1082:, or disorders of the family. These cases typically involving members of the aristocracy who had, as historian Richard Andrews notes, "rejected parental authority, disgraced the family reputation, manifested mental derangement, squandered capital or violated professional codes." Their families – often their parents, but sometimes husbands and wives taking action against their spouses – could apply for individuals to be detained at one of the royal prisons, resulting in an average imprisonment of between six months and four years. Such a detention could be preferable to facing a scandal or a public trial over their misdemeanours, and the secrecy that surrounded detention at the Bastille allowed personal and family reputations to be quietly protected. The Bastille was considered one of the best prisons for an upper-class prisoner to be detained at, because of the standard of the facilities for the wealthy. In the aftermath of the notorious "
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1499:, or "the victorious", who had taken part so as to honour both the fallen and the survivors. Although the crowd had initially gone to the Bastille searching for gunpowder, historian Simon Schama observes how the captured prison "gave a shape and an image to all the vices against which the Revolution defined itself". Indeed, the more despotic and evil the Bastille was portrayed by the pro-revolutionary press, the more necessary and justified the actions of the Revolution became. Consequently, the late governor, de Launay, was rapidly vilified as a brutal despot. The fortress itself was described by the revolutionary press as a "place of slavery and horror", containing "machines of death", "grim underground dungeons" and "disgusting caves" where prisoners were left to rot for up to 50 years.
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destruction of the
Bastille meant that later historians had to rely primarily on memoires and documentary materials in analysing the fortress and the 5,279 prisoners who had come through the Bastille between 1659 and 1789. The Bastille's archives, recording the operation of the prison, had been scattered in the confusion after the seizure; with some effort, the Paris Assembly gathered around 600,000 of them in the following weeks, which form the basis of the modern archive. After being safely stored and ignored for many years, these archives were rediscovered in 1840 (under the kitchen floor at the Arsenal library) by the French historian François Ravaisson, who catalogued and used them for research between 1866 and 1904.
1075:, were detained in the Bastille for their religious beliefs. Many of these prisoners were women and came from a wider range of social backgrounds than the upper-class Calvinists detained under Louis XIV; historian Monique Cottret argues that the decline of the Bastille's social "mystique" originates from this phase of detentions. By Louis XVI, the background of those entering the Bastille and the type of offences they were detained over had changed markedly. Between 1774 and 1789, the detentions included 54 people accused of robbery; 31 of involvement in the 1775 Famine Revolt; 11 detained for assault; 62 illegal editors, printers and writers – but relatively few detained over the grander affairs of state.
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around 23 and 20 respectively. A second trend was a slow shift away from the
Bastille's 17th-century role of detaining primarily upper-class prisoners, towards a situation in which the Bastille was essentially a location for imprisoning socially undesirable individuals of all backgrounds – including aristocrats breaking social conventions, criminals, pornographers, thugs – and was used to support police operations, particularly those involving censorship, across Paris. Despite these changes, the Bastille remained a state prison, subject to special authorities, answering to the monarch of the day and surrounded by a considerable and threatening reputation.
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1176:-grade nobles receiving 15 livres – and, at the other end of the scale, three livres a day for each commoner. Even for the commoners, this sum was around twice the daily wage of a labourer and provided for an adequate diet, while the upper classes ate very well: even critics of the Bastille recounted many excellent meals, often taken with the governor himself. Prisoners who were being punished for misbehaviour, however, could have their diet restricted as a punishment. The medical treatment provided by the Bastille for prisoners was excellent by the standards of the 18th century; the prison also contained a number of inmates suffering from
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915:, a letter under royal seal, issued by the king and countersigned by a minister, ordering a named person to be held. Louis, closely involved in this aspect of government, personally decided who should be imprisoned at the Bastille. The arrest itself involved an element of ceremony: the individual would be tapped on the shoulder with a white baton and formally detained in the name of the king. Detention in the Bastille was typically ordered for an indefinite period and there was considerable secrecy over who had been detained and why: the legend of the "
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forces and the revolutionary crowd as the two sides exchanged fire. At around 3:30 pm, more mutinous royal forces arrived to reinforce the crowd, bringing with them trained infantry officers and several cannons. After discovering that their weapons were too light to damage the main walls of the fortress, the revolutionary crowd began to fire their cannons at the wooden gate of the
Bastille. By now around 83 of the crowd had been killed and another 15 mortally wounded; only one of the Invalides had been killed in return.
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362:, the Bastille was used to detain prisoners from more varied backgrounds, and to support the operations of the Parisian police, especially in enforcing government censorship of the printed media. Although inmates were kept in relatively good conditions, criticism of the Bastille grew during the 18th century, fueled by autobiographies written by former prisoners. Reforms were implemented and prisoner numbers were considerably reduced. In 1789, the royal government's financial crisis and the formation of the
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501:, and faced with stone. The fortress had four sets of drawbridges, which allowed the Rue Saint-Antoine to pass eastwards through the Bastille's gates while giving easy access to the city walls on the north and south sides. The Bastille overlooked the Saint-Antoine gate, which by 1380 was a strong, square building with turrets and protected by two drawbridges of its own. Charles V chose to live close to the Bastille for his own safety and created a royal complex to the south of the fortress called the
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early on the morning of 23 March, through the Porte-Neuve rather than the Saint-Antoine and seized the capital, including the
Arsenal complex that neighboured the Bastille. The Bastille was now an isolated League stronghold, with the remaining members of the League and their allies clustering around it for safety. After several days of tension, an agreement was finally reached for this rump element to leave safely, and on 27 March du Bourg surrendered the Bastille and left the city himself.
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824:, controlled by the parliament, although the decision was eventually taken not to shoot. Barricades were erected across the city and the royal government fled in September, leaving a garrison of 22 men behind in the Bastille. On 11 January 1649, the Fronde decided to take the Bastille, giving the task to Elbeuf, one of their leaders. Elbeuf's attack required only a token effort: five or six shots were fired at the Bastille, before it promptly surrendered on 13 January.
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882:, or suburbs. Influenced by the events of the Fronde, Louis XIV rebuilt the area around the Bastille, erecting a new archway at the Porte Saint-Antoine in 1660, and then ten years later pulling down the city walls and their supporting fortifications to replace them with an avenue of trees, later called Louis XIV's boulevard, which passed around the Bastille. The Bastille's bastion survived the redevelopment, becoming a garden for the use of the prisoners.
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in the 1760s, the equivalent figure was 35%. Seditious writers were also often held in the
Bastille, although many of the more famous writers held in the Bastille during the period were formally imprisoned for more anti-social, rather than strictly political, offences. In particular, many of those writers detained under Louis XVI were imprisoned for their role in producing illegal pornography, rather than political critiques of the regime. The writer
859:, convinced her father to issue an order for the Parisian forces to act, before she then entered the Bastille and personally ensured that the commander turned the fortress's cannon on Turenne's army, causing significant casualties and enabling Condé's army's safe withdrawal. Later in 1652, Condé was finally forced to surrender Paris to the royalist forces in October, effectively bringing the Fronde to an end: the Bastille returned to royal control.
919:", a mysterious prisoner who finally died in 1703, symbolises this period of the Bastille. Although in practice many were held at the Bastille as a form of punishment, legally a prisoner in the Bastille was only being detained for preventative or investigative reasons: the prison was not officially supposed to be a punitive measure in its own right. The average length of imprisonment in the Bastille under Louis XIV was approximately three years.
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ill, he was paraded through the streets, where he waved happily to the crowds. Of the remaining six liberated prisoners, four were convicted forgers who quickly vanished into the Paris streets; one was the Count Hubert de
Solages, who had been imprisoned on the request of his family for sexual misdemeanours; the sixth was Auguste-Claude Tavernier, who also proved to be mentally ill and, along with Whyte, was in due course reincarcerated in the
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there in 1663. Bertaudière was named after a medieval mason who died building the structure in the 14th century. Liberté tower took its name either from a protest in 1380, when
Parisians shouted the phrase outside the castle, or because it was used to house prisoners who had more freedom to walk around the castle than the typical prisoner. Puits tower contained the castle well, while Coin formed the corner of the Rue Saint-Antoine.
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densely populated areas, particularly in the north, and its numerous workshops producing soft furnishings. Paris as a whole had continued to grow, reaching slightly less than 800,000 inhabitants by the reign of Louis XVI, and many of the residents around the faubourg had migrated to Paris from the countryside relatively recently. The
Bastille had its own street address, being officially known as No. 232, rue Saint-Antoine.
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concerned about the
Bastille's situation. The Bastille, already hugely unpopular with the revolutionary crowds, was now the only remaining royalist stronghold in central Paris, in addition to which he was protecting a recently arrived stock of 250 barrels of valuable gunpowder. To make matters worse, the Bastille had only two days' supply of food and no source of water, making it impossible to withstand a long siege.
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Bastille, and at 10:00 am de Launay let in two of their leaders to negotiate with him. Just after midday, another negotiator was let in to discuss the situation, but no compromise could be reached: the revolutionary representatives now wanted both the guns and the gunpowder in the
Bastille to be handed over, but de Launay refused to do so unless he received authorisation from his leadership in
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79:
478:. The resulting structure became known simply as the Bastille, with the eight irregularly built towers and linking curtain walls forming a structure 223 feet (68 m) wide and 121 feet (37 m) deep, the walls and towers 78 feet (24 m) high and 10 feet (3.0 m) thick at their bases. Built to the same height, the roofs of the towers and the tops of the walls formed a broad,
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freedom", celebrated the national unity that the events of July 1789 had generated across all classes of French citizenry, and included a very wide range of items. Palloy also sent models of the Bastille, carved from the fortress's stones, as gifts to the French provinces at his own expense to spread the revolutionary message. In 1793 a large revolutionary fountain featuring a statue of
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1327:, concur that the actual treatment of prisoners in Bastille was much better than the public impression left through those writings. Nonetheless, fuelled by the secrecy that still surrounded the Bastille, official as well as public concern about the prison, and the system that supported it, also began to mount, prompting reforms. As early as 1775, Louis XVI's minister
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siege, and he was dissuaded by his officers from committing mass suicide by detonating his supplies of powder. Instead, de Launay attempted to negotiate a surrender, threatening to blow up the Bastille if his demands were not met. In the midst of this attempt, the Bastille's drawbridge suddenly came down and the revolutionary crowd stormed in. Popular myth believes
1033:, who ran the entrance to the Bastille. Four warders divided up the eight towers between them. From an administrative perspective, the prison was generally well run during the period. These staff were supported by an official surgeon, a chaplain and could, on occasion, call upon the services of a local midwife to assist pregnant prisoners. A small garrison of "
517:, where tall towers were positioned around a lower wall, overlooked by an even taller keep in the centre. In particular, building the towers and the walls of the Bastille at the same height allowed the rapid movement of forces around the castle, as well as giving more space to move and position cannons on the wider walkways. The Bastille design was copied at
1196:, for example, arrived with an elaborate wardrobe, paintings, tapestries, a selection of perfume, and a collection of 133 books. Card games and billiards were played among the prisoners, and alcohol and tobacco were permitted. Servants could sometimes accompany their masters into the Bastille, as in the cases of the 1746 detention of the family of
1296:, the King's mistress. Latude became famous for managing to escape from the Bastille by means of climbing up the chimney of his cell and then descending the walls with a home-made rope ladder, before being recaptured in Amsterdam by French agents. Latude was released in 1777, but was rearrested following his publication of a book entitled
902:, which had previously granted various rights to French Protestants; the subsequent royal crackdown was driven by the king's strongly anti-Protestant views. The Bastille was used to investigate and break up Protestant networks by imprisoning and questioning the more recalcitrant members of the community, in particular upper-class
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preferred location for holding prisoners who needed extensive questioning or where a case required the analysis of extensive documents. The Bastille was also used to store the Parisian police archives; public order equipment such as chains and flags; and illegal goods, seized by order of the crown using a version of the
957:, maintained the prison but the absolutist rigour of Louis XIV's system began to weaken somewhat. Although Protestants ceased to be kept in the Bastille, the political uncertainties and plots of the period kept the prison busy and 1,459 were imprisoned there under the Regency, an average of around 182 a year. During the
784:, is credited with beginning the modern transformation of the Bastille into a more formal organ of the French state, further increasing its structured use as a state prison. Richelieu broke with Henry IV's tradition of the Bastille's captain being a member of the French aristocracy, typically a Marshal of France such as
1165:, the underground dungeons, had not been used for many years except for holding recaptured escapees. Prisoners' rooms each had a stove or a fireplace, basic furniture, curtains and in most cases a window. A typical criticism of the rooms was that they were shabby and basic rather than uncomfortable. Like the
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Funck-Brentano's work slightly biased by his anti-Republican views, but his histories of the Bastille were highly influential and were largely responsible for establishing that the Bastille was a well-run, relatively benign institution. Historian Fernand Bournon used the same archive material to produce the
611:, as the new captain of the Bastille. The English made more use of the Bastille as a prison; in 1430 there was a minor rebellion when some prisoners overpowered a sleeping guard and attempted to seize control of the fortress; this incident includes the first reference to a dedicated gaoler at the Bastille.
1440:, after addressing the public from his walks on top of the towers and, once this was forbidden, shouting from the window of his cell. Sade had claimed that the authorities planned to massacre the prisoners in the castle, which resulted in the governor removing him to an alternative site in early July.
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Latude's inaccuracies include his referring to a new fur coat as "half-rotted rags", for example. Jacques Berchtold observes that Latude's writing also introduced the idea of the hero of the story actively resisting the despotic institution – in this case through escape – in contrast to earlier works
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that was used for interrogating prisoners, the Bastille's library, and servants' quarters. The upper stories included rooms for the senior Bastille staff, and chambers for distinguished prisoners. An elevated building on one side of the courtyard held the Bastille's archives. A clock was installed by
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in chains. Trésor took its name from the reign of Henry IV, when it had contained the royal treasury. The origins of the name of Comté tower are unclear; one theory is that the name refers to the County of Paris. Bazinière was named after Bertrand de La Bazinière, a royal treasurer who was imprisoned
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Louis XIV made extensive use of the Bastille as a prison, with 2,320 individuals being detained there during his reign, approximately 43 a year. Louis used the Bastille to hold not just suspected rebels or plotters but also those who had simply irritated him in some way, such as differing with him on
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in 1893, considered by modern historians to be one of the best and most balanced 19th-century histories of the Bastille. These works inspired the writing of a sequence of more popular histories of the Bastille in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Auguste Coeuret's anniversary history
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visiting Paris for the 14 July celebrations. A memorabilia industry surrounding the fall of the Bastille was already flourishing and as the work on the demolition project finally dried up, Palloy started producing and selling memorabilia of the Bastille. Palloy's products, which he called "relics of
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As a result, in the days after 14 July, the fortress was searched for evidence of torture: old pieces of armour and bits of a printing press were taken out and presented as evidence of elaborate torture equipment. Latude returned to the Bastille, where he was given the rope ladder and equipment with
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The length of time that a typical prisoner was kept at the Bastille continued to decline, and by Louis XVI's reign the average length of detention was only two months. Prisoners would still be expected to sign a document on their release, promising not to talk about the Bastille or their time within
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Throughout this period, but particularly in the middle of the 18th century, the Bastille was used by the police to suppress the trade in illegal and seditious books in France. In the 1750s, 40% of those sent to the Bastille were arrested for their role in manufacturing or dealing in banned material;
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New kitchens and baths were built just outside the main gate to the Bastille in 1786. The ditch around the Bastille, now largely dry, supported a 36-foot (11 m) high stone wall with a wooden walkway for the use of the guards, known as "la ronde", or the round. An outer court had grown up around
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Structurally, the late-18th century Bastille was not greatly changed from its 14th-century predecessor. The eight stone towers had gradually acquired individual names: running from the north-east side of the external gate, these were La Chapelle, Trésor, Comté, Bazinière, Bertaudière, Liberté, Puits
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was created in 1667, all of which would enable the Bastille's later role in support of the Parisian police during the 18th century. By 1711, a 60-strong French military garrison had been established at the Bastille. It continued to be an expensive institution to run, particularly when the prison was
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several years to retake Paris. By the time he succeeded in 1594, the area around the Bastille formed the main stronghold for the Catholic League and their foreign allies, including Spanish and Flemish troops. The Bastille itself was controlled by a League captain called du Bourg. Henry entered Paris
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During the 16th century the area around the Bastille developed further. Early modern Paris continued to grow, and by the end of the century it had around 250,000 inhabitants and was one of the most populous cities in Europe, though still largely contained within its old city walls – open countryside
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Paris was finally recaptured by Charles VII of France in 1436. When the French king re-entered the city, his enemies in Paris fortified themselves in the Bastille; after a siege, they eventually ran out of food, surrendered and were allowed to leave the city after the payment of a ransom. The castle
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Linguet noted that "there are tables less lacking; I confess it; mine was among them." Morellet reported that each day he received "a bottle of decent wine, an excellent one-pound loaf of bread; for dinner, a soup, some beef, an entrée and a desert; in the evening, some roast and a salad." The abbé
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Prisoners described the standard issue furniture as including "a bed of green serge with curtains of the same; a straw mat and a mattress; a table or two, two pitchers, a candleholder and a tin goblet; two or three chairs, a fork, a spoon and everything need to light a fire; by special favour, weak
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and religion. Histories of the Bastille since then have focused on the prison's role in policing, censorship and popular culture, in particular how these impacted on the working classes. Research in West Germany during the 1980s examined the cultural interpretation of the Bastille against the wider
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became president in 1879, his new government turned the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille into a national holiday. The anniversary remained contentious, with hard-line Republicans continuing to use the occasion to protest against the new political order and right-wing conservatives protesting
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Just as negotiations were about to recommence at around 1:30 pm, chaos broke out as the impatient and angry crowd stormed the outer courtyard of the Bastille, pushing toward the main gate. Confused firing broke out in the confined space and chaotic fighting began in earnest between de Launay's
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On the morning of 14 July around 900 people formed outside the Bastille, primarily working-class members of the nearby faubourg Saint-Antoine, but also including some mutinous soldiers and local traders. The crowd had gathered in an attempt to commandeer the gunpowder stocks known to be held in the
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The role of the Bastille as a prison changed considerably during the reigns of Louis XV and XVI. One trend was a decline in the number of prisoners sent to the Bastille, with 1,194 imprisoned there during the reign of Louis XV and only 306 under Louis XVI up until the Revolution, annual averages of
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The storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 had been celebrated annually since 1790, initially through quasi-religious rituals, and then later during the Revolution with grand, secular events including the burning of replica Bastilles. Under Napoleon the events became less revolutionary, focusing
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De Launay had limited options: if he allowed the Revolutionaries to destroy his main gate, he would have to turn the cannon directly inside the Bastille's courtyard on the crowds, causing great loss of life and preventing any peaceful resolution of the episode. De Launay could not withstand a long
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in the king's name. The Bastille was unusual among Parisian prisons in that it acted on behalf of the king – prisoners could therefore be imprisoned secretly, for longer, and without normal judicial processes being applied, making it a useful facility for the police authorities. The Bastille was a
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in the old city from the working class district of the faubourg Saint-Antoine that lay beyond the Louis XIV boulevard. The Marais was a fashionable area, frequented by foreign visitors and tourists, but few went beyond the Bastille into the faubourg. The faubourg was characterised by its built-up,
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Despite a thorough search, the revolutionaries discovered only seven prisoners in the Bastille, rather fewer than had been anticipated. Of these, only one – de Whyte de Malleville, an elderly and white-bearded man – closely resembled the public image of a Bastille prisoner; despite being mentally
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At de Launay's request, an additional force of 32 soldiers from the Swiss Salis-Samade regiment had been assigned to the Bastille on 7 July, adding to the existing 82 invalides pensioners who formed the regular garrison. De Launay had taken various precautions, raising the drawbridge in the Comté
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The number of prisoners held in the Bastille at any one time declined sharply towards the end of Louis's reign. It contained ten prisoners in September 1782 and, despite a small increase at the beginning of 1788, by July 1789 only seven prisoners remained in custody. Before any official scheme to
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The main castle courtyard, accessed through the southern gateway, was 120 feet long by 72 feet wide (37 m by 22 m), and was divided from the smaller northern yard by a three-office wing, built around 1716 and renovated in 1761 in a modern, 18th-century style. The office wing held the council room
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The ruins of the Bastille rapidly became iconic across France. Palloy had an altar set up on the site in February 1790, formed out of iron chains and restraints from the prison. Old bones, probably of 15th century soldiers, were discovered during the clearance work in April and, presented as the
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was the first revolutionary to enter the fortress. De Launay was dragged outside into the streets and killed by the crowd, and three officers and three soldiers were killed during the course of the afternoon by the crowd. The soldiers of the Swiss Salis-Samade Regiment, however, were not wearing
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Louis reformed the administrative structure of the Bastille, creating the post of governor, although this post was still often referred to as the captain-governor. During Louis's reign the policing of marginal groups in Paris was greatly increased: the wider criminal justice system was reformed,
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Comparing 18th century sums of money with modern equivalents is notoriously difficult but, for comparison, the Bastille's 127,000 livres running costs in 1774 were around 420 times a Parisian labourer's annual wages or, alternatively, roughly half the cost of clothing and equipping the Queen in
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in the post-war years; Godechot showing convincingly that, in addition to some local artisans and traders, at least half the crowd that gathered that day were, like the inhabitants of the surrounding faubourg, recent immigrants to Paris from the provinces. Godechot used this to characterise the
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Within hours of its capture the Bastille began to be used as a powerful symbol to give legitimacy to the revolutionary movement in France. The faubourg Saint-Antoine's revolutionary reputation was firmly established by their storming of the Bastille and a formal list began to be drawn up of the
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their uniform coats and were mistaken for Bastille prisoners; they were left unharmed by the crowds until they were escorted away by French Guards and other regular soldiers among the attackers. The valuable powder and guns were seized and a search begun for the other prisoners in the Bastille.
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that linked the Bastille to its bastion to prevent anyone from gaining access from that side of the fortress. The shops in the entranceway to the Bastille had been closed and the gates locked. The Bastille was defended by 30 small artillery pieces, but nonetheless, by 14 July de Launay was very
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and rebellious noble factions fought for several years to take control of the city and wider power. On 26 August, during the period known as the First Fronde, Anne ordered the arrest of some of the leaders of the Parlement of Paris; violence flared as a result, and the 27 August became known as
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Due in part to the diffusion of national and Republican ideas across France during the second half of the Third Republic, the Bastille lost an element of its prominence as a symbol by the 20th century. Nonetheless, the Place de la Bastille continued to be the traditional location for left wing
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in 1783, a damning critique of the institution. Linguet criticised, sometimes inaccurately, the physical conditions in which he was kept, but went further by capturing in detail the more psychological effects of the prison regime upon an inmate. Linguet also encouraged Louis XVI to destroy the
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Under Louis, only between 20 and 50 prisoners were usually held at the Bastille at any one time, although as many as 111 were held for a short period in 1703. These prisoners were mainly from the upper classes, and those who could afford to pay for additional luxuries lived in good conditions,
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Almost nothing is left of the Bastille, except some remains of its stone foundation that were relocated to the side of Boulevard Henri IV. Historians were critical of the Bastille in the early 19th century, and believe the fortress to have been a relatively well-administered example of French
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and their entire household as British spies: the family's domestic life continued on inside the prison relatively normally. The prisoners' library had grown during the 18th century, mainly through ad hoc purchases and various confiscations by the Crown, until by 1787 it included 389 volumes.
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presented the years of the Bastille between 1358 and 1789 as a single long period of royal tyranny and oppression, epitomised by the fortress; their works featured imaginative 19th-century reconstructions of the medieval torture of prisoners. As living memories of the Revolution faded, the
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wearing their own clothes, living in rooms decorated with tapestries and carpets or taking exercise around the castle garden and along the walls. By the late 17th century, there was a rather disorganised library for the use of inmates in the Bastille, although its origins remain unclear.
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used the archives to undertake detailed research into the operation of the Bastille, focusing on the upper-class prisoners in the Bastille, disproving many of the 18th-century myths about the institution and portraying the prison in a favourable light. Modern historians today consider
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the south-west side of the Bastille, adjacent to the Arsenal. This was open to the public and lined with small shops rented out by the governor for almost 10,000 livres a year, complete with a lodge for the Bastille gatekeeper; it was illuminated at night to light the adjacent street.
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Contrary to its later image, conditions for prisoners in the Bastille by the mid-18th century were in fact relatively benign, particularly by the standards of other prisons of the time. The typical prisoner was held in one of the octagonal rooms in the mid-levels of the towers. The
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Historian Sidney Toy has described the Bastille as "one of the most powerful fortifications" of the period, and the most important fortification in late medieval Paris. The Bastille's design was highly innovative: it rejected both the 13th-century tradition of more weakly fortified
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pear, fresh grapes, a bottle of old Burgundy wine, and the best Mocha coffee. At the other end of the scale, lesser prisoners might get only "a pound of bread and a bottle of bad wine a day; for dinner...broth and two meat dishes; for supper...a slice of roast, some stew, and some
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is usually considered to have exaggerated his hardships, as he received a string of visitors each day and in fact voluntarily stayed on within the Bastille after he was officially released in order to complete some business affairs. He also campaigned to have others sent to the
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was built on the square in 1989 to commemorate the bicentennial anniversary of the storming of the prison. The surrounding area has largely been redeveloped from its 19th-century industrial past. The ditch that originally linked the defences of the fortress to the
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eventually settled the matter by symbolically starting the destruction of the battlements himself, after which a panel of five experts was appointed by the Permanent Committee of the Hôtel de Ville to manage the demolition of the castle. One of these experts was
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which he had escaped from the prison many years before. The former prison warders escorted visitors around the Bastille in the weeks after its capture, giving colourful accounts of the events in the castle. Stories and pictures about the rescue of the fictional
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The area around the Bastille was transformed in the reign of Louis XIV. Paris' growing population reached 400,000 during the period, causing the city to spill out past the Bastille and the old city into the arable farmland beyond, forming more thinly populated
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remained a key Parisian fortress, but was successfully seized by the Burgundians in 1464, when they convinced royal troops to surrender: once taken, this allowed their faction to make a surprise attack into Paris, almost resulting in the capture of the king.
1663:, set just after the Revolution, gave Napoleon's plaster Bastille elephant a permanent place in literary history. In 1889 the continued popularity of the Bastille with the public was illustrated by the decision to build a replica in stone and wood for the
1507:– supposedly a mistreated prisoner of the Bastille incarcerated by Louis XV – and the similarly imaginary discovery of the skeleton of the "Man in the Iron Mask" in the dungeons, were widely circulated as fact across Paris. In the coming months, over 150
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A number of histories of the Bastille were published immediately after July 1789, usually with dramatic titles promising the uncovering of secrets from the prison. By the 1830s and 1840s, popular histories written by Pierre Joigneaux and by the trio of
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Plan of the Bastille in the 18th century. A – La Chapelle Tower; B – Trésor Tower; C – Comté Tower; D – Bazinière Tower; E – Bertaudière Tower; F – Liberté Tower; G – Puits Tower; H – Coin Tower; I – Courtyard of the Well; J – Office wing; K – Large
965:. While in the Bastille, de Launay fell in love with a fellow prisoner, the Chevalier de Ménil; she also infamously received an invitation of marriage from the Chevalier de Maisonrouge, the governor's deputy, who had fallen in love with her himself.
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Although potentially dangerous objects and money were confiscated and stored when a prisoner first entered the Bastille, most wealthy prisoners continued to bring in additional luxuries, including pet dogs or cats to control the local vermin. The
851:. Condé's forces became trapped against the city walls and the Porte Saint-Antoine, which the Parlement refused to open; he was coming under increasingly heavy fire from the Royalist artillery and the situation looked bleak. In a famous incident,
1544:, a bourgeois entrepreneur who claimed vainqueur status for his role during the taking of the Bastille, and he rapidly assumed control over the entire process. Palloy's team worked quickly and by November most of the fortress had been destroyed.
1653:, in which Doctor Manette is "buried alive" in the prison for 18 years; many historical figures associated with the Bastille are reinvented as fictional individuals in the novel, such as Claude Cholat, reproduced by Dickens as "Ernest Defarge".
1424:
on 12 July, leading to widespread fighting and the withdrawal of royal forces from the centre of Paris. Revolutionary crowds began to arm themselves during 13 July, looting royal stores, gunsmiths and armourers' shops for weapons and gunpowder.
630:, who was imprisoned by Louis and escaped by boat in 1465. The captains of the Bastille during this period were primarily officers and royal functionaries; Philippe de Melun was the first captain to receive a salary in 1462, being awarded 1,200
1534:
At first the revolutionary movement was uncertain whether to destroy the prison, to reoccupy it as a fortress with members of the volunteer guard militia, or to preserve it intact as a permanent revolutionary monument. The revolutionary leader
2233:'s products included a working model of the fortress; royal and revolutionary portraits; miscellaneous objects such as inkwells and paperweights, made from recycled parts of the Bastille; Latude's biography and other carefully selected items.
595:
took refuge in the Bastille during the Burgundian-led "Massacre of the Armagnacs" in Paris, before successfully fleeing the city through the Porte Saint-Antoine. The Bastille was occasionally used to hold prisoners, including its creator,
259:
303:
heading out to the east. The innovative design proved influential in both France and England and was widely copied. The Bastille figured prominently in France's domestic conflicts, including the fighting between the rival factions of the
591:. The Bastille was strategically vital during the period, both because of its role as a royal fortress and safe-haven inside the capital, and because it controlled a critical route in and out of Paris. In 1418, for example, the future
1589:
that emerged from the Revolution in 1799, and subsequently attempted to marginalise the Bastille as a symbol. Napoleon was unhappy with the revolutionary connotations of the Place de la Bastille, and initially considered building his
2164:
living in Paris on the rue Noyer at the start of 1789. Cholat fought on the side of the Revolutionaries during the storming of the Bastille, manning one of their cannon during the battle. Afterwards, Cholat produced a famous amateur
1594:
on the site instead. This proved an unpopular option, and so instead he planned the construction of a huge bronze statue of an imperial elephant. The project was delayed, eventually indefinitely, and all that was constructed was a
886:
matters of religion. The typical offences that inmates were accused of were espionage, counterfeiting and embezzlement from the state; a number of financial officials were detained in this way under Louis, most famously including
1366:
proposed a similar scheme to Brogniard's, in which the Bastille would be transformed into an open public area, with a tall column at the centre surrounded by fountains, dedicated to Louis XVI as the "restorer of public freedom".
696:
using a connecting drawbridge that was installed in the Bastille's Comté tower. In 1573 the Porte Saint-Antoine was also altered – the drawbridges were replaced with a fixed bridge, and the medieval gatehouse was replaced with a
2094:
Marmontel recorded dinners including "an excellent soup, a succulent slice of beef, a boiled leg of capon, dripping with fat and falling off the bone; a small plate of fried artichokes in a marinade, one of spinach, a very nice
1857:
context of the French Revolution; Hanse Lüsebrink and Rolf Reichardt's work, explaining how the Bastille came to be regarded as a symbol of despotism, was among the most prominent. This body of work influenced English historian
1358:, having examined the cost of running the Bastille, amounting to well over 127,000 livres in 1774, proposed closing the institution on the grounds of economy alone. Similarly, Pierre-François de Rivière du Puget, the Bastille's
1205:
it, but by the 1780s this agreement was frequently broken. Prisoners leaving the Bastille could be granted pensions on their release by the Crown, either as a form of compensation or as a way of ensuring future good behaviour –
744:, and the payment of substantial ransoms. Bussy-Leclerc remained in control of the Bastille until December 1592, when, following further political instability, he was forced to surrender the castle to Charles and flee the city.
2108:
Comparing 18th century sums of money with modern equivalents is notoriously difficult; for comparison, Latude's pension was around one and a third times that of a labourer's annual wage, while Voltaire's was very considerably
1271:
In the 1780s, prison reform became a popular topic for French writers and the Bastille was increasingly condemned as a symbol of arbitrary despotism. Two authors were particularly influential during that period. The first was
535:
634:
a year. Despite being a state prison, the Bastille retained the other traditional functions of a royal castle, and was used to accommodate visiting dignitaries, hosting some lavish entertainments given by Louis XI and
2220:
was motivated by money, revolutionary zeal or both is unclear; Simon Schama is inclined to portray him as a businessman first, Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink and Rolf Reichardt depict him as a slightly obsessed revolutionary.
1169:, the main courtyard, used for exercise, was often criticised by prisoners as being unpleasant at the height of summer or winter, although the garden in the bastion and the castle walls were also used for recreation.
1024:
The Bastille was run by the governor, sometimes called the captain-governor, who lived in a 17th-century house alongside the fortress. The governor was supported by various officers, in particular his deputy, the
1619:
instead on military parades and national unity in the face of foreign threats. During the 1870s, the 14 July celebrations became a rallying point for Republicans opposed to the early monarchist leadership of the
2084:." Linguet complained of only initially having "two mattresses half eaten by the worms, a matted elbow chair... a tottering table, a water pitcher, two pots of Dutch ware and two flagstones to support the fire".
2017:; Martine Lefévre notes early records of the books of dead prisoners being lent out by the staff as a possible origin for the library, or alternatively that the library originated as a gift from Vinache, a rich
1029:, or lieutenant of the king, who was responsible for general security and the protection of state secrets; the major, responsible for managing the Bastille's financial affairs and the police archives; and the
683:
attack on Paris, and strengthened the defences of the Bastille in response. The southern gateway into the Bastille became the principal entrance to the castle in 1553, the other three gateways being closed. A
668:, a large military-industrial complex tasked with the production of cannons and other weapons for the royal armies, was established to the south of the Bastille by Francis I, and substantially expanded under
736:, who appointed Bussy-Leclerc as his new captain. Henry III responded by having the Duke and his brother murdered later that year, whereupon Bussy-Leclerc used the Bastille as a base to mount a raid on the
2191:, accounting for his positive reaction to being paraded through the streets. Tavernier had been accused of attempting to assassinate Louis XV. The four forgers were later recaptured and imprisoned in the
2057:
Jane McLeod suggests that the breaching of censorship rules by licensed printers was rarely dealt with by regular courts, being seen as an infraction against the Crown, and dealt with by royal officials.
1706:
underground train system in 1899, the foundations of the Liberté Tower were uncovered and moved to the corner of the Boulevard Henri IV and the Quai de Celestins, where they can still be seen today. The
1161:, the rooms just under the roof that formed the upper storey of the Bastille, were considered the least pleasant quarters, being more exposed to the elements and usually either too hot or too cold. The
1101:
Increasingly, however, the Bastille became part of the system of wider policing in Paris. Although appointed by the king, the governor reported to the lieutenant general of police: the first of these,
1944:
An alternative opinion, held by Fernand Bournon, is that the first bastille was a completely different construction, possibly made just of earth, and that all of the later bastille was built under
1727:
2030:
Converting 17th century financial sums into modern equivalents is extremely challenging; for comparison, 232,818 livres was around 1,000 times the annual wages of a typical labourer of the period.
1991:
Converting medieval financial figures to modern equivalents is notoriously challenging. For comparison, 1,200 livres was around 0.8% of the French Crown's annual income from royal taxes in 1460.
720:
fought between Protestant and Catholic factions with support from foreign allies during the second half of the 16th century. Religious and political tensions in Paris initially exploded in the
1264:. He gave a similar account to Renneville's and termed the Bastille the "hell of the living". Voltaire added to the notorious reputation of the Bastille when he wrote about the case of the "
1861:'s 1989 book on the Revolution, which incorporated cultural interpretation of the Bastille with a controversial critique of the violence surrounding the storming of the Bastille. The
740:, arresting the president and other magistrates, whom he suspected of having royalist sympathies, and detaining them in the Bastille. They were not released until the intervention of
1140:, for example, were formally detained not for their more obviously political writings, but for libellous remarks or for personal insults against leading members of Parisian society.
431:, in the west of the capital, but the city had expanded by the middle of the 14th century and the eastern side was now exposed to an English attack. The situation worsened after the
1865:
held a major exhibition on the legacy of the Bastille between 2010 and 2011, resulting in a substantial edited volume summarising the current academic perspectives on the fortress.
299:. Construction was underway by 1357, but the main construction occurred from 1370 onwards, creating a strong fortress with eight towers that protected the strategic gateway of the
474:, followed by two towers to the north, and finally two towers to the south. The fortress was probably not finished by the time Charles died in 1380, and was completed by his son,
1343:
that sent prisoners to the Bastille: such letters were now required to list the length of time a prisoner would be detained for, and the offence for which they were being held.
1109:, and subsequent officers used the facility extensively and took a close interest in inspections of the prison. The lieutenant general reported in turn to the secretary of the
1172:
The governor received money from the Crown to support the prisoners, with the amount varying on rank: the governor received 19 livres a day for each political prisoner – with
1106:
4646:
1432:, a conscientious but minor military officer. Tensions surrounding the Bastille had been rising for several weeks. Only seven prisoners remained in the fortress, – the
1639:; in these novels the Bastille is presented as both picturesque and tragic, a suitable setting for heroic action. By contrast, in many of Dumas's other works, such as
3949:
944:
full, such as during 1691 when numbers were inflated by the campaign against French Protestants and the annual cost of running the Bastille rose to 232,818 livres.
852:
1828:
argued in the late 19th century that the crowd consisted of unemployed vagrants, who acted without real thought; by contrast, the post-war left-wing intellectual
1548:
skeletons of former prisoners, were exhumed and ceremonially reburied in Saint-Paul's cemetery. In the summer, a huge ball was held by Palloy on the site for the
1304:, or French Academy, and his autobiography, although inaccurate in places, did much to reinforce the public perception of the Bastille as a despotic institution.
5929:
1248:. Renneville presented a dramatic account of his detention, explaining that, despite being innocent, he had been abused and left to rot in one of the Bastille's
5994:
4671:
843:, the Prince of Condé, controlled much of Paris alongside the Parlement, while Broussel, through his son, continued to control the Bastille. In July 1652, the
4624:
1821:
of the Bastille, which typically focused on a handful of themes and stories involving the more glamorous prisoners from the upper classes of French society.
4318:
1643:, the Bastille takes on a much darker appearance, being described as a place in which a prisoner is "forgotten, bankrupted, buried, destroyed". In England,
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4280:
5974:
2169:
painting showing the events of the day; produced in primitive, naïve style, it combines all the events of the day into a single graphical representation.
1456:
A plan of the Bastille and surrounding buildings made immediately after 1789; the red dot marks the perspective of Claude Cholat's painting of the siege.
374:
who sought to commandeer the valuable gunpowder held within the fortress. Seven remaining prisoners were found and released and the Bastille's governor,
2187:
Jacques-François-Xavier de Whyte, often called Major Whyte, had originally been imprisoned for sexual misdemeanours – by 1789 he believed himself to be
1599:
of the bronze statue, which stood on the former site of the Bastille between 1814 and 1846, when the decaying structure was finally removed. After the
848:
665:
656:
462:
In 1369, Charles V became concerned about the weakness of the eastern side of the city to English attacks and raids by mercenaries. Charles instructed
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1628:
about the imposition of the holiday. The July Column itself remained contentious, and Republican radicals unsuccessfully tried to blow it up in 1871.
5999:
4905:
Alpaugh, Micah. "A Self-Defining Bourgeoisie in the Early French Revolution: The Milice bourgeoise, the Bastille Days of 1789, and Their Aftermath,"
1504:
2070:, shows a number of elegantly dressed women; it is uncertain on what occasion the drawing was made, or what they were doing in Bastille at the time.
1362:, submitted reports in 1788 suggesting that the authorities close the prison, demolish the fortress and sell the real estate off. In June 1789, the
1328:
1292:. Latude was a soldier who was imprisoned in the Bastille following a sequence of complex misadventures, including the sending of a letter bomb to
2048:
Using slightly different accounting methods, Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink suggests fractionally lower totals for prisoner numbers between 1660 and 1789.
1090:
and accusations of fraud, all the eleven suspects were held in the Bastille, significantly increasing the notoriety surrounding the institution.
5783:
1285:
Bastille, publishing an engraving depicting the king announcing to the prisoners "may you be free and live!", a phrase borrowed from Voltaire.
1852:
conducted extensive research into how order was maintained in pre-revolutionary France, focusing on the operation of the police, concepts of
1268:" in 1751, and later criticised the way he himself was treated while detained in the Bastille, labelling the fortress a "palace of revenge".
354:. From 1659 onwards, the Bastille functioned primarily as a state penitentiary; by 1789, 5,279 prisoners had passed through its gates. Under
1607:
in 1830 used images such as the Bastille to legitimise their new regime and in 1833, the former site of the Bastille was used to build the
5013:
Berchtold, Jacques (2010). "L'embastillement dans les mémoires des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
1536:
1331:
had authorised all prisoners to be given newspapers to read, and to be allowed to correspond with their family and friends. In the 1780s,
102:
2131:
The accuracy of all of Linguet's records on the physical conditions have been questioned by modern historians, for example Simon Schama.
847:
took place just outside the Bastille. Condé had sallied out of Paris to prevent the advance of the royalist forces under the command of
1277:
1037:" was appointed in 1749 to guard the interior and exterior of the fortress; these were retired soldiers and were regarded locally, as
600:, who was the first person to be imprisoned there. In 1417, in addition to being a royal fortress, it formally became a state prison.
5969:
5231:
Dutray-Lecoin, Élise (2010b). "Le système pénitentiaire parisien sous l'Ancien Régime", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
776:. When Henry clamped down on a Spanish-backed plot among the senior French nobility in 1602, for example, he detained the ringleader
5275:
Farge, Arlette (2010). "Le désordre social et politique, la main due roi s'y oppose", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
4756:
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3500:
3456:
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2910:
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2525:
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1824:
One of the major debates on the actual taking of the Bastille in 1789 has been the nature of the crowds that stormed the building.
760:
4912:
Amalvi, Christian. "La Bastille dans l'historiographie républicaine du XIXe siècle", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
2039:
The Bastille's surgeon was also responsible for shaving the prisoners, as inmates were not permitted sharp objects such as razors.
1416:
in June, calling for the king to grant a written constitution. Violence between loyal royal forces, mutinous members of the royal
1300:. Pamphlets and magazines publicised Latude's case until he was finally released in 1784. Latude became a popular figure with the
1241:
5959:
1336:
800:'s brother to run the facility. The first surviving documentary records of prisoners at the Bastille also date from this period.
5757:
Sacquin, Michèle (2010). "La Bastille romanesque: entre idéologie et pittoresque", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
272:. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the
71:
5964:
1511:
publications used the storming of the Bastille as a theme, while the events formed the basis for a number of theatrical plays.
1332:
962:
828:, one of the Fronde leaders, appointed his son as the governor and the Fronde retained it even after the ceasefire that March.
607:
captured Paris in 1420 and the Bastille was seized and garrisoned by the English for the next sixteen years. Henry V appointed
497:
Garrisoned by a captain, a knight, eight squires and ten crossbowmen, the Bastille was encircled with ditches fed by the River
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5859:
5827:
5792:
5736:
5689:
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363:
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During the 15th century the French kings continued to face threats both from the English and from the rival factions of the
346:
used the Bastille as a prison for upper-class members of French society who had opposed or angered him including, after the
1702:
Due to its destruction after 1789, very little remains of the Bastille in the 21st century. During the excavations for the
1017:, the lieutenant general of police between 1759 and 1774, on the side of the office wing, depicting two chained prisoners.
5984:
5219:
Denis, Vincent (2010). "La police de Paris et la Bastille au XVIIIe siècle", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
2207:
actually began some limited demolition work on the evening of the 14 July, before any formal authorisation had been given.
1363:
391:
285:
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Le despotisme dévoilé; ou, Mémoires de Henry Masers de Latude, détenu pendant trente-cinq ans dans divers prisons d'état.
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1862:
1747:
1244:, who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for 11 years and published his accounts of the experience in 1715 in his book
1068:
1056:
672:. An arms depot was later built above the Porte Saint-Antoine, all making the Bastille part of a major military centre.
1726:
to escape from the prison roof in the 18th century, while the mechanism and bells of the prison clock are exhibited in
1197:
789:
5989:
5954:
5651:
Muzerelle, Danielle (2010a). "La Bastille et le quartier de l'Arsenal", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
5162:
4929:
1129:
844:
765:
622:, who began to use it extensively as a state penitentiary. An early escapee from the Bastille during this period was
347:
337:
4668:
1804:
1260:, who had escaped from the Bastille ten years previously, published an account of his adventures from the safety of
6004:
1790:
Journal of Antoine-Jérôme de Losme, the Bastille major, describing the days before the fall of the Bastille in 1789
777:
542:
5237:
Dutray-Lecoin, Élise (2010c). "175: La Bastille vue par un artiste", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
1371:
close the prison could be enacted, however, disturbances across Paris brought a more violent end to the Bastille.
1347:
5355:
Giret, Noëlle (2010). "La Bastille ou le 'palais de la vengeance'", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
4314:
608:
5138:
Cottret, Monique (2010). "Les affaires de religion à la Bastille", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
5041:
La Bastille: histoire et description des bâtiments, administration, régime de la prison, événements historiques.
954:
797:
5225:
Dutray-Lecoin, Élise (2010a). "La vie quotidienne à la Bastille", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
4276:
1394:
1255:
1083:
451:
with two high stone towers and a 78-foot-wide (24 m) ditch. A fortified gateway of this sort was called a
316:
in the 16th. The fortress was declared a state prison in 1417; this role was expanded further, first under the
5620:
Mémoires inédits de l'abbé Morellet, de l'Académie française: sur le dix-huitième siècle et sur la révolution.
5525:
Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen (2010). "Les grandes affairs politiques", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
1236:
During the 18th century, the Bastille was extensively criticised by French writers as a symbol of ministerial
5657:
Muzerelle, Danielle (2010b). "La Bastille après le 14 Juillet", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
4621:
1664:
1600:
1465:. By this point it was clear that the governor lacked the experience or the skills to defuse the situation.
939:
controls over printing and publishing extended, new criminal codes were issued and the post of the Parisian
4877:
1832:
argued that the crowd was dominated by relatively prosperous artisan workers. The matter was reexamined by
1273:
1173:
1102:
1581:
The Bastille remained a powerful and evocative symbol for French republicans throughout the 19th century.
447:, took steps to improve the capital's defences. In 1357, Marcel expanded the city walls and protected the
295:
The castle was built to defend the eastern approach to the city from potential English attacks during the
1708:
1522:
728:. After a day's fighting had occurred across the capital, Henry III fled and the Bastille surrendered to
432:
5502:
Lefèvre, Martine (2010). "La bibliothèque de la Bastille", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
1115:, largely responsible for order in the capital; in practice together they controlled the issuing of the
785:
19:
This article is about the building in Paris. For the fall of the Bastille in the French Revolution, see
6009:
1881:
386:. Over the next century, the site and historical legacy of the Bastille featured prominently in French
1137:
856:
382:. Souvenirs of the fortress were transported around France and displayed as icons of the overthrow of
5036:
Birn, Raymond (1989). "Malesherbes and the Call For a Free Press", in Darnton and Roche (eds) (1989).
1874:
1240:, which ultimately resulted in reforms and plans for its abolition. The first major criticism was by
627:
28:
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2217:
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1703:
1574:
1541:
1527:
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dungeons, enchained next to a corpse. More criticism followed in 1719 when the Abbé Jean de Bucquoy
772:
The Bastille continued to be used as a prison and a royal fortress under both Henry IV and his son,
518:
375:
4955:
Law, Magistracy, and Crime in Old Regime Paris, 1735–1789: Volume 1, The system of Criminal Justice
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gave rise to a swelling of republican sentiments among city-dwellers. On 14 July, the Bastille was
277:
24:
20:
2067:
1078:
Many prisoners still continued to come from the upper classes, particularly in those cases termed
821:
379:
1635:, for example, used the Bastille and the legend of the "Man in the Iron Mask" extensively in his
1549:
1409:
1319:
Modern historians of the period, such as Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, Simon Schama and Monique Cottret
1301:
717:
415:
Historical reconstruction showing the moat below the walls of Paris (left), the Bastille and the
313:
273:
195:
3665:
Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 31; Sérieux and Libert (1914), cited Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 31.
1962:
807:
insurrection broke out in Paris, prompted by high taxes, increased food prices and disease. The
514:
332:
constructed to the east of the fortress. The Bastille played a key role in the rebellion of the
5144:
Crook, Malcolm (1999). "Review: The Bastille: a History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom".
1767:
1636:
1612:
899:
729:
371:
5698:
Prade, Catherine (2010). "Les prisons de Paris", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
1573:
The foundations of the Liberté Tower of the Bastille, rediscovered during excavations for the
5445:
Lacam, Emmanuel (2010). "Les convulsionnaires", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
1812:
1620:
1586:
986:
By the late 18th century, the Bastille had come to separate the more aristocratic quarter of
817:
721:
592:
424:
390:, political protests and popular fiction, and it remained an important symbol for the French
296:
191:
5704:
Reichardt, Rolf (1980). "Prints: Images of the Bastille", in Darnton and Roche (eds) (1989).
5425:
Kennedy, Emmet (2010). "Jacques Godechot (1907–1989)", in Daileader and Whalen (eds) (2010).
1837:
taking of the Bastille as a genuinely national event of wider importance to French society.
891:
840:
688:, a large earthwork projecting eastwards from the Bastille, was built to provide additional
1979:
1754:
1739:
1649:
1558:
1508:
1462:
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958:
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on 12 May 1588, when hard-line Catholics rose up in revolt against the relatively moderate
692:
for the Bastille and the Arsenal; the bastion was reached from the fortress across a stone
669:
623:
475:
289:
1775:
1417:
427:
between England and France. Prior to the Bastille, the main royal castle in Paris was the
8:
5281:
1966:
1945:
1895:
1350:
proposed that the Bastille be demolished and converted into a circular public space with
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510:
448:
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300:
173:
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1766:
had been dug out at the start of the 19th century to form the industrial harbour of the
1674:
rallies, particularly in the 1930s, the symbol of the Bastille was widely evoked by the
1647:
took a similar perspective when he drew on popular histories of the Bastille in writing
1390:
1276:, who was arrested and detained at the Bastille in 1780, after publishing a critique of
3647:
Chevallier, pp. 151–2, citing Morellet, p. 97, Marmontel, pp. 133–5 and Coueret, p. 20.
2001:
1771:
1582:
1516:
1437:
1322:
1014:
781:
780:, in the Bastille, and had him executed in the courtyard. Louis XIII's chief minister,
748:
737:
676:
604:
436:
317:
1694:
502:
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walkway all the way around the fortress. Each of the six newer towers had underground
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5838:
5823:
5803:
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5768:
5747:
5732:
5712:
5685:
5670:
5641:
5623:
5608:
5591:
5571:
5553:
5538:
5515:
5489:
5471:
5456:
5435:
5415:
5400:
5383:
5368:
5345:
5328:
5304:
5289:
5265:
5248:
5209:
5192:
5175:
5158:
5128:
5101:
5080:
5062:
5044:
5026:
5000:
4983:
4959:
4942:
4925:
4630:
1735:
1723:
1715:
1675:
1413:
1405:
1210:
680:
584:
466:, the new provost, to build a much larger fortification on the same site as Marcel's
456:
325:
305:
281:
203:
5077:
La Bastille dévoilée, ou, Recueil de pièces authentiques pour servir a son histoire.
1758:
1659:
1133:
995:
and Coin. La Chapelle contained the Bastille's chapel, decorated with a painting of
444:
3941:
1833:
1679:
1486:
1087:
1049:
911:
895:
689:
588:
440:
309:
218:
1180:
and took, by the standards of the day, a very progressive attitude to their care.
567:
5888:
5871:
5850:
5818:
5727:
5665:
5603:
5586:
5550:
Histoire de la Bastille depuis sa fondation (1374) jusqu'à sa destruction (1789).
5533:
5510:
5430:
5395:
5363:
5340:
5323:
5260:
5204:
5187:
5170:
5153:
5123:
5021:
4995:
4978:
4971:
4954:
4937:
4920:
4884:
4760:
4735:
4675:
4650:
3504:
3460:
3107:
2914:
2873:
2529:
2371:
1845:
1825:
1800:
1667:
1644:
1632:
1604:
1591:
1433:
1193:
887:
825:
812:
387:
252:
137:
55:
961:, the alleged enemies of the Regency were imprisoned in the Bastille, including
5188:
French Historians 1900–2000: New Historical Writing in Twentieth-Century France
5022:
Redeveloping Industrial Sites: A Guide For Architects, Planners, and Developers
1849:
1796:
1355:
1288:
Linguet's work was followed by another prominent autobiography, Henri Latude's
1177:
1003:
698:
597:
463:
411:
4717:
Amalvi, p. 181; Joigneaux (1838); Maquet, Arnould and Alboize Du Pujol (1844).
4633:, accessed 2 September 2011; Berchtold, p. 145; Dutray-Lecoin (2010a), p. 136.
1829:
1624:
947:
Between 1715 – the year of Louis's death – and 1723, power transferred to the
704:
470:. Work began in 1370 with another pair of towers being built behind the first
5943:
5059:
Die sogenannte Hölle der Lebendigen: d.i. die weltberufene Bastille zu Paris.
2188:
1919:
1698:
Remaining stones of the Bastille are still visible now on Boulevard Henri IV.
1631:
Meanwhile, the legacy of the Bastille proved popular among French novelists.
1398:
1111:
906:; some 254 Protestants were imprisoned in the Bastille during Louis's reign.
572:
526:
324:
in the 1460s. The defences of the Bastille were fortified in response to the
117:
104:
712:
linking to the fortress and the new southern entrance built during the 1550s
651:
A depiction of the Bastille and neighbouring Paris in 1575, showing the new
5245:
La Bastille ou 'l'enfer des vivants' à travers les archives de la Bastille.
4822:
Muzerelle (2010b), p. 170; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 207; Coeuret (1890).
4655:
2013:
Andrew Trout suggests that the castle's library was originally a gift from
1958:
1858:
1743:
1683:
1307:
1038:
631:
5930:
Video accompanying 2011 exhibition at the Bibliothèque nationale de France
5912:
5772:
5716:
5587:
Licensing Loyalty: Printers, Patrons, and the State in Early Modern France
5493:
5419:
5308:
5293:
5066:
5048:
3945:
1452:
1148:
820:. The governor of the Bastille loaded and readied his guns to fire on the
5807:
5627:
5557:
5475:
5261:
Fragile Lives: Violence, Power and Solidarity in Eighteenth-Century Paris
5105:
5084:
1763:
1654:
1608:
1183:
996:
978:
647:
618:
The Bastille was being used to hold prisoners once again by the reign of
479:
455:, and was one of two created in Paris, the other being built outside the
5905:
Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle.
5575:
5387:
2141:
which had portrayed the hero merely as the passive victim of oppression.
1718:
holds objects including one of the stone models of the Bastille made by
1603:
in 1815, the Bastille became an underground symbol for Republicans. The
1557:
was built on the former site of the fortress, which became known as the
5842:
5751:
5548:
Maquet, Auguste, A. Arnould and Jules-Édouard Alboize Du Pujol (1844).
5460:
2178:
It is unclear why the Bastille's well was not functioning at this time.
1907:
1569:
987:
926:
The Bastille in 1734, showing the Louis XIV boulevard and the growing "
773:
378:, was killed by the crowd. The Bastille was demolished by order of the
351:
2192:
1421:
949:
459:. Marcel was subsequently removed from his post and executed in 1358.
5864:
Castles: a short history of fortification from 1600 B.C. to A.D. 1600
2014:
1841:
1786:
1351:
1237:
1072:
1053:
1041:
describes, as "amiable layabouts" rather than professional soldiers.
1034:
903:
383:
359:
343:
5728:
The People of Paris: an Essay in Popular Culture in the 18th Century
4892:, accessed 29 August 2011; Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
3938:"Un geôlier réformateur. Du Puget, lieutenant de roi de la Bastille"
1902:
1615:
was symbolically declared in 1848 on the former revolutionary site.
505:, stretching from the Porte Saint-Paul up to the Rue Saint-Antoine.
2118:
1853:
1445:
1412:
was convened in May and members of the Third Estate proclaimed the
1206:
927:
878:
709:
693:
619:
522:
423:
The Bastille was built in response to a threat to Paris during the
355:
321:
4172:
Reichardt, p. 240; Schama, p. 345; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 86.
1564:
1315:, depicting the fictional destruction of the Bastille by Louis XVI
1105:, made only occasional visits to the Bastille, but his successor,
2166:
2081:
1261:
922:
871:
The Bastille and Porte Saint-Antoine from the north-east, 1715–19
862:
685:
652:
553:
487:
329:
5093:
Chevallier, Jim (2005). "Appendices B and C", in Linguet (2005).
4593:
Nora, p. 118; Ayers, p. 188; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 232–5.
2379:, accessed 8 August 2011; Funck-Brentano, p. 62; Bournon, p. 48.
1221:
1093:
867:
831:
545:
A 1750 plan of the Bastille's eight medieval towers showing the
525:
in France, while its architectural influence extended as far as
5889:
City on the Seine: Paris in the Time of Richelieu and Louis XIV
5098:
La Bastille 1370–1789: historie, description, attaque et prise.
3761:
Coueret, p. 13; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 12; Bucquoy (1719).
2018:
1978:
Hugues Aubriot was subsequently taken from the Bastille to the
1225:
968:
804:
428:
333:
199:
3873:
Schama, p. 338; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 31; Latude (1790).
1890:
1686:
remained the single most significant French national holiday.
236:
2312:
Viollet, p. 172; Landsdale, p. 218; Muzerelle (2010a), p. 14.
2004:'s nobles appointed lieuentants to actually run the fortress.
1757:
still occupies most of the location of the Bastille, and the
982:
A cross-section of the Bastille viewed from the south in 1750
498:
265:
45:
5763:
Sainte-Aulaire, Louis Clair de Beaupoil Le Comte de (1827).
5534:
The Bastille: a History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom
3608:
Linguet, p. 69; Coeuret, p. 54-5, citing Charpentier (1789).
3054:
Dutray-Lecoin (2010b), p. 24; Collins, p. 149; McLeod, p. 5.
1097:
The Bastille and the Porte Saint-Antoine, seen from the east
4786:
Funck-Brentano (1899), pp. 55–6; Muzerelle (2010b), p. 170.
2537:, accessed 8 August 2011; Lansdale, p. 220; Bournon, p. 49.
2161:
1554:
909:
By Louis's reign, Bastille prisoners were detained using a
547:
5243:
Dutray-Lecoin, Élise and Danielle Muzerelle (eds) (2010).
4455:
4453:
708:
The Bastille in 1647, illustrating the bastion, the stone
2333:
Viollet, p. 172; Schama, p 331; Muzerelle (2010a), p. 14.
1778:
links the square with redeveloped parklands to the east.
659:
complex and the open countryside beyond the city defences
224:
2988:
Trout, p. 141; Bély, pp. 124–5, citing Petitfils (2003).
398:
policing and political control during the 18th century.
5341:
Science and Polity in France: the End of the Old Regime
4450:
4300:
4298:
4189:
4187:
2846:
Sainte-Aulaire, p. 195; Hazan, p. 14; Treasure, p. 198.
5590:. University Park, US: Pennsylvania State University.
4921:
Castles of Europe: From Charlemagne to the Renaissance
4399:
Schama, pp. 351–3; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 120–1.
3569:
Schama, pp. 331–2; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 29–32.
2299:
2297:
1490:
The demolition of the walls of the Bastille, July 1789
5709:
L'Inquisition françoise ou l'histoire de la Bastille.
4656:
George Washington's Mount Vernon and Historic Gardens
4390:
Schama, pp. 351–2; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp .80–1.
4257:
Reichardt, p. 226; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp .98–9.
3882:
Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 31; Berchtold, pp. 143–5.
3730:
3728:
3442:
Funck-Brentano, p. 72; Dutray-Lecoin (2010a), p. 136.
3180:
3178:
2726:
Funck-Brentano, p. 64; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 6.
1879:
1124:, such as banned books and illicit printing presses.
370:
by a revolutionary crowd, primarily residents of the
230:
5364:
Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities: a Sourcebook
4768:, accessed 8 August 2011.; Funck-Brentano, pp. 52–4.
4295:
4184:
3718:
3716:
3638:
Schama, p. 333; Andress, p.xiii; Chevallier, p. 151.
1774:, but is now a marina for pleasure boats, while the
1228:
destroy the Bastille on the title page of Bucquoy's
1209:
was granted 1,200 livres a year, for example, while
239:
233:
221:
5205:
Revolution in Print: the Press in France, 1775–1800
4304:
Schama, p. 345; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 106–7.
2341:
2339:
2320:
2318:
2294:
679:became concerned about the threat of an English or
575:; B – Palais de Roi; C – Hôtel des Tournelles; D –
227:
5531:Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen and Rolf Reichardt (1997).
5431:The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483–1610
5316:Les secrets de la Bastille (Tirés de ses archives)
5185:Daileader, Philip and Philip Whalen (eds) (2010).
4266:Schama, pp. 344–5; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p .67.
3743:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 10; Renneville (1719).
3725:
3298:Schama, p. 330; Coueret, p. 58; Bournon, pp. 25–6.
3175:
1982:, where he was then executed on charges of heresy.
835:The Bastille and the eastern side of Paris in 1649
5800:Le Régime des aliénés en France au XVIIIe siècle.
4972:The Architecture of Paris: an Architectural Guide
4858:Crook, pp. 245–6; Lüsebrink and Reichardt (1997).
4840:Godechot (1965); Schama, p. 762; Kennedy, p. 313.
4754:La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?
4729:La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4535:
4533:
3713:
3599:Schama, p. 332; Linguet, p .69; Coeuret, p. 54-5.
3498:La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?
3454:La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?
3101:La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?
2908:La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?
2867:La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?
2523:La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?
2365:La Bastille ou « l'Enfer des vivants »?
2273:Viollet, p. 172; Coueret, p. 2; Lansdale, p. 216.
839:During the Second Fronde, between 1650 and 1653,
5941:
4795:Muzerelle (2010b), p. 170; Funck-Bretano (1899).
4527:McPhee, p. 259; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 231.
2761:
2759:
2336:
2315:
973:
23:. For a list of commanders of the Bastille, see
5202:Darnton, Robert and Daniel Roche (eds) (1989).
4482:Burton, p. 40; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 222.
4136:Schama, p. 342; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 43.
4092:Schama, p. 341; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 43.
4056:Schama, p. 340; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 58.
3891:Schama, p. 334; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 27.
3788:Schama, p. 333; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 19.
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2609:Funck-Bretano, p. 61; Muzerelle (2010a), p. 14.
2251:
2249:
1670:in Paris, manned by actors in period costumes.
1611:to commemorate the revolution. The short-lived
1565:19th–20th century political and cultural legacy
5784:Citizens: a Chronicle of the French Revolution
5396:The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps
4695:
4530:
4407:
4405:
4377:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4235:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3826:
3824:
3796:
3794:
3625:
3623:
3586:
3584:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3222:
3220:
1957:The Bastille can be seen in the background of
1746:. The Bastille's archives are now held by the
1428:The commander of the Bastille at the time was
1339:, began a substantial reform of the system of
863:Reign of Louis XIV and the Regency (1661–1723)
435:in England following the French defeat at the
340:, which was fought beneath its walls in 1652.
288:. It was later demolished and replaced by the
284:, becoming an important symbol for the French
5995:Demolished buildings and structures in France
3201:
3199:
2756:
1811:At the end of the 19th century the historian
5731:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5666:Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past
5327:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5208:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4958:. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
4469:
4467:
4465:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2966:
2964:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2246:
969:Reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI (1723–1789)
5980:Buildings and structures demolished in 1789
5872:Mazarin: the Crisis of Absolutism in France
5682:Le Masque de fer: entre histoire et légende
4831:Kennedy, p. 313; Rudé (1959); Taine (1878).
4402:
4372:
4360:
4230:
4214:
4116:
4104:
4003:
3991:
3851:
3821:
3791:
3656:Funck-Brentano, p. 107; Chevallier, p. 152.
3620:
3581:
3520:
3518:
3361:Denis, p. 38; Dutray-Lecoin (2010b), p. 24.
3301:
3217:
3123:
3121:
1379:
494:, literally "shell", rooms in their roofs.
5975:Buildings and structures completed in 1383
4813:Muzerelle (2010b), p. 170; Bournon (1898).
4804:Muzerelle (2010b), p. 170; Amalvi, p .183.
3214:Coueret, p. 47; Funck-Brentano, pp. 59–60.
3196:
1848:, re-examined this historical legacy. The
1742:and is displayed in the historic house of
1711:contains stones reused from the Bastille.
1601:restoration of the French Bourbon monarchy
1213:received an annual pension of 400 livres.
716:The Bastille was involved in the numerous
60:East view of the Bastille, drawing c. 1790
5344:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
5247:Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France.
5127:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4777:Funck-Brentano, Frantz (1932), pp. 12–13.
4462:
3918:Gillispie, p. 247; Funck-Brentano, p. 78.
3115:, accessed 8 August 2011; Schama, p. 331.
2991:
2973:
2961:
2463:
2080:little tongs and two large stones for an
1714:Some relics of the Bastille survive: the
768:beneath the walls of the Bastille in 1652
626:, Count of Dammartin and a member of the
6000:Former buildings and structures in Paris
5903:Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel (1875).
5798:Sérieux, Paul and Lucien Libert (1914).
5453:Paris: Its Sites, Monuments and History.
5380:La prise de la Bastille: 14 juillet 1789
5114:Colley, Linda (1989). "Last Farewells".
4277:"Francis Xavier Whyte / Joseph Kavanagh"
3515:
3118:
1785:
1693:
1568:
1521:
1485:
1451:
1389:
1374:
1306:
1230:Die Bastille oder die Hölle der Lebenden
1220:
1182:
1147:
1092:
1048:
1002:
977:
921:
866:
830:
759:
703:
646:
603:Despite the improved Parisian defences,
566:
410:
5851:Castles: Their Construction and History
5669:. New York: Columbia University Press.
5154:French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802
4315:"The prisoners of the Bastille in 1789"
3542:Schama, p .331; Funck-Brentano, p. 148.
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
1734:. The key to the Bastille was given to
1337:Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi
1216:
571:Parisian defences in 14th century: A –
320:of the 1420s and 1430s, and then under
6015:Political history of the Ancien Régime
5942:
5638:Seventeenth Century Europe: 1598–1700.
3770:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 14–5, 26.
3289:Coueret, p. 57; Funck-Brentano, p. 62.
3235:Coueret, p. 47; Funck-Brentano, p. 60.
2735:Funck-Brentano, p. 64; Bournon, p. 49.
1530:from one of the stones of the fortress
1280:. After his release, he published his
1152:A sketch of the main courtyard in 1785
513:, and the contemporary fashion set at
5537:. Durham, US: Duke University Press.
5508:Linguet, Simon-Nicolas-Henry (2005).
4996:Louis XIV: le plus grand roi du monde
2837:Sainte-Aulaire, p. 195; Hazan, p. 14.
1187:The council chamber, sketched in 1785
755:
579:; E – Hôtel St Paul; F – the Bastille
251:
152:Destroyed, limited stonework survives
5604:A Social History of France 1780–1880
5552:Paris: Administration de Librairie.
5338:Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1980).
4938:The French Revolution and the People
4566:Glancy, pp. 18, 33; Sacquin, p. 186.
4211:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 74, 77.
2893:
1067:Under Louis XV, around 250 Catholic
1044:
5744:The Crowd in the French Revolution.
5570:Paris: Librairie des bibliophiles.
4982:. Stuttgart, Germany: Axel Menges.
4509:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 156–7.
4500:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 155–6.
4420:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 120–1.
2303:Viollet, p. 172; Landsdale, p. 218.
1844:, particularly those interested in
1408:sentiment was rising in Paris. The
655:, the new Porte Saint-Antoine, the
280:by a crowd on 14 July 1789, in the
13:
5707:Renneville, de Constantin (1719).
5680:Petitfils, Jean-Christian (2003).
4878:The "Bastille" or "Living in Hell"
4321:from the original on 4 August 2021
4283:from the original on 4 August 2021
4193:Reichardt, p. 240; Schama, p. 345.
3952:from the original on 4 August 2021
3779:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 26–7.
3433:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 25–6.
3280:Reichardt, p. 226; Coueret, p. 51.
1346:Meanwhile, in 1784, the architect
664:remained beyond the Bastille. The
14:
6026:
5923:
5566:Marmontel, Jean-François (1891).
5514:. North Hollywood, US: CJ Books.
5412:Histoire générale de la Bastille.
5324:The Making of Revolutionary Paris
5318:. (in French). Paris: Flammarion.
5286:History of the Reign of Henry IV.
5171:The Hundred Years' War: 1337–1453
5157:. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing.
4941:. New York: Hambledon Continuum.
4909:47, no. 3 (Spring 2014), 696–720.
2864:Coueret, p. 37; Hazan, pp. 14–5;
2819:Treasure, p. 171; Le Bas, p. 191.
1781:
1130:Laurent Angliviel de la Beaumelle
845:Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine
766:battle of the Faubourg St Antoine
348:revocation of the Edict of Nantes
338:Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine
5970:1789 disestablishments in France
5854:. New York: Dover Publications.
5124:The State in Early Modern France
5057:Bucquoy, Jean Albert de (1719).
4952:Andrews, Richard Mowery (1994).
4890:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4870:
4867:Colley, pp. 12–3; Schama (2004).
4861:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4771:
4766:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4746:
4741:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4720:
4711:
4686:
4681:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4661:
4636:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4584:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 235.
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4521:
4518:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 229.
4512:
4503:
4494:
4491:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 227.
4485:
4476:
4459:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 220.
4441:
4432:
4429:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 168.
4423:
4414:
4393:
4384:
4351:
4348:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 120.
4342:
4333:
4307:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4205:
4196:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3842:
3833:
3812:
3803:
3782:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3510:Bibliothèque nationale de France
3489:
3480:
3471:
3466:Bibliothèque nationale de France
3445:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3208:
3113:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2920:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2879:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2810:Treasure, p 141; Le Bas, p. 191.
2535:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2460:Lansdale, p .220; Bournon, p. 7.
2377:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2224:
2210:
2198:
2181:
2172:
2154:
2144:
2134:
2125:
2112:
2102:
2087:
2073:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1863:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1748:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1526:A model of the Bastille made by
1397:of the siege of the Bastille by
1143:
930:" beyond the Porte Saint-Antoine
778:Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron
764:A contemporary depiction of the
534:
328:threat during the 1550s, with a
217:
78:
77:
70:
54:
5892:. New York: St Martin's Press.
5455:Philadelphia, US: H.T. Coates.
5451:Lansdale, Maria Hornor (1898).
5378:Godechot, Jacques Léon (1965).
5314:Funck-Brentano, Frantz (1932).
5299:Funck-Brentano, Frantz (1899).
4726:Dutray-Lecoin (2010a), p. 136;
4202:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 64.
4154:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 44.
4074:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 42.
3900:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 27.
3809:Schama, p. 334; Linguet (2005).
3752:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 11.
3352:Schama, p .339; Bournon, p. 73.
3244:Coueret, p .48; Bournon, p. 27.
3187:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3036:Trout, p. 141, Lefévre, p. 156.
3030:
3021:
2982:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2884:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2546:Coueret, p. 13; Bournon, p. 11.
2540:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2357:
2348:
2327:
2024:
2007:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1951:
1728:Musée Européen d'Art Campanaire
1623:; when the moderate Republican
1444:tower and destroying the stone
642:
609:Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter
562:
406:
380:Committee of the Hôtel de Ville
5960:1380s establishments in France
5822:. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
5765:Histoire de la Fronde, Tome 3.
5470:Paris: Frais de M. de Latude.
5075:Charpentier, François (1789).
4181:Hazan, p. 122; Schama, p. 347.
3560:Dutray-Lecoin (2010c), p. 148.
3406:Andrews, p. 270; Farge, p. 89.
3397:Andrews, p. 270; Prade, p. 25.
3316:Dutray-Lecoin (2010a), p. 136.
3145:Garrioch, p. 22; Roche, p. 17.
2958:Cottret, p. 73; Trout, p. 142.
2931:Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 6.
2792:Munck, p. 212; Le Bas, p. 191.
2415:Toy, p. 215; Anderson, p. 208.
2306:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
1938:
1805:Jules-Édouard Alboize de Pujol
1481:
1420:and local crowds broke out at
1364:Académie royale d'architecture
1354:. Director-General of Finance
1084:Affair of the Diamond Necklace
551:in the roofs and the infamous
1:
5965:1383 establishments in Europe
5043:Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
4898:
4602:Hazan, p. 11; Amalvi, p. 184.
4163:Schama, p. 343; Crowdy, p. 8.
3379:Schama, p. 331; Lacam, p. 79.
3370:Dutray-Lecoin (2010b), p. 24.
2324:Coueret, p. 3, Bournon, p. 6.
1059:exercising in the outer court
974:Architecture and organisation
312:in the 15th century, and the
5486:France. Annales historiques.
5428:Knecht, Robert Jean (2001).
5288:London: Hurst and Blackett.
4683:, accessed 2 September 2011.
4658:, accessed 2 September 2011.
4622:Modèle réduit de la Bastille
2240:
1931:
1722:and the rope ladder used by
1436:had been transferred to the
1103:Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie
941:lieutenant general of police
811:, the Regency government of
7:
5869:Treasure, Geoffrey (1997).
5866:; London: Heinemann, 1939).
5434:. Oxford: Blackwell Press.
5191:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
5118:11: no. 12, pp. 12–13.
5061:nl: Friends of the Author.
5025:. Hoboken, US: John Wiley.
1868:
1086:" of 1786, involving Queen
900:revoked the Edict of Nantes
10:
6031:
5410:Joigneaux, Pierre (1838).
5148:13: no. 2, pp. 245–6.
5121:Collins, James B. (1995).
4918:Anderson, William (1980).
4708:Muzerelle (2010b), p. 170.
3551:Funck-Brentano, pp. 156–9.
1689:
1383:
490:, at its base, and curved
401:
18:
5886:Trout, Andrew P. (1996).
5833:Taine, Hippolyte (1878).
5746:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5414:Paris: Pierre Joigneaux.
5039:Bournon, Fernand (1898).
4907:Journal of Social History
4743:, accessed 8 August 2011.
3927:Funck-Brentano, pp. 81–2.
3909:Funck-Brentano, pp. 78–9.
3512:, accessed 8 August 2011.
3468:, accessed 8 August 2011.
3090:Funck-Brentano, pp. 72–3.
2922:, accessed 8 August 2011.
2881:, accessed 8 August 2011.
2600:Muzerelle (2010a), p. 14.
1875:List of castles in France
628:League of the Public Weal
439:, and in his absence the
187:
179:
169:
161:
156:
148:
143:
138:Medieval fortress, prison
133:
96:
65:
53:
43:
38:
29:Bastille (disambiguation)
5990:Defunct prisons in Paris
5985:Castles in Île-de-France
5955:Storming of the Bastille
5816:Sturdy, David J (1998).
5767:Paris: Baudouin frères.
5618:Morellet, André (1822).
5488:Paris: F. Didot frères.
5321:Garrioch, David (2004).
5301:Legends of the Bastille.
5264:. London: Polity Press.
5096:Coeuret, August (1890).
4883:12 November 2011 at the
4674:9 September 2011 at the
3988:Schama, p. 340-2, fig.6.
1926:
1475:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
1386:Storming of the Bastille
1380:Storming of the Bastille
1313:Mémoires sur la Bastille
1282:Mémoires sur la Bastille
1242:Constantin de Renneville
796:, and instead appointed
786:François de Bassompierre
742:Charles, Duke of Mayenne
25:Governor of the Bastille
21:Storming of the Bastille
16:Former Parisian fortress
6005:Fortifications of Paris
5511:Memoirs of the Bastille
5361:Glancy, Ruth F (2006).
5258:Farge, Arlette (1993).
4977:1 February 2023 at the
4935:Andress, David (2004).
4669:Archives de la Bastille
4627:7 April 2014 at Wikiwix
3495:Funck-Brentano, p .81;
1969:'s entrance into Paris.
1818:Histoire de la Bastille
1138:Jean-François Marmontel
857:Gaston, Duke of Orléans
529:in south-west England.
433:imprisonment of John II
5835:The French Revolution.
5781:Schama, Simon (2004).
5725:Roche, Daniel (1987).
5636:Munck, Thomas (1990).
5601:McPhee, Peter (1992).
5568:Memoires de Marmontel.
5466:Latude, Henri (1790).
5174:. Botley, UK: Osprey.
5151:Crowdy, Terry (2004).
5116:London Review of Books
5019:Berens, Carol (2011).
4969:Ayers, Andrew (2004).
4649:6 October 2014 at the
3979:Funck-Brentano, p. 79.
3970:Funck-Brentano, p. 83.
3710:Funck-Brentano, p. 99.
3172:Funck-Brentano, p. 58.
3127:Funck-Brentano, p. 73.
2890:Funck-Brentano, p. 61.
2753:Funck-Brentano, p .65.
2699:Freer, pp. 356, 357–8.
2573:Funck-Brentano, p. 63.
2442:Lansdale, pp. 219–220.
2424:Anderson pp. 208, 283.
1963:15th-century depiction
1791:
1699:
1665:Exposition Universelle
1578:
1542:Pierre-François Palloy
1531:
1528:Pierre-François Palloy
1491:
1457:
1430:Bernard-René de Launay
1401:
1395:An eyewitness painting
1316:
1274:Simon-Nicholas Linguet
1246:L'Inquisition françois
1233:
1188:
1153:
1098:
1080:désordres des familles
1060:
1009:
983:
931:
872:
853:La Grande Mademoiselle
836:
769:
730:Henry I, Duke of Guise
713:
660:
580:
557:within the foundations
420:
376:Bernard-René de Launay
372:Faubourg Saint-Antoine
270:Bastille Saint-Antoine
27:. For other uses, see
5875:. London: Routledge.
5742:Rudé, George (1958).
5663:Nora, Pierre (1998).
5607:. London: Routledge.
5584:McLeod, Jane (2011).
5367:. London: Routledge.
5079:Paris: Chez Desenne.
4993:Bély, Lucien (2005).
4248:Reichardt, pp. 241–2.
3946:10.3917/rbnf.035.0025
3674:Schama, pp. 332, 335.
2433:Anderson, pp. 208–09.
2068:Jean-Honoré Fragonard
1813:Frantz Funck-Brentano
1789:
1697:
1597:large plaster version
1587:French First Republic
1572:
1525:
1489:
1455:
1393:
1375:The French Revolution
1310:
1290:Le despotisme dévoilé
1224:
1186:
1151:
1096:
1052:
1006:
981:
925:
870:
834:
818:Day of the Barricades
794:Nicolas de L'Hospital
763:
722:Day of the Barricades
707:
650:
570:
414:
5848:Toy, Sidney (1985).
5393:Hazan, Eric (2011).
5382:. Paris: Gallimard.
5282:Freer, Martha Walker
5168:Curry, Anne (2002).
4924:. London: Ferndale.
3415:Trout, pp. 141, 143.
3334:Bournon, pp. 66, 68.
3045:Bournon, pp. 49, 52.
2708:Freer, pp. 364, 379.
2681:Freer, pp. 248, 356.
2618:Coueret, pp. 45, 57.
2555:Bournon, pp. 49, 51.
2216:The extent to which
2160:Claude Cholat was a
1840:In the 1970s French
1755:Place de la Bastille
1682:and until the 1950s
1650:A Tale of Two Cities
1559:Place de la Bastille
1298:Memoirs of Vengeance
1266:Man in the Iron Mask
1217:Criticism and reform
1031:capitaine des portes
963:Marguerite De Launay
959:Cellamare conspiracy
917:Man in the Iron Mask
732:, the leader of the
624:Antoine de Chabannes
511:quadrangular castles
290:Place de la Bastille
264:) was a fortress in
118:48.85333°N 2.36917°E
5837:New York: H. Holt.
5787:. London: Penguin.
5640:London: Macmillan.
5100:Paris: Rothschild.
4999:. Paris: Gisserot.
4759:14 May 2011 at the
4734:14 May 2011 at the
4548:Sacquin, pp. 186–7.
4317:. 17 October 2015.
3503:14 May 2011 at the
3459:14 May 2011 at the
3184:Chevallier, p. 148.
3106:14 May 2011 at the
2913:14 May 2011 at the
2872:14 May 2011 at the
2528:14 May 2011 at the
2494:Bournon, pp. 7, 48.
2485:Coueret, pp. 4, 46.
2370:14 May 2011 at the
1768:Bassin de l'Arsenal
1709:Pont de la Concorde
1637:d'Artagnan Romances
1438:asylum of Charenton
1348:Alexandre Brogniard
1294:Madame de Pompadour
577:Porte Saint-Antoine
449:Porte Saint-Antoine
417:Porte Saint-Antoine
392:Republican movement
301:Porte Saint-Antoine
286:Republican movement
174:Charles V of France
114: /
5484:Le Bas, M (1840).
4357:Schama, pp. 347–8.
4145:Schama, pp. 342–3.
3848:Schama, pp. 337–8.
3839:Schama, pp. 336–7.
3818:Schama, pp. 334–5.
3734:Reichardt, p. 226.
3578:Schama, pp. 331–2.
3424:Gillispie, p. 249.
3388:Cottret, pp. 75–6.
3262:Coueret, pp. 48–9.
3193:Coueret, pp .45–6.
3072:Bournon, pp. 50–1.
2645:Knecht, pp. 451–2.
1792:
1772:Canal Saint Martin
1700:
1583:Napoleon Bonaparte
1579:
1550:National Guardsmen
1532:
1492:
1458:
1402:
1317:
1302:Académie française
1234:
1189:
1154:
1136:and the historian
1132:, the philosopher
1107:Marquis d'Argenson
1099:
1061:
1015:Antoine de Sartine
1010:
984:
955:Philippe d'Orléans
932:
892:Henry de Guénegaud
873:
855:, the daughter of
837:
809:Parlement of Paris
782:Cardinal Richelieu
770:
756:Early 17th century
738:Parlement of Paris
714:
675:During the 1550s,
661:
605:Henry V of England
581:
437:Battle of Poitiers
425:Hundred Years' War
421:
297:Hundred Years' War
192:Hundred Years' War
6010:French Revolution
5898:978-0-312-12933-0
5881:978-0-415-16211-1
5860:978-0-486-24898-1
5828:978-0-312-21428-9
5793:978-0-14-101727-3
5737:978-0-520-06031-9
5690:978-2-262-02171-9
5684:. Paris, Perrin.
5675:978-0-231-10926-0
5646:978-0-333-28641-8
5622:Paris: Ladvocat.
5613:978-0-415-01615-5
5596:978-0-271-03768-4
5543:978-0-8223-1894-1
5520:978-1-4116-4697-1
5440:978-0-631-22729-8
5405:978-1-84467-705-4
5399:. London: Verso.
5373:978-0-415-28759-3
5350:978-0-691-11849-9
5333:978-0-520-24327-9
5270:978-0-674-31637-9
5253:978-2-7177-2467-7
5214:978-0-520-06431-7
5197:978-1-4051-9867-7
5180:978-1-84176-269-2
5133:978-0-521-38724-8
5031:978-0-470-39824-1
5005:978-2-87747-772-7
4988:978-3-930698-96-7
4964:978-0-521-36169-9
4947:978-1-85285-540-6
4692:Berens, p. 237-8.
4631:Carnavalet Museum
4101:Schama, p. 341-2.
4065:Schama, p. 340-1.
3722:Andress, p. xiii.
3018:Lüsebrink, p. 51.
2940:Trout, pp. 140–1.
2828:Treasure, p. 198.
2801:Treasure, p. 141.
2783:Lansdale, p. 324.
2690:Freer, pp. 354–6.
2591:Lansdale, p. 285.
2512:Lansdale, p. 220.
2406:Lansdale, p. 221.
2345:Anderson, p. 208.
2255:Lansdale, p. 216.
2066:This picture, by
1776:Promenade plantée
1736:George Washington
1716:Carnavalet Museum
1676:French Resistance
1418:Gardes Françaises
1414:Tennis Court Oath
1360:lieutenant de roi
1341:lettres de cachet
1326:
1259:
1045:Use of the prison
1027:lieutenant de roi
890:, his supporters
681:Holy Roman Empire
457:Porte Saint-Denis
364:National Assembly
318:English occupiers
282:French Revolution
209:
208:
204:French Revolution
123:48.85333; 2.36917
6022:
5934:
5918:
5813:
5778:
5760:
5722:
5701:
5695:
5660:
5654:
5633:
5581:
5563:
5528:
5505:
5499:
5481:
5448:
5358:
5303:London: Downey.
5278:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5141:
5111:
5090:
5072:
5054:
5016:
5010:
4915:
4893:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4849:Kennedy, p. 313.
4847:
4841:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4769:
4750:
4744:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4665:
4659:
4640:
4634:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4557:Sacquin, p. 186.
4555:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4528:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4460:
4457:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4400:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4370:
4367:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4228:
4225:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4114:
4111:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4001:
3998:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3723:
3720:
3711:
3708:
3702:
3701:Lefévre, p. 157.
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3618:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3513:
3493:
3487:
3486:Denis, pp. 38–9.
3484:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3136:Garrioch, p. 22.
3134:
3128:
3125:
3116:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3027:Lefévre, p. 156.
3025:
3019:
3016:
3001:
2998:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2949:Collins, p. 103.
2947:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2904:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2388:Viollet, p. 172.
2386:
2380:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1834:Jacques Godechot
1770:, linked to the
1680:Second World War
1517:Charenton asylum
1320:
1253:
1178:mental illnesses
1122:lettre de cachet
1088:Marie Antoinette
1069:convulsionnaires
1057:convulsionnaires
912:lettre de cachet
898:. In 1685 Louis
896:Lorenzo de Tonti
790:Charles d'Albert
718:wars of religion
538:
441:Provost of Paris
314:Wars of Religion
263:
262:
261:
255:
253:[bastij]
250:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
196:Wars of Religion
144:Site information
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
81:
80:
74:
58:
49:
36:
35:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6019:
5940:
5939:
5932:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5811:
5802:Paris: Masson.
5776:
5758:
5720:
5711:Amsterdam: np.
5699:
5693:
5658:
5652:
5631:
5579:
5561:
5526:
5503:
5497:
5479:
5446:
5356:
5276:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5139:
5109:
5088:
5070:
5052:
5014:
5008:
4979:Wayback Machine
4913:
4901:
4896:
4885:Wayback Machine
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4761:Wayback Machine
4751:
4747:
4736:Wayback Machine
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4676:Wayback Machine
4666:
4662:
4651:Wayback Machine
4641:
4637:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4447:Amalvi, p. 181.
4446:
4442:
4438:Amalvi, p. 184.
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:Schama, p. 351.
4410:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:Schama, p. 350.
4380:
4373:
4369:Schama, p. 349.
4368:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:Schama, p. 347.
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:Schama, p. 348.
4238:
4231:
4227:Schama, p. 345.
4226:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:Schama, p. 343.
4126:
4117:
4113:Schama, p. 342.
4112:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:Schama, p. 341.
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:Schama, p. 340.
4046:
4042:
4038:Coueret, p. 57.
4037:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:Schama, p. 339.
4019:
4004:
4000:Schama, p. 327.
3999:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:Schama, p. 338.
3863:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:Schama, p. 335.
3829:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:Schama, p. 334.
3799:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:Schama, p. 333.
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:Schama, p. 332.
3628:
3621:
3617:Bournon, p. 30.
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:Schama, p. 331.
3589:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3505:Wayback Machine
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3461:Wayback Machine
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:Linguet, p. 78.
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:Bournon, p. 71.
3324:
3320:
3315:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:Coueret, p. 49.
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:Coueret, p. 48.
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:Coueret, p. 47.
3225:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:Coueret, p. 46.
3204:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:Schama, p. 330.
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3108:Wayback Machine
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:Andrews, p. 66.
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:Bournon, p. 53.
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2915:Wayback Machine
2905:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2874:Wayback Machine
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:Bournon, p. 49.
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:Knecht, p. 486.
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:Knecht, p. 459.
2662:
2658:
2654:Knecht, p. 452.
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:Knecht, p. 449.
2635:
2631:
2627:Coueret, p. 37.
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2530:Wayback Machine
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:Le Bas, p. 191.
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:Coueret, p. 36.
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2372:Wayback Machine
2362:
2358:
2354:Coueret, p. 52.
2353:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1846:critical theory
1826:Hippolyte Taine
1801:Auguste Arnould
1784:
1732:L'Isle-Jourdain
1692:
1645:Charles Dickens
1633:Alexandre Dumas
1613:Second Republic
1605:July Revolution
1592:Arc de Triomphe
1567:
1505:Count de Lorges
1484:
1434:Marquis de Sade
1410:Estates-General
1388:
1382:
1377:
1219:
1194:Marquis de Sade
1146:
1071:, often called
1047:
976:
971:
888:Nicolas Fouquet
865:
826:Pierre Broussel
813:Anne of Austria
758:
734:Catholic League
690:protective fire
645:
565:
560:
559:
558:
544:
539:
503:Hôtel Saint-Pol
419:(right) in 1420
409:
404:
274:kings of France
268:, known as the
257:
256:
248:
220:
216:
202:
198:
194:
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
82:
61:
44:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6028:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5924:External links
5922:
5920:
5919:
5907:Paris: Morel.
5901:
5884:
5867:
5846:
5831:
5814:
5796:
5779:
5761:
5755:
5740:
5723:
5705:
5702:
5696:
5678:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5634:
5616:
5599:
5582:
5564:
5546:
5529:
5523:
5506:
5500:
5482:
5464:
5449:
5443:
5426:
5423:
5408:
5391:
5376:
5359:
5353:
5336:
5319:
5312:
5297:
5279:
5273:
5256:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5200:
5183:
5166:
5149:
5146:French History
5142:
5136:
5119:
5112:
5094:
5091:
5073:
5055:
5037:
5034:
5017:
5011:
4991:
4967:
4950:
4933:
4916:
4910:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4869:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4745:
4719:
4710:
4694:
4685:
4660:
4635:
4613:
4611:Ayers, p. 391.
4604:
4595:
4586:
4577:
4575:Giret, p. 191.
4568:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4539:Burton, p. 40.
4529:
4520:
4511:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4461:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4371:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4306:
4294:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4229:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4156:
4147:
4138:
4129:
4115:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4029:Schama, p. 339
4022:
4002:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3692:Farge, p. 153.
3685:
3676:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3514:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3451:Denis, p. 37;
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3216:
3207:
3195:
3186:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3117:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3002:
3000:Trout, p. 141.
2990:
2981:
2979:Trout, p. 143.
2972:
2970:Trout, p. 142.
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2892:
2883:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2774:Sturdy, p. 27.
2767:
2765:Munck, p. 212.
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2672:Freer, p. 358.
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2582:Munck, p. 168.
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2476:Coueret, p. 4.
2462:
2453:
2451:Bournon, p. 7.
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2356:
2347:
2335:
2326:
2314:
2305:
2293:
2291:Coueret, p. 2.
2284:
2282:Bournon, p. 3.
2275:
2266:
2264:Bournon, p. 1.
2257:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2223:
2209:
2197:
2180:
2171:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2124:
2111:
2101:
2086:
2072:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2006:
1993:
1984:
1971:
1950:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1850:Annales School
1797:Auguste Maquet
1783:
1782:Historiography
1780:
1759:Opéra Bastille
1691:
1688:
1660:Les Misérables
1657:'s 1862 novel
1621:Third Republic
1585:overthrew the
1566:
1563:
1483:
1480:
1404:By July 1789,
1384:Main article:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1356:Jacques Necker
1278:Maréchal Duras
1218:
1215:
1145:
1142:
1134:André Morellet
1046:
1043:
975:
972:
970:
967:
953:; the regent,
894:, Jeannin and
864:
861:
822:Hôtel de Ville
757:
754:
699:triumphal arch
644:
641:
598:Hugues Aubriot
564:
561:
541:
540:
533:
532:
531:
464:Hugues Aubriot
445:Étienne Marcel
408:
405:
403:
400:
207:
206:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
98:
94:
93:
84:
83:
76:
75:
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6027:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5163:1-84176-660-7
5160:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4931:
4930:0-905746-20-1
4927:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4749:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4689:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4534:
4524:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4479:
4473:Schama, p .3.
4470:
4468:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4408:
4406:
4396:
4387:
4378:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4301:
4299:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4188:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3985:
3976:
3967:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3825:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3785:
3776:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3585:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3492:
3483:
3477:Denis, p .37.
3474:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3223:
3221:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3169:
3160:
3154:Roche, p. 17.
3151:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2855:Trout, p. 12.
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2564:Curry, p. 82.
2561:
2552:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2189:Julius Caesar
2184:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2162:wine merchant
2157:
2147:
2137:
2128:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2003:
2000:In practice,
1997:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:revolutionary
1400:
1399:Claude Cholat
1396:
1392:
1387:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1144:Prison regime
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:Maison du Roi
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1005:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
980:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
945:
942:
936:
929:
924:
920:
918:
914:
913:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
883:
881:
880:
869:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
833:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
806:
803:In 1648, the
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
767:
762:
753:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
706:
702:
700:
695:
691:
687:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
658:
654:
649:
640:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
612:
610:
606:
601:
599:
594:
590:
586:
578:
574:
569:
556:
555:
550:
549:
543:
537:
530:
528:
527:Nunney Castle
524:
520:
516:
512:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
418:
413:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
254:
244:
214:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:Built by
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
139:
136:
132:
127:
99:
95:
73:
64:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5937:
5904:
5887:
5870:
5863:
5862:(reissue of
5849:
5834:
5817:
5799:
5782:
5764:
5743:
5726:
5708:
5681:
5664:
5637:
5619:
5602:
5585:
5567:
5549:
5532:
5509:
5485:
5467:
5452:
5429:
5411:
5394:
5379:
5362:
5339:
5322:
5315:
5300:
5285:
5259:
5244:
5203:
5186:
5169:
5152:
5145:
5122:
5115:
5097:
5076:
5058:
5040:
5020:
4994:
4970:
4953:
4936:
4919:
4906:
4876:
4872:
4863:
4854:
4845:
4836:
4827:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4752:
4748:
4727:
4722:
4713:
4688:
4667:
4663:
4644:Bastille Key
4642:
4638:
4620:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4395:
4386:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4309:
4285:. Retrieved
4271:
4262:
4253:
4244:
4207:
4198:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4132:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4070:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4025:
3984:
3975:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3932:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3869:
3844:
3835:
3814:
3805:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3533:McLeod, p. 6
3529:
3524:Birn, p. 51.
3496:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3452:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3210:
3189:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3023:
2984:
2975:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2906:
2886:
2865:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2329:
2308:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2226:
2212:
2200:
2183:
2174:
2156:
2146:
2136:
2127:
2114:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2075:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2009:
1996:
1987:
1980:For-l'Évêque
1974:
1959:Jean Fouquet
1953:
1948:and his son.
1940:
1896:Architecture
1859:Simon Schama
1842:sociologists
1839:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1793:
1752:
1744:Mount Vernon
1713:
1701:
1684:Bastille Day
1672:
1658:
1648:
1640:
1630:
1617:
1580:
1546:
1533:
1513:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1442:
1427:
1403:
1369:
1359:
1345:
1340:
1318:
1312:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1270:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1203:
1190:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1079:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1039:Simon Schama
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1011:
993:
985:
948:
946:
937:
933:
910:
908:
884:
877:
874:
838:
808:
802:
771:
746:
715:
674:
662:
643:16th century
617:
613:
602:
582:
563:15th century
552:
546:
507:
496:
491:
483:
471:
467:
461:
452:
422:
407:14th century
396:
342:
294:
269:
212:
210:
157:Site history
33:
5933:(in French)
5917:(in French)
5812:(in French)
5777:(in French)
5759:(in French)
5721:(in French)
5700:(in French)
5694:(in French)
5659:(in French)
5653:(in French)
5632:(in French)
5580:(in French)
5562:(in French)
5527:(in French)
5504:(in French)
5498:(in French)
5480:(in French)
5447:(in French)
5357:(in French)
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1830:George Rudé
1764:River Seine
1738:in 1790 by
1678:during the
1655:Victor Hugo
1625:Jules Grévy
1609:July Column
1482:Destruction
1329:Malesherbes
1198:Lord Morton
997:Saint Peter
798:Père Joseph
593:Charles VII
585:Burgundians
519:Pierrefonds
480:crenellated
388:revolutions
352:Protestants
306:Burgundians
121: /
97:Coordinates
5944:Categories
4899:References
2019:Neapolitan
1668:world fair
1641:Ange Pitou
1497:vainqueurs
1463:Versailles
1352:colonnades
1311:Linguet's
1174:conseiller
1073:Jansenists
988:The Marais
904:Calvinists
774:Louis XIII
670:Charles IX
476:Charles VI
180:Demolished
165:1370–1380s
106:48°51′12″N
5913:565869554
5819:Louis XIV
5773:562330561
5717:601482963
5494:656850085
5420:457621707
5309:657054286
5294:605733923
5067:166115978
5049:422090746
2241:Citations
2122:Bastille.
2015:Louis XIV
1967:Charles V
1946:Charles V
1932:Footnotes
1740:Lafayette
1509:broadside
1238:despotism
1054:Jansenist
1035:invalides
1008:Courtyard
879:faubourgs
726:Henry III
637:Francis I
589:Armagnacs
515:Vincennes
384:despotism
350:, French
344:Louis XIV
310:Armagnacs
276:. It was
183:1789–1790
149:Condition
109:2°22′09″E
48:, France
5950:Bastille
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5284:(1860).
5106:65031248
5085:54462067
4975:Archived
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3956:4 August
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2870:Archived
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2368:Archived
2119:Voltaire
2096:cresonne
2002:Henry IV
1869:See also
1854:deviancy
1537:Mirabeau
1446:abutment
1333:Breteuil
1207:Voltaire
1167:calottes
1159:calottes
928:faubourg
816:another
749:Henry IV
747:It took
710:abutment
694:abutment
677:Henry II
653:bastions
620:Louis XI
587:and the
548:calottes
523:Tarascon
488:dungeons
472:bastille
468:bastille
453:bastille
356:Louis XV
336:and the
326:Imperial
322:Louis XI
308:and the
213:Bastille
85:Bastille
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5576:2599671
5388:1736415
2193:Bicêtre
2167:gouache
2099:salad".
2082:andiron
1882:Portals
1690:Remains
1577:in 1899
1422:Vendôme
1262:Hanover
1226:Dragons
1163:cachots
1117:lettres
950:Régence
849:Turenne
686:bastion
666:Arsenal
657:Arsenal
554:cachots
492:calotte
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402:History
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1920:France
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1335:, the
1250:cachot
1211:Latude
805:Fronde
632:livres
573:Louvre
429:Louvre
334:Fronde
200:Fronde
188:Events
2151:1785.
2109:more.
1927:Notes
1704:Métro
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841:Louis
499:Seine
486:, or
266:Paris
162:Built
46:Paris
5909:OCLC
5894:ISBN
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