The Malay Archipelago

1670:, as it is called by the aborigines". Two pages are taken up with a discussion of the orang utan. The review then turns to Wallace's observations on "the races of man" in the book, observing that the anthropological details given are useful but perhaps chosen to support "a particular theory", namely Wallace's belief that there were eastern and western races—"Malays" and "Papuans", though the boundary between them was east of the Wallace line. The review accepts Wallace's data on natural history, but suspects he was selective in recording details of individuals. It notes that Wallace agreed with French authors that the Polynesians (included in his Papuans) "had a local origin". The review remarks that "Mr Wallace relies more on the diversity of moral features to prove differences of race than on physical peculiarities, although he declares that these are strongly marked" and doubts the difference, and wonders whether the "Javan chief" and the Dyak do not differ more. The review, after ten pages of reflections on race, concludes by recommending the book to its readers as much better than ordinary travel books "and even in the absence of any very stirring incidents" that it will "amply repay the perusal" of both scientific and general readers. 1697:"no traceable affinity to each other". It remarks that Wallace greatly extends knowledge of the people of Timor, Celebes, and the Maluccas, while also adding to what is known of the Malays and Papuans, reprinting his entire description and his engraving of a Papuan. The reviewer remarks that the portrait "would as well suit a Papuan of the south-east coast of New Guinea as any of those whom Mr. Wallace saw", noting however that the southern tribes are more varied in skin colour. The reviewer disagrees with Wallace about the extension of this "Papuan race" as far as Fiji, noting that there are or were people like that in Tasmania, but that their features and height varied widely, perhaps forming a series. The reviewer disagrees also that the Sandwich Islanders and "New Zealanders" (Maori) are related to the Papuans; and with Wallace's claim that the presence of Malay words in Polynesian languages is caused by the "roaming habits" – trade and navigation – of the Malays, arguing instead that the Polynesians long ago migrated from "some common seat in, or near, the Malay Archipelago". The review ends by stating that despite all these disagreements, it holds Wallace's ethnology in "high estimation". 1918:(1866). By combining geography, geology and ethnology into one narrative, the reader is saved "the monotony of traversing the same regions several times". The review describes in detail Wallace's findings of different birds and mammals either side of the Wallace line. It notes Wallace's cheerfulness and good temper in the face of "the difficulties and inconveniences attendant upon foreign travel", such as having to cross "a hundred miles of open sea in a little boat of four tons burthen", which Wallace calmly describes as comparatively comfortable. The reviewer remarks that Wallace was "set down as a conjuror by these simple people" with unimaginable purposes from a faraway country, but is less admiring about Wallace's moralising tone, especially when he supposes that "wild communities" can be happier than "in a more highly civilised society". The review ends with some reflections of surprise on how little-known the Malay Archipelago is in India, given that they were closely connected with 2001: 479:. It was first published in Spring 1869 in two volumes by Macmillan (London), with a reprint (also in two volumes) marked 'second edition' the same year. The first US edition year by Harper & Brothers (New York) appeared in 1869 in a single volume. Wallace returned to England in 1862, but explains in the Preface that given the large quantity of specimens and his poor health after his stay in the tropics, it took a long time. He noted that he could at once have printed his notes and journals, but felt that doing that would have been disappointing and unhelpful. Instead, therefore, he waited until he had published papers on his discoveries, and other scientists had described and named as new species some 2,000 of his beetles ( 1681: 832: 1430: 919: 667: 4371: 1583: 373: 500: 1130: 1821: 1163: 1833:

as many grains of salt as his specimens." But the review then agrees that the book will "make the world wiser about its more solitary and singular children, hid away over the seas", and opines that no-one will mind paying the price of the book to read about the birds of paradise, "those bird-angels, with flaming wings of crimson and gold and scarlet, who twitter and gambol and make merry among the great island trees, while the Malay hunts for them with his blunt-headed arrows..." The review concludes that the book is a fresh and valuable record of "a remote and romantic land".

1969:, roasted onions, sherry and a host of other things, that melts on the tongue, that one does not want to stop eating; more, the fruit has a repulsive odour, and the tree is dangerous, as the hard and heavy fruits can fall on your head. Radau follows Wallace up to the high plateaux of Java, where there are cypress forests covered in moss and lichen; finally at the summit the vegetation seems European, an island vegetation recalling the resemblance between the plants of the high Alps and of Lapland. And in Celebes, men 1312: 1302:, so, he presumes, true natives. In contrast to the few mammals, there are at least 265 bird species, more than all of Europe, which had 257, but of these just three groups – parrots, kingfishers and pigeons – make up nearly a third, compared to only a twentieth of the birds of India. Wallace suggests this is because they came from New Guinea, which has a similar lack of some groups, and adds that many New Guinea birds have not reached the Moluccas, implying that the islands have been isolated for a long time. 1503:. He injured his ankle and had to rest as it became an ulcer, while all his men had fever, dysentery or ague. When he recovers, birds are scarce, but he finds about 30 species of beetles each day on average; on two memorable days he finds 78 and 95 kinds, his personal record; it takes him 6 hours to pin and lay out the specimens afterwards. In all he collected over 800 species of beetle in Dorey. He leaves "without much regret" as he never visited a place with "more privations and annoyances." 1888: 597: 1453:, amusing the islanders with his excitement; it had been one of his goals for travelling to the archipelago. He reflects on how their beauty is wasted in the "dark and gloomy woods, with no intelligent eye to gaze upon their loveliness", but that when "civilized man" reaches the islands he will certainly upset the balance of nature and make the birds extinct. He finds the men the most beautiful of all the peoples he has stayed among, the women less handsome "except in extreme youth". 1952:. Radau notes the many deaths from volcanic eruptions in the archipelago, before explaining the similarity of the fauna of Java and Sumatra with that of central Asia, while that of the Celebes carries the mark of Australia, seeming to be the last representatives of another age. Radau describes Wallace's experiences in Singapore, where goods were far cheaper than in Europe – wire, knives, corkscrews, gunpowder, writing-paper, and he remarks on the spread of the 36: 1233:"in which case we should most likely all be murdered" as the tribes there are treacherous and bloodthirsty. He is sorry to see that even the smallest children here all chew betel-nut and are disfigured by sores from a poor diet. However he enjoys their palm wine which he finds more like cider than beer, and the "water" inside young coconuts, which, he explains, is nothing like the undrinkable contents of the old dry coconuts on sale in England. He buys a 1877:. The review is respectful of his account of the Wallace line, having no difficulty agreeing that the Australian-type vegetation continues into the archipelago as far as Lombok and Celebes. It concludes that he covers almost every natural phenomenon he came across "with the accuracy and discriminating sagacity of an accomplished naturalist", and explains that the "great charm" of the book is "a truthful simplicity" which inspires confidence. 2077: 3728: 1524:

to live and work "in a semi-horizontal position"; he is the first white man to come to the island. He trades goods for birds-of-paradise; the people do not shoot them with blunt arrows like Aru islanders, but set out fruit as bait on a forked stick, and catch the birds with a noose of cord that hangs from the stick down to the ground, pulling the cord when the bird arrives, sometimes after two or three days.

453: 1627:, which supposed that human races could be distinguished by the shape of the cranium, the dome of the skull, of which theory Wallace is sceptical. However he lists measurements he had taken of the crania of "Malays" and "Papuans", noting that within the Malay group there was enormous variation. He had few skulls in the Papuan group and there were no definite differences between the two groups. 1985:

most of the natural history, and regrets not having space for more "charming pages" which would have taken him too far. He joins Wallace in reflecting on the relative state of "civilized" and "savage", wondering which is morally superior, and notes the "nostalgia for the primitive state", concluding that civilisation brings the benefit of reason to restrain hasty action.

1569:. In all he knows of 18 species, of which 11 are from New Guinea and 8 are endemic to it and Salwatty, or 14 in the general New Guinea area (1 being from the Moluccas and 3 from Australia). His assistant Mr Allen runs into trouble as the people were suspicious of his motives. A year of five voyages had produced only 5 of the 14 species in the New Guinea area. 444:, in terms both of the movement of species and of the geologic history of the region. He also narrates some of his personal experiences during his travels. The final chapter is an overview of the ethnic, linguistic, and cultural divisions among the people who live in the region and speculation about what such divisions might indicate about their history. 3717: 2772: 344:(1863); however, Wallace, ill with fever, went home in 1852 with thousands of specimens, some for science and some for sale. The ship and his collection were destroyed by fire at sea near the Guianas. Rather than giving up, Wallace wrote about the Amazon in both prose and poetry, and then set sail again, this time for the Malay Archipelago. 1865:

country life in the Celebes", where Wallace describes his host, a Mr. M., who relied on his gun to supply his table with wild pigs, deer, and jungle fowl, while enjoying his own milk, butter, rice, coffee, ducks, palm wine and tobacco. However, the Australian reviewer doubted Wallace's judgement about flavours, given that he praised the

518:, made from Wallace's own sketches, photographs, or specimens. Wallace thanks Walter and Henry Woodbury for some photographs of scenery and native people. He acknowledges William Wilson Saunders and Mr Pascoe for horned flies and very rare longhorn beetles: all the rest were from his own enormous collection. 1013:

He describes the range of species in each group in some detail, concluding that the birds are unlike those of any of the surrounding countries and are quite isolated, but are related to those of distant places including New Guinea, Australia, India and Africa; he thinks there is nowhere else where so

1980:

or mashed potato; with meat it is the best of vegetables; with sugar, milk, butter or molasses, it is a delicious pudding with a special flavour; Radau hopes that perhaps it will one day be found in European markets. As for the sago palm, one tree yields 1,800 cakes, enough to feed a man for a year.

1956:

into the interior, though the missionaries had to live on just 750 francs a year. Singapore was covered in wooded hills, and the sawn wood and rotten trunks supported innumerable beetles for the naturalist to study. The only disagreeable element was that the tigers that roared in the forest devoured

1832:

admires Wallace's bravery in going alone among the "barbarous races" in a "villainous climate" with all the hardships of travel, and his hard work in skinning, stuffing, drying and bottling so many specimens. Since "As a scientific man he follows Darwin" the review finds "his theories sometimes need

1461:

He sees a cock-fight in the street, but is more interested in a game of football, played with a hollow ball of rattan, and remarks the "excessive cheapness" of all goods including those made in Europe or America, which he believes causes idleness and drunkenness because there is no need to work hard

723:

Wallace stayed three and a half months in Java, where he admires the system of government and the contented people. The population is, he notes, rapidly increasing, from 3.5 million in 1800 to 5.5 million in 1826 and 14 million in 1865. He enjoys the fine Hindu archaeological sites, and the flora of

180:. It was published in two volumes in 1869, delayed by Wallace's ill health and the work needed to describe the many specimens he brought home. The book went through ten editions in the nineteenth century; it has been reprinted many times since, and has been translated into at least twelve languages. 2026:

an adventurer who does not present himself as adventurous; he is a Victorian Englishman abroad with all the self-assurance but without the lordly superiority of the coloniser; he is the chronicler of wonders who refuses to exaggerate, or to believe anybody else's improbable marvels: what he can see

1786:

began by writing that "We never remember to have taken up a book which gave us more pleasure". It was quite unlike the dull journey logs of most travel books; it was "a romance, which is, nevertheless, plain matter of fact". The review especially admires the way that Wallace "has generalised on the

1696:

focussed exclusively on the ethnology in the book, praising the value both of the information and of Wallace's "thoughtful and suggestive speculation". The review notes that Wallace identified two "types of mankind" in the archipelago, "the Malayan and the Papuan", and that he thought these two had

1523:

He builds a palm-leaf hut, which leaks badly until they increase the slope of the roof. He shoots a red bird-of-paradise. He supposes the people to be of mixed race. He sails to Bessir where the chief lends him a tiny hut on stilts, entered by a ladder, and not tall enough to stand up in. He learns

909:

larger number from Java, colonised Timor and then evolved into new species endemic to the island. The land mammals were very few in number: the six species were endemic or related to those of Java or the Moluccas, with none from Australia, so he doubts there was ever a land bridge to that continent.

695:

are abundant; he collected 1,386 moths on a total of 26 nights, but over 800 of these were caught on four very wet and dark nights. He attributes the reason to having a ceiling that effectively trapped the moths; in other houses the moths at once escaped into the roof, and he recommends naturalists

1984:

There is torrential rain; there are savages; there are dangerous trips in small boats. Only in the final paragraph does Radau reflect on it all: "We have tried, in this study on Wallace's two volumes, to give an idea of what he saw in his eight-year stay in the Far East." He admits he has left out

1544:

had described. Later he learnt that there had been an earthquake on Gilolo that day. On the journey they lose their anchor, and their mooring cable is snapped by a squall. New wooden anchors are ingeniously made. The men believe the boat is unlucky and ask for a ceremony before travelling further.

1511:

He is blown far off course while trying to reach his assistant, Mr Allen, losing some men who went ashore, dragging anchor, running on to a coral reef, and guided by an incorrect map; it took 8 days "among the reefs and islands of Waigiou" to return to a safe harbour. He sends a boat to rescue his

1470:

The islands are completely crossed by three narrow channels which resemble and are called rivers, though they are inlets of the sea. The wildlife is much like that of New Guinea, 150 miles (240 km) away, which he supposes was once connected by a land bridge. Most flowers are green; large and showy

1228:

plantation owner. He finds few birds despite constant searching and wading through rivers; the water and the rough ground destroy both his pairs of shoes, and he returns home on the last day lame from walking "in my stockings very painfully". Sailing in the Matabello Islands, he is blown ten miles

1762:

a highly valuable and intensely interesting contribution to our knowledge of a part of the world but little known in Europe or America. But few of our tourists ever visit it, and scarcely any have ever gone to explore it. Mr. Wallace is not an amateur traveler, making a hasty visit, to return and

1864:

and quickly makes clear that it objects to Wallace's doubts about "indications of design" in plants. Despite this "grave" fault, the reviewer considers the book to be of immense value, and that it would become a standard work on the region. The review quotes a paragraph that paints "a picture of

1486:

He travels to New Guinea after long anticipation. The coastal village houses stand in the water; they have boat-shaped roofs, and often have human skulls hanging under the eaves, trophies of battles with their attackers, the Arfaks. The council house has "revolting" carvings of naked figures. He

586:

Wallace sets out the scope of the book, describing what "To the ordinary Englishman" is "perhaps the least known part of the globe." The archipelago, he explains, stretches more than 4,000 miles east to west, and about 1,300 miles north to south, with over twenty sizeable islands and innumerable

2041:

between the islands of Bali and Lombok; the sparkling observations, like "the river bed 'a mass of pebbles, mostly pure white quartz, but with abundance of jasper and agate'"; the detailed but lively accounts of natural history and physical geography; the respectful and friendly attitude to the

908:

He finds the mixture of bird species intermediate between those of Java and Australia, with 36 species actually Javan, and 11 closely related; while there are only 13 actually Australian, with 35 closely related. Wallace interprets this to mean that a small number of birds from Australia, and a

1560:

by the females. He covers the great, king, red, magnificent, superb, golden or six-shafted, standard wing, twelve-wired, and epimaque or long-tailed birds-of-paradise, as well as three New Guinea birds which he considers almost as remarkable. He suggests they could live well if released in the

1375:

feathers, singing and shouting as they rowed, who board the prow with high exuberance "intoxicated with joy and excitement" asking for tobacco. It is at once clear to Wallace these Papuans are not Malays in appearance or behaviour. They are expert boat-builders, using only axe, adze and auger,

1419:. I trembled with excitement as I saw it coming majestically towards me,... and was gazing, lost in admiration, at the velvet black and brilliant green of its wings, seven inches across, its golden body, and crimson breast... The village of Dobbo held that evening at least one contented man." 854:

Wallace is grateful for an involuntary stop in Bali, which he finds one of the most interesting places of his trip, as Hindu customs and religion are still practised, while on Lombok he finds Australian birds such as cockatoos, observing that this is the most westerly point of that family's

1237:

and surprises the people by fitting it out himself, using tools "of the best London make", but lacking a large drill the holes have to be made, very slowly, by boring with hot iron rods. Travelling round Ceram, the crew from Goram run away. He describes in detail the process of making

195:, and the variety of animals and plants that he found and collected. At the same time, he describes his experiences, the difficulties of travel, and the help he received from the different peoples that he met. The preface notes that he travelled over 14,000 miles and collected 125,660 1715:, felt able to "feel a pride" in Wallace's success, and in the "striking contributions" made to science. He takes interest in "Wallace's line" which he calls "this ingenious speculation", with "the two faunas wonderfully contrasted" either side of the deep channel between Borneo and 1577:

New Guinea, writes Wallace, is mostly unknown, with only the wildlife of the northwestern peninsula partially explored, but already 250 land birds are known, making the island of great interest. There are few mammals, mostly marsupials, including a kangaroo (first seen by Le Brun in

3731: 1787:

facts" rather than just shooting "a multitude of birds" and interminably describing them. The account notes that Wallace was the joint originator of the theory of natural selection, and summarises the discovery of the Wallace line in some detail. The review ends by placing the

352:

The preface summarises Wallace's travels, the thousands of specimens he collected, and some of the results from their analysis after his return to England. In the preface he notes that he travelled over 14,000 miles and collected 125,660 specimens, mostly of insects: 83,200

1598:

Wallace ends the book by describing his views on the peoples of the archipelago. He finds the Malays, such as the Javanese, the most civilised, though he describes the Dyaks of Borneo and the Bataks of Sumatra, among others, as "the savage Malays". He quotes the traveller

653:

coal-works convenient, as the workers are happy to be paid a little for insects they find, including locusts, stick insects and about 24 new species of beetles each day. In all he collects 2000 species of beetle in Borneo, nearly all at the coal mine site; he also found a

1960:

Radau summarises one passage from the book after another: the orang utans of Borneo wrestling open the jaws of a crocodile, or killing a python; the Timorese walking up tall trees, leaning back on ropes as they pull themselves upwards; the indescribable taste of a

1603:'s 1430 account of them, with other early descriptions. He thinks the Papuan the opposite of the Malay, impulsive and demonstrative where the Malay is impassive and taciturn. He speculates about their origins, and in a note at the end, criticises English society. 435:

The following chapters describe in detail the places Wallace visited. Wallace includes numerous observations on the people, their languages, ways of living, and social organisation, as well as on the plants and animals found in each location. He talks about the

1855:" as propounded by Mr. Darwin, and certainly .. he brings numerous phenomena which he regards as illustrative of that theory very vividly under the notice of his readers, and that, too, as if he were but a disciple of Mr. Darwin, and not an original discoverer. 1512:

men; it returns 10 days later without them, but he pays them again, and on the second attempt it returns with his two men, who had survived for a month "on the roots and tender flower-stalks of a species of Bromelia, on shell-fish, and on a few turtles' eggs."

1632:

The language appendix lists 9 words (black, white, fire, water, large, small, nose, tongue, tooth) in 59 of the languages encountered in the archipelago, and 117 words in 33 of those languages, making it clear that many of the languages have many words in

2116:

In McKie's view, Wallace was a gifted writer with "an eye for catchy observation", and this is one of the finest of travel books. McKie liked the account of Wallace's night sleeping "'with half-a-dozen smoke-dried human skulls suspended over my head'".

1772:

The reviewer notes the region is "of terrific grandeur, parts of it being perpetually illuminated by discharging volcanoes, and all of it frequently shaken with earthquakes." The review summarises the book's geographical reach and style in a paragraph.

1650:

was warmly received on publication, often in lengthy reviews that attempted to summarise the book, from the perspective that suited the reviewing periodical. It was reviewed in more than 40 periodicals: a selection of those reviews is summarised below.

1188:

He is lent a house by the Sultan, who offers him tea and cakes but asks him to teach him to make maps and to give him a gun and a milking goat, "all of which requests I evaded as skilfully as I was able". His servant Ali shoots a new bird of paradise,

1153:

which erupted in 1646 and devastatingly again, soon after Wallace had left the archipelago, in 1862. In the Kaióa Islands he finds some virgin forest where the beetles are more abundant than anywhere he ever saw in his life, with swarms of golden

400:

implications of his discoveries. Instead he confines himself to the "interesting facts of the problem, whose solution is to be found in the principles developed by Mr. Darwin", so from a scientific point of view, the book is largely a descriptive

281:

of the archipelago, which little was known about to readers at the time, in addition to the extensive breadth of specimens collected. The book is much cited, and is Wallace's most successful, both commercially and as a piece of literature.

612:

Wallace gives a lively description of the people of the town, and of the wildlife of the island. He finds the Chinese the most noticeable of the people, while in one square mile of forest he found 700 species of beetles including 130

960:(birdwings), "the largest, the most perfect, and the most beautiful of butterflies". He uses rotten jackfruit to attract beetles, but finds few birds. The limestone mountains are eroded into skittle-shaped pillars with narrow bases. 1901:

starts by noting that this is a book that cannot be done justice in a brief notice, that Wallace is a most eminent naturalist, and chiefly known as a Darwinian; the book was the most interesting to cross the reviewer's desk since

413:, concluding with the evolutionary "Sarawak Law", "Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a closely allied species", three years before he fatefully wrote to Darwin proposing the concept of 976:

are fair-skinned, unlike anywhere else in the archipelago. He stays high in the mountains by the coffee plantations, and is often cold, but finds that the animals are no different from those lower down. The forest was full of

2058:

begins to reflect on the possible satisfactions of mass murder as a form of honourable suicide for the brooding and resentful man who 'will not put up with such cruel wrongs, but will be revenged on mankind and die like a

1735:

former changes of the outline of the earth were produced slowly", opining that the Bali–Lombok channel probably formed suddenly. He mentions in one sentence that the book contains "interesting and important facts" on

1098:

Wallace takes on and repairs a house which he keeps for three years, drawing a plan of it in the book; it has stone walls 3 feet (1 metre) high, with posts holding up the roof; the walls and ceiling are made of the

1487:

finds the inhabitants often very handsome, as they are tall with aquiline noses and heads of carefully combed "frizzly" hair. He failed to find the birds of paradise described by the French pharmacist and botanist

1158:, rose-chafers, and long-horned weevils, as well as longicorn beetles. "It was a glorious spot, and one which will always live in my memory as exhibiting the insect-life of the tropics in unexampled luxuriance." 1259:

beetle was up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) long, with antennae up to 5 inches (12.5 cm) in length. He is amused at himself for finding his simple hut comfortable, once he has made a rough table and is in his

822:

were mainly the same, and some species of (for example) woodpecker, parrot, kingfisher and pheasant were found from India to Java and Borneo, while many more were found both in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula.

3429:

Each edition was reprinted in subsequent years, so for example the tenth edition appeared in 1890, 1893, 1894, 1898, 1902, 1906 and later reprints, so many different dates can be found in library catalogues.

1535:

While sailing back to Ternate the boat is overtaken by a dozen waves which approached with a dull roaring like heavy surf, the sea being "perfectly smooth" before and after; he concludes these must have been

1872:

Otherwise, the review notes that Wallace seemed to have enjoyed his time in the Celebes, with the hornbills flapping past, and the baboons staring down from their trees, and enjoys his enthusiasm for the

248:

attracted many reviews, with interest from scientific, geographic, church and general periodicals. Reviewers noted and sometimes disagreed with various aspects of his theories, especially the division of

1665:

notes that while the descriptions of animal life are "full of interest", "our readers, as anthropologists, will, however, take a keener interest" in the "great man-like ape of Borneo,—the orang-utan, or

1253:

He finds he has arrived in the rainy season, seeing mainly mud and water. He complains that two months' work produce only 210 species of beetle, compared to 300 in three weeks at Amboyna. However one

1352:

of the East". His small cabin was the "snuggest" he ever had at sea, and he liked the natural materials and the absence of foul-smelling paint and tar. The Molucca sea was phosphorescent, like a

1376:

fitting planks together so well that a knife-blade can hardly be inserted anywhere. They use no money, bartering for knives, cloth and "arrack" brandy, and bring many beetles including a new

894:

Wallace describes the island of Timor, its abundance of fan-palms, its people who are like Papuans, and the Portuguese government which he considers extremely poor. On some hills he finds

2241:

is considered to be one of the most influential books ever written about the Indonesian islands. It remains a resource for modern authors of works about the region such as the 2014 book

1723:

and continental Europe, though there the conclusion is rather that the same fauna and flora is found on both sides. However, Murchison states his disagreement with Wallace's support for

685:

village, travels upriver, and describes the Durian, praising it as the king of fruits with exquisite and unsurpassed flavour, and the Dyak's slender bamboo bridges, as well as ferns and

1118:

He finds the large island rather dull, with much tall coarse grass and few species. In the forest he obtains some small "parroquets", brush-tongued lories, and the day-flying moth

946:

expensive, and moves out into the countryside. He meets the rajah, and is lucky enough to stay on a farm where he is given a glass of milk every day, "one of my greatest luxuries".

1042:

trees are beautiful but he regrets the ending of the Dutch monopoly in the nutmeg trade, which avoided the need to levy direct taxes. The only indigenous animals, he thinks, are

749:

palms is flooded to a distance of several miles from the sea. The river houses at Palembang are built on rafts moored to piles, rising and falling with the tide. He admires the

428:

and earthquakes. It also discusses the overall pattern of the flora and fauna including the fact that the islands can be divided, by what would eventually become known as the

863:

On Lombok, Wallace observes how guns are made, witnessing the boring of gun barrels by two men rotating a pole which is weighted down by a basket of stones. He describes the

753:

of the villages, but had difficulty getting any food there, the people living entirely on rice through the rainy season. He discovers some new species of butterfly including

2678: 1462:

to obtain goods. He admires a crimson-flowered tree surrounded with flocks of blue and orange lories. He is given some birds' nest soup, which he found almost tasteless.

3622:

Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia – From the Nineteenth-century Discoveries of Alfred Russel Wallace to the Fate of Forests and Reefs in the Twenty-first Century

2106:

subtly combines wildlife descriptions, geological musings and tales about the villagers, merchants and sultans he encountered on his travels through the East Indies.

1022:

butterfly), there are 48 species of which 35 are endemic to Celebes. He concludes that the Celebes group of islands is a major faunal division of the archipelago.

1869:

fruit, namely that it tastes of custard, cream cheese, onion sauce, brown sherry "and other incongruities", whereas "most Europeans" found it "an abomination".

1499: 1107:. He has a well of clean cold water, and the market provides "unwonted luxuries" of fresh food; he returns here to restore his health after arduous journeys. 1205:. His house is burgled twice; a blacksmith manages to pick his locks and make him a new set of keys; and he discovers a new species of birdwing butterfly. 879:

The whole chapter is taken up with a legend, which Wallace calls an anecdote, about the rajah (king) of Lombok. It involves taxation, needles and sacred

294:, both in their early twenties, agreed that they would jointly make a collecting trip to the Amazon "towards solving the problem of origin of species". ( 2828: 799:

Wallace sketches the natural history of the islands to the West of the Wallace line, noting that the flora is like that of India, as described by the

1545:

They are caught by a storm and lose the small boat they are towing. Wallace notes that in 78 days there was "not one single day of fair wind." (sic)

1342:

and sea-slugs for China, even though they are inhabited by "savages". He is excited despite the danger of a 1,000-mile (1600 km) voyage in a 70-ton

4078: 3118: 993:. He experiences an earthquake, but the low timber-framed houses survive with little damage. He finds that the people, under the guidance of 1556:

Wallace, pointing out that he often journeyed expressly to obtain specimens, describes the birds-of-paradise in detail, and the effects of

4300: 1193:, "a great prize" and a "striking novelty". He is a little disappointed in the range of insects and birds, but discovers new species of 712:'s predictions for the human population of the world, and the lack of any obvious restraints, the Dyak population appeared to be stable. 3358: 2245:, which contains multiple quotations from Wallace's book as well as recommending it as further reading on the geography of Indonesia. 2184:

was Conrad's favourite bedside book; Conrad refers directly to what he calls Alfred Wallace's famous book on the Malay Archipelago in

432:, into two parts, those whose animals are more closely related to those of Asia and those whose fauna is closer to that of Australia. 3769: 4466: 4461: 4436: 3441:

The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang–utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with sketches of man and nature

4370: 1763:

write a hasty and almost useless book. He is an enthusiastic naturalist, a geographer, and geologist, a student of man and nature.

60:

The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature

4451: 4441: 602:

Neocerambyx æneas, Cladognathus tarandus, Diurus furcellatus, Ectatorhinus Wallacei, Megacriodes Saundersii, Cyriopalpus Wallacei

3700: 997:, are the most hard-working, peaceful and civilised of the whole archipelago. He obtains (apparently by purchase) skulls of the 4056: 3822: 3513:

L'archipel malaisien: patrie de l'orang-outang et de l'oiseau de paradis: récits de voyage et étude de l'homme et de la nature

2686: 3677: 3651: 3629: 3275: 3211: 1149:, where he sees the comet of October 1858; it spans about 20 degrees of the night sky. They sail past the volcanic island of 491:. The book went through 10 editions, with the last published in 1890. It has been translated into at least twelve languages. 3491:

Der Malayische Archipel: die Heimath des Orang-Utan und des Paradiesvogels; Reiseerlebnisse und Studien über Land und Leute

2710: 4178: 561: 340: 3149: 2741: 2000: 376:

Fold-out coloured map at front of book, showing Wallace's travels around the archipelago. The deep water that separates

4471: 4405: 3471: 156:

which chronicles his scientific exploration, during the eight-year period 1854 to 1862, of the southern portion of the

1061:

He finds the inhabitants of Amboyna lazy, but the harbour contained the most beautiful sight, "a continuous series of

218:

The work was illustrated with engravings, based on Wallace's observations and collection, by the leading illustrators

3921: 3228: 2102:. Travelling over 14,000 miles and collecting 125,000 specimens, he also made "scrupulous notes" for the book which 1268:" to form a "little sleeping apartment". He gets 17 new (at least for the Moluccas) species of bird including a new 4247: 4068: 3463: 1069:, actiniæ, and other marine productions, of magnificent dimensions, varied forms, and brilliant colours." A large 629:

He finds an attractive old Portuguese town, and beautiful birds such as the blue-billed gaper. The flora includes

4431: 4410: 4389: 2257: 1680: 831: 4312: 4456: 4049: 3762: 1744:

and products of the archipelago, and describes Wallace as a great naturalist and a "most attractive writer".

1438: 1429: 1371:

The prau is greeted by 3 or 4 long high-beaked canoes, about 50 men naked but for shells and long plumes of

2094:, writes that the common view of Wallace "as a clever, decent cove who knew his place" as second fiddle to 3644:

The Spice Islands Voyage: The Quest for Alfred Wallace, the Man Who Shared Darwin's Discovery of Evolution

1290:. The Celebes Babirusa is, oddly, found on Bouru, which he supposes it reached partly by swimming, citing 4120: 3933: 2714: 4399: 4090: 2252:

travelled around Indonesia in the footsteps of Wallace for a two-part television programme on BBC Two,

1711: 1488: 1202: 3318: 2237:(1999), which compared the environment described by Wallace with the modern state of the archipelago. 304:

was not published until 11 years later, in 1859. It was based on Darwin's own long collecting trip on

4144: 4125: 4034: 2162: 2156: 2081: 1326:

Wallace decides to avoid the rainy season of Celebes by travelling to the Aru Islands, the source of

1190: 1167: 918: 4446: 4154: 3755: 1903: 655: 305: 666: 311:, its publication precipitated by a famous letter from Wallace, sent during the period covered by 4295: 3987: 3844: 3476:

2017, deluxe two-volume edition in slipcase with 64 colour plates published by the Folio Society.

2945: 1582: 2129:

as "Wallace's most successful work, literarily and commercially", placing it second only to his

1600: 4385: 4237: 4185: 4102: 1175: 1129: 1002: 534: 499: 227: 77: 3203: 3088: 2971: 2878: 1820: 4262: 4161: 4097: 4024: 3435: 3058: 2794: 1944:

The book's fame spread beyond the English-speaking world. R. Radau wrote a lengthy review of

1797: 1493: 1450: 1434: 1162: 724:

the mountain tops which have plants resembling those of Europe, including the royal cowslip,

331: 153: 121: 49: 633:

and giant ferns. There are tigers and rhinoceros, but the elephants had already disappeared.

4242: 4195: 3962: 3851: 3495: 3362: 1976:

Radau returns to food, describing sago and the breadfruit tree. The breadfruit tastes like

1415: 1382: 1219: 803: 8: 4290: 3795: 3742: 2855: 2218: 2195: 1413:

one of the most magnificent insects the world contains, the great bird-winged butterfly,

1339: 269:. Nearly all agreed that he had provided an interesting and comprehensive account of the 183:

The book describes each island that he visited in turn, giving a detailed account of its

3172: 1145:

He hires a small boat to go to the highly recommended island of Batchian and crosses to

372: 4319: 4227: 4190: 4173: 4061: 3810: 2286: 2150: 1737: 1706: 1215: 1194: 566: 555: 421: 291: 184: 4137: 3439: 2969: 4395: 3982: 3876: 3856: 3829: 3693: 3673: 3666: 3647: 3625: 3467: 3271: 3236: 3207: 3196: 1977: 1923: 1874: 1852: 1806: 1728: 1551: 765: 650: 530: 414: 324: 300: 266: 262: 223: 173: 157: 111: 73: 20: 2144:

influenced many works starting with those of Wallace's contemporaries. The novelist

1038:

He finds Banda delightful, with a smoking volcano and a fine view from the top. The

4269: 4217: 4202: 4007: 3901: 2652: 2186: 2172:, crediting it with among other things the inspiration for the character Stein the 1953: 1557: 1398:

On one day he captures about 30 species of butterfly, the most since he was in the

1100: 779: 760: 3709: 1286:(Musang), which he supposes has been introduced by accident as it is kept for its 691:

pitcher plants. On a mountain he finds the only place in his entire journey where

4341: 4017: 3928: 3906: 3896: 3839: 3778: 3704: 2994: 2718: 1926:, and hopes that soon there will be some "productions" of the archipelago in the 1541: 1331: 1311: 1104: 793: 441: 402: 274: 196: 188: 107: 3743:

Writings on Wallace: secondary sources, modern and from his own time, with links

396:, but as Wallace explains in the preface, he has chosen to avoid discussing the 4351: 4149: 4132: 4002: 3992: 3916: 3911: 3881: 2209:

More recently, the book has influenced a number of non-fiction books including

2095: 1802: 1070: 1019: 755: 745: 709: 538: 522: 508: 472: 457: 393: 295: 231: 81: 35: 2098:

is rather lopsided. Wallace, he writes, is "capable of great insights" in the

4425: 4334: 4329: 4257: 4222: 4207: 4085: 4073: 4012: 3891: 3661: 3459: 3291: 3026: 2749: 2214: 2177: 2145: 1927: 1891: 1792: 1720: 1335: 1291: 1283: 1270: 1033: 900:(gum) trees, a genus from Australia; he finds the vegetation monotonous also. 836: 681:

Wallace returns to Sarawak, where he stays in the circular 'head-house' of a

630: 526: 437: 219: 69: 3400: 810:. Similarly the mammals are similar to those of India, including the tiger, 596: 361:, 13,400 other insects. He also returned to England 7,500 "shells" (such as 4307: 4039: 4029: 3975: 3970: 3817: 3240: 2206:, and its influence can be felt in the story's description of that island. 2173: 2090: 2051: 2038: 2014: 1970: 1966: 1911: 1851:

Mr. Wallace is generally understood to be the originator of the theory of "

1724: 1592: 1404: 1399: 1211: 1056: 994: 956: 868: 864: 705: 682: 670: 614: 429: 385: 328: 278: 258: 2166:. Commentators have suggested it had a particularly profound influence on 1887: 4212: 3997: 3947: 3868: 3639: 3466:

Press; annotated edition (15 December 2014), trade paperback, 836 pages,

2970:

Samuelson, James; Dawson, Henry; Dallas, William Sweetland, eds. (1869).

2816: 2249: 2226: 1566: 1392: 1377: 1366: 1357: 1155: 1015: 542: 504: 484: 476: 358: 327:

in outline.) Wallace and Bates had been inspired by reading the American

235: 85: 3229:"Missing Link: Alfred Russel Wallace, Charles Darwin's neglected double" 3617: 2234: 2005: 1562: 1477: 1230: 1074: 1073:

has to be ejected from the roof-space of his house. He enjoys the true

986: 982: 896: 815: 770: 750: 659: 546: 480: 239: 177: 89: 1957:

on average one Chinese per day, especially in the ginger plantations.

1623:

Wallace mentions Huxley's theory, and Dr. Joseph Barnard Davis's book

3805: 2046:; and his unclouded observations of human society, such as the way a 1919: 1481: 1372: 1299: 1113: 687: 425: 397: 320: 270: 169: 165: 424:

and geology of the islands with particular attention to the role of

4232: 4044: 3737: 3525:, Sanktpeterburg Obščestvennaja Pol'za, St Petersburg. (in Russian) 2168: 1973:, generally killing a dozen people before meeting their own death. 1719:, or Bali and Lombok. He points out the same principle between the 1716: 1618: 1255: 1225: 1224:

He travels to Ceram, where he enjoys the company of a multilingual

1171: 998: 973: 943: 936: 927: 923: 784: 729: 381: 362: 200: 161: 3747: 3668:

The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction

1931: 1741: 1614: 1537: 1530: 1198: 1120: 1093: 1047: 978: 811: 774: 738: 646: 623: 406: 316: 212: 192: 3582:

Menjelajah Nusantara: ekspedisi Alfred Russel Wallace abad ke-19

3198:

The Heretic in Darwin's Court: the life of Alfred Russel Wallace

2922:

Murchison, Roderick (July 1869). "Wallace's Malay Archipelago".

2217:(1997), which discussed Wallace's contributions to the field of 1673: 19:

This article is about the book. For the large island group, see

3266:

Raby, Peter (2008). Charles H. Smith; George Beccaloni (eds.).

2203: 2076: 2043: 1962: 1866: 1518: 1353: 1327: 1265: 1261: 1150: 1146: 1077:, which he considers good in many dishes but best simply baked. 1066: 1039: 969: 849: 800: 639: 559:, while Robinson and Wolf both also provided illustrations for 471:

was largely written at Treeps, Wallace's wife's family home in

452: 377: 366: 354: 208: 2027:

and examine (and, very often, shoot) is wonder enough for him.

696:

to bring a verandah-shaped tent to enable them to catch moths.

411:

On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species

338:. Bates stayed in the Amazons for 11 years, going on to write 3494:, George Westermann, Braunschweig. (in German, translated by 2148:

used it as source material for some of his novels, including

2047: 1348: 1343: 1183: 1139: 1062: 889: 819: 254: 250: 3504:

Insulinde: het land van den orang-oetan en den paradijsvogel

2711:"On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of Species" 2022:

shows Wallace to be "an extraordinary figure", since he is

1467:

33 The Aru Islands—Physical Geography and Aspects of Nature

1321: 1287: 1248: 1239: 1234: 1229:

off course, his men fearing being swept on to the coast of

990: 880: 845: 718: 692: 204: 783:. He is pleased that one of his hunters brings him a male 3119:"The Malay Archipelago by Alfred Russel Wallace – review" 1043: 488: 3456:

The Annotated Malay Archipelago by Alfred Russel Wallace

1446:

31 The Aru Islands—Journey and Residence in the Interior

1491:, but is pleased with the horned deer-flies, including 1402:, including the "large and handsome spectre-butterfly, 1014:

many such species occur in one place. Similarly in the

3434: 1836: 336:

A Voyage Up the River Amazon, with a residency at Pará

199:

specimens, mostly of insects though also thousands of

2903:

Anon (March 1869). "The Malay Archipelago (Review)".

1346:

prau with a crew of 50, considering the islands the "

818:

and elephant. The bird species had diverged, but the

3047:

The review is citing Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 92.

2037:

Radford finds "delights on every page", such as the

1824:"Natives of Aru shooting the great bird of paradise" 2921: 1813: 521:The original drawings were made directly on to the 3665: 3195: 2775:. Wallace Online, National University of Singapore 16:1869 natural history book by Alfred Russel Wallace 3361:. PapuaWeb Project. 8 August 2003. Archived from 1360:near Teor, which is wrongly marked on the charts. 787:, shot at its nest hole while feeding the female. 4423: 3580: 3383: 3202:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 2676: 440:patterns he observes and their implications for 2133:(1889) among his books for academic citations. 1298:to confirm this ability. The other mammals are 600:"Remarkable Beetles Found at Simunjon, Borneo: 3660: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3386:Indonesia Etc: Exploring the Improbable Nation 2770: 743:He visits Sumatra while the coastal forest of 3763: 3722:– text, images, PDF of 1869 and 1890 editions 3585:, Remaja Rosdakarya, Bandung. (in Indonesian) 3571: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3520: 3359:"Preface to the Papuaweb illustrated edition" 3290: 3270:. Oxford University Press. pp. 227–233. 2924:Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 2905:Journal of the Ethnological Society of London 1776: 1700: 1694:Journal of the Ethnological Society of London 1675:Journal of the Ethnological Society of London 405:. This modesty belies the fact that while in 3638: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3511: 3489: 3398: 3147: 3116: 2965: 2963: 2229:(1997) that retraced Wallace's travels; and 1458:32 The Aru Islands—Second Residence in Dobbo 759:which occurs in different forms, some being 4301:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 3616: 3502: 3298:. Doubleday, Page and Company. p. 142. 3265: 3027:"Literature: Review: The Malay Archipelago" 2136: 1320:28 Macassar to the Aru Islands in a Native 1086: 3770: 3756: 3555:, Espasa-Calpe, Buenos Aires. (in Spanish) 3170: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 2853: 1282:The only carnivore in the Moluccas is the 34: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2960: 2739: 2528: 2526: 2466:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 99–100, 111. 2042:native peoples such as the hill Dyaks of 1747: 1654: 384:(Celebes) forms what became known as the 3952:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes 3576:, Tai wan shang wu, Taipei. (in Chinese) 3516:, Librairie Hachette, Paris. (in French) 3507:, P.N. van Kampen, Amsterdam. (in Dutch) 3143: 3141: 3139: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 2075: 2008:in a Sumatran Village", by E.W. Robinson 1999: 1937: 1886: 1819: 1684:"Papuan, New Guinea" was reprinted from 1679: 1581: 1574:39 Natural History of the Papuan Islands 1428: 1310: 1161: 1128: 917: 876:12 Lombock—How The Rajah Took The Census 830: 665: 595: 514:The illustrations are, according to the 498: 451: 371: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3193: 3103: 3089:"Un naturaliste dans l'Archipel Malais" 2898: 2896: 2708: 2679:"A Critic at Large, Henry Walter Bates" 2650: 2125:The researcher Charles Smith rates the 972:on the northeast coast of Celebes. The 4424: 3009: 2523: 1279:27 The Natural History of the Moluccas 1264:chair, with a mosquito net and "large 3751: 3546:, Nan'yō Kyōkai, Tokyo. (in Japanese) 3226: 3136: 3073: 2939: 2937: 2879:"Book Reviews: The Malay Archipelago" 2644: 2568:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 305–306. 2541:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 222–224. 2532:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 199–200. 2520:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 184–186. 2493:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 158–162. 2394:Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, pp. 132–136. 2385:Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, pp. 123–124. 2376:Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, pp. 117–119. 2349:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 439–464. 2231:Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia 1946:Un naturaliste dans l'Archipel Malais 1688:in the Ethnological Society's review. 1018:(he mentions the English member, the 942:Wallace finds staying in the town of 905:14 Natural History of the Timor Group 591: 3254: 3150:"Classics corner: Malay Archipelago" 3056: 3024: 2992: 2986: 2943: 2902: 2893: 2876: 2672: 2670: 1315:Papuan charm, by E. W. Robinson 913: 565:(1863), written by Wallace's friend 257:along what soon became known as the 152:is a book by the British naturalist 4179:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 3777: 3227:Rosen, Jonathen (5 February 2007). 3059:"Literature: The Malay Archipelago" 3031:Australian Town and Country Journal 2915: 2677:Shoumatoff, Alex (22 August 1988). 1845:Australian Town and Country Journal 1838:Australian Town and Country Journal 1754:One of the shortest reviews was in 1441:", drawn on wood by J. G. Keulemans 708:, expressing surprise that despite 562:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 341:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 13: 3624:. University of California Press. 3403:. British Broadcasting Corporation 3319:"Review of 'The Song of the Dodo'" 3235:. The New Yorker Feb 2007: 76–81. 2934: 2870: 2331:Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, pp. 1–30. 1965:fruit, at once recalling custard, 1880: 1174:, drawn on wood by Dutch engraver 826: 14: 4483: 3687: 2746:The Alfred Russel Wallace Website 2667: 867:of the island, and the custom of 553:. Wood also illustrated Darwin's 4369: 3726: 3610: 3567:Ma lai qun dao ke xue kao cha ji 3117:Radford, Tim (11 January 2013). 2999:American Quarterly Church Review 2995:"The Malay Archipelago (Review)" 2946:"The Malay Archipelago (Review)" 2631:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 441. 2622:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 384. 2613:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 371. 2604:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 360. 2595:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 348. 2586:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 347. 2577:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 327. 2559:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 271. 2550:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 254. 2511:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 176. 2502:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 177. 2484:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 133. 2475:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 109. 2421:Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, p. 463. 2412:Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, p. 364. 2403:Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, p. 355. 1830:American Quarterly Church Review 1815:American Quarterly Church Review 678:5 Borneo—Journey in the Interior 494: 420:The first chapter describes the 409:in 1855 Wallace wrote the paper 319:, which described the theory of 290:In 1847, Wallace and his friend 4467:Environmental non-fiction books 4462:History of evolutionary biology 4437:Evolutionary biology literature 4411:List of natural history dealers 4079:The Natural History of Selborne 3482: 3419: 3392: 3377: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3311: 3302: 3296:The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale 3284: 3220: 3187: 3164: 3050: 3041: 2847: 2821: 2817:Commons Category:E. W. Robinson 2809: 2787: 2764: 2733: 2709:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1855). 2625: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2457:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 85. 2451: 2448:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 41. 2442: 2439:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 38. 2433: 2430:Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 32. 2424: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2256:, first broadcast in 2013, the 2069: 1993: 1642: 1508:35 Voyage from Ceram to Waigiou 1439:twelve wired' birds of paradise 1306: 1026: 4452:Works by Alfred Russel Wallace 4442:English non-fiction literature 4313:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 3148:McKie, Robin (19 April 2009). 2702: 2693: 2367:Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, p. 2. 2325: 2316: 2307: 2279: 2270: 2120: 1586:"Portrait of a Javanese Chief" 860:11 Lombock—Manners And Customs 447: 1: 3388:. W. W. Norton & Company. 3175:. Western Kentucky University 3093:Revue des Deux Mondes (Paris) 2296: 2276:Bates was 22, Wallace was 24. 2198:has the title character read 1356:seen in a telescope. He sees 1010:18 Natural History of Celebes 974:people of the Minahasa region 487:including 200 new species of 3572: 3560: 3321:. Smithsonian Magazine. 1996 3173:"Wallace's Most Cited Works" 2637: 2258:centenary of Wallace's death 1637: 7: 4069:Bernard Germain de Lacépède 3736:public domain audiobook at 3566: 3552:Viaje al archipélago malayo 3536: 3521: 3401:"Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero" 3069:(The Quarter): xxiii–xxvii. 2715:Western Kentucky University 2655:. University College London 2006:Chief's House and Rice-shed 1892:The Indian Museum, Calcutta 1607: 1471:flowers are rare or absent. 1081: 577: 572: 347: 40:Title page of first edition 10: 4488: 4091:A History of British Birds 3424: 2976:The Popular Science Review 2858:. West Kentucky University 2835:. Papua Insects Foundation 2740:Beccaloni, George (2008). 2358:Wallace, 1869. pp. vii–ix. 2301: 1784:The Popular Science Review 1778:The Popular Science Review 1712:Royal Geographical Society 1701:Royal Geographical Society 1529:37 Voyage from Waigiou to 1046:, except possibly for its 835:Drawing of "Timor Men" by 796:Of The Indo-Malay Islands. 525:blocks by leading artists 505:Great Shielded Grasshopper 285: 18: 4472:English non-fiction books 4406:Natural History Societies 4378: 4367: 4283: 4274:The Royal Natural History 4126:Ornithological Dictionary 4113: 4035:Johan Christian Fabricius 3961: 3867: 3794: 3785: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3542: 3530: 3451:1890, (10 ed.) Macmillan. 3384:Elizabeth Pisani (2014). 3268:Wallace's Literary Legacy 3194:Slotten, Ross A. (2004). 2972:"The Malayan Archipelago" 2795:""The Malay Archipelago"" 2254:Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero 2157:An Outcast of the Islands 1988: 1709:, giving a speech at the 1203:racquet-tailed kingfisher 392:The book is dedicated to 137: 127: 117: 103: 95: 65: 55: 45: 33: 4252:The Naturalist's Library 4155:On the Origin of Species 3672:. Simon & Schuster. 3444:(1 ed.). Macmillan. 2263: 2223:The Spice Islands Voyage 2137:Influence on other works 2012:Tim Radford, writing in 1916:Explorations of the Nile 1595:in the Malay Archipelago 1386:, in return for tobacco. 1201:and is happy to see the 1087:The Moluccas (continued) 1001:(pig-deer) and the rare 673:crossing a bamboo bridge 334:'s pioneering 1847 book 315:while he was staying in 4386:Natural history museums 3988:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2771:van Wyne, John (2012). 1847:begins by stating that 1408:", and a few days later 4432:1869 non-fiction books 4238:William Jackson Hooker 4186:Alexander von Humboldt 4103:Philosophie zoologique 3886:Pinax theatri botanici 3698:– illustrated edition 3581: 3551: 3512: 3503: 3490: 3436:Wallace, Alfred Russel 2950:The Ladies' Repository 2883:Anthropological Review 2742:"2005-"Treeps" plaque" 2322:Wallace, 1869. p. xii. 2313:Wallace, 1869. p. xiv. 2190:. In his short story, 2114: 2085: 2067: 2035: 2009: 1894: 1862: 1825: 1770: 1756:The Ladies' Repository 1749:The Ladies' Repository 1740:, native inhabitants, 1689: 1663:Anthropological Review 1656:Anthropological Review 1587: 1442: 1427: 1316: 1191:Wallace's standardwing 1178: 1176:John Gerrard Keulemans 1168:Wallace's standardwing 1134: 931: 840: 704:Wallace describes the 674: 605: 535:John Gerrard Keulemans 511: 507:" drawn and signed by 465: 389: 228:John Gerrard Keulemans 78:John Gerrard Keulemans 29:The Malay Archipelago 4324:The Study of Instinct 4263:Kunstformen der Natur 4167:The Malay Archipelago 4162:Alfred Russel Wallace 4098:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 3733:The Malay Archipelago 3720:The Malay Archipelago 3712:The Malay Archipelago 3696:The Malay Archipelago 3399:Bailey, Bill (2013). 3025:Anon (January 1870). 2993:Anon (January 1870). 2856:"Writings on Wallace" 2248:The English comedian 2239:The Malay Archipelago 2200:The Malay Archipelago 2182:The Malay Archipelago 2176:. Conrad's assistant 2142:The Malay Archipelago 2104: 2079: 2056: 2024: 2020:The Malay Archipelago 2003: 1950:Revue des Deux Mondes 1939:Revue des Deux Mondes 1920:Hindu temples in Java 1890: 1849: 1823: 1798:Principles of Geology 1760: 1686:The Malay Archipelago 1683: 1648:The Malay Archipelago 1585: 1494:Elaphomia cervicornis 1489:René Primevère Lesson 1451:king bird-of-paradise 1432: 1416:Ornithoptera poseidon 1411: 1314: 1296:Principles of Geology 1165: 1132: 921: 834: 669: 599: 551:List of Illustrations 502: 469:The Malay Archipelago 462:The Malay Archipelago 455: 375: 359:butterflies and moths 332:William Henry Edwards 313:The Malay Archipelago 246:The Malay Archipelago 154:Alfred Russel Wallace 149:The Malay Archipelago 50:Alfred Russel Wallace 4457:British travel books 4243:Joseph Dalton Hooker 4196:The Birds of America 3703:18 June 2013 at the 3522:Malajskij archipelag 3496:Adolf Bernhard Meyer 2653:"Henry Walter Bates" 2211:The Song of the Dodo 2202:while travelling to 1383:Cyphogastra calepyga 926:(pig-deer) from the 804:Joseph Dalton Hooker 732:to one mountain top. 583:1 Physical Geography 365:), 8,050 birds, 310 176:, and the island of 172:, then known as the 4291:Martinus Beijerinck 3834:De Natura Animalium 2944:Anon (March 1869). 2773:"Malay Archipelago" 2219:island biogeography 2196:W. Somerset Maugham 1625:Thesaurus Craniorum 1395:—Residence in Dobbo 1340:edible birds' nests 1166:Male and female of 951:16 Celebes—Macassar 930:, by E. W. Robinson 839:, from a photograph 775:dead leaf butterfly 549:, according to the 464:was largely written 56:Original title 30: 4396:Parson-naturalists 4228:Philip Henry Gosse 4191:John James Audubon 4174:Henry Walter Bates 4062:Histoire Naturelle 4050:Historia Plantarum 3938:Avium Praecipuarum 3922:Historia animalium 3823:Historia Plantarum 3811:History of Animals 3710:Internet Archive: 3694:Papua WebProject: 2752:on 23 January 2019 2287:adaptive radiation 2086: 2010: 1895: 1826: 1738:physical geography 1707:Roderick Murchison 1690: 1588: 1443: 1317: 1179: 1135: 1133:"Moluccan Beetles" 932: 841: 751:traditional houses 726:Primula imperialis 701:6 Borneo—The Dyaks 675: 662:in the same place. 606: 592:Indo-Malay Islands 567:Henry Walter Bates 556:The Descent of Man 512: 466: 460:, the house where 422:physical geography 390: 369:and 100 reptiles. 292:Henry Walter Bates 28: 4419: 4418: 4365: 4364: 3983:Marcello Malpighi 3877:Ulisse Aldrovandi 3857:De Materia Medica 3679:978-0-68482-712-4 3653:978-0-78670-721-8 3646:. Little, Brown. 3631:978-0-52021-576-4 3365:on 30 August 2007 3277:978-0-19-923916-0 3213:978-0-231-13010-3 3087:Radau, R (1869). 2831:Cocytia durvillii 2689:on 6 August 2015. 2127:Malay Archipelago 2100:Malay Archipelago 2018:, considers that 1978:Yorkshire pudding 1875:birds of paradise 1853:Natural Selection 1807:Origin of Species 1789:Malay Archipelago 1758:, which found it 1729:uniformitarianism 1552:Birds of Paradise 1292:Sir Charles Lyell 1220:Matabello Islands 1138:23 Voyage to the 1005:(midget buffalo). 965:17 Celebes—Menado 914:The Celebes Group 780:Kallima paralekta 769:. He admires the 587:isles and islets. 531:Walter Hood Fitch 415:natural selection 325:natural selection 301:Origin of Species 267:uniformitarianism 263:natural selection 224:Walter Hood Fitch 174:Dutch East Indies 168:, the islands of 158:Malay Archipelago 145: 144: 74:Walter Hood Fitch 21:Malay Archipelago 4479: 4373: 4346:The Dancing Bees 4270:Richard Lydekker 4218:Jean-Henri Fabre 4203:William Buckland 4008:Regnier de Graaf 3902:Andrea Cesalpino 3792: 3791: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3730: 3729: 3718:Wallace Online: 3683: 3671: 3657: 3635: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3493: 3448:1872, Macmillan. 3445: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3263: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3201: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3171:Smith, Charles. 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3145: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3114: 3101: 3100: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3022: 3007: 3006: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2854:Smith, Charles. 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2748:. Archived from 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2721:on 28 April 2007 2717:. Archived from 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2685:. Archived from 2674: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2648: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2187:The Secret Agent 2112: 2088:Robin McKie, in 2065: 2054:, where Wallace 2033: 1860: 1768: 1727:'s principle of 1558:sexual selection 1538:earthquake waves 1449:He is brought a 1425: 1405:Hestia durvillei 1338:for Europe, and 954:He catches some 773:of a species of 649:, and finds the 626:and Mount Ophir. 483:), and over 900 129:Publication date 38: 31: 27: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4447:1869 in science 4422: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4374: 4361: 4342:Karl von Frisch 4279: 4248:William Jardine 4138:Le Règne Animal 4109: 4057:Comte de Buffon 4018:Systema Naturae 3957: 3929:Frederik Ruysch 3907:Valerius Cordus 3897:Hieronymus Bock 3863: 3845:Natural History 3840:Pliny the Elder 3797: 3787: 3781: 3779:Natural history 3776: 3727: 3705:Wayback Machine 3690: 3680: 3654: 3632: 3613: 3485: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3397: 3393: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3264: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3146: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3115: 3104: 3085: 3074: 3063:Calcutta Review 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3023: 3010: 2991: 2987: 2968: 2961: 2942: 2935: 2920: 2916: 2901: 2894: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2675: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2151:Almayer's Folly 2139: 2123: 2113: 2110: 2074: 2066: 2063: 2034: 2031: 1998: 1991: 1942: 1910:(1865) and Sir 1899:Calcutta Review 1885: 1882:Calcutta Review 1861: 1859: 1841: 1818: 1781: 1769: 1767: 1752: 1703: 1678: 1659: 1645: 1640: 1610: 1542:William Dampier 1426: 1423: 1332:mother-of-pearl 1309: 1089: 1084: 1029: 968:Wallace visits 916: 829: 827:The Timor Group 794:Natural History 761:Batesian mimics 642:—The Orang-Utan 594: 580: 575: 497: 450: 442:natural history 403:natural history 350: 298:'s book on the 288: 275:natural history 197:natural history 189:human geography 138:Media type 130: 108:Natural history 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4393: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4352:Ronald Lockley 4349: 4339: 4327: 4320:Niko Tinbergen 4317: 4305: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4267: 4255: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4188: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4150:Charles Darwin 4147: 4142: 4133:Georges Cuvier 4130: 4121:George Montagu 4117: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4010: 4005: 4003:Jan Swammerdam 4000: 3995: 3993:William Derham 3990: 3985: 3980: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3934:William Turner 3931: 3926: 3917:Conrad Gessner 3914: 3912:Leonhart Fuchs 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3882:Gaspard Bauhin 3879: 3873: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3827: 3815: 3802: 3800: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3724: 3715: 3707: 3689: 3688:External links 3686: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3662:Quammen, David 3658: 3652: 3636: 3630: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3586: 3577: 3556: 3547: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3472:978-9971698201 3452: 3449: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3391: 3376: 3350: 3341: 3339:Severin, 1997. 3332: 3310: 3308:Quammen, 1997. 3301: 3283: 3276: 3253: 3219: 3212: 3186: 3163: 3152:. The Observer 3135: 3102: 3072: 3049: 3040: 3008: 2985: 2959: 2933: 2914: 2892: 2869: 2846: 2820: 2808: 2786: 2763: 2732: 2701: 2699:Edwards, 1847. 2692: 2666: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2340:Wallace, 1869. 2333: 2324: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2278: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2138: 2135: 2122: 2119: 2108: 2096:Charles Darwin 2073: 2068: 2061: 2050:man in Lombok 2029: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1948:in the French 1941: 1936: 1884: 1879: 1857: 1840: 1835: 1817: 1812: 1780: 1775: 1765: 1751: 1746: 1702: 1699: 1677: 1672: 1658: 1653: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1596: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1554: 1547: 1546: 1533: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1484: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1421: 1410: 1409: 1396: 1388: 1387: 1369: 1362: 1361: 1324: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1251: 1244: 1243: 1222: 1207: 1206: 1186: 1160: 1159: 1143: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1109: 1108: 1096: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1059: 1052: 1051: 1036: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020:purple emperor 1011: 1007: 1006: 966: 962: 961: 952: 948: 947: 940: 915: 912: 911: 910: 906: 902: 901: 892: 885: 884: 877: 873: 872: 861: 857: 856: 852: 828: 825: 824: 823: 797: 789: 788: 756:Papilio memnon 741: 734: 733: 721: 714: 713: 710:Thomas Malthus 702: 698: 697: 679: 664: 663: 643: 635: 634: 631:pitcher plants 627: 619: 618: 610: 593: 590: 589: 588: 584: 579: 576: 574: 571: 539:E. W. Robinson 523:wood engraving 509:E. W. Robinson 496: 493: 473:Hurstpierpoint 458:Hurstpierpoint 449: 446: 394:Charles Darwin 349: 346: 296:Charles Darwin 287: 284: 232:E. W. Robinson 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 105: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 82:E. W. Robinson 67: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 47: 43: 42: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4484: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335:On Aggression 4331: 4330:Konrad Lorenz 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4296:Abbott Thayer 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4258:Ernst Haeckel 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4223:Louis Agassiz 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4208:Charles Lyell 4206: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145:William Smith 4143: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4086:Thomas Bewick 4084: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4074:Gilbert White 4072: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025:Georg Steller 4023: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4013:Carl Linnaeus 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3963:Enlightenment 3960: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3892:Otto Brunfels 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3681: 3675: 3670: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3611:Other authors 3587: 3583: 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The Malay Archipelago

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