Golden age of American animation

6557: 106: 3171:, who was also a technical innovator in cartoons, and drew an average of 600 drawings for Disney on a daily basis; Disney was responsible for the ideas in the cartoons, and Iwerks was responsible for bringing them to life. However, Iwerks left the Disney studio in 1930 to form his own company, which was financially backed by Celebrity Pictures owner Pat Powers. After his departure, Disney eventually found a number of different animators to replace Iwerks. Iwerks would produce two cartoon series during the 1930s: 3979:. At the same time, he would help establish a new studio with former Disney animators Stephen Bosustow, Zack Schwartz and David Hilberman, who—like Hubley—had left Walt's nest during the animator's strike. It was a newer, smaller animation studio that focused on pursuing Hubley's own vision of trying out newer, more abstract and experimental styles of animation. Bosustow, Hilberman, and Schwartz named the new studio as Industrial Film and Poster Service, or IFPS. Artistically, the studio also used 6515: 6501: 6543: 13413: 12174: 6585: 3908:, who would also be fired and replaced by a revolving door of producers. Critics and animation historians noted the quality of the studio's output had either stagnated or declined as Screen Gems was unable to rebound from the loss of Tashlin. It was argued that Columbia's mismanagement and its inability to find skullful writers and directors were key factors of the decline. Michael Barrier described their work at the time as "imitation Warner Bros." 13423: 6473: 4637: 6571: 5598:, a much more significant decline began in movie-going in the 1960s. To face the competition from TV, the theaters did what they could to reduce their own costs. One way of doing so was booking features only and avoiding the expenses of shorts, which were considered unnecessary and too expensive. Those few shorts that found their way to the theaters despite this are often viewed by critics as inferior to their predecessors. 5544:, there was no longer a booking guarantee on the theatres for cartoons from any of the studios, making it a more risky business and because of this less resources were invested in the theatrical shorts, causing a gradual decline. By the beginning of the 1950s, the medium of television was beginning to gain more momentum, and the animation industry began to change as a result. At the head of this change were the tandem of 6487: 3324:, Tom and Jerry quickly became the stars of MGM cartoons. With Hanna-Barbera under their belts, MGM was finally able to compete with Walt Disney in the field of animated cartoons. The shorts were successful at the box office, many licensed products (comic books, toys, etc.) were released to the market, and the series would earn twelve more Academy Award for Short Subjects (Cartoons) nominations, with seven of the 600:, the two quickly became friends and in January 1920, when their time at the studio expired they decided to open up their own advertising agency together called Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists. The business however got off to a rough start and Walt temporarily left for the Kansas City Film and Ad Co. to raise money for the fleeting company and Iwerks soon followed as he was unable to run the business alone. 6529: 1201:. Another great success, it became the first cartoon to win the Academy Award for the Best Animated Short Film. Shortly afterward, Disney negotiated an exclusive, but temporary deal with Technicolor so only he could use the three-strip process in animated films—no other studio was permitted to use it. However, he withheld making Mickey Mouse in color because he thought that Technicolor might boost the 929:. However, the first attempt to synchronize the sound with the animation was a disaster with the timing being all wrong. In order to finance the second recording, Walt sold his car. This time he used a click track to keep his musicians on the beat (Disney later learned that it was easier to record the dialogue, music and sound effects first and animate to the sound). Little more than a month before 2303:(the first of which was nominated for an Oscar) that have become legendary in themselves. Despite the success Superman gave the studio, a major blow to the studio would occur when the married Dave started having an adulterous affair with the Miami secretary. This led to many disputes between the Fleischer Brothers until Max and Dave were no longer speaking to each other. 1364:(which began in Europe in 1939) had cut off 40% of Disney's foreign release market . Although it was a moderate success in the United States, the domestic gross alone was not enough to make back its production budget. However, the film did receive very positive reviews and has made millions from subsequent re-releases. Later that year, Disney produced 1987:. From there, the studio produced fewer animated shorts by the year until the animated shorts division was eventually closed in 1956. After that, any future short cartoon work was done through the feature animation division until 1969. The last Disney animated short of the golden age of American animation, the Oscar-winning 4325:. The studio was still able benefit from obtaining additional animators and writers throughout its second life; With MGM downsizing its animation studio and Warner Bros. briefly closing its entire animation department in the 50's, Lantz was able to build up staff to the point he can establish a second unit in his studio. 4930:, Phil Roman and a large bulk of ex-Harman & Ising animators to work on his cartoons. Sutherland's studio was able to develop a relationship with MGM, who would distribute some of there shorts in the late 40s to early 50s. Sutherland would also dabble into stop-motion animation as well, such as producing the 1319:, the first American feature-length animated musical fantasy film. This was the culmination of four years of effort by Disney studios. Walt Disney was convinced that short cartoons would not keep his studio profitable in the long run, so he took what was seen as an enormous gamble. The critics predicted that 3183:. However, none of these cartoons could come close to matching the success of Disney or Fleischer cartoons, and in 1933, MGM, Iwerks' cartoon distributor since 1930, ended distribution of his cartoons in favor of distributing Harman and Ising cartoons, and Iwerks left after his contract expired in 1934. 3295:(1940), featuring an unnamed mouse's attempts to outwit a housecat named Jasper. Though released without fanfare, the short was financially and critically successful, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) of 1940. On the strength of the Oscar nomination and public demand, 2459:

The departure of the Fleischer brothers and Buchwald's death had an pro-longed effect on the studio: the Paramount cartoons of the war years continued to be entertaining and popular and still retained most of the Fleischer style and gloss, however animation fans and historians would note the studio's

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did poorly at the box office and the studio lost around $ 500,000 as a result. The required propaganda cartoon shorts were less popular than Disney's regular shorts, and by the time the Army ended its stay at Walt Disney Studios with the end of the war in 1945, Disney struggled to restart his studio,

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was also the first Disney film not to be received well, receiving mixed reviews from the critics. It was looked down upon by music critics and audiences, who felt that Walt Disney was striving for something beyond his reach by trying to introduce mainstream animation to abstract art, classical music,

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and handed over the business to him when she became pregnant a few months later. Mintz was often described as a cold, stern and ruthless chain-smoking tyrant; one employee remembered him as "a grim-faced man, with a pair of cold eyes glittering behind the pince nez" and "never talked to the staff. He

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in September, who at that point had a fued with Leon Sleshinger at Warner Bros. that resulted in his departure. Avery revitalized their cartoon studio with the same spark that had infused the Warner animators. Tex Avery's wild surreal masterpieces of his MGM studio days set new standards for "adult"

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format. However, the budget per short was nowhere near as high as it had been in the 1940s as Disney had been focusing more on live action, television, and feature animation and less on short animation. In 1953, shortly after the switch from RKO to Buena Vista, Disney released its final Mickey Mouse

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won an Oscar, the effect on Hollywood was immediate and electrifying. The UPA style was markedly different from everything else being seen on movie screens, and audiences responded to the change that UPA offered from the repetition of usual cat-mouse battles. Mr Magoo would go on to be the studio's

2734:(created by Chuck Jones that year). Bugs quickly replaced Daffy as the studio's top star. By 1942, Bugs had become the most popular cartoon character. Because of the success of Bugs, Daffy and Porky, the Schlesinger studio now had risen to new heights, and Bugs quickly became the star of the color 2702:

Unlike the other cartoon producers at the time, Avery had no intention of competing with Walt Disney, but instead brought a new wacky, zany style of animation to the studio that would increase the Warner Bros. cartoons' popularity in the crowded marketplace. This was firmly established in 1937 when

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In the spring of 1928, Disney travelled to New York to ask Mintz for a budget increase. His request was harshly denied by Mintz, who pointed out that in the contract Mintz had signed with Universal, it was Universal—not Disney—that owned the rights to the character. Mintz revealed to Disney that he

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Once Walt Disney received the notice on October 15, he convinced Roy to leave the hospital and help him set up his business. The next day, on October 16, 1923, Disney Bros. Cartoon Studio opened its doors at a small rented office two blocks away from his uncle's house with Roy managing business and

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was one of many ex-Disney staffers who were hired by Tashlin to work at the Screen Gems studio. Hubley stated that while he disliked his work for Screen Gems, he had much creative freedom due to Fleischer's detachment from the employees. The cartoons Hubley directed with Paul Sommer were noted for

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in 1935, the studio withdrew support of Educational Pictures and financially backed Terry's studio instead. Educational Pictures would eventually fold in the late 30's. Terry's cartoons of the 1930s were mainly produced black-and-white and has very few recurring characters, with the exception of

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The inspiration for Mickey has never been clear. Walt Disney said that he came up with the idea on the train ride back to Los Angeles shortly after the confrontation with Mintz, but other records say that he came up with the idea after he returned to the studio. Walt Disney once said that he was

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cartoons producing the final original theatrical cartoon in 1977. The subsequent Pink Panther shorts 1978–1981 were originally produced for television and then released into theaters. In 1967, WB would resume production on their own cartoons, before shutting down the theatrical animated cartoon

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was a Hungarian filmmaker who originally produced traditionally animated and stop motion puppetry cartoons in Europe during the 1930's. Unlike other films that feature puppetry, Pal's shorts utilized replacement animation, which uses a series of different carved wooden puppets for each frame to

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Lantz' studio went through severe financial issues during its time with United Artist, which caused him to close the studio in 1949. It opened again in 1950 with a downsized staff, mainly because Lantz was able recoup from his losses and signed a deal with Universal-International for more Woody

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in 1931. Despite Scrappy was a big break for Mintz and was also his most successful creation, Huemer would be fired from the Mintz Studio in 1933. In 1934, Mintz, like most other animation studios at the time, also attempted to answer Disney's use of Technicolor, and began making color cartoons

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series. Popeye's popularity during the 1930s rivaled Mickey Mouse at times, and Popeye fan clubs sprang up across the country in imitation of Mickey's fan clubs; in 1935, polls showed that Popeye was even more popular than Mickey Mouse. However, during the early 1930s, stricter censorship rules

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In 1947, Lantz was negotiating with Universal about his 7-year contract when it was abruptly transformed into Universal-International. The new management insisted on keeping the merchandising and licensing rights of his characters. Lantz refused, instead he withdrew from his parent company and

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While much of the focus in an animated cartoon is on the visuals, the vocal talents and symphonic scores that accompanied the images were also very important to the animated cartoons' success. As motion pictures drew audiences away from their radio sets, it also drew talented actors and vocal

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For a great part of the history of Hollywood animation, the production of animated films was an exclusive industry that did not branch off very often into other areas. The various animation studios worked almost exclusively on producing animated cartoons and animated titles for movies. Only

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assumed the role as direction after Culhanes departure. Unlike Culhane, Lundy focused much more on sight gags and the animation. Critics noted the animations jump in quality in the late 40's, mainly due to Lundy's influence as well as the arrival of more Ex-Disney animations, such as

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By 1953, UPA had gained great influence within the industry. The Hollywood cartoon studios gradually moved away from the lush, realistic detail of the 1940s to a more simplistic, less realistic style of animation. By this time, even Disney was attempting to mimic UPA. 1953's shorts

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in 1958. Despite the success, the Terrytoon cartoons are known to have the lowest-budgets out of any major studio at the time. Paul Terry mainly produced cartoons from a business point of view rather than for their artistic value. He would also go on to say, "Let Walt Disney be the

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saw a very limited in the UK, California, and New York the following year, causing it to flop at the box office. Shortly after the film's poor box office, Dave Fleischer, still maintaining his position as co-chief of his studio, had left Fleischer Studios to run Columbia Pictures'

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material to bolster public confidence and encourage support for the war effort. The war (along with the strike) shook Walt Disney's empire, as the US Army had seized Disney's studio as soon as the US entered World War II in December 1941. As a result, Disney put the feature films

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By 1932, Walt Disney had realized the success of animated films depended upon telling emotionally gripping stories that would grab the audience and not let go. This realization led to an important innovation around 1932–1933: a "story department", separate from the animators, with

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and Two Strip Technicolor until 1935 when Disney's contract with Technicolor had expired. The new studio had a slow start as the Buddy cartoons did not impress audiences as well as Palmer's inexperience as a director. Schlesinger would fire Palmer and hire Harman-Ising animator

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studios' active production of regularly released animated cartoon shorts for theatrical exhibition. Some studios continue to release animated shorts to theaters on an infrequent basis. The colors correspond to the american animation studio's associated theatrical distributor.

3425:, who scored virtually all of the cartoons for the studio from 1934 to 1958. Bradley's scores made use of both classical and jazz sensibilities. In addition, he often used songs from the scores of MGM's feature films, the most frequent of them being "The Trolley Song" from 4877:, led by radio comedy writer Leonard L. Levinson. The cartoons were noted to use limited animation, and were described as satirical travelogue films with small budgets. Art Heinemann was the lead layout designer, Miles Pike provided the special effects and Warner artist's 7810: 1158:

Merchandising based on Disney cartoons rescued a number of companies from bankruptcy during the depths of the Depression, and Disney took advantage of this popularity to move forward with further innovations in animation. In 1929, he launched a new series entitled the

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assumed production of the shorts, licensed by Warner Bros. Most of the Looney Tune characters were retired from theaters, including Warner's biggest star, Bugs Bunny. Daffy Duck, however, would still appear in theatrical cartoons, mostly paired with Speedy Gonzales.

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Upon the closure of Laugh-O-Grams, Walt Disney worked as a freelance filmmaker before selling his camera for a one-way ticket to Los Angeles. Once arriving he moved in with his Uncle Robert and his brother Roy, who was recovering at a nearby government hospital from

5000:, and would create several recurring characters, such as Jasper and Mr. Strauss. By 1947 however, rising production costs made Paramount to discontinue the series. Pal would continue to work with Paramount as a producer and a director for there live action movies. 4382:

Lantz eventually closed his studio's doors for the final time in 1972, saying that continuing to produce shorts would be impossible due to the rising production costs. However, for Lantz, Woody Woodpecker's survival was lengthened when he started appearing in

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now in charge as a creative director. Terrytoons underwent significant changes under Deitch's leadership. Unlike Terry, Deitch wanted to stray away from the studios strict contemperary format, and make cartoons in a more minimalist style, similar to that of

1220:, which is seen as the first cartoon in which multiple characters displayed unique, individual personalities and is still considered to be the most successful animated short of all time, and also featured the hit song that became the anthem in fighting the 2296:. However, they still maintained their positions as heads of their studio's production. Under Paramount rule, the Fleischers brought Popeye into the Navy and contributed to the war effort, and would gain more success by beginning a series of spectacular 623:

which was nothing more than an artist (Disney) taking a cigarette break at his work desk. Harman soon dropped out of the venture, but Disney was able to strike a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman and animated a cartoon all by himself entitled

4830:, with British-based angel investor Lawson Harris becoming the studio producer and Paul Fennell as the director. The studio's main output were animated shorts for products, but were most known for their specialties for Columbia. One short-lived series, 5723:. The film featured cameos of various famous animated cartoon characters from multiple animation studios, such as Disney, Warner Bros., Fleischer Studios, Universal, among others. The film also contains the only time in cinematic history that Disney's 5305:

drew in large crowds and encouraged the development of "realistic" special effects in films. These effects used many of the same techniques as cel animation, but still the two media did not often come together. Stop motion developed to the point where

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was initially moderately successful and received mixed reviews from the critics. A few decades later, the film would be hailed as one of Disney's greatest classics, making millions in subsequent theatrical and home video releases. In 1953, he released

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Over the course of these four decades, the quality of the media released throughout the golden age has often been debated. The peak of this era is usually cited as during the 1930s and 1940s, attributed to the theatrical run of studios including

3997:, that the studio began producing shorts aggressively stylized in contrast to the films of the other studios. Cannon's film even preached a message that, at the time, was looked down upon—racial tolerance. By 1946, the studio was renamed as 4178:, was released in 1934. In 1935, Walter Lantz made his studio independent from Universal Studios, and the studio was now only the distributors of his cartoons, instead of the direct owners. After seeing Disney's success of their first film 783:

to follow Disney west in June 1925. Around that time, Davis was replaced with Maggie Gay and the cartoons started to focus less on the live-action scenes and more the fully animated scenes, particularly those featuring Alice's pet sidekick

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during its first two years in production. From there, the UPA animators began producing a series of cartoons that immediately stood out among the crowded field of mirror-image, copycat cartoons of the other studios. The success of UPA's

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were not a success and some staff members doubted whether a cartoon with sound would be successful. So Disney arranged a special preview screening with the music and sound effects being played live behind stage through a microphone. The

499:. The rise of television animation is often considered to be a factor that hastened the golden age's end. However, various authors include Hanna-Barbera's earliest animated series through 1962 as part of the golden age, with shows like 2460:

diverging tone after the end of the war, as the style was criticized for its highly formulaic story telling, lack of artistic ambition, unusually violent gags, and its overall appeal towards children rather than both kids and adults.

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in 1934 required animation producers to remove risqué humor. The Fleischers, in particular, had to tone down the content of their Betty Boop cartoons, which waned in popularity afterwards. The Fleischers also had produced a number of

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After Quimby took over, he kept a number of Harman and Ising's staff and scouted other animation studios for talent (including Warner director Friz Freleng for a short period of time and a bulk of animators from the New York based

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animation. In spite of their similarities, the two genres of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation rarely came together during the Golden Age of Hollywood. Stop-motion animation made a name for itself with the 1933 box-office hit

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cartoon series. Van Beuren however became anxious due to the phenomenon of a new film format of pre-synchronized sound in film. Beuren urged Terry to produce films in this format, but refused, forcing him to fire Terry in 1929.

2713:. After Daffy was created, he would add even more success to Warner Bros. cartoons and replaced Porky Pig as the studio's most popular animated character, and Bob Clampett took over Termite Terrace, while Tex Avery took over the 796:

looked us over like an admiral surveying a row of stanchions." While Winkler had offered gentle critiques and encouragement, Mintz communicated to Disney in a harsh and cruel tone. In 1927, Mintz ordered Disney to stop producing

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cartoons in late 1963. These cartoons were animated in his distinctive style, but they never quite matched the popularity of the Hanna-Barbera originals of the 1940s and 1950s heyday. However, they were more successful than the

4737:, the distributor of Van Beuren's cartoons, ended their contract with them to distribute Disney's cartoons instead. Van Beuren would close the studio in 1938, and pass away not long after. Most of its staff would either move to 4778:

to leave the Disney studio and create his own, believing that Iwerks was responsible for much of Disney's early success. Iwerks opened his studio that year with Powers as his financial backer. Iwerk's first made cartoons for

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anti-trust case that year. It resulted in the shorts having to be produced in increasingly tighter budgets as time went on. Warner Bros. would also close their entire animation department in 1953 due to immense popularity of

2709:. During production of the short, lead animator Bob Clampett elaborated the exit of the Duck character by having him jump up and down on his head, flip around and holler off into the sunset. This created the character of 5500:

shorts under contract with Warner Bros. These cartoons can be recognized easily because they use the modern abstract WB logos instead of the famous bullseye WB shield concentric circles. The studio also subcontracted 11

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The major Hollywood studios contributed greatly to the war effort, and their cartoon studios pitched in as well with various contributions. At the Fleischer studios, Popeye the Sailor joined the Navy and began fighting

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of which Capp was not pleased by due to its over-simplification of his characters. Columbia remained dissatisfied by the studio's output and eventually closed it in 1946, with a back catalog that lasted until 1949. The

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in the following year, who left MGM earlier that decade. Avery would direct 4 shorts during his time at Walter Lantz Productions, until he left in 1955 over pay disputes. Additional directional contributions included,

3599:, while MGM later promoted Lah to director again to take Avery's place. Fred Quimby retired in 1955, with Hanna and Barbera replacing him as producers or the remaining MGM cartoons (including the last seven of Lah's 3576:

instead of Gordon. Lah and Blair's three Barney cartoons were noted for having a direction more in tone to that of Hanna-Barbera and Tex Avery. The series halted abruptly again when MGM closed Lah and Blair's unit.

2048:), the film went over budget, costing $ 6 million, and the film failed to make back its expenditure. The studio was in serious debt and had to cut the cost of animation. In 1960, this resulted in Disney switching to 8752: 831:

who refused to leave) and threatened that unless he took a 20 per cent budget decrease, he would drop Disney and continue the Oswald series by himself. Walt refused, and Winkler Pictures dropped its distribution.

1394:. When the budget for the short grew very expensive, Stokowski suggested to Disney that it could be a feature film with other pieces of classical music matched to animation. Disney agreed and production started. 4806:

series, which aired cartoons in two-strip Cinecolor. However, by 1936, the Iwerks Studio began to experience financial setbacks and closed after Powers withdrew financial aid to the studio. After animating at

3233:, but much like there time at Warner Bros, budget issues led their shorts to run over budget on a regular basis. By 1937, MGM decided to out Harman and Ising and establish a new in-house animation studio with 5288:

films led to an exponential development in the field of special effects, and George Pal became the producer of several popular special effects-laden films. Meanwhile, Ray Harryhausen's work on such films as

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and began producing theatrical cartoons for the general public, instead of just using propaganda and military training themes; UPA also earned itself two Academy Award nominations for new cartoons starring

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techniques comparable to television animation at the time. Paramount would continue to release theatrical cartoons into the 60s, but also began dabbling into television production, such as co-producing the

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who would be dedicated to working on a "story development" phase of the production pipeline. In turn, Disney's continued emphasis on story development and characterization resulted in another hit in 1933:

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at Paramount composed numerous cartoon soundtracks, creating original material as well as incorporating familiar classical and popular melodies. Many of the early cartoons, particularly those of Disney's

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series; the series was originally in either Cinecolor or two-strip Technicolor, but moved to three-strip Technicolor after Disney's contract with Technicolor expired in 1935. With the exception of 1934's

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as the most-awarded theatrical cartoon series. No other character-based theatrical animated series has won more awards, nor has any other series featuring the same characters. In addition to classical

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would result in financial ruin for the studio. They said that the colors would be too bright for the audience and they would get sick of the gags and leave. However, the critics were proven wrong.

596:, who was working as a banker at the time, got him a job at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. Here he met fellow cartoonist 4842:

was produced and featured the antics of Mr. Teewilliger and his bumbling employees Clancy and Herman. The studio would continue to produce animated commercials following their work with Columbia.

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and had a low amount of cash on hand. Further Disney feature films of the 1940s were modestly budgeted collections of animated short segments put together to make a feature film. These began with

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became the first entry into the Mickey Mouse series; however, it was not released because of a poor reaction from test screenings and failed to gain a distributor. The second Mickey Mouse cartoon

9853: 1460:(which had been formed in 1938), who severed many ties between Walt Disney and his staff, while encouraging many members of the Disney studio to leave and seek greener pastures. Later that year, 850:

inspired by a pet mouse he once had at the old Laugh-O-Grams studio, but more commonly said that he chose a mouse because a mouse had never been the central character of a cartoon series before.

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nature, which Deitch did not intend. His Tom and Jerry shorts were noted for their jerky, occasionally praiseworthy animation, simplistic though sometimes stylish backgrounds, and heavy use of

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with Jerry Brewer) and continued to make cartoons with a more thought-provoking manner. He too would later leave MGM in 1943 to work for the Army Air Force film unit as an animation supervisor.

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In May 1941, the Fleischers gave Paramount full ownership of the studio as collateral to pay off their debts left from the loans they obtained from the studio to make unsuccessful cartoons like

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in 1951 and would continue for two more years before being discontinued. Sam Buchwald later died from a heart attack in 1951, leaving Sparber and Kneitel as the lead producers and directors.

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output up to that time. However some fans appreciated Deitch's shorts for their quirkiness. After Vogel was fired, MGM decided not to renew their contract with Rembrandt. The last Rembrandt

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of the 1940s used animated sequences of Superman flying and performing super-powered feats which were used in the place of live-action special effects, but this was not a common practice.

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fame). But except for occasional sequences of this sort, the only real integration of cel animation into live-action films came in the development of animated credit and title sequences.

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subsidiary. This allowed a higher budget for shorts and features than the last few years of cartoons made for RKO dictated, which made it possible to make some of the cartoons in the new

562: 4609:). Deitch was later fired in 1959, and was replaced with William M. Weiss, who reverted some of Deitch's decision's for the studio. The era is also well known as the starting career of 92: 3655:

served as the producer. Unlike the in-house cartoons, Deitch had to work with a much smaller budget of $ 10,000 and overall limited resources. This resulted in his films having an odd

788:, who bore an uncanny resemblance to Felix the Cat. In February 1926, Disney built a larger studio at 2719 Hyperion Avenue and changed the name of the company to Walt Disney Cartoons. 3850:), the series failed to garner attention, and by 1939, Mintz was largely indebted to Columbia Pictures. As a result, Mintz sold his studio to Columbia. Columbia renamed the studio to 4317:. Woody would continue to appear in cartoons until the early 1970s. Lantz served as the sole director and writer for his own cartoons for two years before it was assumed by animator 10833: 3261:

series was unsuccessful. In 1939, however, Quimby gained success after rehiring Harman & Ising. After returning to MGM, Ising created MGM's first successful animated star named

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in 1952, due to suspicions of him having ties to Communism; Steve Bosustow took over, but was not as successful as Hubley, and the studio was eventually sold to Henry Saperstein.

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In 1946, the animation union of the time negotiated a pay increase of 25%, making the cartoons more expensive to produce on a general basis. After the 1948 verdict following the

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in 1928 and gradually ended in the 1960s when theatrical animated shorts started to lose popularity to the newer medium of television. Animated media from after the golden age,

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failed at the box-office and received mixed reviews from the critics. This failure was to be short-lived as it grossed a considerable amount of money in the 1947 re-release.

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who had previously tried an unsuccessful attempt to set up a cartoon studio in New York in order to compete with Disney, agreed to distribute the series. Under producer

5739:, respectively, onscreen. In fact, the golden age of American animation is very influential in that it would later pave the way to certain animated cartoon shows like: 3076:

veterans to the studio; Ted Bonniscken, Norman McCabe and Bob Givens. Under Hendricks and Lovy, the studio's established Daffy-Speedy line and its new cartoon series (

2985:(1954), among others. Davis' unit was shut down in late 1947 by Warners due to budget issues, causing him to move to Freleng's unit to become one of his key animators. 5094:. Though he is best known for producing films for the auto industry, Handy has also dabbled into animation as well. Handy has made numerous animated shorts featuring 4908:

and the US Army with a series of World War II training films. The studio would mainly be known for producing educational/instructional based animation granted by the

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and two shorts starring an unnamed donkey. Gordon was left uncredited for most of the cartoons he directed, and he would leave in 1943. Later in late 1946, animators

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to produce cartoons from his own studio from 1937 until 1940. The studio was noted for being the starting careers for several accomplished animators such as Huemer,

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in late-1965, who wanted to make diversify the content the studio made at the time, but he too also left in 1967 due to growing conflicts with studio higher ups. Ex-

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was recognized for the return of classic Disney characters to theatrical animation. In fact, the golden age has also influenced other animated short films, such as

5860:. Generally also linked to the Disney Renaissance, as it commemorates the 59th anniversary and 60th anniversary of Walt Disney's third animated movie. Furthermore, 5145:

gave voice to most of Warner Bros. more popular characters, including Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig (starting in 1937), and Daffy Duck. Other voices and personalities from

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was released on November 18, 1928, and was a big success. Disney quickly gained huge dominance in the animation field using sound in his future cartoons by dubbing

691:, the latter being mostly a live-action film about dental hygiene. None of these films turned a profit. The last film made by the Disney company was a short called 12043: 3631:

cartoons prompted MGM to search for another animation studio to produce the series, as Hanna and Barbera were busy producing their own cartoons for television and

2009:. Upon building Disneyland in 1955, Walt Disney regained a huge amount of popularity among the public, and turned his focus to producing his most ambitious movie: 5817:(influenced by Walt Disney's cartoons). Likewise, the Fleischer aesthetic of the aforementioned animated superhero series was combined to recreate the designs of 2768:

department. He began at Warners in 1933 as an animator but was fired and joined Iwerks in 1934. Tashlin returned to Warners in 1936, taking over direction of the

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directed shorts in the mid-late 40s after Gordon left the studio), while Sam Buchwald was placed to executive producer. Paramount also discontinued the expensive

2068:(1963) which were box-office successes. However, the Xerox resulted in films with a "sketchier" look and lacked the quality of the hand-inked films. According to 4277:, which were musical shorts based around contemporary swing music at the time. Culhane later left Lantz in late-1945 following a pay dispute. Ex-Disney animator 85: 6063:, were also influenced by the aesthetics in the animations of the golden age. This trend of making animations with classic designs was very relevant during the 5619: 3140:, which consisted predominantly of footage from the classic shorts by Jones, a new in-house studio to produce original animation opened its doors in 1980 named 10187: 5392:

instructional film cartoons especially for viewing by enlisted soldiers. Even Disney was involved in the war effort, producing both satirical comedies such as

3993:. Although this new film was a success, it did not break the boundaries that Hubley and his staffers had hoped. It wasn't until the third short, Bobe Cannon's 9377: 8067: 3530:

Avery's influence was felt across the industry but particularly within the studio, with Hanna and Barbera adapting his brand of humor and violence into there

1968:

When Disney's contract with RKO expired at the end of 1953, instead of renewing it as usual, Disney was concerned about the instability of RKO (due to owner

12802: 10826: 5934:, getting its own popular franchise. On the other hand, Ray Harryhausen's stop motion animation served as inspiration for the production of the feature film 607:. Disney became fascinated by the art and decided to become an animator. He then borrowed a camera from work and rented a book from the local library called 13507: 12541: 12439: 12424: 12078: 12061: 10576: 10046: 6623: 6145: 5323:, though several memorable animated sequences were included in live-action feature films of the era. The most famous of these was a scene during the movie 4673:

cartoon series. In 1929, Terry left to start his own studio and was replaced by John Foster who took over the animation department, and renamed the studio

4137:. Columbia's 10-year contract with Hanna-Barbera expired in 1967, and was not renewed, thus ending Columbia's association with Hanna-Barbera in every way. 3386: 2473:(directed by Sparber, who died the next year) being the last short of the series. Further perpetuated were the more strict budgets, forcing the studio use 143: 60: 45: 17: 10728: 10717: 1145:. Mickey Mouse's popularity put the animated character into the ranks of the most popular screen personalities in the world. Disney's biggest competitor, 13384: 13357: 10147: 8552: 2808:. Their cartoons are now considered classics of the medium. They directed some of the most beloved animated shorts of all time, including (for Clampett) 2248: 361:; these companies' presence in the industry would grow significantly with the rise of television following the golden age's conclusion. Furthermore, the 9861: 4802:

After his stay with MGM, Iwerks' cartoons were distributed by Celebrity Pictures, and Iwerks would answer to Disney's use of Technicolor and create the

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series for Paramount, some of which were animated by Ray Harryhausen. Pal went on to produce several live-action special effects-laden feature films.

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had decided to become a newspaper cartoonist drawing political caricatures and comic strips. However, nobody would hire Disney, so his older brother

9478: 840:

While Disney was finishing the remaining cartoons for Mintz, Disney and his staff secretly came up with a new cartoon character to replace Oswald —

12628: 10819: 10167: 3088:) along with most of its one-shots from this era were critically panned and are widely considered to be the worst in the studio's history (despite 10684: 5241:

The exclusivity of animation also resulted in the birth of a sister industry that was used almost exclusively for motion picture special effects:

396:(last animated films produced before his death in 1966). During this period, several live-action films that included animation were made, such as 13379: 10565: 9677: 9462: 7858: 4389:

from 1957 to 1987, from which it entered syndication until 1990. NBC revived the show three times—in 1991, 1992, and 1997, Lantz sold all of the

1936:(1948). As a result, Walt Disney was needed on several different units at one time and was spending less time on animation. In 1951, he released 345:. In later decades, namely between the 1950s and 1960s, the era is sometimes divided into a "silver age" due to the emergence of studios such as 3605:

cartoons) until 1958, when the studio closed entirely, ending all the animation productions. The duo would eventually develop their own studio,

10458: 10329: 1920:, as films in the interim involved some live-action. Disney's company started to diversify, producing live-action feature films beginning with 4985:

Pal moved to the United States in 1939 and was contracted by Paramount to produce a series of stop-motion based puppet shorts, under the name

4212:

By the late 30s, Oswald began to lose popularity. Lantz and his staff worked on several ideas for possible new cartoon characters (among them

3881:, who initially worked as a storyman. Tashlin had significant influence to the studio as he would hire many ex-Disney animators from the 1941 9709: 9314: 7337: 6265: 5021: 1736:

since Walt feared that the low-budget animation would not become profitable. The most ambitious Disney film of this period was the 1946 film

711:) who had adventures in a fully animated world. The film was never fully complete however as the studio went bankrupt in the summer of 1923. 551:

for their contribution to American television. Other Hanna-Barbera productions related to the golden age were the theatrical animations with

8996: 4535:(usually paired with Gandy Goose) and among others. Terrytoons was also nominated four times for the Academy Award for Animated Short Film: 2941:. Many of the studios most well known recurring characters would be created or restablished following the Warner acquisition. This included 2622:

After disputes over the money, Harman-Ising parted company with Schlesinger (who rejected their demands for raised budgets) in 1933, taking

13352: 7699: 3748: 2262:, Paramount had given the Fleischers permission to produce an animated feature film and Fleischer studio relocated itself from New York to 4351:, who returned to the studio since the early 40s. The Lantz studio would also make several more recurring characters in this era, such as 2776:. He returned in 1943 after McCabe was drafted into the army, but left again for the final time in late 1944 to direct live-action films. 1228:". In the Mickey Mouse series, he continued to add personality to his characters; this resulted in the creation of new characters such as 12633: 9608: 4259:(an ex-Disney/Fleischer animator who recently had a brief stint at Warner Bros.) took their roles as director, starting with the cartoon 4119:, which ironically borrowed the name from the animation studio. In 1959, Hanna-Barbera produced the only theatrical series for Columbia, 1315: 987: 771:, to be released on January 1, 1924; delayed by eleven days. Ub Iwerks was re-hired in February 1925 and the quality of animation on the 374: 6914: 6894: 1298:, remaining with this distributor until the early 1950s, when they were re-issued and re-released by Disney's new distribution company, 11997: 10948: 10631: 9339: 7783: 5110: 4997: 4597:. Terrytoons was also divided between producing theatrical short and cartoons for television, as well as having new characters such as 4087:. In 1964, UPA decided to abandon animation and simply become a distribution company, where they would go on to distribute some of the 3900: 3847: 3041:. These cartoons were not well received and were criticized for having the lack of spirit and charm to that of Jones' original shorts. 2242: 1327:

was a worldwide box office success, and was universally acclaimed as a landmark in the development of animation as a serious art form.

1165:

which was based around music with no recurring characters. However, they did not become as popular as the Mickey Mouse cartoon series.

298: 8727: 3904:. Tashlin maintained his position until he abruptly left the studio in 1942, citing a feud with Columbia hire-ups. He was replaced by 3131:

short from 1938. The Warner Bros.-Seven Arts studio finally shut down in 1969. A total of 1,039 Looney Tunes shorts had been created.

2325:

cartoons. Due to this, Paramount Pictures had expelled Dave and Max Fleischer from their positions as the head of the cartoon studio.

13394: 12581: 12525: 10270: 9728: 5541: 4271:, which made his shorts truely stand out from the studios previous work. Lantz would also introduce a new film series under the name 3699: 2990: 2517:

short series. However, Post's tenure was not successful, and even brought the ire of Paramount's board of directors with the cartoon

8231: 7462: 2541:

succeeded Culhane that year, and quickly put several shorts into production. But by that point, Paramount's new owners at the time,

12643: 12623: 8655: 3107:

and in advertisements; otherwise, he mostly focused on the recurring characters Alex Lovy had created and two of his own creation,

8526: 6764: 5223:

series, were built around classical pieces. These cartoons sometimes featured star characters, but many had simple nature themes.

3534:

shorts. The only exception of this being Rudolf Ising, who was unable to adjust to Avery's influences (most exemplified in 1942's

3289:

started a partnership that would last for more than six decades until Hanna's death in 2001. The duo's first cartoon together was

13472: 12680: 12638: 12537: 11963: 10695: 10010:

This film was enormously popular with the critics and seemed to signal the beginning of a new "golden age" of animation at Disney

7526: 4027:

most successful cartoon character. However, UPA would suffer a major blow after John Hubley was fired from the studio during the

3445:

Hugh Harman would leave for the final time in April 1941, prompting Quimby to search for a good replacement. He later settled on

2738:

cartoons, which had previously been used for one-shot character appearances. Avery would leave Warner Bros. in 1941 and moved to

7364: 10365: 7714: 7582: 5930: 5831: 3740:. Jones' shorts were better received and saw varying degrees of success, but MGM eventually decided to cease production of new 2108: 1712: 1611: 9836: 8500: 3663:

in the soundtrack. Despite Deitch's shorts being commercially successful, fans and critics considered them to be the worst of

13389: 13374: 12444: 12083: 9979: 8737: 8710: 6814: 6136: 6064: 5448: 3737: 2208: 2147: 1114: 202: 65: 10537: 9883: 8410: 4727:

cartoon series, Van Beuren Studio abandoned its remaining cartoons and answered Disney's use of Technicolor by creating the

1669:

Disney was now fully committed to the war effort and contributed by producing propaganda shorts and a feature film entitled

13342: 12611: 12606: 12530: 11980: 11910: 9397: 7663: 6102: 6096: 4752:

in 1938, as Van Beuren's studio was noted for its poor treatment of union workers by either Van Beuren himself or director

3964: 3101:

Alex Lovy left the studio in 1968 and Robert McKimson took over. McKimson used the pre-1967 characters only in bumpers for

2232:

In 1934, Max Fleischer became interested in producing an animated feature film shortly after Walt Disney's announcement of

2120: 1878: 1262:

series). When Disney's contract with Technicolor expired, the Mickey Mouse series was moved into Technicolor starting with

8832: 4605:, Sidney the Elephant, Gaston Le Crayon, John Doormat, and Clint Clobber (often confused as Tom's human owner in Deitch's 3463:

Tex Avery did not like to use recurring characters but did stay faithful to a character throughout his career at MGM with

2882: 2150:. After Walt Disney's death, the animation department did not fully recover until the late 1980s and early 1990s with the 12653: 12434: 12210: 12071: 10554: 10022: 9962: 9781: 7561:"The One That Started it All – the making of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 2009 DVD 5376: 5153:

contributed to the popularity of animated films in the Golden Era. Some of these (generally uncredited) actors included

2758:

took over Clampett's black-and-white unit. By 1942, Warners' shorts had now surpassed Disney's in sales and popularity.

1225: 703: 476: 458: 55: 10499: 7641: 7311: 2999:'s, but would reopen the following year after the end of the 3-D craze. Selzer retired in 1958, with production manager 13452: 12303: 11992: 11783: 11743: 10419: 9592: 9548: 8949: 8903: 7726: 7445: 7420: 7321: 5503: 4112: 3955:

its greater use of human characters, simplistic backgrounds and abstract character designs. Much of it was inspired by

3712: 3157: 2970: 2739: 2114: 2064: 1871: 1832: 326: 242: 226: 10060: 8800: 7570: 5024:. In the late 40's and early 50's, Fairbanks also produced industrial based films with occasion animated sequences by 4047:

in particular were experiments in stylization that followed in the footsteps of the newly formed studio. Around 1952,

2509:

Kneitel's death in 1964 brought sudden changes to the studio as Paramount now had to look for new artists. Cartoonist

12520: 10795: 10763: 10254: 10091: 9921: 9820: 9212: 9185: 8774: 7395: 6974: 6280:

was greatly influenced by Walt Disney's animation alongside the Fleischers. This allowed him to make the drawings of

6240:

was influenced by the theatrical cartoons of this period. Likewise, Walt Disney's cartoons served as inspiration for

2272: 905:. However, they failed to keep the sound synchronized with the animation and the main focus of the cartoons were the 719:

he had suffered during the war. After failing to get a job as a director of live-action films he sent the unfinished

372:

Feature-length animation began during this period, most notably with Disney's "Walt-era" films, spanning from 1937's

10781: 10195: 8578: 8556: 7938: 6934: 3481:

in 1944, but Tex was less fond of him and discontinued the series after five cartoons. He also created the inspired

2746:

and the rejection for an idea of a short series of live action animals with animated mouths (which he later sold to

2695:

series and become the first Warner Bros. cartoon character to achieve star power. Also at Termite Terrace, animator

2652:

cartoons in color. However, since Walt Disney had an exclusive deal with Technicolor, Schlesinger was forced to use

1912:

was an enormous success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1950, and became Disney's most successful film since

1415:

and "elite" subjects. However, the film would be reevaluated in later years and considered an animated masterpiece.

1374:

in an attempt to recapture Mickey's popularity, which had sharply declined due to the popularity of Max Fleischer's

1268:

in 1935. In addition, Mickey was partially redesigned for Technicolor later that year. In 1937, Disney invented the

12648: 12351: 8071: 5275:

was the only stop-motion animator to produce a series of stop-motion animated cartoons for theatrical release, the

3754: 3136: 2344:

Paramount took over the Fleischer studio completely and brought it under the fold of their own studio, renaming it

2224:

cartoons during the 1930s which attempted to emulate Walt Disney's use of color, but the series was not a success.

2072:, who was working at Disney at the time, it felt like the end of an era. On December 15, 1966, Walt Disney died of 1671: 1390:. This redesign of Mickey is still in use today. The short featured no dialogue, only music which was conducted by 1282:. Much of Disney's work was heavily influenced by European stories and myths, and the work of illustrators such as 9950: 8093: 6858: 5564:

style that UPA had pioneered. With this limited animation, Hanna and Barbera created several characters including

4302:

was officially discontinued due to his waning popularity. In total, 12 shorts were released under United Artists.

13467: 12571: 12038: 11640: 11081: 10892: 9444: 7760: 5424: 4164:

replaced Charles Mintz as producer of Universal Studios cartoons. Walter Lantz's main character at this time was

4065: 3103: 1938: 1797: 1483: 302: 9156: 8024: 6721: 3033:

14 original Wile E. Coyote and Roadrunner cartoons were also commissioned, with the last 11 being outsourced to

2988:

In 1948, Warners could no longer force theaters to buy their movies and shorts together as packages, due to the

12586: 12515: 12411: 12381: 12361: 12122: 11301: 9035: 6321: 5954: 5936: 5114: 3731: 3535: 3025:

After more than two decades at the top, Warner Bros. shut down the original Termite Terrace studio in 1963 and

3000: 2982: 2254: 2058: 1825: 743:

cartoons at the time, but the Fleischer brothers were about to leave to set up their own distribution company,

10588: 8449: 4125:. This series was a success, and ran until 1965. Hanna-Barbera also produced 2 movies for Columbia, which was 1468:. The critically acclaimed film brought in much-needed revenue and kept the studio afloat. A few months after 13029: 12798: 12596: 12386: 12366: 12136: 11848: 11733: 11567: 11049: 10943: 8140: 6334: 6195: 6169:

feature a classic animation style inspired by the works of Disney, Tex Avery and Fleischer from this period.

5787: 5477:

Meanwhile, Chuck Jones, who had been fired from Warner Bros., moved to MGM to produce thirty-four theatrical

5291: 4236:, who premiered in Technicolor. However successful Andy was, it was not until the character's fifth cartoon, 4127: 4043: 3998: 3946: 3877:

Charles' brother-in-law George Winkler would briefly presume the role as producer before he was succeeded by

3299:

set themselves to producing a long-running series of cat-and-mouse cartoons, soon christening the characters

2691:

in a low run-down old building the animators named Termite Terrace. Under Avery, Porky Pig would replace the

2479: 2267: 1179:

had not. Columbia Pictures had backed out of its distribution of the series and Disney was lured to move the

452: 346: 318: 286: 154: 10982: 8360: 8335: 5900:

was produced with recycled animations and designs from the original Walt Disney films, while the short film

4338:

in 1953, and would become the studios 2nd most prominent character in the 50s. He would later be refined by

3765:

from the same year. The studio would eventually close in late 1970, with Jones establishing another studio,

3720:

and specific jokes that can be found in the former shorts. MGM later purchased the studio and renamed it to

2034:

also signaled a change in the style of drawing, with cartoony and angular characters; taking influence from

12920: 12591: 12416: 12406: 12391: 12371: 11385: 10960: 9639: 8284: 6703: 6252: 6229:

as the mockingbird; in 1980 Grimault would release his own version after retaining the rights to the film).

6221: 6084: 5884: 5848:

were made with similar animation techniques to those of the golden age. In addition, the 1999 feature film

5753: 5429: 5312: 5301: 5297: 5262: 4749: 4069:

starring Mr Magoo, however, this was proved to be a failure, as this cost UPA their distribution deal with

3760: 2828: 2780:, who has a extensive career at the studio up to that point, was appointed to director to replace Tashlin. 2631: 1742:, a musical film blending live-action and animation which drew criticism in later years for accusations of 1457: 1146: 748: 669: 643:

Throughout 1922, the Disney company produced a series of "modernized" adaptations of fairy tales including

10739: 9263: 9237: 4756:. Van Beuren has said to have closed his studio as he refused to accept unionization within his business. 3706:, all of which carried his distinct style and influence he strived for during his time at Warners. Jones' 1272:, which gave an illusion of depth to the animated world. He first used this on the Academy Award-winning 865:

also failed to gain the attention of the audience and a distributor. Disney knew what was missing: sound.

13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13462: 12552: 12401: 12376: 12177: 12142: 11723: 11630: 11328: 11027: 11017: 10921: 10707:

10311: 9499: 9475: 8629: 6005: 5902: 5781: 5418: 5284:

Stop motion animation reached the height of its popularity during the 1950s. The exploding popularity of

5174: 3882: 3026: 3016: 2840: 2486: 2084: 1957:, had been in production since the late 1930s/early 1940s and was shelved during the war. However unlike 1922: 1839: 1818: 1453: 615:

would produce better quality and decided to open up his own animation studio. Disney then teamed up with

386: 350: 10538:"'Havoc in Heaven': How China's first animators braved war, politics, and exile to create a masterpiece" 10347: 10127: 9418: 9318: 8310: 8012: 5068:(1959–1964), as well as several iconic advertisements, such as those for breakfast cereals. Employing a 4826:

Iwerks left behind his animation studio following his return to Disney. It would soon be reorganized as

4525:

with Terry's notion that twin brothers or look-alikes had comic possibilities. Other characters include

2377:

Famous Studios continued to produce Popeye cartoons, which shifted to color in 1943 as well as creating

12925: 12878: 12109: 11853: 7913: 6682: 6633: 6387: 6375: 6130: 6053: 5960: 5861: 5720: 5123:. It was the first known animated adaptation of the titular character and was produced and directed by 4897: 4692: 4660: 4545: 4431: 3976: 3798:

was fired from Paramount & Universal he was still in charge of his own cartoon operation producing

2463:

By October 1956, Paramount took over the studio entirely, with the studio was downsized and renamed to

1972:' increasingly erratic control of the studio) and started distributing films through the newly created 1885: 1234: 1054: 513: 507: 11517: 9684: 7963: 7862: 5928:. Likewise, the first Winnie the Pooh animated shorts were compiled with new ones in the feature film 4562:!" However, Terrytoons is considered an early stepping stone for several prominent animators, such as 3060:

from the Walter Lantz studio; Volus Jones and Ed Solomon from Disney; Jaime Diaz, who later worked on

761:

Walt handling creative affairs. He convinced Virginia Davis's parents which caused the first official

628:

screened in roughly February 1921. Walt then quit his job at the film and ad company and incorporated

12888: 12601: 12498: 12356: 12263: 12148: 11738: 11012: 10787: 10450: 10168:"'Anastasia'La olvidada película de animación que desafió a Disney con la leyenda de la hija del zar" 9901:

The Brave Locomotive - Opening Sequence Work In Progress on Andrew Chesworth's official Vimeo channel

8604: 6899: 6628: 6069: 5844: 5472: 4834:, was planned to have six shorts produced and would be intended to document events before and during 4385: 4369: 4133: 3913: 3622: 3584:

was brought in to take Avery's position during this time period. He would direct one Droopy cartoon,

3510: 3381: 3311: 3253: 2491: 2399: 2297: 2236:, however Paramount vetoed the idea. In 1936, Fleischer Studios produced the first of three two-reel 194: 8478: 7988: 4926:

films produced by the studio. Sutherland was able to hire prominent artists in the industry such as

4329:, a Warner Bros. veteran who worked for Lantz in the 40's, would be the director for this new unit. 3595:

In 1953, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer closed down the Avery's unit. Avery and most of his unit would move to

1172:. However, Ub Iwerks left Walt Disney after an offer from Powers to be in charge of his own studio. 819:

short in 1927. The Oswald series was a success and became the first hit for the Walt Disney studio.

13167: 13147: 12547: 11858: 11768: 11532: 11472: 11224: 11217: 11123: 11039: 10218: 9565: 9131: 6643: 6618: 6067:, a period in which the nostalgia market was particularly strong among the audience, starting with 5993: 5775: 5701: 5595: 5459: 5267:

which was also animated by O'Brien and helped to start the careers of several animators, including

5205: 4889:

provided the background paintings. Republic discontinued the series after four cartoons were made.

4677:. Van Beuren continued the Aesop's Fables series, and unsuccessfully tried a cartoon adaptation of 4318: 4150: 3886: 3685: 3596: 3549: 3498: 3422: 2852: 2792:

was in turn named the new producer. By this time, Warner cartoons' top directors of the 1940s were

2683:. Also in 1935, Schlesinger hired a new animation director who proceeded to revitalize the studio: 2591: 2196:. Fleischer Studios was a family-owned business, operated by Max Fleischer and his younger brother 2130: 2102: 1973: 1505: 1476:. This led to the mobilization of all movie studios (including their cartoon divisions) to produce 1299: 1216: 1047: 926: 807:; however it was Mintz—not Disney—that signed the deal. Disney and lead animator Ub Iwerks created 651: 470: 428: 334: 310: 306: 262: 9782:"DreamWorks Previews 'The Wild Robot' Unfinished Footage: 'A Monet Painting in a Miyazaki Forest'" 9760: 7341: 4051:

proposed two cartoons to Columbia, but these were rejected and both cartoons are currently in the

2935:

took over Clampett's unit in mid-1945 after abruptly leaving the studio. Clampett went to work on

2276:

which was released in 1939. It was a small success and encouraged the Fleischers to produce more.

13262: 13122: 12576: 12203: 11873: 11808: 11497: 11405: 11160: 11118: 11071: 10620: 8988: 8928: 6400: 5715: 4905: 4723:

In 1934, as other studios were putting animated cartoons in Technicolor as an answer to Disney's

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in 1946, but only four cartoons were produced. Avery's other recongnizable films for MGM include

3330: 3078: 3049: 3020: 2932: 2578: 1192: 934: 861: 809: 687: 632:

in May 1922, and hired former advertising colleagues as unpaid "students" of animation including

579: 501: 9289: 7697: 7540: 3580:

Later in 1950, Tex Avery briefly left MGM to take a year's sabbatical. Ex-Disney/Lantz animator

2200:, who supervised the production of the cartoons. The Fleischers scored successful hits with the 105: 13162: 12940: 12893: 12308: 12283: 11828: 11617: 11482: 11425: 11234: 11076: 11007: 10916: 10902: 10040: 9351: 6124: 6108: 6023: 5896: 5692: 4964:

emulated movement, rather than using a single puppet. It was considered to be early version of

4669: 4594: 3985: 3141: 3084: 2894: 2675: 2313: 2035: 2011: 1942:, a project he had been working on since the late 1930s, though it was shelved during the war. 1904: 1790: 657: 645: 9616: 9027: 8579:"The Columbia Crow's Nest – A Tribute to the Animation of Charles Mintz, Screen Gems, and UPA" 5427:. Their first and most successful project was animating the opening titles for the 1964 film, 3315:

did, making MGM the first studio to wrestle the Cartoon Academy Award away from Walt Disney.

943:; however it was not a financial success and Walt Disney described it as "a bunch of racket". 13288: 13257: 13247: 13172: 13132: 12903: 12672: 12238: 11985: 11878: 11863: 11778: 11680: 11527: 11249: 11167: 6648: 6426: 6134:

was made to attract a wide audience and with reference to Walt Disney's classic films, while

6047: 6017: 6011: 5948: 5513: 5325: 5248: 5090:-based studio, The Jam Handy Organization, after working as an industrial representative for 5072:

style, the success of Jay Ward cartoons laid in its densely-packed visual gags and wordplay.

4858: 4771: 4326: 4287: 4278: 4238: 3990: 3581: 3410: 3309:

did not win the 1940 Academy Award for Best Cartoon, but another MGM cartoon, Rudolf Ising's

3269: 3247: 3062: 2974: 2635: 2558: 2357: 1949: 1804: 1629: 1511: 1489: 1387: 1348: 994: 939: 906: 767: 693: 663: 482: 446: 404: 380: 322: 206: 9657: 9019: 7787: 7492: 6082:

Tex Avery's cartoons served as inspiration for the development of the video game franchises

5256:

defined many of the major stop motion techniques used for the next 50 years. The success of

2545:, began the process to shutdown the cartoon studio. The shutdown was completed by December. 13431: 13237: 13085: 13069: 12930: 12860: 12830: 12812: 12743: 12732: 12478: 12343: 12333: 12293: 11883: 11833: 11582: 11562: 11467: 11430: 11244: 11239: 10999: 10887: 10504: 10065: 9765: 9738: 9504: 9106: 9022:

Drawing the line : the untold story of the animation unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson

6598: 6520: 6348: 6282: 5924: 5856: 5741: 5394: 5047: 4886: 4652: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4456: 4439: 4365: 4214: 4194: 4022: 3726: 3724:

in 1964. Around this time Jones also directed a handful of oneshots for MGM such as 1965's

3427: 3404: 3360: 2705: 2640: 2308: 1688: 1583: 1366: 1001: 901: 362: 358: 10811: 8965: 8674: 6449: 8: 13310: 13152: 13090: 12318: 12273: 12243: 12104: 11763: 11718: 11602: 11552: 11512: 11410: 11264: 11022: 10977: 10965: 10897: 9087: 9064: 8504: 8235: 8191: 7470: 6638: 6118: 6041: 5999: 5825: 5400: 5086:

Jam Handy, a known Olympic swimmer and water polo player, was known for founding his own

4780: 4656: 4435: 4264: 4001:(UPA), and Hilberman and Schwartz had sold their shares of the studio stock to Bosustow. 3651:, an American animator who considered himself a "UPA man", would direct the series while 3153: 2864: 2627: 2078: 2044: 1743: 1636: 1528:

was groundbreaking in terms of animating animals realistically. However, due to the war,

1254: 1068: 724: 422: 10729:

EL ESTUDIO DE DIBUJOS ANIMADOS CIFESA Y LAS PELÍCULAS DE RIGALT-REYES|Con A de animación

10148:"The Daily Stream: Cats Don't Dance Is The Satirical Antidote To The Disney Renaissance" 9520:""Los Picapiedra" rompieron el molde de las series animadas e inspiraron "Los Simpsons"" 8653: 7571:

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Creation of a Classic|The Walt Disney Family Museum

6444: 5232:

occasionally was animation used for other aspects of the movie industry. The low-budget

2614:, followed in 1931. Both series showed the strong influence of the early Disney movies. 153:

Many popular and famous animated cartoon characters emerged from this period, including

13416: 13337: 13267: 13212: 13044: 13034: 13017: 12935: 12793: 12505: 12483: 12328: 12298: 12288: 12258: 12196: 12009: 11728: 11703: 11650: 11522: 11462: 11452: 11400: 11291: 11274: 11145: 11108: 10972: 10842: 9786: 8530: 8168: 7836: 7627:

Walt Disney Family Museum to Spotlight FANTASIA with Fabrizio Mancinelli|Broadway World

6406: 6237: 5878: 5839: 5807: 5607: 5523: 5363: 5357: 5012:

did work on several animation projects for. In 1941, Fairbanks produced the successful

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and several others to run the studio instead. Buddy would later be phased out by 1935.

2389:. The Noveltoons shorts series introduced many of Famous' recurring characters such as 2193: 2163: 2151: 2001: 1932: 1927: 1811: 1700: 1643: 1597: 1399: 1295: 739: 629: 525: 416: 254: 131: 35: 10107: 8385: 7811:"Betty Boop | St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture | Find Articles at BNET" 2118:(1966) was released during his lifetime and he was also involved in the production of 751:

was constantly fighting with Winkler; therefore Winkler agreed to distribute Disney's

13422: 13022: 12749: 12690: 12471: 12313: 12278: 12248: 12026: 11798: 11698: 11670: 11645: 11612: 11557: 11507: 11395: 11360: 11333: 10791: 10759: 10706: 10250: 10132: 10087: 9917: 9816: 9588: 9544: 9456: 9382: 9031: 9020: 8945: 8733: 8706: 8118: 7441: 7416: 7391: 7317: 6970: 6810: 6787: 6506: 6029: 5566: 5561: 5423:

The 1960s saw some creative sparks in the theatrical film medium, in particular from

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at the time, Iwerks returned to Disney in 1940, where he worked as the head of the "

4513:, developed by combining what was originally a husband-and-wife pair of mischievous 4020:

series made all of the other studios sit up and take notice, and when the UPA short

13426: 13369: 13252: 13227: 12994: 12967: 12883: 12766: 12739: 12493: 12396: 11843: 11635: 11622: 11597: 11442: 11437: 11420: 11311: 11254: 11177: 11140: 11034: 10935: 10112: 6603: 6478: 6299: 6161: 6090: 6075: 5942: 5441:

commissioned the studio to produce a Pink Panther cartoon series. The first short,

5346: 5307: 5219: 5213: 5197: 5091: 4878: 4796: 4555: 4421: 4376: 4244: 3969:, with Hubley and Sommer even going as far as directing a "clone" with the cartoon 3831: 3516: 3504: 3376: 3348: 3211: 3192: 2822: 2587: 2270:

occurred among Fleischer Studio workers in late 1937. Here the Fleischers produced

2020: 1264: 1221: 1161: 1075: 877: 815: 464: 266: 10657: 7605: 4856:

In 1946, Republic Pictures incorporated a piece of animation by Walter Lantz into

4174:. Lantz also started to experiment with color cartoons, and the first one, called 13364: 13283: 13232: 13222: 13177: 12908: 12825: 12754: 12618: 12253: 12128: 12099: 11915: 11655: 11592: 11415: 11390: 11380: 11365: 11353: 11259: 11229: 11197: 11155: 11113: 11086: 9710:"Chicken Little & Beyond: Disney Rediscovers its Legacy Through 3D Animation" 9482: 8836: 8659: 8527:"The Columbia Crow's Nest – Columbia Cartoon History – The Mintz Era (1929–1939)" 8414: 7703: 6654: 6294: 6201: 5572: 5285: 5268: 5162: 5120: 5058: 5034: 5009: 4923: 4913: 4909: 4820: 4808: 4733:

series, which was all color. However, the series was not a success, and by 1936,

4708: 4686: 4613:, who started out as an opaquer and later a director. Bakshi would later move to 4488: 4426: 4357: 4322: 4226: 4084: 3640: 3618: 3522: 3482: 3477: 3456: 3451: 3433: 3205: 3057: 2978: 2958: 2937: 2858: 2805: 2777: 2610: 2353: 2349: 2214: 1694: 1590: 1431: 871: 828: 519: 491: 441: 9189: 8700: 7891: 7771: 6844: 6830: 6343: 5319:

Hollywood special effects continued to develop in a manner that largely avoided

4588:

in 1956. CBS continued to operate the studio for the rest of its lifetime, with

3635:. Through the help of producer Joe Vogel, MGM eventually signed a deal with the 3048:

in 1967, William Hendricks was put in charge of production of the newly renamed

2699:

redesigned Porky from a fat, chubby pig to a more cute and childlike character.

2529:, but was also accused of having anti-religious overtones. Post was replaced by 1283: 13293: 13182: 13064: 13039: 12898: 12850: 12840: 12705: 12323: 11958: 11758: 11660: 11502: 11457: 11375: 11338: 11323: 11318: 11207: 9808: 8849:"Don Markstein's Toonopedia: Universal Studios Cartoons / Walter Lantz Studios" 8830: 8753:"Electronic Army Serial Number Merged File, ca. 1938–1946 (Enlistment Records)" 8437:

Of Mice and Magic, A History of American Animated Cartoons, Revised and Updated

6059: 5978: 5890: 5813: 5549: 5443: 5438: 5351: 5178: 5103: 4939: 4882: 4791: 4729: 4717: 4614: 4563: 4295: 4273: 4256: 4207: 3905: 3636: 3301: 3286: 3179: 3167:

At first, Mickey Mouse was drawn by Walt Disney's long-time partner and friend

3095: 2912: 2906: 2834: 2816: 2498: 2385: 2345: 2334: 2263: 2220: 2197: 2096: 1916:

and Disney's first single-narrative feature film to be entirely animated since

1846: 1682: 1650: 1576: 1229: 1184: 1141: 1097: 1033: 895: 890: 785: 780: 753: 708: 398: 392: 330: 190: 178: 10740:

Fallece a los 79 años el dibujante José Sanchis, creador del gato Pumby|Cutura

10577:

Rolf Kauka ist der Vater von Fix und Foxi und gilt als "Deutscher Walt Disney"

10401: 8881: 4996:

Seven Puppetoon films from 1941 to 1947 were nominated for Academy Awards for

4720:

were among animators who worked briefly for the studio during its short life.

2946: 2266:

in order to avoid organized unions, which became a threat to the studio after

13446: 13049: 12982: 12835: 12728: 12695: 12114: 11788: 11773: 11693: 11607: 11587: 11537: 11477: 11447: 11100: 10955: 10500:"Cat Burglar EPs Discuss Bringing Interactivity to Tex Avery-Style Animation" 10383: 10271:"Naughty Dog Wanted Crash Bandicoot To Look Like A Cartoon, Not A Video Game" 8801:"Finding lost films and materials and producing a documentary feature on UPA" 8775:"Finding lost films and materials and producing a documentary feature on UPA" 6791: 6391: 6313: 6309: 6226: 6213: 5850: 5819: 5557: 5545: 5535: 5519: 5511:

and moved to the San Fernando Valley in 1967 to continue production of their

5453: 5434: 5388: 5320: 5209: 5201: 5170: 5154: 5124: 4927: 4785: 4765: 4748:

This studio along with Fleischer were cited for causing the formation of the

4713: 4698: 4640: 4606: 4171: 4121: 4108: 4107:

Prior to UPA's termination, Columbia struck a 10-year distribution deal with

4102: 4052: 3927: 3878: 3871: 3859: 3795: 3672: 3660: 3606: 3588:

y, as well as ten additional Barney Bear cartoons, where he is now voiced by

3565: 3398: 3342: 3336: 3296: 3282: 3173: 3090: 3004: 2962: 2918: 2789: 2761: 2755: 2542: 2530: 2522: 2425: 2413: 2185: 1969: 1657: 1287: 1151: 886: 792: 733: 698: 675: 612: 593: 557: 433: 366: 354: 258: 246: 10480: 10427: 10061:"How Disney's Forgotten Classic Modernized Animation Standards 35 Years Ago" 8907: 4968:. Some of his shorts were advertisements for specific products, such as the 4495:

The 1930s and 1940s brought Terry's most popular and successful characters,

4465:

series to Van Beuren Studios in 1929, Terry established a new studio called

4242:

that a real breakthrough character was introduced. This was none other than

3911:

The other recurring characters Columbia would develop at this time included

1472:

was released in 1941, the United States entered the war after the attack on

13347: 13216: 13157: 13137: 13117: 13059: 13012: 12913: 12845: 12510: 12488: 11970: 11868: 11748: 11713: 11688: 11675: 11286: 11269: 11063: 10907: 10879: 9884:"A student short film pays tribute to the Golden Age of American animation" 8804: 6739: 6590: 6576: 6562: 6548: 6534: 6432: 6370: 6317: 6277: 6246: 6190: 6035: 5987: 5972: 5966: 5914: 5797: 5765: 5724: 5166: 4866:, who had just left Warner Bros., got to direct one cartoon with the title 4863: 4835: 4753: 4734: 4610: 4598: 4503: 4470: 4334: 4313: 4268: 4161: 4080: 3893:), fired most of their initial in-house staff, and directed the 1941 short 3838: 3811: 3806: 3717: 3689: 3471: 3366: 3068: 3038: 3034: 2954: 2801: 2793: 2696: 2658: 2596: 2583: 2573: 2554: 2538: 2513:

was initially placed as the studios primary director, and would create the

2469: 2448: 2437: 2408: 2090: 2069: 1473: 1361: 1278: 1082: 842: 776: 716: 278: 270: 230: 162: 158: 113: 109: 27:

Period of animation where theatrical sound cartoons were common and popular

9761:"Puss in Boots 2's Jack Horner Is a Literal Treasure Trove of Disney Digs" 8869: 8778: 8052:

Looney Tunes Golden Collection: The Best of Tweety and Sylvester, 2010 DVD

5779:(influenced by the Warner Bros. and MGM cartoons), the animated series of 4182:, Lantz planned to produce a full-length animated film based on the story 3010: 1168:

In 1930, after a falling-out with Powers, Disney switched distributors to

13315: 13095: 12873: 12715: 12700: 11975: 11823: 11818: 11803: 11793: 11577: 11487: 11348: 11182: 11150: 10525: 10275: 9733: 8848: 8582: 8209: 8028: 6876: 6492: 6438: 6339: 6304: 6217: 6193:

were influenced by Disney and Fleischer animated feature films in making

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Jones' studios other works included the 1966 TV adaptation of Dr. Seuss'

3694: 3681: 3648: 3561: 3263: 3234: 3196: 2924: 2870: 2797: 2773: 2722: 2569: 2510: 2370: 2322: 2073: 2006: 1977: 1706: 1604: 1352:, which was released in 1940. However, costing twice as much to make as 1249: 1188: 909: 855: 637: 616: 589: 548: 543: 537: 437: 294: 166: 118: 10718:

Sergio Pablos, el soñador que se ha convertido en el Walt Disney español

10128:"THE BIZ : Rich Hopes to Strike It in Animation : ALAN CITRON" 9854:"Interview: PAPERMAN's Academy Award WINNING writer/director John Kahrs" 9541:

Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003

9340:

Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays|Film Registry|Library of Congress

6952: 3007:

assumed the role as producer in 1960 after Burton also left the studio.

1965:

was a big success both critically and financially on its first release.

823:

had hired most of his staff away from the studio (except for Ub Iwerks,

13320: 13187: 13100: 12783: 12778: 12723: 11838: 11296: 11212: 11172: 10172: 9181: 6915:"12 Rare Flintstones Production Shots From The Golden Age Of Animation" 6500: 6412: 6359: 6241: 5747: 5736: 5732: 5696: 5330: 5272: 5186: 5182: 5146: 4991: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4942:. Sutherland produced 45 films from 1945 until his retirement in 1973. 4812: 4738: 4527: 4466: 4410: 4232: 3983:

as its main artstyle. The first short from the newly formed studio was

3656: 3592:. Avery later returned in October 1951, with Lundy leaving soon after. 3589: 3492: 3242: 2876: 2731: 2727: 2710: 2534: 2526: 2404: 2379: 2361: 2202: 2049: 2023: 1477: 866: 681: 603:

While working there he made commercials for local theaters using crude

338: 274: 218: 214: 210: 198: 170: 135: 9994: 9398:"Vuelven los Tiny Toons (aparte de los Looney Tunes y los Animaniacs)" 7761:

Taking My Best Shot: Working on Disney's "The Saga of Windwagon Smith"

7715:

Discovering The Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide

3854:; and Mintz died the following year. Columbia would also sub-contract 3454:

cartoons, most famously examplified in his series of shorts featuring

13330: 13300: 13110: 13054: 13004: 12972: 12771: 12759: 12685: 12219: 11813: 11753: 11665: 11492: 11370: 11343: 11306: 10244: 10081: 10027:. September 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021 6608: 6329: 6288: 6148:

and the golden age influenced the development of the 2010 video game

6113: 5759: 5578: 5342: 5277: 5142: 5099: 5081: 5029: 5017: 4775: 4681: 4348: 4339: 4252: 4016: 3920:, Igor Puzzlewitz, Professor Small and Mr. Tall, Tito and his Burrito 3855: 3800: 3446: 3229: 3168: 3053: 2684: 2680: 2653: 2431: 1175:

In 1932, Mickey Mouse had become an international sensation, but the

1155:, was eclipsed by Mickey's popularity and the studio closed in 1932. 824: 633: 597: 290: 222: 10621:

Shigeru Miyamoto of Nintendo Expands His Empire - The New York Times

10481:"Cuphead: a tribute to the golden age of animation – Game Review #4" 8262: 7365:"Montreal Museum Presents Sources Of Inspiration For Disney Studios" 5695:. The aforementioned shorts were also part of animation historian's 5518:

department altogether in 1969. In 1981, the studio was purchased by

5056:, Jay Ward Productions aired the first cartoon made for television, 4531:

in 1939, Dimwit the Dog (originally paired with Heckle and Jeckle),

3989:(directed by Jones), a cartoon made for the re-election campaign of 3698:. Jones signed a contract with MGM in 1963 to produce an additional 3245:

studio). He created an animated adaptation of the comic book series

2772:

department, but left again in 1938, with his position soon taken by

2441:, another series inherited from Fleischer's. The series was renamed 13325: 13192: 13142: 13127: 13105: 12977: 12954: 12466: 12188: 11572: 10696:

La ficha rosa del trivial:El cine de animación español (años 40-50)

10330:"The Ratchet & Clank Games Were Inspired By Marvin The Martian" 8942:

Terrytoons: The Story of Paul Terry and His Classic Cartoon Factory

7749:

Disney's Art of Animation from Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast

6784:

One of "Walt's Boys": An Insider's Account of Disney's Golden Years

6448:(1989). Likewise, Walt Disney's cartoons served as inspiration for 5908: 5451:. The studio also produced other successful cartoon series such as 5053: 4636: 4492:, who had appeared in Paul Terry's cartoons since the silent era. 4398: 4170:, whose earlier cartoons had been produced by both Walt Disney and 4089: 3186: 2467:

The following year, the studio ended Popeye's theatrical run, with

2443: 707:; the short featured a live-action five-year-old girl named Alice ( 9500:"Bruce Timm Reflects on 25 Years of Superman: The Animated Series" 9443:

Gone But Not Forgotten, Ren and Stimpy (1991-96) (March 4, 2024).

8068:"Porky Pig and Small Dog – Looney Tunes All Hebrew – 800-830-8660" 6269:

almost managed to compete with Walt Disney's animated productions.

6181:'s cartoons, was very influential around the world, particularly: 4838:, but was later scrapped after two shorts. Another short entitled 4795:. MGM later ended distributing his cartoons in favor of releasing 4115:. This deal would mostly be involved with Columbia's TV division, 1518:

The only feature film that was allowed to continue production was

609:

Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development

432:(1971), the last one being the last theatrical film to receive an 11187: 10685:

Screen: Disney ala Soviet: The Snow Queen' at Neighborhood Houses

10666: 10292: 9402: 8529:. Columbia.goldenagecartoons.com. January 4, 1940. Archived from 7266: 7264: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7089: 7087: 6919: 6613: 6472: 6233: 6156: 5872: 5584: 5087: 4969: 4514: 4283: 4184: 3923: 3820: 2996: 2630:. Schlesinger began his own cartoon operation under the new name 531: 139: 10632:

3. Sonic's Influences Range From Michael Jackson To Santa Clause

8966:"Images – Cartoons That Time Forgot: From the Van Beuren Studio" 8169:"Ub Iwerks – The Early Disney Years (Walt Disney, Mickey Mouse)" 6216:

was influenced by Disney's animated feature films in making his

5952:

inspired other science fiction productions, including the first

5260:

led to a number of other early special effects films, including

3897:

which inadvertently created the studio's most popular characters

3692:

for violating his exclusive contract by working on the UPA film

3612: 3552:

was promoted to director to take his place. He directed several

3384:, Hanna and Barbera also produced/directed for MGM half a dozen 3191:

After MGM dropped Iwerks, they hired Harman and Ising away from

2788:

Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in August 1944, and

2742:

after having a feud with Scheshinger in regard to the ending of

921:

test screening was a success and managed to gain a distributor,

12987: 12962: 12868: 9658:"'Fantasia 2000' And The Final Gasps Of The Disney Renaissance" 9524: 8647: 8553:"A Color Rhapsody Theatrical Cartoon Series (1934–1949) @ BCDB" 6395: 6366: 6325: 6209: 5894:, were also inspired by classic animations. On the other hand, 5507:

cartoons to Format Films. DePatie–Freleng ceased production of

5386:

and "Japs"; while the Warner Bros. studio produced a series of

4617:

in 1967. Terrytoons eventually fizzled out and closed in 1972.

3601: 3465: 2942: 2754:

series of shorts). Clampett would take over Avery's unit while

2435:

and several other lesser known characters. Famous also revived

2306:

Later that year, Paramount planned to release their next film,

547:(1962). Several of these animated series were the first to win 250: 234: 186: 10219:"How The Great Mouse Detective Saved Disney Feature Animation" 9900: 7261: 7152: 7084: 5617: 5437:. The film and its animated sequences were so successful that 4140: 2931:

Besides McKimson being promoted to director in the mid-1940s,

1398:

would also become the first commercial film to be released in

13242: 12268: 11192: 11044: 9911: 9838:

Disney News Magazine Fall 1984 : Walt Disney Productions

6383: 6354: 6298:. Likewise, Walt Disney's cartoons served as inspiration for 6273: 6260: 6186: 5383: 5150: 4678: 4420:

Before Paul Terry created his own studio, he was employed by

3975:

Hubley left Screen Gems in 1943 after he was enlisted in the

3199:

and appointed them heads of the studio. They began producing

2605: 1520: 1444: 1239: 1015: 1008: 174: 7493:"Find Movies | Movies | History| Disney Fans" 6765:"Remembering Walt Disney's legacy, 50 years after his death" 6373:

was influenced by Disney's animated feature films in making

4873:

Later in 1949, Republic started a new cartoon series called

4230:). Eventually one of these characters clicked; his name was 3937:

name would later be used for a TV subsidiary the same year.

3543: 12820: 11202: 10841: 10526:'Princess Iron Fan': The Height of Modern Chinese Animation 7390:. London: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 55–56. 6659: 6332:

served as inspiration in making the 1981 arcade video game

5594:. With television's growing popularity, which included the 5489:

shorts, which were produced overseas during 1961 and 1962.

4870:

before the company cancelled a potential animated series.

4584:

Terry retired after selling his company and its backlog to

4255:

directed cartoons through the of one unit until 1943, when

489:

Animation also began on television during this period with

10774:

Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons

10589:""Le avventure di Pinocchio" di Attalo, Verdini e Barbara" 9813:

Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons

9315:"Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer (1944) Theatrical Cartoon" 8729:

When Magoo Flew: The Rise and Fall of Animation Studio UPA

5719:

has honored both the golden age of American animation and

4759: 2042:

was the second-highest-grossing film of 1959 (just behind

13305: 10297: 9967: 8013:

Rudolf Ising; Founded Cartoon Studios - Los Angeles Times

6144:

animated films. Additionally, Disney's period during the

6141: 4585: 4579: 2053: 1305: 800:

due to the costs of combining live-action and animation.

10756:

Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age

10644:

High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games

7686: