit
4316:
4312:
4307:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4188:tidal locking
4185:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4077:tropical year
4074:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4031:Arctic Circle
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3931:synodic month
3928:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:sidereal year
3909:
3905:
3902:or 380 times
3901:
3900:light minutes
3897:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3859:Earth's orbit
3850:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3832:March equinox
3829:
3824:23 56 4.0989.
3821:
3813:
3809:
3806:, called its
3805:
3800:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:magnetosphere
3707:
3705:
3701:
3688:
3683:
3673:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:flood basalts
3603:
3599:
3598:mantle plumes
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:igneous rocks
3572:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3513:Internal heat
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3397:asthenosphere
3393:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3372:or physical (
3371:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:Asthenosphere
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3224:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:Arabian Plate
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3165:4,400 Ma
3161:4,030 Ma
3149:
3144:
3142:
3141:asthenosphere
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:Earth's crust
3091:
3083:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3061:
3058:
3050:
3047:
3039:
3036:
3035:African Plate
3028:
3025:
3024:Pacific Plate
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:Earth's crust
2913:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:surface water
2874:
2869:
2867:
2866:Mount Everest
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:ocean surface
2791:
2790:polar regions
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:covering the
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2721:hemispheres.
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2687:Earth's crust
2684:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:Mount Everest
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:fifth largest
2538:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2510:Geomorphology
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2455:The Sun will
2453:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2421:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:is marked by
2289:
2285:
2284:Earth's crust
2281:
2277:
2276:stromatolites
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:microbial mat
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2188:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:planetesimals
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1850:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1709:
1703:
1662:
1656:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1591:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1545:Ancient Greek
1535:
1534:
1527:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1434:
1428:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:other planets
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:unsustainable
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1211:Tidal locking
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:Earth rotates
1169:
1165:
1164:light-minutes
1161:
1160:rocky planets
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:precipitation
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:magnetosphere
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:Earth's polar
1020:
1019:sheets of ice
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:Earth's crust
993:
989:
988:surface water
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:and the only
969:
965:
962:is the third
961:
949:
945:
943:
939:
937:
933:
931:
927:
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22907:Solar system
22811:Each arrow (
22733:Local Bubble
22719:Solar System
22717:
22510:Planetesimal
22465:Kuiper cliff
22193:Space probes
22166:Colonization
22005:Kirkwood gap
21926:Saturn Moons
21839:Planetesimal
21311:
21297:Terrestrials
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20683:Elements of
20641:Space portal
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20273:Solar System
20271:
20064:Planetesimal
20019:Kuiper cliff
19747:Space probes
19720:Colonization
19559:Kirkwood gap
19480:Saturn Moons
19393:Planetesimal
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18851:Terrestrials
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18330:Lower mantle
18313:Upper mantle
18219:Solar System
18181:Oceanography
18171:Indian Ocean
18161:Arctic Ocean
18101:Age of Earth
18053:Geomagnetism
17727:Thermosphere
17717:Stratosphere
17685:
17632:(time-lapse)
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4423:ground water
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4391:
4374:global ocean
4348:space debris
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4227:angular size
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4192:lunar phases
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4170:dwarf planet
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4131:Lunar theory
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3628:acceleration
3625:
3586:87 mW m
3583:
3544:potassium-40
3537:
3489:(1.5%), and
3441:Earth's mass
3439:
3394:
3390:upper mantle
3367:
3319:Lower mantle
3306:Upper mantle
3212:Scotia Plate
3169:
3145:
3105:upper mantle
3098:
3014:, which are:
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2893:
2871:Land can be
2870:
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2725:
2723:
2691:
2599:
2556:
2552:Solar System
2546:and largest
2531:
2498:Earth radius
2459:to become a
2454:
2409:
2368:civilization
2305:
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2117:began about
2112:
2073:
2007:
1990:
1965:had only 70%
1953:protoplanets
1935:
1897:
1865:solar nebula
1857:0.04 Ga
1837:is dated to
1835:Solar System
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959:
958:
845:
522:Surface area
496:.017 km
455:.752 km
436:.137 km
276:Mean anomaly
200:Eccentricity
70:Designations
55:
40:
22973:Definitions
22919:Outer space
22774:Local Sheet
22768:Local Group
22551:Rubble pile
22539:Roche limit
22534:Ring system
22485:Outer space
22460:Kuiper belt
22430:Hill sphere
22425:Hills cloud
22373:Debris disk
22368:Cosmic dust
22152:Exploration
22107:Planet Nine
22092:Fifth giant
22066:Hills cloud
22027:Kuiper belt
21998:exceptional
21914:Trojan camp
21026:Prokaryotes
20814:Atmosphere
20809:Meteorology
20571:(1968 film)
20569:Cosmic Zoom
20563:(1964 film)
20555:(1957 book)
20553:Cosmic View
20497:Local Sheet
20491:Local Group
20328:Local Sheet
20322:Local Group
20105:Rubble pile
20093:Roche limit
20088:Ring system
20039:Outer space
20014:Kuiper belt
19984:Hill sphere
19979:Hills cloud
19927:Debris disk
19922:Cosmic dust
19706:Exploration
19661:Planet Nine
19646:Fifth giant
19620:Hills cloud
19581:Kuiper belt
19552:exceptional
19468:Trojan camp
18577:Volcanology
18552:Meteorology
17978:Cartography
17917:Environment
17784:Climatology
17712:Troposphere
17231:25 December
17196:24 December
16972:25 December
16950:Widmer, Ted
16769:19 December
16680:Tate, Nikki
16602:Ritchie, H.
16257:Lloyd, John
16129:Ritchie, H.
15512:"Biosphere"
15114:Climatology
15062:Climatology
15037:Climatology
15012:Climatology
14987:Climatology
14152:28 February
14091:28 February
13362:Meeus, Jean
12788:Climatology
12179:27 February
11855:Geodynamics
11835:28 February
11728:28 February
11330:(11): n/a.
11252:(1): 3–16.
11172:28 February
10744:"Ice Sheet"
10728:31 December
10260:26 November
10064:26 November
9517:: 457–468.
9191:2 September
9100:18 December
8675:Worm, Boris
7293:"tellurian"
7035:D.S. Brewer
6993:, England:
6892:6 September
6803:6 September
6535:26 November
6495:Home Online
6318:25 February
5857:Hill radius
5691:ice shelves
5626:aphelion =
5557:Earth phase
5531:Lord Kelvin
5527:Earth's age
5447:personified
5286:ore genesis
5197:underground
5072:overgrazing
5038:(including
5025:High Desert
4886:outer space
4882:Kármán line
4833:troposphere
4801:hot deserts
4789:continental
4765:water cycle
4734:subtropical
4707:trade winds
4614:ultraviolet
4566:troposphere
4558:Water vapor
4519:troposphere
4435:water vapor
4411:fresh water
4399:metric tons
4382:hydrosphere
4378:cloud cover
4364:Hydrosphere
4358:Hydrosphere
4298:companion,
4231:solid angle
4208:620 Ma
4184:lunar tides
4158:terrestrial
4039:polar night
3974:light-years
3962:Hill sphere
3814:(IERS), is
3808:stellar day
3804:fixed stars
3552:thorium-232
3548:uranium-238
3456:5.970
3374:rheological
3280:Lithosphere
3264:layer name
3220:Cocos Plate
3208:Nazca Plate
3157:200 Ma
3153:100 Ma
3109:lithosphere
2967:earthquakes
2959:bathymetric
2932:continental
2912:ocean floor
2904:arable land
2744:, with the
2734:ocean world
2730:hydrosphere
2726:world ocean
2695:hemispheres
2646:Peplosphere
2575:topographic
2366:, and then
2352:66 Mys
2336:most recent
2334:event, the
2324:535 Ma
2306:During the
2187:ozone layer
2123:Pleistocene
2108:180 Ma
2088:750 Ma
2041:4.4 Ga
1995:Early Earth
1973:3.5 Ga
1918:during the
1914:, numerous
1912:3.8 Ga
1879:(including
1809:Early Earth
1661:terrestrial
1282:Old English
1182:. Earth is
1113:atmospheric
1085:Water vapor
1054:solar winds
1030:groundwater
1000:continental
980:ocean world
976:harbor life
905:water vapor
774:Temperature
639:(exactly 1
508:.86 km
407:Mean radius
364:2023-Jan-04
303:'s equator;
289:Inclination
23088:Categories
23024:Quotations
22793:Local Hole
22740:Gould Belt
22480:Oort cloud
22316:Formation,
22306:Deep space
22142:Vulcanoids
22059:Oort cloud
21983:first 1000
21919:Greek camp
21817:Meteoroids
21812:Damocloids
21758:Charikloan
20907:Wilderness
20760:geological
20593:Cosmic Eye
20516:Local Hole
20463:Gould Belt
20347:Local Hole
20294:Gould Belt
20034:Oort cloud
19870:Formation,
19860:Deep space
19696:Vulcanoids
19613:Oort cloud
19537:first 1000
19473:Greek camp
19371:Meteoroids
19366:Damocloids
19312:Charikloan
18542:Glaciology
18537:Geophysics
18352:Inner core
18347:Outer core
18334:Mesosphere
18083:Tomography
18068:Seismology
18035:Geophysics
18010:Navigation
17902:Time zones
17867:In culture
17812:Antarctica
17799:Continents
17722:Mesosphere
17694:Atmosphere
17590:Audio help
17581:2021-04-22
17414:6 November
17291:27 January
17261:27 January
16934:30 January
16863:27 January
16832:27 January
16624:26 October
16610:"Land Use"
16512:13 October
16411:Leaf Group
16318:14 October
16215:10 October
16151:26 October
16005:31 October
15995:Yahoo News
15974:9 November
15738:1 November
15556:9 November
15526:1 November
15325:Liu, S. C.
14732:4 December
14718:SpacePlace
14697:4 December
14411:19 January
14381:19 January
14030:7 December
13999:7 December
13836:12 January
13739:28 October
13702:1608.01518
13604:13 October
13568:26 October
13511:26 October
13218:2 November
13149:2 November
13116:13 October
13085:13 October
13055:13 October
13022:27 October
12985:27 October
12896:8 November
12861:13 October
12281:24 October
11607:8 February
11556:3 February
11493:13 October
11460:25 October
10892:19 October
10866:19 October
10230:10 October
10097:19 October
10010:: 102896.
9922:11 January
8993:20 October
8655:3 November
8310:24 October
7619:30 January
7531:25 October
7326:"telluric"
7314:required.)
7280:required.)
7246:required.)
7212:required.)
7178:required.)
7144:required.)
7110:required.)
6931:9 November
6064:References
5714:Antarctica
5699:Vector Map
5512:Parmenides
5508:Pythagoras
5496:flat Earth
5276:, such as
5244:Antarctica
5201:underwater
5164:Antarctica
5154:years ago
5128:See also:
5084:extinction
5048:landslides
5040:hurricanes
5010:metabolism
4952:ecosystems
4936:productive
4899:has a low
4869:mesosphere
4841:mesosphere
4813:Antarctica
4803:, such as
4744:climates.
4711:westerlies
4687:Worldwide
4577:atmosphere
4533:around an
4503:Atmosphere
4454:ice sheets
4431:permafrost
4344:Vanguard 1
4340:satellites
4096:perihelion
4073:precessing
3927:barycenter
3908:solar days
3828:precessing
3768:Satellite
3739:ionosphere
3659:solar wind
3579:komatiites
3434:See also:
3409:inner core
3405:outer core
3362:12.8–13.1
3358:Inner core
3354:5100–6378
3345:Outer core
3341:2890–5100
3262:Component
3151:less than
2975:weathering
2953:, and the
2947:topography
2896:pedosphere
2885:permafrost
2881:ice sheets
2838:continents
2830:Antarctica
2818:landmasses
2808:, forming
2806:ice sheets
2802:permafrost
2746:shelf seas
2672:Antarctica
2642:Cryosphere
2630:Pedosphere
2622:Land cover
2591:Chimborazo
2535:, through
2514:See also:
2481:Geophysics
2388:See also:
2340:66 Ma
2292:continents
2253:Australian
2202:eukaryotes
2119:40 Ma
2080:the period
1981:solar wind
1945:outgassing
1891:formed by
1477:Portuguese
1397:now vary:
1280:, from an
1069:meteoroids
1063:Earth has
1015:vegetation
1003:landmasses
907:(variable)
857:Atmosphere
732:Axial tilt
686:1.0 d
605:10 kg
586:10 km
511:meridional
499:equatorial
462:Flattening
425:Equatorial
417:.0 km
388:Satellites
160:Perihelion
104:Adjectives
23075:Resources
23058:Textbooks
22895:Volcanoes
22883:Geography
22754:Milky Way
22747:Orion Arm
22515:Formation
22500:Migration
22495:Disrupted
22363:Coatlicue
22331:Accretion
22318:evolution
22264:Asteroids
22176:astronomy
22171:Discovery
22032:Cubewanos
21953:Asteroids
21783:Quaoarian
21773:Neptunian
21763:Chironean
21748:Saturnian
21524:Enceladus
20985:Eukaryota
20952:Hierarchy
20947:Biosphere
20912:Wildfires
20902:Radiation
20892:Ecosystem
20832:Moonlight
20766:Structure
20721:particles
20477:Milky Way
20470:Orion Arm
20308:Milky Way
20301:Orion Arm
20069:Formation
20054:Migration
20049:Disrupted
19917:Coatlicue
19885:Accretion
19872:evolution
19818:Asteroids
19730:astronomy
19725:Discovery
19586:Cubewanos
19507:Asteroids
19337:Quaoarian
19327:Neptunian
19317:Chironean
19302:Saturnian
19078:Enceladus
18547:Hydrology
18000:Geomatics
17945:Ecosystem
17930:Biosphere
17892:Etymology
17872:Earth Day
17822:Australia
17732:Exosphere
17546:hour and
17404:184822945
17160:129803613
17107:1352-2310
16924:169679920
16916:2398-9629
16606:Roser, M.
16588:129262186
16407:Sciencing
16339:Iberdrola
16241:3 January
16205:0261-3077
16133:Roser, M.
16113:5 January
16083:5 January
16042:0261-3077
15913:1748-9326
15728:896866658
15401:CiteSeerX
15251:26 August
15222:2156-2202
15173:0003-0007
14752:"Weather"
14549:10 August
14520:206691291
14512:0196-2892
14142:Education
13923:1912/3862
13761:Space.com
13729:118580771
13642:1104.0036
13342:8 October
13312:8 October
13281:8 October
13271:0012-8252
13208:264869152
13044:Astronomy
12453:646887856
12418:16 August
12362:16 August
12335:16 August
12308:16 August
12271:134666611
12263:1944-9208
11777:ab initio
11274:128376754
11077:635476788
10949:9 January
10916:GSA Today
10840:3 January
10811:235532921
10803:2169-9003
10758:3 January
10662:25 August
10621:26 August
10523:241687784
10507:0036-8075
10470:27 August
10442:0094-5765
10391:24 August
10361:27 August
10330:26 August
10299:26 August
10034:0012-8252
9912:Space.com
9842:See also
9810:0801.4031
9727:1473-5504
9552:Space.com
9487:128776283
9424:1476-4687
9052:1091-6490
8946:1752-0894
8762:3 October
8491:140601854
8469:CiteSeerX
8372:25 August
8362:1874/1653
8283:CiteSeerX
8034:0027-8424
7923:221342529
7907:0036-8075
7743:119226112
7735:0019-1035
7710:1410.3819
7638:Canup, R.
7590:1572-9672
7566:(8): 54.
7476:130092094
7259:"terrene"
7058:"earth".
6963:17 August
6857:2169-8996
6766:3 January
6736:17 August
6694:17 August
6654:122370108
6646:0004-6256
6561:11 August
6041:(1): 12.
5961:⋅
5718:Greenland
5642:), where
5607:secularly
5290:magmatism
5068:acid rain
5064:wildfires
5060:blizzards
5056:tornadoes
5014:nutrients
4971:latitudes
4948:habitable
4922:Biosphere
4877:exosphere
4829:afterglow
4791:and cold
4738:temperate
4573:biosphere
4317:, L4, in
4311:librating
4204:Ediacaran
4050:equinoxes
4022:when the
3982:Orion Arm
3970:Milky Way
3964:, or the
3910:, or one
3877:periapsis
3735:substorms
3723:particles
3715:bow shock
3685:, with a
3594:10 W
3529:heat flow
3527:A map of
3491:aluminium
3477:(13.9%),
3475:magnesium
3473:(15.1%),
3469:(30.1%),
3349:9.9–12.2
3315:660–2890
3188:Antarctic
3148:subducted
2971:volcanism
2858:landforms
2766:seamounts
2711:longitude
2656:composite
2563:ellipsoid
2463:in about
2461:red giant
2404:red giant
2296:volcanoes
2239:rocks in
2222:sandstone
2127:3 Ma
2065:neodymium
2045:140
2034:Eoarchean
1949:condensed
1893:accretion
1803:Formation
1744:tellurian
1504:English:
1405:The name
1383:the Earth
1379:the earth
1350:included
1264:Etymology
1246:biosphere
1188:permanent
1168:orbits it
1142:Earth is
1042:volcanoes
974:known to
966:from the
946:0.00006%
940:0.00011%
934:0.00017%
928:0.00052%
922:0.00182%
900:(dry air)
893:(dry air)
758:geometric
636: m/s
62:Apollo 17
18:The Earth
22807:Universe
22645:Moonlets
22225:programs
22198:timeline
22186:timeline
22117:Planet X
22112:Planet V
22049:Sednoids
22037:Plutinos
22010:Centaurs
21988:families
21717:Dysnomia
21705:Xiangliu
21700:Gonggong
21688:Makemake
21647:Kerberos
21534:Hyperion
21472:Callisto
21467:Ganymede
21400:Gonggong
21395:Makemake
21250:Gonggong
21243:Makemake
21067:Category
21036:bacteria
21019:protista
20980:Organism
20847:Sunlight
20693:Universe
20530:Universe
20430:Included
20361:Universe
20199:Moonlets
19779:programs
19752:timeline
19740:timeline
19671:Planet X
19666:Planet V
19603:Sednoids
19591:Plutinos
19564:Centaurs
19542:families
19271:Dysnomia
19259:Xiangliu
19254:Gonggong
19242:Makemake
19201:Kerberos
19088:Hyperion
19026:Callisto
19021:Ganymede
18954:Gonggong
18949:Makemake
18804:Gonggong
18797:Makemake
18596:Category
18446:Category
18247:Category
18199:The Moon
17592: ·
17439:Archived
17408:Archived
17367:9 August
17361:Archived
17343:(2001).
17285:Archived
17255:Archived
17130:Tellus A
17124:(1974).
17049:(2009).
16928:Archived
16882:(2018).
16857:Archived
16826:Archived
16821:Mongabay
16763:Archived
16725:Archived
16655:Archived
16642:(2019).
16618:Archived
16608:(2019).
16580:12560541
16530:(2013).
16506:Archived
16502:24936905
16447:Archived
16415:Archived
16380:Archived
16344:Archived
16309:Archived
16263:(2010).
16235:Archived
16209:Archived
16145:Archived
16135:(2019).
16077:Archived
16046:Archived
15968:Archived
15823:(2000).
15805:9 August
15799:Archived
15732:Archived
15684:10 March
15657:20 April
15648:Archived
15636:14970922
15586:Archived
15550:Archived
15520:Archived
15456:19 March
15431:37386726
15423:11486082
15331:(1974).
15309:21 April
15282:14 March
15245:Archived
15097:24 March
15091:Archived
14970:24 March
14927:(2006).
14857:Archived
14833:21 April
14827:Archived
14817:(2003).
14799:24 March
14793:Archived
14787:(2002).
14766:17 March
14726:Archived
14634:19 March
14628:Archived
14607:21 March
14543:Archived
14442:Archived
14405:Archived
14375:Archived
14371:USGS.gov
14350:21 April
14323:14 March
14317:Archived
14296:14 March
14269:14 March
14220:(2001).
14146:Archived
14116:Archived
14112:USGS.gov
14085:Archived
14061:12 April
14055:Archived
14024:Archived
13993:Archived
13970:On Water
13952:12 April
13946:Archived
13875:9 August
13869:Archived
13830:Archived
13766:Archived
13733:Archived
13669:13832179
13598:Archived
13505:Archived
13500:Phys.org
13472:Archived
13427:51948507
13376:20 April
13336:Archived
13306:Archived
13275:Archived
13237:(2009).
13212:Archived
13200:37914947
13143:Archived
13110:Archived
13079:Archived
13071:"Charon"
13049:Archived
13013:Archived
12979:Archived
12954:21 March
12921:Archived
12855:Archived
12822:Archived
12744:21 March
12692:21 March
12686:Archived
12684:. NASA.
12659:Archived
12585:12 April
12478:21 March
12412:Archived
12329:Archived
12302:Archived
12173:Archived
12143:Archived
12139:22283432
12131:16915369
11999:17837768
11826:Archived
11822:21132433
11814:12804276
11758:12 April
11722:Archived
11671:16592930
11601:Archived
11487:Archived
11454:Archived
11452:. 2012.
11430:24 March
11424:Archived
11422:. USGS.
11405:16592703
11297:Archived
11226:14 March
11220:Archived
11218:. NOAA.
11199:14 March
11193:Archived
11166:Archived
11135:Archived
11133:. USGS.
11108:Archived
11087:9 August
11081:Archived
11040:22 March
11034:Archived
11013:20 March
10980:11 March
10940:Archived
10886:Archived
10860:Archived
10834:Archived
10752:Archived
10722:Archived
10691:Archived
10669:Panama).
10656:Archived
10615:Archived
10590:9 August
10584:Archived
10551:28 April
10515:33707245
10385:Archived
10355:Archived
10324:Archived
10293:Archived
10254:Archived
10224:Archived
10194:Archived
10160:Archived
10091:Archived
10055:Archived
9977:Archived
9956:21 April
9885:Archived
9860:24 March
9837:10073988
9776:14024675
9661:(2002).
9630:Archived
9626:19487662
9577:(2009).
9442:29 March
9436:Archived
9432:36002567
9369:Archived
9313:23599425
9305:27698119
9259:(2016).
9185:Archived
9163:29255053
9094:Archived
9070:26483481
8954:54767854
8901:24205812
8716:10710791
8649:Archived
8579:29180424
8518:Archived
8435:30275156
8403:(2132).
8366:Archived
8301:Archived
8245:17772560
8177:11208727
8169:16293721
8098:Archived
8052:17101962
7991:27 March
7985:Archived
7980:Phys.org
7915:32855337
7808:Archived
7674:11507633
7525:Archived
7515:: 4034.
7480:Archived
7442:(2001).
7424:Archived
7399:(1991).
7191:"Terran"
7123:"Tellus"
7066:. 1998.
7029:(2007).
6997:. 2010.
6981:"earth,
6957:Archived
6925:Archived
6886:Archived
6797:Archived
6730:Archived
6688:Archived
6529:Archived
6505:29 April
6474:29 April
6465:Archived
6418:3 August
6370:(1995).
6347:Archived
6255:Archived
6226:13 March
6220:Archived
6178:Archived
6126:Archived
6052:18 April
6043:Archived
5927:, where
5746:and the
5706:Archived
5676:Earth's
5545:See also
5435:, and a
5260:Land use
5160:settling
5148:primates
5052:tsunamis
5044:typhoons
4975:humidity
4909:reducing
4897:hydrogen
4719:currents
4583:evolved
4571:Earth's
4550:nitrogen
4469:salinity
4446:glaciers
4419:glaciers
4415:ice caps
4397:10
4274:Earth's
4100:aphelion
4069:nutation
3947:ecliptic
3916:meridian
3885:solstice
3873:apoapsis
3794:0 and 2
3754:Rotation
3602:hotspots
3577:such as
3540:isotopes
3485:(1.8%),
3481:(2.9%),
3449:10
3378:silicate
3370:chemical
3328:100–700
3323:3.4–5.6
3310:3.4–4.4
3297:2.2–2.9
3180:Eurasian
2936:basaltic
2862:Dead Sea
2854:plateaus
2707:Southern
2703:Northern
2699:latitude
2666:and the
2431:10
2233:graphite
2230:biogenic
2206:colonies
2115:ice ages
2096:Pannotia
1782:telluric
1486:and the
1240:emerged
1197:, which
1133:nitrogen
1077:nitrogen
948:hydrogen
916:0.0415%
910:0.9340%
891:nitrogen
865:pressure
863:Surface
828:Surface
816:14.76 °C
813:−89.2 °C
793:Surface
564: km
551: km
538: km
329:ecliptic
327:– J2000
282:358.617°
260:Average
193: km
172: km
153: km
141:Aphelion
118:🜨 and ♁
22931:Weather
22871:Ecology
22847:Biology
22833:Portals
22628:Related
22607:by size
22296:Neptune
22281:Jupiter
22232:Mercury
22157:outline
22102:Phaeton
22097:Nemesis
22084:objects
21936:Neptune
21909:Jupiter
21889:Trojans
21882:Neptune
21867:Jupiter
21847:Mercury
21778:Haumean
21768:Uranian
21750: (
21664:Hiʻiaka
21598:Proteus
21588:Neptune
21576:Miranda
21566:Umbriel
21556:Titania
21544:all 146
21509:Iapetus
21462:Jupiter
21356:Neptune
21334:Jupiter
21302:Mercury
21284:Planets
21209:Neptune
21194:Jupiter
21167:Mercury
21044:Viruses
21031:archaea
21007:animals
20959: (
20957:Biology
20934:Origin
20887:Ecology
20862:tornado
20822:Climate
20816:(Earth)
20801:Weather
20771:Geology
20758: (
20756:History
20545:Related
20182:Related
20161:by size
19850:Neptune
19835:Jupiter
19786:Mercury
19711:outline
19656:Phaeton
19651:Nemesis
19638:objects
19490:Neptune
19463:Jupiter
19443:Trojans
19436:Neptune
19421:Jupiter
19401:Mercury
19332:Haumean
19322:Uranian
19304: (
19218:Hiʻiaka
19152:Proteus
19142:Neptune
19130:Miranda
19120:Umbriel
19110:Titania
19098:all 146
19063:Iapetus
19016:Jupiter
18910:Neptune
18888:Jupiter
18856:Mercury
18838:Planets
18763:Neptune
18748:Jupiter
18721:Mercury
18620:Commons
18532:Geology
18527:Geodesy
18499:Outline
18237:History
18232:Outline
18093:Geology
18005:Gravity
17970:Geodesy
17940:Ecology
17756:Climate
17737:Weather
17630:auroras
17579: (
17550:minutes
17445:9 March
17431:"Earth"
17138:Bibcode
17087:Bibcode
17023:114–115
16896:Bibcode
16799:3 March
16560:Science
16482:Bibcode
16453:28 June
16421:28 June
16413:Media.
16386:28 June
16350:28 June
15881:Bibcode
15644:9886026
15592:28 June
15485:Bibcode
15393:Bibcode
15385:Science
15345:Bibcode
15200:Bibcode
15151:Bibcode
14958:Staff.
14896:Bibcode
14480:Bibcode
14451:28 July
14122:3 March
13802:17 July
13772:27 July
13707:Bibcode
13647:Bibcode
13454:Bibcode
13405:Bibcode
13302:Uw News
13251:Bibcode
13180:Bibcode
12771:11 June
12727:Bibcode
12510:Bibcode
12233:Bibcode
12111:Bibcode
12069:Bibcode
12034:Bibcode
12007:9147772
11979:Bibcode
11971:Science
11940:Bibcode
11895:Bibcode
11794:Bibcode
11639:Bibcode
11585:Bibcode
11521:Bibcode
11373:Bibcode
11332:Bibcode
11303:2 April
11254:Bibcode
11141:2 March
11114:2 March
10964:Staff.
10924:Bibcode
10783:Bibcode
10487:Science
10420:Bibcode
10200:16 June
10166:31 July
10132:16 July
10012:Bibcode
9983:7 March
9891:3 March
9815:Bibcode
9754:Bibcode
9705:Bibcode
9639:19 July
9617:2701016
9594:Bibcode
9519:Bibcode
9467:Bibcode
9404:Bibcode
9375:5 March
9365:7939569
9345:Bibcode
9296:5081622
9273:Bibcode
9154:5776830
9131:Bibcode
9061:4664351
9030:Bibcode
8926:Bibcode
8892:3870916
8871:Bibcode
8833:5 March
8794:Bibcode
8696:Bibcode
8633:Bibcode
8604:2 March
8592:Staff.
8570:5740680
8524:27 June
8461:Bibcode
8426:6189557
8405:Bibcode
8342:Bibcode
8275:Bibcode
8225:Bibcode
8217:Science
8147:Bibcode
8139:Science
8082:Bibcode
8043:1838702
7946:Bibcode
7887:Bibcode
7879:Science
7846:Bibcode
7814:27 June
7715:Bibcode
7682:4413525
7654:Bibcode
7568:Bibcode
7517:Bibcode
7456:Bibcode
7368:Bibcode
7089:"Terra"
6835:Bibcode
6624:Bibcode
6622:: 711.
6383:Bibcode
6184:26 July
6090:Bibcode
5839:Bibcode
5777:Bibcode
5630:× (1 +
5615:J2000.0
5410:at the
5301:topsoil
5104:changes
5096:erosion
4983:biomass
4857:aurorae
4845:airglow
4654:Climate
4650:Weather
4629:methane
4589:forming
4527:airglow
4462:Sea ice
4354:(ISS).
4327:2006 RH
4301:2010 TK
4288:trojans
4219:torques
4147:by the
3980:in the
3881:equinox
3810:by the
3786:seconds
3564:3
3487:calcium
3471:silicon
3463:by mass
3382:viscous
3302:35–660
3267:Density
3184:African
3172:Pacific
2987:biomass
2979:erosion
2940:granite
2928:oceanic
2889:deserts
2873:covered
2846:deserts
2842:terrain
2798:sea ice
2752:of the
2750:shelves
2719:Western
2715:Eastern
2612:Surface
2602:geodesy
2557:Due to
2550:of the
2348:mammals
2342:, when
2288:surface
2268:Archean
2200:called
2104:Pangaea
2092:Rodinia
2061:zircons
2057:hafnium
2053:Archean
2043:, only
1999:methane
1967:of its
1844:−0.0004
1842:+0.0002
1708:terrene
1481:Spanish
1346:: late
1186:by one
1184:orbited
1180:seasons
1144:rounded
1026:deserts
953:Source:
942:krypton
936:methane
896:20.95%
889:78.08%
819:56.7 °C
711: d
614:density
555:Water:
468:298.257
392:1, the
377:114.207
346:−11.260
230: d
222:365.256
88:Sol III
23114:Nature
22802:
22795:
22788:
22763:
22756:
22749:
22742:
22735:
22728:
22721:
22650:Syzygy
22572:Comets
22505:System
22490:Planet
22383:EXCEDE
22291:Uranus
22286:Saturn
22276:Comets
22269:mining
22247:mining
22137:Vulcan
21978:active
21973:Hygiea
21968:Pallas
21931:Uranus
21877:Uranus
21872:Saturn
21807:Comets
21799:bodies
21797:System
21743:Jovian
21681:Weywot
21676:Quaoar
21669:Namaka
21659:Haumea
21632:Charon
21608:all 16
21603:Nereid
21593:Triton
21581:all 28
21561:Oberon
21551:Uranus
21539:Phoebe
21519:Tethys
21494:Saturn
21487:all 95
21482:Europa
21455:Deimos
21450:Phobos
21429:Earth
21390:Quaoar
21385:Haumea
21365:Dwarfs
21351:Uranus
21339:Saturn
21324:Giants
21289:dwarfs
21236:Quaoar
21229:Haumea
21204:Uranus
21199:Saturn
20995:plants
20827:Clouds
20791:Future
20781:Oceans
20733:Change
20716:Matter
20711:Energy
20685:nature
20595:(2012)
20525:
20518:
20511:
20486:
20479:
20472:
20465:
20458:
20451:
20444:
20437:
20356:
20349:
20342:
20317:
20310:
20303:
20296:
20289:
20282:
20275:
20204:Syzygy
20126:Comets
20059:System
20044:Planet
19937:EXCEDE
19845:Uranus
19840:Saturn
19830:Comets
19823:mining
19801:mining
19691:Vulcan
19532:active
19527:Hygiea
19522:Pallas
19485:Uranus
19431:Uranus
19426:Saturn
19361:Comets
19353:bodies
19351:System
19297:Jovian
19235:Weywot
19230:Quaoar
19223:Namaka
19213:Haumea
19186:Charon
19162:all 16
19157:Nereid
19147:Triton
19135:all 28
19115:Oberon
19105:Uranus
19093:Phoebe
19073:Tethys
19048:Saturn
19041:all 95
19036:Europa
19009:Deimos
19004:Phobos
18983:Earth
18944:Quaoar
18939:Haumea
18919:Dwarfs
18905:Uranus
18893:Saturn
18878:Giants
18843:dwarfs
18790:Quaoar
18783:Haumea
18758:Uranus
18753:Saturn
18608:Portal
18411:Conrad
18308:Mantle
18296:Shells
18148:Oceans
18116:Future
17960:Nature
17882:Symbol
17827:Europe
17807:Africa
17613:– NASA
17518:
17493:
17468:
17402:
17392:
17353:
17323:
17158:
17105:
17057:
17029:
16995:
16922:
16914:
16734:2 June
16690:
16586:
16578:
16538:
16500:
16301:
16271:
16203:
16174:
16040:
15911:
15831:
15791:
15764:
15726:
15716:
15642:
15634:
15429:
15421:
15403:
15220:
15171:
15120:
15068:
15043:
15018:
14993:
14941:
14659:
14575:
14518:
14510:
14236:
14200:
14175:
13985:
13861:
13727:
13667:
13543:Icarus
13478:16 May
13425:
13269:
13206:
13198:
13171:Nature
12882:Sym545
12794:
12725:: 49.
12633:
12608:
12451:
12441:
12385:
12269:
12261:
12202:
12152:6 July
12137:
12129:
12005:
11997:
11861:
11820:
11812:
11698:
11669:
11662:350422
11659:
11539:
11403:
11396:411539
11393:
11272:
11075:
11065:
10809:
10801:
10648:
10576:
10521:
10513:
10505:
10440:
10320:Forbes
10285:
10032:
9835:
9774:
9725:
9671:
9624:
9614:
9485:
9430:
9422:
9396:Nature
9363:
9311:
9303:
9293:
9239:
9214:
9161:
9151:
9068:
9058:
9050:
8974:Excite
8952:
8944:
8899:
8889:
8714:
8577:
8567:
8489:
8471:
8433:
8423:
8285:
8243:
8198:
8175:
8167:
8050:
8040:
8032:
7956:
7921:
7913:
7905:
7776:
7741:
7733:
7697:Icarus
7680:
7672:
7646:Nature
7588:
7474:
7407:
7331:Lexico
7157:"Gaia"
7070:
7041:
7009:
6991:Oxford
6917:
6855:
6722:
6680:
6652:
6644:
6557:. 2008
6457:
6401:
6340:WGS-84
6286:
6261:3 July
6212:
6132:8 June
5660:
5408:module
5406:Cupola
5222:, and
5152:
5029:Mojave
4963:biomes
4871:, and
4807:, and
4635:, and
4407:saline
4166:Charon
4133:, and
3822:), or
3743:aurora
3672:dipole
3667:dynamo
3550:, and
3499:oxides
3483:nickel
3479:sulfur
3467:oxygen
3270:(g/cm)
3206:, the
3202:, the
3194:, and
3135:, and
3107:, the
3088:
3086:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3020:
2891:(33%)
2850:plains
2840:. The
2832:, and
2792:, the
2683:Relief
2644:, and
2508:, and
2457:evolve
2450:mantle
2378:Future
2362:. The
2270:, the
2214:fossil
2157:, and
2125:about
2026:felsic
2010:formed
2001:-rich
1957:comets
1955:, and
1839:4.5682
1813:Hadean
1742:comes
1740:Tellus
1632:terran
1630:comes
1488:French
1484:Tierra
1433:Tellus
1377:, and
1365:, its
1272:word
1238:Humans
1199:orbits
1193:, the
1081:oxygen
964:planet
930:helium
898:oxygen
810:
762:0.306
756:0.367
749:Albedo
738:23.439
658:0.3307
574:Volume
542:Land:
478:ETRS89
446:radius
427:radius
297:7.155°
245:
114:Symbol
23099:Earth
23041:Texts
22990:Media
22951:Earth
22943:World
22565:Lists
22301:Pluto
22259:Ceres
22237:Venus
22132:Tyche
22127:Theia
21963:Vesta
21958:Ceres
21899:Earth
21894:Venus
21857:Earth
21852:Venus
21832:moons
21795:Solar
21793:Small
21752:Rhean
21737:Earth
21729:Rings
21642:Hydra
21627:Pluto
21620:Vanth
21615:Orcus
21571:Ariel
21529:Mimas
21514:Dione
21499:Titan
21422:Moons
21410:Sedna
21380:Pluto
21375:Orcus
21370:Ceres
21312:Earth
21307:Venus
21264:Sedna
21222:Pluto
21215:Orcus
21188:Ceres
21177:Earth
21172:Venus
21014:fungi
21002:fauna
20990:flora
20897:Field
20852:Tides
20743:Earth
20701:Space
20435:Earth
20119:Lists
19855:Pluto
19813:Ceres
19791:Venus
19686:Tyche
19681:Theia
19517:Vesta
19512:Ceres
19453:Earth
19448:Venus
19411:Earth
19406:Venus
19386:moons
19349:Solar
19347:Small
19306:Rhean
19291:Earth
19283:Rings
19196:Hydra
19181:Pluto
19174:Vanth
19169:Orcus
19125:Ariel
19083:Mimas
19068:Dione
19053:Titan
18976:Moons
18964:Sedna
18934:Pluto
18929:Orcus
18924:Ceres
18866:Earth
18861:Venus
18818:Sedna
18776:Pluto
18769:Orcus
18742:Ceres
18731:Earth
18726:Venus
18504:Index
18332:(aka
18303:Crust
17925:Biome
17907:World
17686:Earth
17156:S2CID
16920:S2CID
16728:(PDF)
16717:(PDF)
16658:(PDF)
16647:(PDF)
16584:S2CID
16498:JSTOR
16312:(PDF)
16295:(PDF)
15651:(PDF)
15640:S2CID
15612:(PDF)
15427:S2CID
14516:S2CID
14445:(PDF)
14438:(PDF)
13725:S2CID
13697:arXiv
13665:S2CID
13637:arXiv
13562:(PDF)
13539:(PDF)
13423:S2CID
13204:S2CID
13016:(PDF)
13005:(PDF)
12825:(PDF)
12818:(PDF)
12738:(PDF)
12715:(PDF)
12267:S2CID
12146:(PDF)
12135:S2CID
12099:(PDF)
12003:S2CID
11914:(PDF)
11883:(PDF)
11829:(PDF)
11818:S2CID
11782:(PDF)
11775:"The
11550:(PDF)
11513:(PDF)
11270:S2CID
10943:(PDF)
10912:(PDF)
10807:S2CID
10519:S2CID
10058:(PDF)
10051:(PDF)
9833:S2CID
9805:arXiv
9772:S2CID
9633:(PDF)
9582:(PDF)
9483:S2CID
9309:S2CID
8950:S2CID
8723:(PDF)
8682:(PDF)
8510:Ology
8487:S2CID
8330:(PDF)
8304:(PDF)
8263:(PDF)
8173:S2CID
8104:6 May
7919:S2CID
7739:S2CID
7705:arXiv
7703:: 5.
7678:S2CID
7472:S2CID
7392:See:
7308:
7274:
7240:
7206:
7172:
7138:
7104:
6650:S2CID
6597:(PDF)
6582:(PDF)
6468:(PDF)
6451:(PDF)
6440:. In
6438:(PDF)
6412:(PDF)
6375:(PDF)
6353:from
6046:(PDF)
6031:(PDF)
5594:Notes
5533:used
5451:deity
5449:as a
5130:World
4997:, or
4793:polar
4742:polar
4637:ozone
4604:into
4554:argon
4489:moons
4425:, 1%
4386:polar
4309:, is
4173:Pluto
3853:Orbit
3695:10 Am
3503:crust
3293:Crust
3289:0–35
3276:0–60
3255:Depth
2989:into
2973:; by
2955:shape
2922:form
2887:) or
2697:: by
2634:Ocean
2606:geoid
2571:poles
2300:tides
2131:High-
2018:mafic
2014:crust
1971:. By
1908:Theia
1628:Terra
1625:Latin
1491:Terre
1473:Latin
1465:Terra
1407:Terra
1387:Earth
1332:Terra
1320:Greek
1315:terra
1311:Latin
1307:eorðe
1287:eorðe
1274:Earth
1203:tides
1150:with
1146:into
1137:cycle
1011:humid
992:70.8%
960:Earth
912:argon
852:−3.99
795:temp.
704:0.997
632:9.806
612:Mean
598:5.972
579:1.083
444:Polar
321:0.000
307:1.578
234:1.000
205:0.016
134:J2000
131:Epoch
84:globe
44:Earth
23007:News
22254:Mars
22242:Moon
22220:list
22203:list
21904:Mars
21862:Mars
21712:Eris
21652:Styx
21504:Rhea
21445:Mars
21433:Moon
21405:Eris
21317:Mars
21257:Eris
21182:Mars
20922:Life
20857:Wind
20842:Snow
20837:Rain
20706:Time
19808:Mars
19796:Moon
19774:list
19757:list
19458:Mars
19416:Mars
19266:Eris
19206:Styx
19058:Rhea
18999:Mars
18987:Moon
18959:Eris
18871:Mars
18811:Eris
18736:Mars
18342:Core
17877:Flag
17817:Asia
17606:NASA
17516:ISBN
17491:ISBN
17466:ISBN
17447:2010
17416:2020
17400:OCLC
17390:ISBN
17369:2023
17351:ISBN
17321:ISBN
17293:2022
17263:2022
17233:2018
17198:2018
17103:ISSN
17055:ISBN
17027:ISBN
16993:ISBN
16974:2018
16936:2022
16912:ISSN
16865:2022
16834:2022
16801:2021
16771:2021
16759:NASA
16736:2022
16708:IPCC
16688:ISBN
16666:2020
16640:IPCC
16626:2020
16576:PMID
16536:ISBN
16514:2020
16455:2019
16423:2019
16388:2019
16352:2019
16320:2020
16299:ISBN
16269:ISBN
16243:2024
16217:2020
16201:ISSN
16172:ISBN
16153:2020
16115:2019
16085:2019
16054:2020
16038:ISSN
16007:2011
15976:2023
15946:2020
15909:ISSN
15829:ISBN
15807:2023
15789:ISBN
15762:ISBN
15740:2020
15724:OCLC
15714:ISBN
15686:2007
15659:2018
15632:PMID
15594:2019
15558:2023
15528:2020
15458:2007
15419:PMID
15311:2007
15284:2007
15253:2022
15218:ISSN
15169:ISSN
15118:ISBN
15099:2007
15066:ISBN
15041:ISBN
15016:ISBN
14991:ISBN
14972:2007
14939:ISBN
14935:1114
14865:2023
14835:2007
14801:2007
14768:2007
14734:2021
14722:NASA
14699:2021
14657:ISBN
14636:2007
14609:2007
14573:ISBN
14551:2006
14508:ISSN
14453:2018
14413:2022
14383:2022
14352:2007
14325:2007
14298:2007
14271:2007
14234:ISBN
14198:ISBN
14173:ISBN
14154:2023
14124:2023
14093:2023
14063:2015
14032:2020
14001:2020
13983:ISBN
13954:2015
13877:2023
13859:ISBN
13838:2022
13804:2015
13774:2011
13741:2020
13606:2020
13570:2020
13513:2020
13480:2018
13378:2007
13344:2020
13314:2020
13283:2020
13267:ISSN
13220:2023
13196:PMID
13151:2023
13118:2020
13087:2020
13075:NASA
13057:2020
13024:2020
12987:2020
12975:NASA
12956:2007
12929:2010
12898:2008
12863:2020
12833:2015
12792:ISBN
12773:2008
12746:2007
12694:2007
12667:2008
12631:ISBN
12606:ISBN
12587:2015
12550:2008
12480:2007
12449:OCLC
12439:ISBN
12420:2016
12383:ISBN
12364:2016
12337:2016
12310:2016
12283:2020
12259:ISSN
12200:ISBN
12181:2007
12154:2019
12127:PMID
11995:PMID
11859:ISBN
11837:2007
11810:PMID
11760:2015
11730:2007
11696:ISBN
11667:PMID
11609:2023
11558:2007
11537:ISBN
11495:2020
11462:2020
11432:2007
11401:PMID
11305:2007
11228:2007
11201:2007
11174:2008
11143:2007
11116:2007
11089:2023
11073:OCLC
11063:ISBN
11042:2007
11015:2007
10982:2007
10951:2018
10894:2015
10868:2015
10842:2023
10799:ISSN
10760:2023
10730:2022
10699:2017
10664:2022
10646:ISBN
10623:2022
10592:2023
10574:ISBN
10553:2024
10511:PMID
10503:ISSN
10472:2022
10438:ISSN
10393:2022
10363:2022
10351:NASA
10332:2022
10301:2022
10283:ISBN
10262:2007
10232:2020
10202:2022
10190:NASA
10168:2012
10134:2015
10099:2020
10066:2014
10030:ISSN
9985:2007
9958:2007
9924:2024
9893:2023
9862:2008
9723:ISSN
9669:ISBN
9641:2009
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