48:
1850:
1460:
185:
173:
161:
109:
245:
196:
139:
234:
223:
213:
1838:
1785:(7 April 1652) in which a portion of the royal army was destroyed, but fresh troops came up to oppose him. From the skillful dispositions made by his opponents, Condé felt the presence of Turenne and broke off the action. The royal army did likewise. Condé invited the commander of Turenne's rearguard to supper, chaffed him unmercifully for allowing the prince's men to surprise him in the morning, and by way of farewell remarked to his guest,
2258:
1390:, was significant. The nuclei of the armed bands that terrorized parts of France under aristocratic leaders during that period had been hardened in a generation of war in Germany, where troops still tended to operate autonomously. Louis XIV, impressed as a young ruler with the experience of the Fronde, came to reorganize French fighting forces under a stricter hierarchy, whose leaders ultimately could be made or unmade by the king.
1495:'s power by refusing to register decrees that ran against custom. The liberties under attack were feudal, not of individuals but of chartered towns, where they defended the prerogatives accorded to offices in the legal patchwork of local interests and provincial identities that was France. The Fronde in the end provided an incentive for the establishment of royalist
1451:: "Bachaumont once said, in jest, that the Parlement acted like the schoolboys in the Paris ditches, who fling stones , and run away when they see the constable, but meet again as soon as he turns his back." He goes on to state that emblems based on that nickname became quite popular and were placed on hats, fans and gloves and even were baked onto bread.
1808:, with an army of plundering mercenaries, marched through Champagne to join Condé. As to the latter, Turenne maneuvered past Condé and planted himself in front of the mercenaries, and their leader, not wishing to expend his men against the old French regiments, consented to depart with a money payment and the promise of two tiny Lorraine fortresses.
1936:, fought on 14 June 1658, was the first real trial of strength since the battle of the Faubourg St Antoine. Successes on one wing were compromised by failure on the other but in the end Condé drew off with many losses, the success of his cavalry charges subverted by the defeat of the Spanish right wing among the dunes.
1394:
blundered into the crisis but came out well ahead at the end. The Fronde represented the final attempt of the French nobility to confront the king, and ended in its humiliation. In the long run, the Fronde served to strengthen royal authority, but weakened the national economy. The Fronde facilitated
2305:
1820:
on the pursuers. An insurrectionist government appeared in Paris and proclaimed
Monsieur lieutenant-general of the realm. Mazarin, feeling that public opinion was solidly against him, left France again, and the bourgeois of Paris, quarreling with the princes, permitted the king to enter the city on
1815:
with their backs to the closed gates of Paris. The royalists attacked all along the line and won a signal victory in spite of the knightly prowess of the prince and his great lords, but at the critical moment Gaston's daughter persuaded the
Parisians to open the gates and to admit Condé's army. She
1740:
regiment. The royal infantry had to be rearranged in order of regimental seniority, and
Turenne, seeing and desiring to profit by the attendant disorder, came out of his stronghold and attacked with the greatest vigour. The battle (15 December 1650) was severe and for a time doubtful, but Turenne's
1724:
on 13 December 1650 and
Turenne, who had advanced to relieve the place, fell back hurriedly. But he was a terrible opponent, and Plessis-Praslin and Mazarin himself, who accompanied the army, had many misgivings as to the result of a lost battle. The marshal chose nevertheless to force Turenne to a
1502:
The pressure that saw the traditional liberties under threat came in the form of extended and increased taxes as the Crown needed to recover from its expenditures in the recent wars. The costs of the Thirty Years' War (1618â1648) constrained
Mazarin's government to raise funds by traditional means,
1406:
promoted the Fronde to the point that without its support, it would have had a more limited character; it benefited from the internal upheaval in France, as it contributed to the
Spanish military's renewed success in its war against the French between 1647 and 1653, so much so that the year 1652
1750:
Condé, Conti, and
Longueville were released, and by April 1651 the rebellion had everywhere collapsed. Then followed a few months of hollow peace and the court returned to Paris. Mazarin, an object of hatred to all the princes, had already retired into exile. His absence left the field free for
1676:
lasted until the end of 1649. The princes, received at court once more, renewed their intrigues against
Mazarin. On 14 January 1650, Cardinal Mazarin, having come to an understanding with Monsieur Gondi and Madame de Chevreuse, suddenly arrested Condé, Conti, and Longueville. This time, it was
1869:
The Fronde as a civil war was now over. Tired of the turmoil and disgusted with the princes, the country came to look to the king and his party as representing order. Thus, the Fronde paved the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV. Meanwhile, the Franco-Spanish war continued in
Flanders,
1661:
1559:
In May 1648 a tax levied on judicial officers of the
Parlement of Paris provoked not merely a refusal to pay but also a condemnation of earlier financial edicts and a demand for the acceptance of a scheme of constitutional reforms framed by a united committee of the
1865:. The Grand Condé advances towards Louis XIV in a respectful manner with laurel wreaths on his path, while captured enemy flags are displayed on both sides of the stairs. It marked the end of Condé's exile, following his participation in the Fronde.
1893:
drawn round that place by the prince were brilliantly stormed by Turenne's army and Condé won equal credit for his safe withdrawal of the besieging corps under cover of a series of bold cavalry charges led by himself as usual, sword in hand.
1677:
Turenne, before and afterwards the most loyal soldier of his day, who headed the armed rebellion. Listening to the promptings of Madame de Longueville, he resolved to rescue her brothers, particularly Condé, his old comrade in the battles of
1720:'s money and men in the French quarrel. His regular army withdrew into winter quarters, and left Turenne to deliver the princes with a motley host of Frondeurs and Lorrainers. Plessis-Praslin by force and bribery secured the surrender of
1546:
was later used to refer to anyone who suggested that the power of the king should be limited and has now passed into conservative French usage to refer to anyone who shows insubordination or engages in criticism of the powers in place.
1715:
At that point Mazarin drew upon Plessis-Praslin's army for reinforcements to be sent to subdue the rebellion in the south forcing the royal general to retire. Then Archduke Leopold Wilhelm decided that he had spent enough of King
1609:
From then on the Fronde became a story of intrigues, half-hearted warfare in a scramble for power and control of patronage, losing all trace of its first constitutional phase. The leaders were discontented princes and nobles:
1741:
Frondeurs gave way in the end, and his army, as an army, ceased to exist. Turenne himself, undeceived as to the part he was playing in the drama, asked and received the young king's pardon, and meantime the court, with the
1885:, who was more solicitous to preserve his master's soldiers than to establish Condé as mayor of the palace to the king of France and the armies drew apart again without fighting. In 1654 the principal incident was the
1791:("It's too bad decent people like us are cutting our throats for a scoundrel")âan incident and a remark that displayed the feudal arrogance which ironically led to the iron-handed absolutism of Louis XIV.
776:
1107:
1732:
Both sides were at a standstill in strong positions, Plessis-Praslin doubtful of the trustworthiness of his cavalry, but Turenne was too weak to attack, when a dispute for precedence arose between the
1593:(11 March 1649) after little blood had been shed. The Parisians, though still and always anti-cardinalist, had refused to ask for Spanish aid, as proposed by their princely and noble adherents under
1371:), as well as much of the French population, and managed to subdue them all. The dispute started when the government of France issued seven fiscal edicts, six of which were to increase taxation. The
786:
736:
381:
1585:
The royal faction, having no army at its immediate disposal, had to release the prisoners and to promise reforms; on the night of 22 October, it fled from Paris. However France's signing of the
1058:
1538:
and though Richelieu had died the year before, his policies continued to dominate French life under his successor Cardinal Mazarin. Most historians consider that Louis's later insistence on
1043:
1038:
1028:
959:
1067:
964:
1589:(Treaty of MĂŒnster, 24 October 1648) allowed the French army to return from the frontiers, and by January 1649, CondĂ© had put Paris under siege. The two warring parties signed the
646:
1102:
467:
532:
1623:
811:
328:
1126:
954:
537:
1913:(16 July) but Turenne drew off his forces in good order. The campaign of 1657 was uneventful and is only to be remembered because a body of 6,000 English infantry, sent by
791:
1136:
984:
969:
934:
614:
589:
547:
502:
487:
457:
442:
374:
497:
323:
838:
726:
681:
656:
1781:
was soon transferred, the Frondeurs were commanded by intriguers and quarrelsome lords, until Condé's arrival from Guyenne. His bold leadership made itself felt in the
1582:, which had last been convoked in 1615. The nobles believed that in the Estates-General, they could continue to control the bourgeois element, as they had in the past.
716:
676:
1874:, and Italy wherever a Spanish and a French garrison were face to face. Condé, along with the remnant of his army, defiantly entered the service of the king of Spain.
989:
979:
939:
880:
848:
806:
801:
796:
741:
343:
313:
1169:
1033:
994:
974:
949:
905:
895:
875:
853:
823:
766:
756:
711:
686:
661:
619:
599:
527:
517:
308:
1877:
In 1653, France was so exhausted that neither invaders nor defenders were able to gather supplies to enable them to take the field until July. At one moment, near
1048:
944:
900:
781:
751:
746:
701:
885:
843:
731:
696:
557:
367:
338:
303:
1759:
In December 1651, Cardinal Mazarin returned to France with a small army. The war began again, and this time, Turenne and Condé were pitted against each other.
929:
671:
2360:
761:
1947:, Cromwell's ambassador at Paris. They astonished both armies by the stubborn fierceness of their assaults. Dunkirk fell and was handed over to the English
828:
552:
542:
1652:, the future Cardinal de Retz. The military operations fell into the hands of war-experienced mercenaries, led by two great, and many lesser, generals.
1882:
858:
631:
512:
2421:
567:
522:
2426:
47:
1925:, to be held by England forever, gave the next campaign a character of certainty and decision which was entirely wanting in the rest of the war.
1645:
507:
1849:
2273:
1575:(20 August 1648), Mazarin suddenly arrested the leaders of the parlement, whereupon Paris broke into insurrection and barricaded the streets.
1763:
1162:
281:
1526:
The movement soon degenerated into factions, some of which attempted to overthrow Mazarin and to reverse the policies of his predecessor,
1417:
on the side of France, the course of the war largely changed in France's favour, and it ultimately achieved some territorial gains in the
2451:
1459:
2278:
1962:
One last half-hearted campaign followed in 1659âthe twenty-fifth year of a conflict between France and Spain which had begun during the
1530:(in office 1624â1642), who had taken power for the crown from great territorial nobles, some of whom became leaders of the Fronde. When
1917:
in pursuance of his treaty of alliance with Mazarin, took part in it. The presence of the English contingent and its purpose of making
1597:, and having no prospect of military success without such aid, the noble party submitted to the government and received concessions.
2160:
Nina R. Gelbart, "'Frondeur' Journalism in the 1770s: Theater Criticism and Radical Politics in the Prerevolutionary French Press."
1303:
1155:
1766:
that followed, the two great soldiers were opposed to one another, Turenne as the defender of France, Condé as a Spanish invader.
1641:
1568:
1121:
1077:
1773:(FebruaryâMarch 1652), while their Spanish ally, the archduke Leopold Wilhelm, captured various northern fortresses. On the
2416:
1325:
1693:
2069:
2035:
1832:
1594:
1448:
1358:
1256:
391:
237:
35:
1812:
1414:
1082:
890:
572:
333:
52:
1567:
The military record of the Parlementary Fronde is almost blank. In August 1648, feeling strengthened by the news of
1974:
the forgiveness of Louis XIV. The later careers of Turenne and Condé were as obedient subjects of their sovereign.
1236:
274:
1519:. The nobility refused to be so taxed, based on their old liberties, or privileges, and the brunt fell upon the
636:
1627:
1682:
1649:
1444:
2411:
1496:
1298:
1251:
1199:
594:
1805:
1778:
1631:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1194:
863:
651:
1929:
1214:
267:
1933:
1909:. In 1656 the prince of Condé avenged the defeat of Arras by storming Turenne's circumvallation around
1842:
1266:
1116:
1092:
609:
492:
422:
1365:
confronted the combined opposition of the princes, the nobility, the noble regional court assemblies (
216:
2441:
1131:
771:
691:
348:
1705:
1072:
2436:
2431:
2406:
2401:
1579:
1542:
and depriving the nobility of actual power was a result of those events in his childhood. The term
2250:
1375:
resisted, questioned the constitutionality of the king's actions, and sought to check his powers.
1944:
1940:
1932:
and Condé appeared with the relieving army from Fumes, Turenne advanced boldly to meet them. The
1619:
1611:
1241:
706:
604:
20:
2313:"Un nuevo escenario de la guerra con Francia. La intervenciĂłn española en la Fronda (1648â1653)"
1886:
1733:
1418:
1016:
721:
584:
2312:
472:
1967:
1956:
1902:
1747:
and other loyal troops, had subdued the minor risings without difficulty (MarchâApril 1651).
870:
462:
437:
432:
666:
226:
1963:
1952:
1858:
1701:
1387:
999:
833:
477:
452:
129:
1782:
318:
8:
2446:
1697:
1615:
1586:
1531:
1473:
The insurrection did not start with revolutionary goals but aimed to protect the ancient
1383:
1378:
The Fronde was divided into two campaigns, the Parlementary Fronde and the Fronde of the
1308:
1288:
1097:
1087:
447:
427:
412:
1943:" made their first appearance on a continental battlefield, under the leadership of Sir
2342:
1717:
1688:
Turenne hoped to do that with Spanish assistance; a powerful Spanish army assembled in
1678:
1527:
1488:
1293:
1011:
248:
199:
39:
1881:, Condé had Turenne at a serious disadvantage but could not galvanize Spanish General
1443:; Parisian crowds used slings to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin.
2346:
2143:
2065:
2031:
1862:
1762:
After that campaign, the civil war ceased, but in the several other campaigns of the
1564:(the Chambre Saint-Louis), composed of members of all the sovereign courts of Paris.
1539:
1396:
1354:
1278:
1053:
184:
172:
160:
113:
108:
1878:
244:
195:
2332:
2324:
2135:
1948:
1708:, who counted 52 years of age and 36 of war experience; and the little fortress of
1463:
1283:
482:
1665:
1983:
1971:
1918:
1914:
1890:
1535:
1467:
1432:
1409:
1379:
1345:
1261:
1246:
641:
579:
417:
359:
177:
2366:
2328:
1751:
mutual jealousies, and for the remainder of the year anarchy reigned in France.
19:
This article is about the 17th century civil war in France. For other uses, see
2123:
1906:
1788:"Quel dommage que de braves gens comme nous se coupent la gorge pour un faquin"
1726:
1700:, but peasants of the countryside rose against the invaders; the royal army in
1590:
1572:
1440:
1403:
1313:
562:
143:
2139:
1970:
was signed on 5 November. On 27 January 1660 the prince asked and obtained at
1854:
1800:, de Retz and Mlle de Montpensier, while the archduke took more fortresses in
2395:
2282:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 247â249.
2269:
2264:
2147:
1515:
1391:
189:
1499:, since the disorders eventually discredited the feudal concept of liberty.
1382:. The timing of the outbreak of the Parlementary Fronde, directly after the
1910:
1318:
1189:
2062:
The revolt of the judges: the Parlement of Paris and the Fronde, 1643â1652
1811:
A few more manĆuvers, and the royal army was able to hem in the Frondeurs
1447:, Cardinal de Retz, attributes the usage to a witticism in Book II of his
233:
222:
212:
1837:
1520:
2337:
2247:
Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624â1661
2165:
1898:
1600:
1484:
1147:
1871:
1479:
1477:
from royal encroachments and to defend the established rights of the
1367:
1362:
1350:
165:
122:
1550:
1817:
1801:
1483:â courts of appeal rather than legislative bodies like the English
56:
2300:
Treasure, Geoffrey. "The Fronde, Part II: The Battle for France",
2263:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1794:
After Bléneau, both armies marched to Paris to negotiate with the
1660:
1770:
1534:
became king in 1643, he was only a child, so France was ruled by
1492:
2124:"Retz and his Memoirs: The Question of Orthodoxy and Subversion"
1995:
1922:
1721:
1689:
1509:
1821:
21 October 1652. Mazarin returned unopposed in February 1653.
1774:
1709:
1673:
1578:
The noble faction demanded the calling of an assembly of the
259:
138:
60:
1361:, which had begun in 1635. The government of the young King
2217:
2207:
2205:
2078:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
1466:, French diplomat and statesman; portrait attributed to
2182:
2090:
1928:
Dunkirk was besieged promptly in great force and when
1357:
between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the
2238:
Bonney, Richard J. "The French Civil War, 1649â53."
2361:
Amable Guillaume Prosper BrugiĂšre, baron de Barante
1413:. However, following the end of the Fronde and an
389:
2393:
1754:
1655:
1725:decision, and the Battle of Blanc-Champ (near
2310:
2084:
2001:
1769:The début of the new Frondeurs took place in
1712:successfully resisted the archduke's attack.
1163:
375:
275:
1897:In 1655, Turenne captured the fortresses of
1889:. On the night of 24/25 August the lines of
1795:
1786:
1742:
1633:
1630:. To those must be added Gaston's daughter,
1706:CĂ©sar de Choiseul, comte du Plessis-Praslin
2295:The Fronde: A French Revolution, 1648â1652
1170:
1156:
382:
368:
282:
268:
16:Civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653
2336:
2304:(1978) 28#7 pp 436â445, popular summary;
1813:in the Faubourg St. Antoine (2 July 1652)
2268:
2223:
2211:
2176:
2109:
1848:
1836:
1659:
1458:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1177:
2422:Political history of the Ancien RĂ©gime
2394:
2025:
2427:Military history of the Ancien RĂ©gime
2121:
2059:
2019:
2014:The Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary
1344:
1151:
363:
263:
2044:
1569:Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé
1694:Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria
13:
2317:Studia historica. Historia moderna
2249:1988. With 309 original documents
2128:Seventeenth-Century French Studies
1664:"Louis XIV Crushes the Fronde" by
1595:Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti
1487:â and especially the right of the
626:Northern Spain and Southern France
238:Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti
14:
2463:
1824:
1729:) or Rethel was the consequence.
53:Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine
2365:Le Parlement de Paris et vie de
2288:The French civil wars, 1562â1598
2256:
243:
232:
221:
211:
194:
183:
171:
159:
137:
107:
46:
2311:Amigo VĂĄzquez, Lourdes (2019).
1816:herself turned the guns of the
2452:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
2154:
2115:
2064:. Princeton University Press.
2026:Magill, Frank Northen (1993).
2007:
1959:sold it to Louis XIV in 1662.
1833:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
1614:(the king's uncle); the great
1407:could be considered a Spanish
289:
36:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
1:
1989:
1755:December 1651 â February 1653
1632:Mademoiselle de Montpensier (
2354:
1704:was in the capable hands of
1656:January 1650 â December 1651
407:Flanders and Northern France
7:
2417:Revolution-based civil wars
2379:Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin
2374:Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz
2329:10.14201/shhmo2019411153188
2122:Vance, Sylvia (June 1999).
1977:
1650:Jean François Paul de Gondi
1648:; and the astute intriguer
1445:Jean François Paul de Gondi
55:(1652) by the walls of the
10:
2468:
2240:European History Quarterly
2232:
2162:Eighteenth Century Studies
2028:Magill's History of Europe
1951:, as promised, flying the
1830:
1696:, governor-general of the
1628:Henri, Viscount of Turenne
1624:Frédéric, Duke of Bouillon
1454:
18:
2388:(Paris: Flammarion, 1931)
2140:10.1179/c17.1999.21.1.145
1887:siege and relief of Arras
1806:Charles, duke of Lorraine
1616:Louis II, Prince de Condé
1185:
924:Franche-Comté and Germany
403:
299:
149:
100:
66:
45:
33:
28:
2060:Moote, A. Lloyd (1972).
787:Villefranche-de-Conflent
2279:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1620:Armand, Prince of Conti
1612:Gaston, Duke of Orleans
1426:
21:Fronde (disambiguation)
2323:(1). España: 153â188.
2242:(1978) 8#1 pp: 71â100.
1866:
1846:
1796:
1787:
1743:
1734:French Guards Regiment
1669:
1635:La grande Mademoiselle
1634:
1470:
1386:(1648) that ended the
150:Commanders and leaders
2286:Knecht, Robert Jean.
1968:peace of the Pyrenees
1852:
1840:
1663:
1642:Madame de Longueville
1603:Fronde of the Princes
1513:, and the occasional
1462:
1419:Peace of the Pyrenees
1342:French pronunciation:
737:San Lorenzo de Mongay
2412:Civil wars in France
1415:English intervention
130:Princes of the Blood
2245:Bonney, Richard J.
2226:, pp. 248â249.
2179:, pp. 247â248.
2004:, pp. 153â188.
1934:Battle of the Dunes
1930:Don Juan of Austria
1843:Battle of the Dunes
1698:Spanish Netherlands
1646:Madame de Chevreuse
1601:Second Fronde, the
1587:Peace of Westphalia
1553:Parlementary Fronde
1384:Peace of Westphalia
1349:) were a series of
1179:Franco-Spanish wars
777:CastellĂł d'EmpĂșries
334:Faubourg St Antoine
2381:(Paris, 1878â1906)
2085:Amigo VĂĄzquez 2019
2002:Amigo VĂĄzquez 2019
1867:
1863:victory at Seneffe
1847:
1764:Franco-Spanish War
1718:Philip IV of Spain
1670:
1640:; Condé's sister,
1626:, and his brother
1551:First Fronde, the
1528:Cardinal Richelieu
1489:Parlement of Paris
1471:
1359:Franco-Spanish War
1044:3rd LĂ©rins Islands
1039:2nd LĂ©rins Islands
1029:1st LĂ©rins Islands
393:Franco-Spanish War
249:Vicomte de Turenne
227:Louis, Grand Condé
200:Vicomte de Turenne
40:the General Crisis
2297:(WW Norton, 1993)
2251:table of contents
2164:(1984): 493â514.
1964:Thirty Years' War
1953:St George's Cross
1883:Count Fuensaldaña
1853:Reception of the
1779:centre of gravity
1397:absolute monarchy
1395:the emergence of
1388:Thirty Years' War
1355:Kingdom of France
1334:
1333:
1145:
1144:
912:France hinterland
357:
356:
258:
257:
217:Gaston of Orleans
114:Kingdom of France
96:
95:
92:Revolt suppressed
2459:
2442:Cardinal Mazarin
2350:
2340:
2293:Ranum, Orest A.
2283:
2262:
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2227:
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2209:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2152:
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2119:
2113:
2107:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2057:
2042:
2041:
2023:
2017:
2016:, 4th ed., 2007.
2011:
2005:
1999:
1945:William Lockhart
1799:
1790:
1746:
1637:
1618:and his brother
1464:Cardinal Mazarin
1392:Cardinal Mazarin
1348:
1343:
1180:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1148:
867:
576:
398:
394:
384:
377:
370:
361:
360:
294:
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190:Cardinal Mazarin
188:
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176:
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164:
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142:
141:
112:
111:
68:
67:
50:
26:
25:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2437:1650s in France
2432:1640s in France
2407:1650s conflicts
2402:1640s conflicts
2392:
2391:
2384:Louis Madelin,
2357:
2290:(Longman, 2000)
2272:, ed. (1911). "
2257:
2255:
2235:
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2175:
2171:
2159:
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2120:
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2091:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2058:
2045:
2038:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1980:
1972:Aix-en-Provence
1915:Oliver Cromwell
1891:circumvallation
1835:
1829:
1757:
1658:
1607:
1580:Estates General
1573:victory at Lens
1557:
1540:absolutist rule
1536:Anne of Austria
1468:Mathieu Le Nain
1457:
1429:
1410:annus mirabilis
1346:[fÊÉÌd]
1341:
1335:
1330:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1146:
1141:
965:Lons-le-Saunier
861:
570:
468:Aire-sur-la-Lys
399:
396:
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388:
358:
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295:
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254:
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178:Anne of Austria
170:
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84:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
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2351:
2319:(in Spanish).
2308:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2270:Chisholm, Hugh
2253:
2243:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2214:, p. 248.
2181:
2169:
2153:
2134:(1): 145â155.
2114:
2112:, p. 247.
2089:
2087:, p. 185.
2077:
2071:978-0691620107
2070:
2043:
2037:978-0717271733
2036:
2030:. p. 78.
2018:
2006:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1861:following his
1831:Main article:
1828:
1826:Spanish Fronde
1823:
1756:
1753:
1727:Sommepy-Tahure
1657:
1654:
1606:
1599:
1591:Peace of Rueil
1556:
1549:
1456:
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1428:
1425:
1404:Spanish Empire
1332:
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1304:Coalition Wars
1301:
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615:2nd Gravelines
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590:3rd Landrecies
587:
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548:2nd Landrecies
545:
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510:
505:
503:2nd Saint Omer
500:
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493:1st Gravelines
490:
488:2nd Thionville
485:
480:
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455:
453:1st Thionville
450:
448:1st Saint Omer
445:
443:1st Landrecies
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251:(1650 to 1651)
241:
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144:Spanish Empire
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15:
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2369:(Paris, 1859)
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2303:
2302:History Today
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2265:public domain
2254:
2252:
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2237:
2236:
2225:
2224:Chisholm 1911
2220:
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2212:Chisholm 1911
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2177:Chisholm 1911
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2015:
2010:
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1998:
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1672:The peace of
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1666:Gilles Guérin
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1137:3rd Barcelona
1135:
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1118:
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1112:Porto Longone
1111:
1106:
1104:
1103:Castellammare
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:1st Barcelona
1086:
1084:
1083:3rd Tarragona
1081:
1079:
1078:2nd Tarragona
1076:
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1023:Naval battles
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807:Castellfollit
805:
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773:
772:2nd Barcelona
770:
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748:
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727:4th Tarragona
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657:1st Tarragona
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58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2385:
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2373:
2364:
2338:10366/142076
2320:
2316:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2277:
2246:
2239:
2219:
2172:
2161:
2156:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2080:
2061:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2009:
1997:
1984:Reapers' War
1961:
1949:Protectorate
1938:
1927:
1911:Valenciennes
1896:
1876:
1868:
1825:
1810:
1793:
1777:, where the
1768:
1761:
1758:
1749:
1737:
1731:
1714:
1687:
1671:
1608:
1602:
1584:
1577:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1408:
1401:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1337:
1336:
1271:
1190:Italian Wars
1109:
1060:
960:Sainte-AgnĂšs
917:
647:Ille-sur-TĂȘt
637:FuenterrabĂa
595:Valenciennes
349:2nd Bordeaux
344:1st Bordeaux
291:
121:
101:Belligerents
34:Part of the
2274:Fronde, The
1907:St Ghislain
1855:Grand Condé
1605:(1650â1653)
1555:(1648â1649)
1521:bourgeoisie
1485:parliaments
1017:Fort Rocher
980:2nd Poligny
975:1st Poligny
955:Saint-Amour
906:3rd Valenza
896:2nd Cremona
881:1st Cremona
876:2nd Valenza
862: [
824:1st Valenza
767:3rd Tortosa
757:2nd Tortosa
687:1st Tortosa
605:2nd Dunkirk
600:2nd Mardyck
571: [
533:ArmentiĂšres
528:1st Dunkirk
518:1st Mardyck
397:(1635â1659)
240:(from 1651)
229:(from 1651)
202:(from 1651)
132:(1650â1653)
126:(1648â1649)
2447:The Fronde
2396:Categories
1990:References
1966:âthen the
1957:Charles II
1939:Here the "
1899:Landrecies
1859:Versailles
1683:Nördlingen
1497:absolutism
1480:parlements
1373:parlements
1368:parlements
1351:civil wars
1338:The Fronde
1127:Sant Feliu
1122:Formentera
1000:Tuttlingen
985:Pontarlier
970:Bletterans
918:The Fronde
834:Tornavento
752:4th Lleida
747:3rd Lleida
722:2nd Lleida
707:1st Lleida
702:2nd Salses
672:La Granada
642:1st Salses
538:Nieuwpoort
478:Honnecourt
458:Charlemont
438:1st Corbie
428:La Capelle
423:Le Catelet
292:The Fronde
123:Parlements
29:The Fronde
2386:La Fronde
2355:In French
2347:198725766
2148:0265-1068
1941:red-coats
1872:Catalonia
1797:parlement
1702:Champagne
1562:parlement
1532:Louis XIV
1475:liberties
1363:Louis XIV
1314:1808â1814
1309:1793â1795
1299:1718â1720
1294:1688â1697
1289:1683â1684
1284:1673â1678
1279:1667â1668
1272:1648â1653
1267:1641â1659
1262:1640â1659
1257:1635â1659
1252:1628â1631
1242:1595â1598
1237:1580â1583
1230:1551â1559
1225:1542â1544
1220:1536â1538
1215:1526â1529
1210:1521â1526
1205:1512â1516
1200:1502â1504
1195:1495â1498
1108:Piombino
1098:Orbetello
1093:Cartagena
1068:Ăle de RĂ©
1006:Caribbean
935:Martignat
812:Camprodon
762:Montblanc
732:2nd Roses
697:1st Roses
692:Perpignan
682:Collioure
610:The Dunes
585:2nd Arras
553:Diksmuide
473:La Marfée
463:1st Arras
413:Les Avins
329:ChĂątillon
166:Louis XIV
74:1648â1653
2166:in JSTOR
1978:See also
1818:Bastille
1802:Flanders
1738:Picardie
1736:and the
1679:Freiburg
1544:frondeur
1132:Bordeaux
1117:Cambrils
1034:Sardinia
990:Jonvelle
849:Vercelli
839:Marbegno
829:Morbegno
792:Cadaqués
742:Balaguer
667:MontmelĂł
652:MontjuĂŻc
563:2nd Lens
543:Commines
508:1st Lens
79:Location
57:Bastille
2367:M. Molé
2267::
2233:Sources
1919:Dunkirk
1879:PĂ©ronne
1845:in 1658
1783:Bléneau
1771:Guyenne
1455:Origins
1449:Memoirs
1441:"sling"
1380:Princes
1353:in the
1063:Santoña
1059:Laredo
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