New Guinea - Knowledge

2461: 2204: 1317: 2212: 875: 1894: 2142:, adapted to high population densities, very high rainfalls (as high as 10,000 mm per year (400 in/yr)), earthquakes, hilly land, and occasional frost. Complex mulches, crop rotations and tillages are used in rotation on terraces with complex irrigation systems. Western agronomists still do not understand all of the practices, and it has been noted that native gardeners are as, or even more, successful than most scientific farmers in raising certain crops. There is evidence that New Guinea gardeners invented crop rotation well before western Europeans. A unique feature of New Guinea permaculture is the 1890:; 195 of the mammal species (69%) are endemic. New Guinea has 578 species of breeding birds, of which 324 species are endemic. The island's frogs are one of the most poorly known vertebrate groups, totalling 282 species, but this number is expected to double or even triple when all species have been documented. New Guinea has a rich diversity of coral life and 1,200 species of fish have been found. Also about 600 species of reef-building coral—the latter equal to 75 percent of the world's known total. The entire coral area covers 18 million hectares off a peninsula in northwest New Guinea. 832: 539: 1029: 1215: 1790: 1996: 1602: 69: 2345: 2480: 3382:"Melanesia, the ethnogeographic region that includes New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, contains some of the most remote and inaccessible populations on earth." Highly divergent molecular variants of human T-lymphotropic virus type I from isolated populations in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, A Gessian, R Yanagihara, G Franchini, R M Garruto, C L Jenkins, A B Ajdukiewicz, R C Gallo, and D C Gajdusek, PNAS September 1, 1991 vol. 88 no. 17 7694–7698 2116: 1651: 1039: 864: 2457:, were the last society of its size to make first contact with the rest of the world. A 1930 expedition led by the prospector Michael Lehay also encountered an indigenous group in the highlands. The inhabitants, believing themselves to be the only people in the world and, having never seen Europeans before, initially believed the explorers to be spirits of the dead due to the local belief that a person's skin turned white when they died and crossed into the land of the dead. 2127:, from whom the Papuan people are probably descended, adapted to the range of ecologies and, in time, developed one of the earliest known agricultures. Remains of this agricultural system, in the form of ancient irrigation systems in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, are being studied by archaeologists. Research indicates that the highlands were an early and independent center of agriculture, with evidence of irrigation going back at least 10,000 years. 6942: 6930: 6954: 6738: 1309: 1687: 971: 78: 2545: 2495:. The Netherlands were defeated by that stage and did not put up a fight, and the western section was not of any strategic value to either side, so they did not battle there. The Japanese invaded the north shore of the Australia territories and were aiming to move south and take the southern shore too. The highlands, northern and eastern parts of the island became key battlefields in the 2613: 1802: 1754:

of 2019, the Indonesian portion of New Guinea and the Maluku Islands is estimated to have 9,518 species of vascular plants, of which 4,380 are endemic. In 2020, an international study conducted by a team of 99 experts cataloged 13,634 species representing 1,742 genera and 264 families of vascular plants for New Guinea and its associated islands (

3833:"The team also dated features consistent with the planting, digging, and tethering of plants and localized drainage systems to 10,000 years ago. Mounds constructed to plant water-intolerant plants such as bananas, sugarcane, and yams are dated to about 6,500 years ago." "Was Papua New Guinea an Early Agriculture Pioneer?" By John Roach, for 2644:, plans for a third province on western New Guinea were blocked by the courts. Critics argue that the Indonesian government has been reluctant to establish or issue various government implementing regulations so that the legal provisions of special autonomy could be put into practice, and as a result special autonomy in Papua has "failed". 1746:, and thousands are still unknown to science: probably well over 200,000 species of insect, between 11,000 and 20,000 plant species, and over 650 resident bird species. Most of these species are shared, at least in their origin, with the continent of Australia, which was until fairly recent geological times part of the same landmass (see 1709:, with settlements also on the coastal fringes of the main island in places. Human habitation of New Guinea over tens of thousands of years has led to a great deal of diversity, which was further increased by the later arrival of the Austronesians and the more recent history of European and Asian settlement through events like 1647:: separate housing for groups of adult men, away from the single-family houses of women and children. Pig-based trade between groups and pig-based feasts form a common tradition with the other peoples of southeast Asia and Oceania. Most Papuan societies practice agriculture, supplemented by hunting and gathering. 3124:

The authors note that "The magnitude of the recession of the Carstensz Glaciers, its causes, and its implications for local, regional, and global climate change are only qualitatively known. The recession of the Carstensz Glaciers from ~11 km in 1942 to 2.4 km by 2000 represents about an 80% decrease

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In the period from 1998 to 2008, conservationists identified 1,060 new species in New Guinea, including 218 plants, 43 reptiles, 12 mammals, 580 invertebrates, 134 amphibians, 2 birds and 71 fish. Between 2011 and 2017, researchers described 465 previously undocumented plant species in New Guinea. As

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The current population of the island of New Guinea is about fifteen million. Archaeological evidence indicates that humans may have inhabited the island continuously since 50,000 BCE, and first settlement possibly dating back to 60,000 years ago has been proposed. The island is presently populated by

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is born near the eastern branches of the Digul. It is named after one of the ships of the English Royal Fleet, which first sailed into the mouth of the river in 1845. The total length of the river is 1,050 km. Smaller boats can sail 900 km on the river. The estuary section, which decomposes

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From 1971, the name Papua New Guinea was used for the Australian territory. On 16 September 1975, Australia granted full independence to Papua New Guinea. In 2000, Irian Jaya was formally renamed "The Province of Papua" and a Law on Special Autonomy was passed in 2001. The Law established a

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Another major habitat feature is the vast southern and northern lowlands. Stretching for hundreds of kilometres, these include lowland rainforests, extensive wetlands, savanna grasslands, and some of the largest expanses of mangrove forest in the world. The southern lowlands are the site of

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an administrative and trading post established near Lobo, Triton Bay, but by 1835 had been abandoned. Considering that New Guinea had little economic value for them, the Dutch promoted Tidore as suzerain of Papua. By 1849, Tidore's borders had been extended to the proximity of the current

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form a single delta complex. The rivers of the island are extremely rich in water due to the annual rainfall of 2,000–10,000 mm. According to a modest calculation, the New Guinea River carries about 1,500 km/a (48,000 m/s) of water into the sea. Fly alone carries more water

2265:. In a period of constant conflict called 'hongi wars', in which rival villages or kingdoms would invoke the name of Tidore Sultan, rightly, for punitive expeditions for not fulfilling their tributary obligations, or opportunitively for competitions over resources and prestige. 2175:, colonising many of the islands on the way. The Austronesian people had technology and skills extremely well adapted to ocean voyaging and Austronesian language speaking people are present along much of the coastal areas and islands of New Guinea. They also introduced pigs and 2444:

Before about 1930, European maps showed the highlands as uninhabited forests. When first flown over by aircraft, numerous settlements with agricultural terraces and stockades were observed. The most startling discovery took place on 4 August 1938, when

1025:. Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges. Except in high elevations, most areas possess a warm humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with the northeast monsoon season. 1658:

Current evidence indicates that the Papuans (who constitute the majority of the island's peoples) are descended from the earliest human inhabitants of New Guinea. These original inhabitants first arrived in New Guinea at a time around the

2269:, one of the most famous Tidore sultans who rebelled against Dutch colonization, called himself "Sultan of Tidore and Papua", during his revolt in 1780s. He commanded loyalty from both Moluccan and Papuan chiefs, especially those of 1148:

from the east. These rivers meander through swamps with huge internal descents and then merge. The Mamberamo thus formed reaches the ocean by breaking through the Coastal Mountains. Mamberamo River is navigable to Marine Falls. The

1005:, dominates the geography of New Guinea, stretching over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) across the island, with many mountains over 4,000 m (13,100 ft). The western half of the island contains the highest mountains in 1248:

New Guinea is differentiated from its drier, flatter, and less fertile southern counterpart, Australia, by its much higher rainfall and its active volcanic geology. Yet the two land masses share a similar animal fauna, with

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Cámara-Leret, Rodrigo; Frodin, David G.; Adema, Frits; Anderson, Christiane; Appelhans, Marc S.; Argent, George; Arias Guerrero, Susana; Ashton, Peter; Baker, William J.; Barfod, Anders S.; Barrington, David (August 2020).

2523:, fighting alongside Australian troops, and carrying equipment and injured men across New Guinea. Approximately 216,000 Japanese, Australian and U.S. soldiers, sailors and airmen died during the New Guinea Campaign. 5722: 1188:, which rise to an altitude of 4,700 m. The coastal plain is bordered by a swamp world hundreds of kilometers wide. Digul is the main transport route to the fertile hills and mountains within the island. The river 644:, meaning "frizzly-haired", referring to the very curly hair of the island's inhabitants. However Sollewijn Gelpke in 1993 considered this unlikely as it had been used earlier, and he instead derived it from the 1742:, containing between 5 and 10 percent of the total species on the planet. This percentage is about the same amount as that found in the United States or Australia. A high percentage of New Guinea's species are 2628:(MRP) with representatives of the different indigenous cultures of Papua. The MRP was empowered to protect the rights of Papuans, raise the status of women in Papua, and to ease religious tensions in Papua; 3448: 5868: 2042: 2261:, claimed sovereignty over various coastal parts of the island. During Tidore's rule, the main exports of the island during this period were resins, spices, slaves and the highly priced feathers of the 5833: 2593:

There has been significant reported resistance to Indonesian integration and occupation, both through civil disobedience (such as publicly raising the Morning Star flag) and via the formation of the

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As of 2020, the Western portion of New Guinea, Papua and West Papua, accounts for 54% of the island's primary forest and about 51% of the island's total tree cover, according to satellite data.

2914: 2341:, which he claimed for Spain in July 1606. On 18 October, his expedition reached the western part of the island in present-day Indonesia, and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain. 1230:

as Australia. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level), and combined with lands now inundated into the tectonic continent of

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is a 650 km long river. Its lower section is navigable, but its upper flow is high-falling, fast-flowing. The energy of the river is used by a power plant near the city of

6147: 5863: 5823: 5838: 2625: 1954: 2313:, near which he landed on 20 June, naming the island 'Nueva Guinea'. The first known map of the island was made by F. Hoeiu in 1600 and shows it as 'Nova Guinea'. In 1606, 1197:, a tributary of the Fly, reaches the Papuan Plain through wild gorges. Fly and Strickland together form the largest river in New Guinea. The many rivers flowing into the 6500: 2601:

has estimated more than 100,000 Papuans, one-sixth of the population, have died as a result of government-sponsored violence against West Papuans. Reports published by

2277:. Following Tidore's subjugation as Dutch tributary, much of the territory it claimed in western part of New Guinea came under Dutch rule as part of Dutch East Indies. 1823:

realm, although New Guinea's flora has many more affinities with Asia than its fauna, which is overwhelmingly Australian. Botanically, New Guinea is considered part of

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almost a thousand different tribal groups and a near-equivalent number of separate languages, which makes New Guinea the most linguistically diverse area in the world.

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Following the return to civil administration after World War II, the Australian section was known as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea from 1945 to 1949 and then as

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The first Dutch government posts were established in 1898 and in 1902: Manokwari on the north coast, Fak-Fak in the west and Merauke in the south at the border with

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Prentice, M.L. and G.S. Hope (2006). "Climate of Papua". Ch. 2.3 in Marshall, A.J., and Beehler, B.M. (eds.). The Ecology of Papua. Singapore: Periplus Editions.

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The ancestral Austronesian peoples are believed to have arrived considerably later, approximately 3,500 years ago, as part of a gradual seafaring migration from

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During the 1950s, the Dutch government began to prepare Netherlands New Guinea for full independence and allowed elections in 1959; the partial elected

4268: 1701:, possibly originating in Taiwan. Austronesian-speaking peoples colonized many of the offshore islands to the north and east of New Guinea, such as 4074: 2460: 5477: 4557: 4078: 3330:

Allen, Jim; Gosden, Chris; Jones, Rhys; White, J. Peter (1988). "Pleistocene dates for the human occupation of New Ireland, northern Melanesia".

3240: 3045: 2326: 1234:, also known as Greater Australia. The two landmasses became separated when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the end of the 6384: 3136: 2422:

In 1905, the British government transferred some administrative responsibility over southeast New Guinea to Australia (which renamed the area "

2415:. The German, Dutch and British colonial administrators each attempted to suppress the still-widespread practices of inter-village warfare and 2441:. The territories under Australian administration became collectively known as The Territories of Papua and New Guinea (until February 1942). 3180: 2285:

The first known European contact with New Guinea was by Portuguese and Spanish sailors in the 16th century. In 1526–27, Portuguese explorer

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was used to refer to parts of the island before contact with the West. Its etymology is unclear; one theory states that it derived from

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With some 786,000 km of tropical land—less than one-half of one percent (0.5%) of the Earth's surface—New Guinea has an immense

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Jackson, Michael. Minima ethnographica: Intersubjectivity and the anthropological project. University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 110

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Jackson, Michael. Minima ethnographica: Intersubjectivity and the anthropological project. University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 109

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Nagara Krtagama : Criticism on Desawarnana or Nagarakrtagama, an Old Javanese literature on the golden era of Majapahit Kingdom

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Summerhayes, Glenn R.; Leavesley, Matthew; Fairbairn, Andrew; Mandui, Herman; Field, Judith; Ford, Anne; Fullagar, Richard (2010).

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scheme=AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent; corporateName=State Library of New South Wales; address=1 Shakespeare Place, Sydney (7 June 2016).

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for an overview). The island is so large that it is considered 'nearly a continent' in terms of its biological distinctiveness.

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to the estuary, making it the longest river in New Guinea. The winding, muddy, sluggish river can be navigated for 500 km.

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of the Baliem River, which had 50,000 yet-undiscovered Stone Age farmers living in orderly villages. The people, known as the

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Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogeneses of people in Indonesian archipelago:proceedings of the international symposium

3425: 1944: 1939: 1763: 1559: 1551: 783:"placed higher-nation") means "rising spirit" or "to rise". The name was promoted in 1945 by Marcus Kaisiepo, brother of 262: 1839:

species with origins in Asia, together with typically Australasian flora. Typical Southern Hemisphere flora include the

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in Indonesian; also known as the Doberai Peninsula), and the Bird's Tail Peninsula in the southeast (also known as the

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during his maritime expedition of 1545 due to the resemblance of the indigenous peoples of the island to those in the

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A successive European claim occurred in 1828, when the Netherlands formally claimed the western half of the island as

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9. Forgotten Genocide in Indonesia: Mass Violence, Resource Exploitation and Struggle for Independence in West Papua

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on the eastern side. The more extensive southern lowlands are drained by a larger number of rivers, principally the

7004: 6862: 6535: 6399: 5367: 4967: 4940: 4672: 4358: 2636:' enforcement of the Law on Special Autonomy blocked further creation of subdivisions of Papua: although President 1979: 1964: 1416: 1316: 1153:

is a much more important river. Similarly, it collects water from a spacious pool. It is 1,100 kilometers from the

6989: 6817: 6257: 6066: 4887: 3625: 2124: 387: 4379: 4113: 3576: 6984: 5800: 5757: 5638: 5029: 4688: 3770:"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Biogeographic Units for Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation" 3274: 1716:

Large areas of New Guinea are yet to be explored by scientists and anthropologists. The Indonesian province of

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Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia

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for the Pleistocene continent. Then, at a 1975 conference and consequent publication, they extended the name

925: 874: 475:. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The island's name was given by Spanish explorer 4864: 6505: 6490: 6462: 6419: 5903: 5522: 5075: 2037: 2179:. These Austronesian migrants are considered the ancestors of most people in insular Southeast Asia, from 6581: 6429: 6349: 5858: 5687: 5618: 5578: 5442: 5039: 5014: 4665: 2101: 1499: 1426: 5019: 2223:

The western part of the island was in contact with kingdoms in other parts of modern-day Indonesia. The

982:(indigenous to the island), and this results in the usual names for the two extremes of the island: the 737:

Province. The name Irian was suggested during a tribal committee meeting in Tobati, Jayapura, formed by

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Netherlands New Guinea and the Australian territories (the eastern half ) were invaded in 1942 by the

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The continent of Sahul before the rising ocean sundered Australia and New Guinea after the last ice age

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In more recent millennia, another wave of people arrived on the shores of New Guinea. These were the

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Lidicker, W. Z. Jr. (1968). "A Phylogeny of New Guinea Rodent Genera Based on Phallic Morphology".

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into islands, is 70 km wide. The tide of the sea can have an effect of up to 300 kilometers.

6653: 6622: 6409: 6312: 5913: 5717: 5362: 5115: 3167: 2755: 2590:, in which the military hand picked Papuan tribal elders to vote for integration with Indonesia. 2508: 2431: 2266: 2230: 2172: 1832: 1487: 1406: 1378: 1269:. Other than bats and some two dozen indigenous rodent genera, there are no pre-human indigenous 444: 162: 32: 4721: 2306: 1628:, total 1073 languages, with 12 languages overlapping. They can be divided into two groups, the 670: 476: 6792: 6638: 6565: 6342: 6168: 5968: 5923: 5680: 5472: 5435: 5064: 4987: 4859: 4583: 2520: 2504: 2365: 2176: 1710: 1629: 1274: 936: 905: 856: 468: 143: 3983: 2863: 741:

under governor JP van Eechoed, to decide on a new name because of the negative association of

704:. They later used this name only to refer to islands off the north coast of Papua proper, the 6797: 6714: 6379: 6307: 6101: 5782: 5703: 5487: 5288: 5135: 5059: 5054: 4933: 4773: 4385: 4313: 3895: 3206: 2688: 2647:

In 2022, the Indonesian Government split Papuan Province into four provinces. In addition to

2637: 2606: 2598: 2516: 1927: 1767: 1717: 1668: 1334: 1052: 956: 519: 229: 5195: 4756: 4247: 2314: 1292:, which are not on the same continental shelf. In the early 1970s, they introduced the term 1082:, lies near the Digul estuary, separated by a strait so narrow it has been named a "creek". 1017:

is around 4,000 m (13,100 ft) elevation, and the tallest peaks contain equatorial

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Anthropology Professor Glenn Summerhayes, University of Otago, New Zealand. September 2010

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have put the number of killed Papuans since the start of the conflict at roughly 500,000.

831: 677:, due to the resemblance between the indigenous peoples of the island and Africans of the 8: 6974: 6852: 6822: 6540: 6444: 6365: 5953: 5772: 5762: 5668: 5608: 5532: 5069: 4962: 4328:"For Indonesia's restive Papua region, will Biden's human rights focus bring any change?" 2512: 2474: 2405: 1836: 1755: 1733: 1721: 1390: 1235: 1059: 917: 913: 796: 767:

which means heated process as a metaphor for a land that is entering a new era. In Serui

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Spalding, Mark D.; Fox, Helen E.; Allen, Gerald R.; Davidson, Nick; et al. (2007).

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were given for the implementation of the Law as much as $ 266 million in 2004. The

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annexed south-eastern New Guinea. However, the Queensland government's superiors in the

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system passes through New Guinea as a vast watershed. The northern rivers flow into the

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Ballard, Chris (1993). "Stimulating minds to fantasy? A critical etymology for Sahul".

2958: 2676: 2616: 2587: 2583: 2576:, until 1 May 1963, when Indonesia took control. The territory was renamed West Irian ( 2553: 2423: 2412: 2246: 2238: 2148: 2016: 1816: 1663:(c. 21,000 years ago) when the island was connected to the Australian continent via a 1625: 1525: 1495: 1440: 1386: 1094: 1079: 932: 889: 725:

was used in the Indonesian language to refer to the island and Indonesian province, as

686: 655: 582: 491: 456: 408: 337: 24: 6086: 4558:"Papua New Guinea massacre of women and children highlights poor policing, gun influx" 3271:

Sahul in review: Pleistocene archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia

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Sunda and Sahul: Prehistorical studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia

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The revolt of Prince Nuku: cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810

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Facsimile of material from "The Discovery of New Guinea" by George Collingridge

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and animosity between the neighboring tribes are still present in New Guinea.

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revoked the claim, and (formally) assumed direct responsibility in 1884, when

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tree, suited to use for timber and fuel, with root nodules that fix nitrogen.

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Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the last 13,000 Years

4578: 4462:"West Papuan women left isolated and beset by violence under Indonesian rule" 4430: 4139: 3710: 3003: 2664: 2641: 2450: 2397: 2353: 2322: 2216: 2153: 2089: 1609: 1565: 1547: 1539: 1513: 1446: 1352: 1198: 1133: 1125: 1086: 944: 897: 788: 756: 645: 621:(negation), which means "not united", i.e. an outlying possession of Tidore. 503: 460: 452: 292: 287: 282: 213: 123: 110: 4309: 4269:"The West Papuan Warriors Are A Rugby League Team Trying To Stop A Genocide" 4114:"SEJARAH RAT SRAN RAJA KOMISI KAIMANA (History of Rat Sran King of Kaimana)" 3547: 2831: 2556:

took office on 5 April 1961. The Council decided on the name of West Papua (

2479: 2160:

show that it was adopted during an ancient period of extreme deforestation.

6802: 6787: 6704: 6694: 6242: 5283: 5278: 5190: 4839: 4768: 4726: 4703: 4466: 4130: 3718: 3555: 2629: 2500: 2143: 2139: 2076: 1812: 1739: 1650: 1521: 1398: 1177: 1173: 1141: 1136:. On the north side, the largest rivers are the Mamberamo, Sepik and Ramu. 1032: 863: 792: 523: 355: 312: 28: 3361: 1671:. These peoples had made the (shortened) sea-crossing from the islands of 6887: 6872: 6857: 6842: 6322: 6262: 6237: 5943: 5387: 5238: 4763: 4639: 4617:

Scientists hail discovery of hundreds of new species in remote New Guinea

4038:

Collingridge, George The discovery of Australia, Sidney, 1895, pp.186–187

3046:"Mengenal Corinus Krey, Pejuang Pembebasan Papua dan Pencetus Nama Irian" 2769: 2656: 2454: 2427: 2416: 2369: 2349: 2344: 2115: 2081: 2071: 1783: 1706: 1664: 1605: 1456: 1370: 1289: 1281: 1270: 1231: 1181: 1169: 1150: 1129: 1043: 1038: 1010: 952: 893: 840: 760: 511: 395: 221: 183: 5218: 4793: 1482:, which has been an independent country since 1975. It was formerly the 708:

or Biak Island. When the Dutch colonized the main island as part of the

447:, with an area of 785,753 km (303,381 sq mi). Located in 6777: 6178: 5044: 4798: 3508: 2865:

Between the tides: a fascinating journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea

2832:"West Papua – promoting human rights, peace and democracy in Indonesia" 2430:, Australian forces seized German New Guinea, which in 1920 became the 2389: 2270: 2207:

Group of natives at Mairy Pass. Mainland of British New Guinea in 1885.

2157: 1999: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1844: 1820: 1771: 1770:), making it the world's most floristically diverse island, surpassing 1617: 1577: 1300:

from its previous use for just the Sahul Shelf to cover the continent.

1158: 1114: 979: 848: 486:

The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the nation of

332: 277: 4783: 3756:

Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.

3754:

Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002).

3477:"Australia has the oldest, most highly weathered soils on the planet." 2219:, photographed during the third South New Guinea expedition in 1912–13 904:

to the east. Sometimes considered to be the easternmost island of the

749:, the committee leader, suggested the name from Mansren Koreri myths, 6292: 6153:

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

6015: 5263: 5009: 4829: 4363: 4091:

Translation of Torres' report to the king in Collingridge, G. (1895)

3353: 2692: 2602: 2318: 2302: 2234: 2128: 1862: 1850: 1676: 1420: 1410: 1394: 1262: 1250: 1242: 1203: 1189: 1075: 1014: 901: 868: 852: 844: 799: 495: 448: 416: 197: 147: 6837: 3819: 3802: 3786: 3769: 3500: 1273:. Pigs, several additional species of rats, and the ancestor of the 6782: 6772: 6762: 6689: 6317: 6277: 6096: 5125: 5096: 4999: 4948: 4813: 4741: 4273: 3521: 3237:"Big Bank Shoals of the Timor Sea: An environmental resource atlas" 2652: 2548:

Map of New Guinea, with place names as used in English in the 1940s

2192: 1672: 1430: 1308: 1162: 1110: 1098: 682: 574: 527: 239: 4808: 1686: 1085:

New Guinea contains many of the world's ecosystem types: glacial,

6953: 6767: 6737: 6663: 6282: 6247: 6197: 6188: 5313: 5248: 5150: 5083: 4778: 4347:

Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia – University of Sydney

3626:"Conservationists discover more than 1,000 species in New Guinea" 2568:

to complement those of the Netherlands. On 1 October 1962, after

2180: 1856: 1840: 1824: 1806: 1581: 1266: 1254: 1102: 1090: 1018: 1006: 970: 909: 836: 820: 96: 77: 4325: 4310:

Autonomy isn't independence; Indonesian democracy stops in Papua

2969: 6847: 6668: 6648: 6212: 5308: 5258: 4803: 4697:

List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania

4160:

Swadling, Pamela; Wagner, Roy; Laba, Billai (1 December 2019).

3675: 2684: 2640:

was able to create a separate West Papua province in 2003 as a

2298: 2254: 2242: 2188: 2168: 1883: 1775: 1470: 1056: 763:, meaning "hot land" (referring to the climate), but also from 689:, ultimately meaning "land of the blacks" or similar meanings. 6148:

Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium

4645: 3239:. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 2001. Archived from 1013:, reaching an elevation of 4,884 m (16,023 ft). The 811:

was used somewhat in 1972. The name was used until 2001, when

6882: 6709: 6267: 6222: 5202: 5185: 5170: 4788: 4502:"Division of Papua province to promote development: ministry" 3437:"Well, Australia has by far the world's least fertile soils". 3073:"Frans Kaisiepo dan 'Ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland'" 2836: 2572:

and negotiations, the Dutch handed over the territory to the

2544: 1955:

Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests

1071: 1067: 472: 2612: 1393:(except for a small section of territory to the east of the 6699: 5273: 5253: 5243: 5223: 5180: 5145: 5130: 4834: 4746: 4731: 4621: 2274: 2184: 1779: 807:("Join the Republic of Indonesia Oppose the Netherlands"). 639: 633: 606: 4153: 2582:) and then Irian Jaya. In 1969, Indonesia, under the 1962 1801: 775:"land-nation") means "pillar of nation", while in Merauke 467:, and were united during episodes of low sea level in the 4906: 2309:

sailed along the north coast of New Guinea as far as the

1887: 1632:, and all the others placed in the catch-all category of 1180:. The largest river in the western part of the island is 1140:

was born from the confluence of two large inland rivers.

815:

was again used for the island and the province. The name

4095:

p.229-237. Golden Press Edition 1983, Gladesville, NSW.

3800: 2400:

claimed north-eastern New Guinea as the protectorate of

963:. The eastern half forms the mainland of the country of 3859:. Plant Cultures (2004-11-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-29. 1062:. The northern lowlands are drained principally by the 978:

The shape of New Guinea is often compared to that of a

669:. However, Westerners, beginning with Spanish explorer 19:

This article is about the island. For the country, see

3768:

Abell, Robin; Thieme, Michele L.; et al. (2008).

3102:. United States: Tyndale House Publishers. p. 6. 2941:

Ploeg, Anton (2002). "'De Papoea' What's in a name?".

2892:

Boven Digoel: lambang perlawanan terhadap kolonialisme

2724:

is generally only used as part of the country name of

2384:

In 1883, following a short-lived French annexation of

2297:

also recorded its sighting when trying to return from

1874:

New Guinea has 284 species and six orders of mammals:

1202:

238 km/a (7,500 m/s) than all the rivers in

661:

When Portuguese and Spanish explorers arrived via the

459:

by the 150-kilometre (81-nautical-mile; 93-mile) wide

6918: 3394:"Map from above shows Australia is a very flat place" 3329: 1654:

Yali Mabel, Kurulu Village War Chief at Baliem Valley

1643:

among societies was a factor in the evolution of the

1381:

into roughly equal halves across a north–south line:

1280:

Prior to the 1970s, archaeologists called the single

878:

Papua New Guinea map of Köppen climate classification

6733: 6621: 3590:

The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area

3211:"On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago" 2734:, and of the names of the historical territories of 1498:(southeastern quarter). Three of Papua New Guinea's 1241:

Anthropologically, New Guinea is considered part of

1066:

and its tributaries on the western side, and by the

2229:mentioned the region of Wanin and Sran, in eastern 1168:On the south side, the most significant rivers are 654:, which means "the land below ", and refers to the 4378:Antonopoulos, Paul; Cottle, Drew (5 August 2019). 4377: 4159: 3302: 2377:, as it formed extensive trade pact and custom of 1397:which belongs to Papua New Guinea) was formerly a 787:. The name was politicized later by Corinus Krey, 4687: 4118:Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua Dan Papua Barat 3679:"New Guinea has the world's richest island flora" 2922:(Thesis) (in Indonesian). UIN Syarif Hidayatullah 2861: 1222:The island of New Guinea lies to the east of the 859:(including Tasmania), New Zealand, and New Guinea 542:A 1644 map of New Guinea and the surrounding area 6966: 4359:"31 people have been killed in West Papua. Why?" 4326:Natalia Laurensia Carmelia Yewen (4 July 2021). 3422:"A Chat with Tim Flannery on Population Control" 3301:Allen, J. (1977). Golson, J.; Jones, R. (eds.). 2975: 2888: 2759: 2749: 2739: 2729: 2719: 2577: 2058:The WWF and Nature Conservancy identify several 802: 732: 726: 720: 438: 432: 3985:Asia in the Pacific Islands: replacing the West 3885:. (German translation), Frankfurt 2005, p. 351. 3872:. (German translation), Frankfurt 2005, p. 350. 3020:Papua: geopolitics and the quest for nationhood 2807:Papua: geopolitics and the quest for nationhood 2464:A Japanese military map of New Guinea from 1943 2317:explored the southern coast of New Guinea from 2289:saw the western tip of New Guinea and named it 2253:, just south of Onin peninsula. The sultans of 1835:. The flora of New Guinea is a mixture of many 4011: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2519:. Papuans often gave vital assistance to the 2487:of New Guinea while en route to the front line 2131:was cultivated in New Guinea around 6000 BCE. 892:, south of the equator. It is isolated by the 855:. Physiographically, Australasia includes the 6607: 6350: 5688: 5443: 4673: 4528:"DPR Sahkan RUU Pembentukan Papua Barat Daya" 3739: 3645:"Progress on Southeast Asia's Flora projects" 3296: 3294: 3016: 2895:(in Indonesian). Ciscom-Cottage. p. 424. 2803: 4073:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3900:. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2006. p. 61. 2574:United Nations Temporary Executive Authority 1970:Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests 888:New Guinea is an island to the north of the 546:The island has been known by various names: 3977: 3975: 3951:New Guinea: crossing boundaries and history 3767: 2899: 2560:) for the territory, along with an emblem, 2373:international border between Indonesia and 2352:controlled the western half of New Guinea, 1827:, a floristic region that extends from the 1727: 1209: 780: 772: 602: 590: 6614: 6600: 6357: 6343: 5695: 5681: 5450: 5436: 4680: 4666: 4287: 4077:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3291: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 2619:was formally annexed by Indonesia in 1969. 2434:, to be administered by Australia under a 1078:in the east. The largest island offshore, 750: 649: 76: 67: 5702: 4266: 4129: 3818: 3785: 3660: 3642: 2993: 2916:Rekonstruksi Sejarah Islam di Tanah Papua 1639:The separation is not merely linguistic; 1486:governed by Australia, consisting of the 1277:were introduced with human colonization. 522:. The two major cities on the island are 463:, though both landmasses lie on the same 157:785,753 km (303,381 sq mi) 5457: 4302: 3981: 3972: 3486: 3097: 3043: 2611: 2543: 2478: 2459: 2343: 2210: 2202: 2114: 1994: 1975:Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests 1960:Northern New Guinea montane rain forests 1926:, New Guinea can be divided into twelve 1892: 1800: 1788: 1685: 1649: 1600: 1315: 1312:Political divisions of New Guinea (2006) 1307: 1213: 1037: 1027: 969: 873: 862: 830: 537: 6364: 4487:East Timor and Indonesia Action Network 4290:"West Papua: A history of exploitation" 4164:. Sydney University Press. p. 17. 4007: 4005: 3623: 3268: 3255: 3205: 3199: 2912: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2597:(OPM, or Free Papua Movement) in 1965. 1831:across Indonesia to New Guinea and the 1620:'s 14th edition lists 826 languages of 1478:The eastern part forms the mainland of 884:List of highest mountains of New Guinea 27:. For the Nicaraguan municipality, see 6967: 4111: 4085: 3587: 3168:Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview 3070: 3023:. Transaction Publishers. p. 26. 2810:. Transaction Publishers. p. 26. 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2198: 2043:Southwest New Guinea–Trans-Fly Lowland 1303: 804:Ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland 6595: 6338: 5676: 5431: 4835:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei) 4661: 4538:from the original on 17 November 2022 4482:"Special Autonomy Issue (West Papua)" 4459: 4425:Pogau, Oktovianus (13 January 2011). 4424: 3947: 3920: 3643:Middleton, D.J.; et al. (2019). 3446: 3419: 3391: 3300: 3178: 3044:Ramdhani, Jabbar (15 February 2021). 2940: 2844:from the original on 9 February 2020. 2526: 2419:within their respective territories. 1042:Map showing the combined landmass of 628:is often said to be derived from the 498:and is organized as the provinces of 6632:(38,610 sq mi) and greater 6560:For other topics including Oceanian 4968:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands 4592:"New Guinea savannas and grasslands" 4002: 3927:. Penerbit Buku Kompas. p. 36. 3229: 3037: 3010: 2943:Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 2848: 1144:comes from the west to the east and 1046:formed during Pleistocene glacations 1001:A spine of east–west mountains, the 4534:(in Indonesian). 17 November 2022. 4460:Jones, Rochelle (22 October 2015). 3850:Sugar cane early origins and spread 3613:First contact with isolated tribes? 3426:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3420:Kelly, Karina (13 September 1995). 2862:Pickell, David; Kal Müller (2002). 2786: 2586:, organised a referendum named the 2483:Australian soldiers resting in the 2280: 2249:' had been identified as region of 1945:Huon Peninsula montane rain forests 1940:Central Range sub-alpine grasslands 692:The Dutch, who arrived later under 13: 5904:Austral Islands (French Polynesia) 4572: 4112:Usmany, Desy Polla (3 June 2017). 3392:Macey, Richard (21 January 2005). 2868:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 153. 2507:(the naval battle is known as the 2062:in the seas bordering New Guinea: 1935:Central Range montane rain forests 867:New Guinea located in relation to 624:Anton Ploeg reports that the word 613:"). The name comes from the words 14: 7016: 4605: 4248:Remembering the war in New Guinea 2978:"On the origin of the name Papua" 2976:Sollewijn Gelpke, J.H.F. (1993). 2539:Territory of Papua and New Guinea 2368:. Dutch colonial authority built 2333:. His expedition also discovered 2293:. In 1528, the Spanish navigator 2195:, as well as coastal new Guinea. 1990:Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests 1484:Territory of Papua and New Guinea 23:. For the Indonesian region, see 6952: 6940: 6928: 6736: 5368:World Invitational Hula Festival 4648:The New Student's Reference Work 4012:Satrio Widjojo, Muridan (2009). 2110: 1980:Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands 1965:Southeastern Papuan rain forests 1683:) by at least 40,000 years ago. 1502:are parts of New Guinea island: 1490:(northeastern quarter, formerly 731:(West Irian) Province and later 6818:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego 4888:Australian Aboriginal astronomy 4550: 4520: 4494: 4474: 4453: 4444: 4427:"The Thinker: Pending in Papua" 4418: 4371: 4351: 4340: 4319: 4281: 4260: 4240: 4231: 4216: 4207: 4202:Parliament of a Thousand Tribes 4194: 4041: 4032: 3941: 3914: 3888: 3875: 3862: 3843: 3827: 3794: 3761: 3748: 3733: 3669: 3636: 3624:McVeigh, Tracy (26 June 2011). 3617: 3606: 3581: 3570: 3515: 3480: 3440: 3413: 3385: 3376: 3323: 3182:Ausztrália, Óceánia, Antarktisz 3172: 3161: 3129: 3116: 3091: 3064: 2655:), the three new provinces are 2468: 2125:Indigenous people of New Guinea 1636:, most of which are unrelated. 1128:, the southern rivers into the 974:Topographical map of New Guinea 908:, it lies north of Australia's 565:, together with Sahmardan, the 455:, the island is separated from 6756:(7,722–38,610 sq mi) 6385:Federated States of Micronesia 6268:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi) 5959:Federated States of Micronesia 5723:Federated States of Micronesia 5478:Federated States of Micronesia 4973:Federated States of Micronesia 4288:NAJ Taylor (19 October 2011). 3447:Grant, Cameron (August 2007). 3275:Australian National University 3185:. Gondolat. pp. 286–287. 2934: 2882: 2824: 2712: 2348:New Guinea from 1884 to 1919. 1917: 1389:of the island located west of 1023:retreating since at least 1936 1: 4689:Culture of indigenous Oceania 2779: 2503:. Notable battles were for 2106:History of Western New Guinea 2006: 1985:Vogelkop montane rain forests 1906: 1848:and the rainforest emergents 1488:Trust Territory of New Guinea 1218:Highlands of Papua New Guinea 681:. The name is one of several 490:. The western half, known as 445:world's second-largest island 6980:Islands of the Pacific Ocean 6107:Oceanian legendary creatures 3758:Island Press; Washington, DC 2955:10.1080/14442210210001706216 2356:the north-eastern part, and 2173:South-east Asian archipelago 2038:New Guinea Central Mountains 2019:divide New Guinea into five 1377:The island of New Guinea is 826: 471:as the combined landmass of 175:4,884 m (16024 ft) 7: 7000:Islands of Papua New Guinea 6582:Category:Culture of Oceania 4267:Jed Smith (25 April 2017). 4257:". Australian War Memorial. 3649:Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 2913:Wanggai, Tony V.M. (2008). 2570:some military interventions 2167:, who had spread down from 2102:History of Papua New Guinea 1720:is home to an estimated 44 926:Solomon Islands archipelago 557:, the language used by the 16:Island in the Pacific Ocean 10: 7021: 6189:Chatham Islander (Moriori 5097:Weriyeng navigation school 4634:Detailed map of New Guinea 4308:Philippe Pataud Celerier, 4170:10.30722/sup.9781743325445 4050:"Mapping Papua New Guinea" 3956:University of Hawaii Press 3309:. London: Academic Press. 2530: 2497:South West Pacific Theatre 2472: 2339:Tierra de San Buenaventura 2273:Islands, from his base in 2099: 2095: 2086:Southeast Papua New Guinea 1910: 1731: 1667:, forming the landmass of 1594: 1113:, and some of the richest 1009:, with its highest point, 933:western half of the island 881: 665:, they also used the name 18: 6753: 6731: 6629: 6558: 6476: 6453: 6372: 6331: 6161: 6140: 6059: 5896: 5814: 5791: 5710: 5667: 5651: 5569: 5546: 5465: 5424: 5415: 5337: 5211: 5108: 4941:traditions and ceremonies 4873: 4822: 4702: 4695: 4622:PapuaWeb official website 4394:10.1515/9783110659054-009 4204:, Heinemann, London, 1965 3703:10.1038/s41586-020-2549-5 3662:10.26492/gbs71(2).2019-02 3399:The Sydney Morning Herald 2995:10.1163/22134379-90003129 2889:Tarmidzy Thamrin (2001). 2053: 1795:raggiana bird-of-paradise 1722:uncontacted tribal groups 1590: 1184:. It originates from the 1120:The entire length of the 383: 375: 367: 362: 351: 343:National Capital District 255: 246: 235: 205: 194: 189: 179: 171: 161: 153: 139: 102: 92: 87: 75: 66: 45: 6531:Northern Mariana Islands 5991:Northern Mariana Islands 5869:Northern Mariana Islands 5624:Northern Mariana Islands 5400:Festival of Pacific Arts 4333:South China Morning Post 3982:Crocombe, R. G. (2007). 3835:National Geographic News 2705: 2626:Papuan People's Assembly 2595:Organisasi Papua Merdeka 2388:, the British colony of 2381:( federation of nine ). 2152:, a tall, sturdy native 1913:Ecoregions of New Guinea 1815:, New Guinea is part of 1805:The floristic region of 1797:is native to New Guinea. 1728:Biodiversity and ecology 1326:Southwest Papua province 1210:Relation to surroundings 1097:and lowland rainforest, 533: 481:African region of Guinea 358: (pop. 402,000) 242: (pop. 407,000) 7005:Former Spanish colonies 6623:World's largest islands 6496:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5834:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5589:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5363:Merrie Monarch Festival 4627:16 January 2021 at the 3921:Riana, I Ketut (2009). 3548:10.1126/science.1193130 2756:Territory of New Guinea 2509:Battle of the Coral Sea 2432:Territory of New Guinea 2360:the south-eastern part. 2138:are ancient, intensive 1865:and several species of 1833:East Melanesian Islands 1764:D'Entrecasteaux Islands 1584:(West Sepik) provinces. 1407:West New Guinea dispute 1362:Highland Papua province 751: 673:in 1545, used the name 650: 561:. An expedition by the 469:Pleistocene glaciations 412: 33:Guinea (disambiguation) 6990:Geography of Melanesia 6863:Prince of Wales Island 6313:Torres Strait Islander 5704:Literature of Oceania 5065:Micronesian Navigation 4228:. Harper Collins, 1993 4131:10.24832/papua.v6i1.45 4093:Discovery of Australia 3740:Butler, Rhett (2020). 3207:Wallace, Alfred Russel 3179:Dénes, Balázs (1978). 3098:Crawford, Don (1972). 3017:Bilveer Singh (2008). 2804:Bilveer Singh (2008). 2760: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2720: 2620: 2578: 2549: 2488: 2465: 2366:Netherlands New Guinea 2361: 2220: 2208: 2123:The first inhabitants 2120: 2033:New Guinea North Coast 2003: 1928:terrestrial ecoregions 1900: 1809: 1798: 1694: 1655: 1630:Austronesian languages 1612: 1374: 1353:Central Papua province 1313: 1275:New Guinea singing dog 1219: 1047: 1035: 975: 937:provinces of Indonesia 906:Indonesian archipelago 879: 871: 860: 803: 795:, and others with the 733: 727: 721: 640: 634: 543: 439: 433: 428: 172:Highest elevation 144:Indonesian Archipelago 31:. For other uses, see 6985:International islands 6754:20,000–99,999 km 6479:and other territories 6283:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i) 6169:Indigenous Australian 6067:Australian Aboriginal 5817:and other territories 5572:and other territories 5459:Languages of Oceania 5060:Polynesian Navigation 5040:Torres Strait Islands 4386:De Gruyter Oldenbourg 4314:Le Monde Diplomatique 3948:Moore, Clive (2003). 3592:. Mouton De Gruyter. 3588:Palmer, Bill (2018). 3100:Miracles In Indonesia 2988:(2). Brill: 318–332. 2718:The alternative name 2638:Megawati Sukarnoputri 2615: 2607:De Gruyter Oldenbourg 2599:Amnesty International 2547: 2482: 2463: 2347: 2214: 2206: 2118: 2021:freshwater ecoregions 1998: 1896: 1804: 1792: 1768:Louisiade Archipelago 1689: 1653: 1624:and 257 languages of 1604: 1319: 1311: 1284:landmass by the name 1261:, and the egg-laying 1217: 1053:Lorentz National Park 1041: 1031: 984:Bird's Head Peninsula 973: 896:to the west, and the 877: 866: 834: 541: 379:18/km (47/sq mi) 6995:Islands of Indonesia 6366:Religion in Oceania 6298:Taiwanese aborigines 5657:Languages of Oceania 4225:The Third Chimpanzee 4162:Plumes from Paradise 3489:Journal of Mammalogy 3243:on 27 September 2011 3071:Ayuwuragil, Kustin. 2700:inter-tribal warfare 2331:Bahía de San Lorenzo 2307:Íñigo Ortíz de Retes 2305:. In 1545, Spaniard 2136:New Guinea Highlands 1950:New Guinea mangroves 1898:New Guinea crocodile 1760:Bismarck Archipelago 1748:Australia-New Guinea 1661:Last Glacial Maximum 1597:People of New Guinea 1371:South Papua province 1155:Victor Emanuel Range 1122:New Guinea Highlands 1074:in the west and the 1003:New Guinea Highlands 922:Bismarck Archipelago 739:Soegoro Atmoprasodjo 671:Yñigo Ortiz de Retez 477:Yñigo Ortiz de Retez 451:in the southwestern 6823:Axel Heiberg Island 6566:indigenous currency 4860:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony 3695:2020Natur.584..579C 3540:2010Sci...330...78S 3346:1988Natur.331..707A 2475:New Guinea campaign 2406:Kaiser-Wilhelmsland 2199:Precolonial history 2165:Austronesian people 2134:The gardens of the 2002:in Papua New Guinea 1837:tropical rainforest 1734:Fauna of New Guinea 1379:divided politically 1335:West Papua province 1304:Political divisions 1236:last glacial period 1060:World Heritage Site 918:Cape York Peninsula 914:Gulf of Carpentaria 890:Australian mainland 857:Australian landmass 559:Sultanate of Tidore 120: / 42: 6833:Southampton Island 5176:Polynesian sailing 4641:"New Guinea" 4508:. 15 November 2022 4367:. 7 December 2018. 4253:2009-10-11 at the 3855:2009-07-06 at the 3277:. pp. 19–20. 3217:on 17 January 2010 2621: 2617:Western New Guinea 2588:Act of Free Choice 2584:New York Agreement 2554:New Guinea Council 2550: 2527:Since World War II 2489: 2466: 2424:Territory of Papua 2413:British New Guinea 2362: 2315:Luís Vaz de Torres 2295:Álvaro de Saavedra 2239:Bomberai Peninsula 2221: 2209: 2149:Casuarina oligodon 2121: 2017:Nature Conservancy 2004: 1901: 1878:, three orders of 1810: 1799: 1695: 1656: 1626:Western New Guinea 1613: 1536:Southern Highlands 1496:Territory of Papua 1441:Jayawijaya Regency 1375: 1314: 1220: 1048: 1036: 986:in the northwest ( 976: 920:, and west of the 880: 872: 861: 656:Raja Ampat Islands 581:("Four Kings") or 544: 494:, forms a part of 492:Western New Guinea 437:, or historically 352:Largest settlement 318:Southern Highlands 236:Largest settlement 180:Highest point 40: 25:Western New Guinea 6916: 6915: 6589: 6588: 6554: 6553: 6546:Wallis and Futuna 6454:Associated states 6051:Wallis and Futuna 5892: 5891: 5884:Wallis and Futuna 5792:Associated states 5663: 5662: 5647: 5646: 5639:Wallis and Futuna 5547:Associated states 5395:Pacific Community 5383:Pasifika Festival 5116:Aboriginal dugout 5055:Wallis and Futuna 4450:King, 2004, p. 91 4403:978-3-11-065905-4 4179:978-1-74332-544-5 4120:(in Indonesian). 4054:www.sl.nsw.gov.au 4025:978-90-04-17201-2 3995:978-982-02-0388-4 3965:978-0-8248-2485-3 3934:978-979-709-433-1 3907:978-979-26-2436-6 3689:(7822): 579–583. 3599:978-3-11-028642-7 3340:(6158): 707–709. 3030:978-1-4128-1206-1 2875:978-0-7946-0072-3 2817:978-1-4128-1206-1 2768:is effectively a 2746:German New Guinea 2687:) was split from 2634:Indonesian courts 2485:Finisterre Ranges 2436:League of Nations 2402:German New Guinea 2329:, which he named 2241:near the city of 2060:marine ecoregions 2028:Vogelkop–Bomberai 1922:According to the 1813:Biogeographically 1681:Malay Archipelago 1608:tribesman in the 1560:Eastern Highlands 1552:Western Highlands 1492:German New Guinea 1429:with the city of 1403:Dutch East Indies 1294:Greater Australia 1271:placental mammals 1224:Malay Archipelago 1021:—which have been 931:Politically, the 712:, they called it 710:Dutch East Indies 617:("to unite") and 573:, and the Papuan 465:continental shelf 402: 401: 371:14,800,000 (2020) 328:Western Highlands 273:Eastern Highlands 124:5.500°S 141.000°E 82:New Guinea Island 7012: 6957: 6956: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6924: 6878:Vancouver Island 6808:Alexander Island 6746: 6741: 6740: 6685:Ellesmere Island 6616: 6609: 6602: 6593: 6592: 6536:Pitcairn Islands 6506:French Polynesia 6491:Christmas Island 6420:Papua New Guinea 6400:Marshall Islands 6373:Sovereign states 6359: 6352: 6345: 6336: 6335: 6253:Norfolk Islander 6198:Fijian (iTaukei) 6001:Papua New Guinea 5874:Pitcairn Islands 5844:French Polynesia 5829:Christmas Island 5758:Papua New Guinea 5738:Marshall Islands 5711:Sovereign states 5697: 5690: 5683: 5674: 5673: 5629:Pitcairn Islands 5599:French Polynesia 5584:Christmas Island 5513:Papua New Guinea 5493:Marshall Islands 5466:Sovereign states 5452: 5445: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5407:Papua New Guinea 5070:Marshall Islands 5020:Pitcairn Islands 5015:Papua New Guinea 4955:Lomilomi massage 4901:Caroline Islands 4774:Papua New Guinea 4682: 4675: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4652: 4643: 4601: 4566: 4565: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4323: 4317: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4264: 4258: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4222:Diamond, Jared. 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4133: 4109: 4103: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4072: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4009: 4000: 3999: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3892: 3886: 3881:Diamond, Jared. 3879: 3873: 3868:Diamond, Jared. 3866: 3860: 3847: 3841: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3621: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3585: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3466: 3460:. Archived from 3453: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3354:10.1038/331707a0 3327: 3321: 3320: 3308: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3266: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3213:. Archived from 3203: 3197: 3196: 3176: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3148: 3142:. Archived from 3141: 3133: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2997: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2910: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2859: 2846: 2845: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2801: 2773: 2763: 2753: 2743: 2736:Dutch New Guinea 2733: 2726:Papua New Guinea 2723: 2716: 2679:). Furthermore, 2651:proper (capital 2581: 2447:Richard Archbold 2375:Papua New Guinea 2291:ilhas dos Papuas 2287:Jorge de Meneses 2281:European contact 2263:bird-of-paradise 2048:Papuan Peninsula 1819:rather than the 1634:Papuan languages 1622:Papua New Guinea 1568:, consisting of 1534:, consisting of 1508:, consisting of 1480:Papua New Guinea 1368: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1107:river ecosystems 996:Papuan Peninsula 980:bird-of-paradise 965:Papua New Guinea 806: 782: 774: 754: 736: 730: 724: 706:Schouten Islands 685:sharing similar 653: 643: 637: 604: 593:"The Papua Nine 592: 563:Sultan of Tidore 488:Papua New Guinea 442: 436: 249:Papua New Guinea 135: 134: 132: 131: 130: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 80: 71: 43: 39: 21:Papua New Guinea 7020: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7009: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6919: 6917: 6912: 6893:Somerset Island 6828:Melville Island 6755: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6729: 6674:Victoria Island 6631: 6630:100,000 km 6625: 6620: 6590: 6585: 6550: 6478: 6472: 6455: 6449: 6430:Solomon Islands 6368: 6363: 6327: 6157: 6136: 6055: 6021:Solomon Islands 5888: 5816: 5810: 5793: 5787: 5768:Solomon Islands 5706: 5701: 5659: 5643: 5571: 5565: 5548: 5542: 5523:Solomon Islands 5461: 5456: 5411: 5358:Aloha Festivals 5333: 5207: 5166:Paopao (Tuvalu) 5156:Māori migration 5104: 5076:Stick charts of 5030:Solomon Islands 4913:Chatham Islands 4875: 4869: 4818: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4638: 4629:Wayback Machine 4608: 4590: 4575: 4573:Further reading 4570: 4569: 4564:. 11 July 2019. 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4423: 4419: 4404: 4388:. p. 167. 4376: 4372: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4341: 4324: 4320: 4307: 4303: 4286: 4282: 4265: 4261: 4255:Wayback Machine 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4180: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4110: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3958:. p. 270. 3946: 3942: 3935: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3863: 3857:Wayback Machine 3848: 3844: 3832: 3828: 3820:10.1641/B570707 3799: 3795: 3787:10.1641/B580507 3766: 3762: 3753: 3749: 3738: 3734: 3674: 3670: 3641: 3637: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3534:(6000): 78–81. 3520: 3516: 3501:10.2307/1378724 3485: 3481: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3430: 3428: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3267: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3079:(in Indonesian) 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3052:(in Indonesian) 3042: 3038: 3031: 3015: 3011: 2974: 2970: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2900: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2860: 2849: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2802: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2761:Teritori Nugini 2717: 2713: 2708: 2698:The culture of 2681:Southwest Papua 2535: 2529: 2477: 2471: 2449:discovered the 2350:The Netherlands 2335:Basilaki Island 2311:Mamberamo River 2283: 2226:Negarakertagama 2215:Papuans on the 2201: 2113: 2108: 2098: 2056: 2009: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1829:Malay Peninsula 1784:the Philippines 1736: 1730: 1599: 1593: 1544:Jiwaka Province 1467:Southwest Papua 1463:as its capital. 1461:Merauke Regency 1453:as its capital. 1443:as its capital. 1433:as its capital. 1423:as its capital. 1391:141°E longitude 1387:western portion 1373: 1366: 1364: 1357: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1339: 1337: 1330: 1328: 1321: 1306: 1212: 1117:on the planet. 1064:Mamberamo River 961:Southwest Papua 886: 829: 702:Schouten island 698:Willem Schouten 536: 516:Southwest Papua 347: 251: 228: 226:Southwest Papua 224: 220: 216: 212: 201: 146: 129:-5.500; 141.000 128: 126: 122: 119: 114: 111: 109: 107: 106: 83: 62: 61: 57: 53: 49: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7018: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6962: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6898:Kotelny Island 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6813:Severny Island 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6759: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6744:Islands portal 6732: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6596: 6587: 6586: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6526:Norfolk Island 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6486:American Samoa 6482: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6456:of New Zealand 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6339: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6192: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5864:Norfolk Island 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5824:American Samoa 5820: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5794:of New Zealand 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5700: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5619:Norfolk Island 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5579:American Samoa 5575: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5549:of New Zealand 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5426: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5348:Garma Festival 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5121:Alingano Maisu 5118: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5005:Norfolk Island 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4732:kapa (Hawaiʻi) 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4636: 4631: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4606:External links 4604: 4603: 4602: 4588: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4549: 4519: 4493: 4473: 4452: 4443: 4417: 4402: 4370: 4350: 4339: 4318: 4301: 4280: 4259: 4239: 4230: 4215: 4206: 4200:White, Osmar. 4193: 4178: 4152: 4104: 4084: 4040: 4031: 4024: 4001: 3994: 3971: 3964: 3940: 3933: 3913: 3906: 3887: 3874: 3861: 3842: 3826: 3813:(7): 573–583. 3793: 3780:(5): 403–414. 3760: 3747: 3732: 3668: 3655:(2): 367–319. 3635: 3616: 3605: 3598: 3580: 3569: 3514: 3495:(4): 609–643. 3479: 3467:on 6 July 2011 3457:The Advertiser 3449:"Damaged Dirt" 3439: 3412: 3384: 3375: 3322: 3315: 3290: 3283: 3254: 3228: 3198: 3191: 3171: 3160: 3149:on 17 May 2017 3128: 3115: 3108: 3090: 3063: 3036: 3029: 3009: 2968: 2933: 2898: 2881: 2874: 2847: 2823: 2816: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2741:Nugini Belanda 2710: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2673:Highland Papua 2649:Papua Province 2533:Papua conflict 2528: 2525: 2473:Main article: 2470: 2467: 2394:United Kingdom 2282: 2279: 2259:Maluku Islands 2200: 2197: 2171:, through the 2158:Pollen studies 2112: 2109: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2008: 2005: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1919: 1916: 1911:Main article: 1908: 1905: 1732:Main article: 1729: 1726: 1711:transmigration 1699:Southeast Asia 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1563: 1529: 1522:Oro (Northern) 1476: 1475: 1474: 1473:as its capital 1464: 1454: 1451:Nabire Regency 1444: 1437:Highland Papua 1434: 1424: 1409:it is now six 1401:, part of the 1365: 1356: 1347: 1344:Papua province 1338: 1329: 1320: 1305: 1302: 1228:tectonic plate 1211: 1208: 1186:Star Mountains 1172:, Digul, Fly, 949:Highland Papua 935:comprises six 828: 825: 785:Frans Kaisiepo 747:Frans Kaisiepo 694:Jacob Le Maire 599:Mafor Soa Raha 587:Papoua Gam Sio 579:Korano Ngaruha 535: 532: 508:Highland Papua 400: 399: 385: 381: 380: 377: 373: 372: 369: 365: 364: 360: 359: 353: 349: 348: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 259: 257: 253: 252: 247: 244: 243: 237: 233: 232: 218:Highland Papua 207: 203: 202: 195: 192: 191: 190:Administration 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 141: 137: 136: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 85: 84: 81: 73: 72: 64: 63: 48: 46: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7017: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6868:Yuzhny Island 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6752: 6745: 6739: 6734: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Great Britain 6678: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6659:Baffin Island 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6612: 6610: 6605: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521:New Caledonia 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6501:Easter Island 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6348: 6346: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:New Caledonia 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5924:Easter Island 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859:New Caledonia 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5839:Easter Island 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5614:New Caledonia 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594:Easter Island 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136:Dugout (boat) 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:New Caledonia 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4923:Easter Island 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4874:Geo-specific, 4872: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823:Broad culture 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4651: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4579:Jared Diamond 4577: 4576: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4447: 4432: 4431:Jakarta Globe 4428: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4343: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4227: 4226: 4219: 4210: 4203: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4102: 4101:0-85558-956-6 4098: 4094: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4035: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3976: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3917: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3839:June 23, 2003 3836: 3830: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3609: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3450: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3318: 3316:0-12-051250-5 3312: 3307: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3286: 3284:0-7315-1540-4 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3194: 3192:963-280-677-8 3188: 3184: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3164: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3125:in ice area." 3119: 3111: 3109:9780842343503 3105: 3101: 3094: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2949:(1): 75–101. 2948: 2944: 2937: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2827: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2751:Nugini Jerman 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:Central Papua 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2642:fait accompli 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2404:(also called 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327:Orangerie Bay 2324: 2323:Gulf of Papua 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2218: 2217:Lorentz River 2213: 2205: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2140:permacultures 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2117: 2111:Early history 2107: 2103: 2091: 2090:Gulf of Papua 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1914: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1782:(4,598), and 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1679:(the present 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1610:Baliem Valley 1607: 1603: 1598: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:Enga Province 1545: 1541: 1540:Hela Province 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447:Central Papua 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1380: 1372: 1363: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1318: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1199:Gulf of Papua 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:Gulf of Papua 1131: 1127: 1126:Pacific Ocean 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:alpine tundra 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 992:Kepala Burung 989: 985: 981: 972: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 945:Central Papua 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 898:Torres Strait 895: 891: 885: 876: 870: 865: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 801: 798: 794: 790: 789:Marthen Indey 786: 778: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757:Biak language 753: 748: 744: 740: 735: 729: 723: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 680: 679:Guinea region 676: 672: 668: 664: 663:Spice Islands 659: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 600: 596: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 540: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:Central Papua 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461:Torres Strait 458: 454: 453:Pacific Ocean 450: 446: 441: 435: 431:, fossilized 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 397: 393: 392:Austronesians 389: 386: 384:Ethnic groups 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 357: 354: 350: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 258: 254: 250: 245: 241: 238: 234: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 214:Central Papua 211: 208: 204: 200: 199: 193: 188: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 149: 145: 142: 138: 133: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 86: 79: 74: 70: 65: 60: 56: 52: 47:Native name: 44: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6803:Devon Island 6788:Banks Island 6715:Newfoundland 6705:North Island 6695:South Island 6643: 6477:Dependencies 6463:Cook Islands 6174:Austronesian 5919:Cook Islands 5815:Dependencies 5801:Cook Islands 5570:Dependencies 5556:Cook Islands 5379:New Zealand 5234:fire dancing 5095: 5088: 5074: 4953: 4939: 4932: 4918:Cook Islands 4904: 4865:Wood carving 4840:Kava culture 4727:Cook Islands 4647: 4595: 4582: 4561: 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4531: 4522: 4510:. Retrieved 4505: 4496: 4485: 4476: 4467:The Guardian 4465: 4455: 4446: 4434:. Retrieved 4420: 4380: 4373: 4362: 4353: 4342: 4331: 4321: 4304: 4293: 4283: 4272: 4262: 4242: 4233: 4223: 4218: 4209: 4201: 4196: 4161: 4155: 4143:. Retrieved 4124:(1): 85–92. 4121: 4117: 4107: 4092: 4087: 4057:. Retrieved 4053: 4043: 4034: 4014: 3984: 3950: 3943: 3923: 3916: 3896: 3890: 3882: 3877: 3869: 3864: 3845: 3834: 3829: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3742:"New Guinea" 3735: 3686: 3682: 3671: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3630:The Guardian 3629: 3619: 3608: 3589: 3583: 3572: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3469:. Retrieved 3462:the original 3455: 3442: 3429:. Retrieved 3415: 3403:. Retrieved 3397: 3387: 3378: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3304: 3273:. Canberra: 3270: 3245:. Retrieved 3241:the original 3231: 3219:. Retrieved 3215:the original 3201: 3181: 3174: 3163: 3151:. Retrieved 3144:the original 3131: 3123: 3118: 3099: 3093: 3081:. Retrieved 3076: 3066: 3054:. Retrieved 3049: 3039: 3019: 3012: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2924:. Retrieved 2915: 2891: 2884: 2864: 2835: 2826: 2806: 2765: 2731:Papua Nugini 2714: 2697: 2646: 2630:block grants 2622: 2592: 2557: 2551: 2536: 2517:Kokoda track 2515:and for the 2505:Port Moresby 2501:World War II 2490: 2469:World War II 2451:Grand Valley 2443: 2421: 2410: 2383: 2378: 2363: 2338: 2330: 2290: 2284: 2224: 2222: 2162: 2147: 2144:silviculture 2133: 2122: 2077:Bismarck Sea 2057: 2010: 1921: 1902: 1873: 1866: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1811: 1752: 1740:biodiversity 1737: 1715: 1696: 1657: 1644: 1638: 1614: 1500:four regions 1405:. After the 1399:Dutch colony 1376: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1279: 1253:, including 1247: 1240: 1221: 1167: 1119: 1084: 1049: 1033:Mount Bosavi 1000: 991: 987: 977: 930: 887: 816: 812: 808: 793:Silas Papare 776: 768: 764: 742: 718: 714:Nieuw Guinea 713: 701: 700:, called it 691: 674: 666: 660: 625: 623: 618: 614: 610: 598: 594: 586: 578: 566: 550: 548: 545: 524:Port Moresby 485: 420: 404: 403: 390:and others ( 376:Pop. density 363:Demographics 356:Port Moresby 196: 58: 54: 50: 37: 29:Nueva Guinea 6858:New Britain 6843:Spitsbergen 6410:New Zealand 6243:Micronesian 6233:Marshallese 6102:Micronesian 5974:New Zealand 5914:Austronesia 5748:New Zealand 5652:by category 5503:New Zealand 5388:Te Matatini 5239:firewalking 4988:New Zealand 4934:Lau Islands 4896:Austronesia 4764:nguzu nguzu 4752:New Zealand 4722:Austronesia 4542:17 November 4512:29 November 4506:Antara News 4316:, June 2010 3744:. Mongabay. 3221:30 November 3083:25 February 2770:fossil word 2657:South Papua 2579:Irian Barat 2558:Papua Barat 2428:World War I 2417:headhunting 2386:New Ireland 2370:Fort Du Bus 2267:Sultan Nuku 2233:as part of 2082:Solomon Sea 2072:Arafura Sea 2000:Coral reefs 1918:Terrestrial 1861:as well as 1821:Indomalayan 1817:Australasia 1756:Aru Islands 1707:New Britain 1703:New Ireland 1665:land bridge 1645:men's house 1494:), and the 1457:South Papua 1413:provinces: 1290:New Zealand 1286:Australasia 1282:Pleistocene 1130:Arafura Sea 1115:coral reefs 1105:, lake and 1011:Puncak Jaya 953:South Papua 894:Arafura Sea 841:Australasia 835:Regions of 761:Biak Island 728:Irian Barat 687:etymologies 651:sup i babwa 512:South Papua 396:Melanesians 222:South Papua 184:Puncak Jaya 140:Archipelago 127: / 103:Coordinates 6975:New Guinea 6969:Categories 6935:New Guinea 6778:Hispaniola 6654:Madagascar 6644:New Guinea 6263:Polynesian 6238:Melanesian 6179:Sama-Bajau 6112:Polynesian 6092:Melanesian 6077:Mangarevan 5954:Micronesia 5669:Literature 5344:Australia 5090:navigation 4295:Al Jazeera 3807:BioScience 3774:BioScience 3153:2 February 3056:15 January 2926:30 January 2780:References 2689:West Papua 2677:Jayawijaya 2531:See also: 2390:Queensland 2337:naming it 2325:including 2271:Raja Ampat 2100:See also: 2007:Freshwater 1907:Ecoregions 1880:marsupials 1876:monotremes 1868:Eucalyptus 1863:tree ferns 1845:Podocarpus 1778:(11,165), 1774:(11,488), 1772:Madagascar 1718:West Papua 1618:Ethnologue 1595:See also: 1578:East Sepik 1562:provinces. 1528:provinces. 1417:West Papua 1411:Indonesian 1251:marsupials 1206:combined. 1195:Strickland 1111:seagrasses 990:in Dutch, 957:West Papua 882:See also: 849:Micronesia 797:Indonesian 734:Irian Jaya 675:New Guinea 583:Raja Ampat 520:West Papua 425:Indonesian 405:New Guinea 368:Population 333:West Sepik 278:East Sepik 230:West Papua 41:New Guinea 6947:Indonesia 6793:Sri Lanka 6639:Greenland 6380:Australia 6303:Tokelauan 6132:Vanuatuan 6060:Mythology 6016:Slit drum 6006:Polynesia 5949:Melanesia 5909:Australia 5718:Australia 5473:Australia 5417:Languages 5338:Festivals 5264:kapa haka 5161:Outrigger 4883:Australia 4855:Polynesia 4830:areca nut 4717:Australia 4532:kompas.id 4412:202313147 4364:TRT World 4188:240917675 4140:2580-9237 4018:. BRILL. 3727:220980697 3711:1476-4687 3632:. London. 3247:28 August 3050:detiknews 3004:0006-2294 2963:145344026 2764:). Thus, 2693:Manokwari 2691:(capital 2683:(capital 2675:(capital 2667:(capital 2659:(capital 2603:TRT World 2513:Milne Bay 2319:Milne Bay 2303:New Spain 2257:, in the 2245:. while ' 2235:Majapahit 2231:Nusantara 2129:Sugarcane 1851:Araucaria 1786:(9,432). 1693:tribesman 1677:Sundaland 1532:Highlands 1526:Milne Bay 1421:Manokwari 1395:Fly River 1263:monotreme 1255:wallabies 1243:Melanesia 1204:Australia 1138:Mamberamo 1099:mangroves 1015:tree line 902:Coral Sea 869:Melanesia 853:Melanesia 845:Polynesia 827:Geography 800:backronym 755:from the 719:The name 549:The name 496:Indonesia 457:Australia 449:Melanesia 443:) is the 417:Hiri Motu 409:Tok Pisin 338:Milne Bay 256:Provinces 206:Provinces 198:Indonesia 163:Area rank 148:Melanesia 88:Geography 6903:Sardinia 6798:Tasmania 6783:Sakhalin 6773:Hokkaido 6763:Mindanao 6690:Sulawesi 6676:(Canada) 6574:folklore 6395:Kiribati 6332:Religion 6318:Visayans 6293:Tahitian 6273:Rapa Nui 6203:Hawaiian 6184:Chamorro 6141:Research 6127:Tuvaluan 6117:Rapa 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