Printing press - Knowledge

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A woollen blanket or two with a few sheets of paper are placed between these, the whole thus forming a thin elastic pad, on which the sheet to be printed is laid. The frisket is a slender frame-work, covered with coarse paper, on which an impression is first taken; the whole of the printed part is then cut out, leaving apertures exactly corresponding with the pages of type on the carriage of the press. The frisket when folded on to the tympans, and both turned down over the forme of types and run in under the platten, preserves the sheet from contact with any thing but the inked surface of the types, when the pull, which brings down the screw and forces the platten to produce the impression, is made by the pressman who works the lever,—to whom is facetiously given the title of "the practitioner at the bar.".

1129: 938: 1265: 1772: 1743: 132: 1716: 1704: 1380: 1486: 1253: 737: 1731: 1578:, letterheads, business cards, and envelopes. Jobbing presses were capable of quick setup (average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes) and quick production (even on treadle-powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour with one pressman, with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work). Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost-effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time. 812: 2557:, pp. 7f.: "Despite all that has been said above, even the strongest supporters of papyrus would not deny that parchment of good quality is the finest writing material ever devised by man. It is immensely strong, remains flexible indefinitely under normal conditions, does not deteriorate with age, and possesses a smooth, even surface which is both pleasant to the eye and provides unlimited scope for the finest writing and illumination." 1056: 991: 4369: 1044: 49: 1077:, pads mounted on handles. The balls were made of dog skin leather, because it has no pores, and stuffed with sheep's wool and were inked. This ink was then applied to the text evenly. One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan. The paper was damp as this lets the type 'bite' into the paper better. Small pins hold the paper in place. The paper is now held between a 1563:, ultimately allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace. Hoe's original design operated at up to 2,000 revolutions per hour where each revolution deposited 4 page images, giving the press a throughput of 8,000 pages per hour. By 1891, The 2928:(not copies) as of 8 January 2008, which however includes some print items from the 16th century (retrieved 11 March 2010). According to Bettina Wagner: "Das Second-Life der Wiegendrucke. Die Inkunabelsammlung der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek", in: Griebel, Rolf; Ceynowa, Klaus (eds.): "Information, Innovation, Inspiration. 450 Jahre Bayerische Staatsbibliothek", K G Saur, München 2008, 2545:, p. 419: "In the West, the only inhibiting expense in the production of writings for an increasingly literate market was the manual labor of the scribe himself. With his mechanization by movable-type printing in the 1440s, the manufacture of paper, until then relatively confined, began to spread very widely. The Paper Revolution of the thirteenth century thus entered a new era." 733:. At the same time, a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes. Gutenberg took up these far-flung strands, combined them into one complete and functioning system, and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own: 1097:

springiness of the paper, frisket, and tympan caused the bar to spring back and raise the platen, the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original position, the tympan and frisket raised and opened, and the printed sheet removed. Such presses were always worked by hand. After around 1800, iron presses were developed, some of which could be operated by

2457:, pp. 1, 38–67, 75: "The most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material, folded double and fastened together at the back or spine, and usually protected by covers." (p. 1) 1406:

became more meaningful and profitable. It was suddenly important who had said or written what, and what the precise formulation and time of composition was. This allowed the exact citing of references, producing the rule, "One Author, one work (title), one piece of information" (Giesecke, 1989; 325).

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this sketch represents a press in its completed form, with tympans attached to the end of the carriage, and with the frisket above the tympans. The tympans, inner and outer, are thin iron frames, one fitting into the other, on each of which is stretched a skin of parchment or a breadth of fine cloth.

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A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of

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A printing press, in its classical form, is a standing mechanism, ranging from 5 to 7 feet (1.5 to 2.1 m) long, 3 feet (0.91 m) wide, and 7 feet (2.1 m) tall. The small individual metal letters known as type would be set up by a compositor into the desired lines of text. Several lines

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In Italy, a center of early printing, print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns by 1500. At the end of the following century, 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities, with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active. Despite this proliferation,

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in Italy. However, the various techniques employed (imprinting, punching and assembling individual letters) did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted. Tsuen-Hsuin and Needham, and Briggs and Burke suggest that the movable-type printing in China and Korea was rarely

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became common, though they previously had not been unknown. The process of reading also changed, gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent, private reading. Over the next 200 years, the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy

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occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas, acting as an "agent of change" through the societies that it reached. Demand for bibles and other religious literature was one of the main drivers of the very rapid initial expansion of

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Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically: First, the use of steam power for running the machinery, and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders. Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer

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mechanism. A small rotating handle called the 'rounce' is used to do this, and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen. To turn the screw the long handle attached to it is turned. This is known as the bar or 'Devil's Tail.' In a well-set-up press, the

1166:, which was critical for producing durable type that produced high-quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known materials. To create these lead types, Gutenberg used what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions, a special 1481:

which reduced the force required by 90%, while doubling the size of the printed area. With a capacity of 480 pages per hour, the Stanhope press doubled the output of the old style press. Nonetheless, the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious.

529:), thereby transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth, paper, or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink and accelerated the process. Typically used for texts, the invention and 957:, the first certain evidence of which dates to 1282, allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese and Muslim papermaking. Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in 1526:

in 1814, capable of 1,100 impressions per hour. The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814. They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once. This began the long process of making

977:. After much experimentation, Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water-based inks caused by soaking the paper, and found the formula for an oil-based ink suitable for high-quality printing with metal type. 1434:

had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe (Eisenstein, 1969; 52). More people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Book production became more commercialised, and the first

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Gutenberg adopted the basic design, thereby mechanizing the printing process. Printing, however, put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing. Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the

2433:, p. 208: "Gutenberg's invention took full advantage of the degree of abstraction in representing language forms that was offered by the alphabet and by the Western forms of script that were current in the fifteenth century." 1276:, Germany, printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central, Western and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century. As early as 1480, there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany, Italy, 1473:, the mechanics of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press were still essentially unchanged, although new materials in its construction, amongst other innovations, had gradually improved its printing efficiency. By 1800, 1319:

By 1500, the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million copies. In the following century, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies.

849:, and a book dating to 1193 recorded the first copper movable type. However this received limited use compared to woodblock printing. Nevertheless, the technology spread outside China, as the oldest printed book using 807:

on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity. To speed up the printing process, he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed.

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in large quantities. His two inventions, the hand mould and the movable-type printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents in Europe, particularly for shorter print runs.

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A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy. The printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth. The publication of trade-related manuals and books teaching techniques like

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At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was

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had already produced more than 20 million volumes. In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies. By the mid-17th century, the

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The outstanding difference between the two ends of the Old World was the absence of screw-presses from China, but this is only another manifestation of the fact that this basic mechanism was foreign to that

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Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block-printing; there were no screw-based presses in the east, because they were not wine-drinkers, didn't have olives, and used other means to dry their

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from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing ca. 3,600 pages in the

830:, the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters, was known and had been cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before (the oldest known application dating back as far as the 968:

Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable-type printing. Codices of parchment, which in terms of quality is superior to any other

2469:, pp. 45–53. Technically speaking, a scroll could be written on its back side, too, but the very few ancient specimens found indicate that this was never considered a viable option. (p. 46) 3406:

Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2009), "Charting the "Rise of the West": Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries",

772:. The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns. Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the 756:

which allowed direct pressure to be applied on a flat plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenberg's time and was used for a wide range of tasks. Introduced in the 1st century AD by the

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these vernaculars, in effect 'decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of

615:, which permanently altered the structure of society. The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and (revolutionary) ideas transcended borders, captured the masses in the 1334:'s work, at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone (1469–1536). In the early days of the Reformation, the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and 1150:

Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith, Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman. He was the first to make type from an

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and other religious literature. The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing and lent its name to a new medium of expression and communication, "

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From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3.200 and 3.600 impressions per day.

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500). The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format: it is more convenient to read (by turning pages), more compact, and less costly, and both

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increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production, fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work processes. The sharp rise of

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The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to a huge increase of printing activities across Europe within only a few decades. From a single print shop in

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against Gutenberg that an official record existed; witnesses' testimony discussed Gutenberg's types, an inventory of metals (including lead), and his type molds.

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Needham, Joseph: "Science and Civilisation in China", Physics and Physical Technology (Vol. 4), Mechanical Engineering (Part 2), Cambridge University Press, 1965

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made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna. For many works prior to the printing press, the name of the author has been entirely lost.

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Lucas, Adam Robert (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg's improved version of the printing press: the entrepreneurial spirit of

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which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today. The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special

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through newspapers, pamphlets and bulletins. The advent of the printing press brought with it issues involving censorship and freedom of the press.

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laws were passed. On the other hand, the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information that may have been incorrect.

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and secured financial support for his project in 1807. Patented in 1810, Koenig had designed a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a

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Lipinsky, Angelo (1986), "La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili",

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Boruchoff, David A. (2012), "The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times: An Idea and Its Public", in Klaus Hock; Gesa Mackenthun (eds.),

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who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals, helping to bring on the

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alike by surprise. In the period from 1518 to 1524, the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold; between 1518 and 1520,

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era, the printing technique was adopted reproducing texts on paper strips by hand and supplying them in various copies to meet the demand.

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This method almost doubled the printing speed and produced more than 40 copies a day. Printing technology reached its peak at this point.

1139:'s work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn—a man who had previously instructed in 1771: 953:

A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture. The introduction of water-powered

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European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing between 1,500 and 3,600 impressions per workday. By comparison,

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The second necessary element was the concept of the printing press itself, an idea that had never been conceived in the Far East.

1509:." The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811. He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer 17: 1935: 1902: 1791: 593: 3020: 1742: 4241: 4077: 4051: 4017: 3999: 3915: 3893: 3830: 3790:

Gerhardt, Claus W. (1971), "Warum wurde die Gutenberg-Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst?",

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printing. Much later, printed literature played a major role in rallying support, and opposition, during the lead-up to the

3379: 3353: 1197:, Gutenberg made a trial of colour printing for a few of the page headings, present only in some copies. A later work, the 911:, it allowed the type-setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters. 2917: 2753: 1721: 1623: 1474: 1243: 530: 1946: 1345:

The rapidity of typographical text production, as well as the sharp fall in unit costs, led to the issuing of the first

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printing, where the back of the paper was manually rubbed to the page, did not exceed an output of forty pages per day.

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This article is about the historical device created by Johannes Gutenberg. For the modern technology of printing, see

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and Philadelphia Item were operating presses producing either 90,000 4-page sheets per hour or 48,000 8-page sheets.

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is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes, most of which were required for special characters,

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European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries.

4718: 4137:, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology (Vol. 5, Part 1), Cambridge University Press 3043: 2937: 703:

led to an increased demand for books which the time-consuming hand-copying method fell far short of accommodating.

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In East Asia, both woodblock and movable type printing were manual reproduction techniques, that is hand printing.

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increased the reliability of trade and led to the decline of merchant guilds and the rise of individual traders.

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I Live in the Future & Here's How It Works: Why Your World, Work, and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted

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available to a mass audience (which in turn helped spread literacy), and from the 1820s changed the nature of

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which was more durable than the previously used water-based inks. As printing material he used both paper and

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in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818. Having moved to London in 1804, Koenig soon met

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These are folded down, so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type. The bed is rolled under the

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Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung (brief summary)

3624:(1995), "Eine weitere Spur einer typographischen Werkstatt beim Kloster Prüfening im 12. Jahrhundert", 2602:

RIND Survey (The Press Institute of India- Research Institute for Newspaper Development) June 2015, p14

2376:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 158, 201. 2028: 1916: 1414:

Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages, page numbering,

3856:(1980), "Europe, the Middle East and the Shift in Power: Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson", 3288:

The International Cyclopædia A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Revised with Large Additions · Volume 12

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are surviving pre-16th century print works which are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and

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The concept of movable type existed prior to 15th century Europe; sporadic evidence that the

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broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging

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movable-type printing press could produce up to 3,600 pages per workday, compared to forty by

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Hellinga, Lotte (2007), "The Gutenberg Revolutions", in Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan (eds.),

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The Life Millennium : the 100 most important events & people of the past 1000 years

1355:) which opened up an entirely new field for conveying up-to-date information to the public. 1201:

of 1453, presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his successors

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Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58–69)

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describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the

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as two separate work steps. A goldsmith by profession, he created his type pieces from a

787:, embracing the Chinese craft of paper making, developed it and adopted it widely in the 716: 696: 680: 671: 656: 619:, and threatened the power of political and religious authorities. The sharp increase in 552: 348: 123: 4110: 3938:

Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1940), "Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts",

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The table lists the maximum number of pages which the various press designs could print

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The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World

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enabling the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template. His

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Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the

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magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium

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Weber, Johannes (2006), "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe",

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printing centres soon emerged; thus, one third of the Italian printers published in

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American colonial printing as determined by contemporary cultural forces, 1639–1763

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Gerhardt, Claus W. (1978), "Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert?",

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Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo

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Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo

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since the late 14th century and which worked on the same mechanical principles.

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Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985–1991)

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Gutenberg. Aventur und Kunst: Vom Geheimunternehmen zur ersten Medienrevolution

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The ratio between paper and parchment copies is estimated at around 150 to 30 (

2369: 2348: 1895: 1846: 1564: 1560: 1502: 1387: 1143:—and Andreas Heilmann, owner of a paper mill. However, it was not until a 1439 1069:

of text would be arranged at once and were placed in a wooden frame known as a

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and then falling further; papermaking centers reached Germany a century later.

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Onken, Björn (2009), "Presses", in Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.),

3869: 3421: 3138:"Information technology and economic change: The impact of the printing press" 2914: 2745: 1933:

1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium

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Also, in the middle of the 19th century, there was a separate development of

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is still one of the world's largest manufacturers of printing presses today.

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Technologies preceding the press that led to the press's invention included:

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Widmann, Hans (1974), "Der koreanische Buchdruck und Gutenbergs Erfindung",

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Bolza, Hans (1967), "Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine",

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The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of

1252: 4641: 4582: 4354: 4285: 4213: 3975: 3732: 3679: 3161:"How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets" 1821: 1506: 1430:. Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press, the entire 1070: 919: 868: 846: 835: 815: 788: 700: 644: 624: 576: 548: 158: 3684:

Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation

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proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because, in contrast to

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for wine and olives for oil, both of which formed an integral part of the

4677: 4672: 4667: 4377: 4303: 3842:, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 1871: 1831: 1444: 1324: 1293: 1285: 1202: 1098: 880: 753: 745: 722: 632: 628: 616: 608: 560: 556: 453: 238: 3726: 2791:

Pollak, Michael (1972). "The performance of the wooden printing press".

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Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World

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Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing". Retrieved 27 November 2006

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Schulte, Alfred (1939), "Papierpresse, Druckerpresse und Kelter",

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Der kunstreiche Johannes Gutenberg und die Frühzeit der Druckkunst

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Entangled Knowledge: Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference

1931:; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1535:

production, forcing a greater standardization in titles and other

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Burns, Robert I. (1996), "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400", in

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Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based

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was one of the most influential events in the second millennium.

193: 69: 1574:, small presses capable of printing small-format pieces such as 934:

sides could be used for writing or printing, unlike the scroll.

783:, Arab Muslims were printing texts, including passages from the 607:

The spread of mechanical movable type printing in Europe in the

4524: 4514: 4097:

Thompson, Susan (1978), "Paper Manufacturing and Early Books",

3067: 2364: 2352: 1523: 1403: 1335: 1313: 1305: 1277: 1190: 1089: 1082: 923: 860: 804: 661: 568: 48: 3664:, Regensburg: Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, 3553:

Prelude To Independence The Newspaper War On Britain 1764 1776

2977:"Google's Total Library: Putting The World's Books On The Web" 1237: 973:, still had a substantial share in Gutenberg's edition of the 4334: 3686:(4th ed.), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp. 413–422, 2388:

A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet

2016: 2014: 1900:

Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown

1386:, commemorating Gutenberg's invention on the occasion of the 1281: 1273: 1257: 1151: 958: 942: 915: 892: 855: 792: 636: 597: 584: 526: 522: 4210:

and the Gutenberg Bible (1455) (archived 28 September 2007)

3812:

Hanebutt-Benz, Eva-Maria (2000), "Gutenbergs Erfindungen",

3641:"Das typographische Prinzip. Versuch einer Begriffsklärung" 3246:(Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 147. 1532: 1155: 888: 2011: 760:, it was commonly employed in agricultural production for 2051:. London: New Left Books. Quoted in: Anderson, Benedict. 1186: 1159: 514: 3488:

The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800

3268:"Richard March Hoe | American inventor and manufacturer" 2294: 2049:

The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800

4070:

The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World

3599:

Borsa, Gedeon (1976), "Druckorte in Italien vor 1601",

2961:

Peck, Josh. "The State of Publishing: Literacy Rates."

1407:

Before, the author was less important, since a copy of

1368: 3783:

L'aventure du livre: Du manuscrit medieval a nos jours

2943: 1342:'s tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies. 575:

made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal

3610:

Borsa, Gedeon (1977), "Drucker in Italien vor 1601",

2408: 1426:

The printing press was an important step towards the

687:

The rapid economic and socio-cultural development of

3745:

The Printing Press. Transforming Power of Technology

2163:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1104:

The function of the printing press was described by

3910:: Hilfsmittel, vol. 14, München, p. 213, 3534:

The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man

2616:. Ceylon: Government Printer, Colombo. p. 122. 1516:Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to 879:Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating 513:is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an 3508: 3465:(2nd, rev. ed.), Cambridge University Press, 3440: 2156: 594:first printing presses arrived in colonial America 3405: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3205: 3203: 3190:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 130–133) 2732: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 4690: 4072:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 144–171, 3061: 1914: 3342:Bailyn, Bernard; Hench, John B., eds. (1981) . 3182: 3180: 3178: 2351:from the 10th to the 12th century and that the 1209:, had elaborate red and blue printed initials. 3463:The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe 3215: 3200: 2965:. McSweeney, 5 July 2011. Web. 28 August 2014. 1987: 1458: 1085:(two frames covered with paper or parchment). 961:, reducing the price of paper to one-sixth of 4235: 3937: 3886:Johannes Gutenberg. The Man and his Invention 3811: 3731:(6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/ 3536:(1st ed.), University of Toronto Press, 2627: 2625: 2623: 2567: 2332: 2252:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 1777:A Miehle flat-bed cylinder press in operation 490: 4060:Schneider, Helmuth (2007), "Technology", in 4041: 3478: 3175: 3135: 3005:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2975:SPIEGEL, Malte Herwig, DER (28 March 2007). 2940:lists 28,107 editions published before 1501. 2554: 2538: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2393: 2305:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilkinson2012 ( 2139: 2055:. Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico, 1993. 1978: 1256:Spread of printing in the 15th century from 662:Economic conditions and intellectual climate 631:and accelerated the development of European 3704:, Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 3129: 3101: 2159:The Cambridge Illustrated History of France 2106:, Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, 2047:Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). 1238:Mass production and spread of printed books 1047:Printing press, engraving by W Lowry after 4242: 4228: 4186:(1st ed.), Frankfurt/Main: Interprint 4099:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3929:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3858:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3825:, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 207–220, 3747:, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 3460: 3435: 3095: 3074:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 3068:Julia C. Crick; Alexandra Walsham (2004). 2949: 2863:Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing": 2620: 2135: 1974: 1212: 497: 483: 130: 47: 4059: 3761:Duchesne, Ricardo (2006), "Asia First?", 3702:Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press 3699: 3387: 3108:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 53. 2579: 2426: 2414: 2300: 2219: 2207: 1031:Learn how and when to remove this message 647:allowed printing on an industrial scale. 596:in response to the increasing demand for 4249: 4096: 4042:Roberts, Colin H.; Skeat, T. C. (1983), 3948: 3820: 3800: 3789: 3780: 3760: 3742: 3570:Gutenberg et l'invention de l'imprimerie 3443:The Printing Press as an Agent of Change 3232: 2889: 2849: 2510: 2490: 2430: 2340: 2123: 1484: 1378: 1263: 1251: 1127: 1054: 1042: 980: 936: 863:era. Other notable examples include the 818:sorted in a letter case and loaded in a 810: 735: 706: 675: 4170: 4085: 3840:An Introduction to a History of Woodcut 3717:Ch'on Hye-bong: "Typography in Korea", 3567: 3528: 3345:The Press & the American Revolution 3291:. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 168 3158: 3152: 3071:The uses of script and print, 1300–1700 2974: 2840: 2358: 2231: 1970: 1736:Imprenta Press V John Sherwin from 1860 1132:Johannes Gutenberg, 1904 reconstruction 14: 4691: 4007: 3852: 3823:A Companion to the History of the Book 3816:, Mainz: Stadt Mainz, pp. 158–189 3721:, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1993), pp. 10–19 3657: 3638: 3620: 3392:, Münster: Waxmann, pp. 133–163, 2877: 2790: 2647: 2390:, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73. 2380: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2237: 1792:Early American publishers and printers 1748:Reliance Printing Press from the 1890s 859:, printed in Korea in 1377 during the 27:Mechanism that applies ink to a medium 4223: 4161: 4141: 4132: 4028: 3989: 3961: 3763:The Journal of the Historical Society 3677: 3609: 3598: 3585: 3321: 3309: 3238: 3226: 3209: 2901: 2778: 2774: 2611: 2542: 2526: 2514: 2498: 2494: 2478: 2386:Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002). 2243: 2203: 2199: 2154: 2084: 555:. Modelled on the design of existing 4181: 3901: 3883: 3549: 3336:On the effects of the printing press 3284: 2987:from the original on 28 January 2012 2738: 2671: 2659: 2344: 2288: 2276: 2187: 2000: 1581: 1492:'s 1814 steam-powered printing press 1369:Circulation of information and ideas 1117: 1013:adding citations to reliable sources 984: 4046:, London: Oxford University Press, 3994:, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 3724: 3503: 2853: 2143: 1982: 1244:Global spread of the printing press 926:at the onset of the Middle Ages (AD 531:global spread of the printing press 53:A recreated Gutenberg press at the 24: 4198:Centre for the History of the Book 4119:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb47791.x 3368:Berthold, Arthur Benedict (1970), 2756:from the original on 12 March 2011 2746:"Incunabula Short Title Catalogue" 1477:had built a press completely from 551:printing press, which started the 25: 4735: 4214:Internet Archive: Printing (1947) 4191: 3743:Crompton, Samuel Willard (2004), 3461:Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (2005), 3367: 3102:Nick Bilton (14 September 2010). 3041: 2072: 1402:. Because of the printing press, 1193:(high-quality parchment). In the 4367: 4012:, Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 3785:, Paris: Bibliothèque de l'image 3775:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2006.00168.x 2938:Incunabula Short Title Catalogue 2915:Incunabula Short Title Catalogue 2720: 2696: 2155:Jones, Colin (20 October 1994). 1770: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1714: 1702: 1384:"Modern Book Printing" sculpture 989: 3409:The Journal of Economic History 3374:, New York : B. Franklin, 3341: 3330: 3315: 3303: 3278: 3260: 3035: 3027:. 9 August 2003. Archived from 3013: 2968: 2955: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2827: 2784: 2768: 2726: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2690: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2605: 2594: 2585: 2573: 2560: 2548: 2532: 2520: 2504: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2420: 2355:received it from there (p. 78). 2313: 2282: 2270: 2225: 2213: 2193: 2181: 2148: 2129: 1546: 1248:List of early modern newspapers 1000:needs additional citations for 845:in the 11th century during the 3447:, Cambridge University Press, 3285:Peck, Harry Thurston. (1895). 2117: 2096: 2078: 2066: 1964: 1915:Friedman, Robert, ed. (1998). 1888: 918:, which had originated in the 13: 1: 3908:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 3728:Encyclopedia of World History 2963:McSweeney's Internet Tendency 2733:Buringh & van Zanden 2009 1629: 1614: 713:History of Western typography 423: 198: 183: 55:International Printing Museum 3781:Fontaine, Jean-Paul (1999), 2020:Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, p. 12: 1428:democratization of knowledge 571:. Gutenberg's newly devised 7: 4184:Geschichte der Druckpressen 4166:, London: Thames and Hudson 4133:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), 3658:Brekle, Herbert E. (2005), 3639:Brekle, Herbert E. (1997), 3515:, London: Headline Review, 3244:A History of Graphic Design 3188:A History of Graphic Design 2936:, pp. 207–224 (207f.), the 1782: 1459:Industrial printing presses 909:logographic writing systems 873:Altarpiece of Pellegrino II 10: 4740: 4182:Wolf, Hans-Jürgen (1974), 4164:Greek and Roman Technology 4068:; Saller, Richard (eds.), 1894:For example, in 1999, the 1695: 1555:, invented in 1843 in the 1462: 1372: 1241: 1121: 710: 665: 654: 650: 29: 4655: 4629: 4562: 4536: 4507: 4498: 4456: 4385: 4376: 4365: 4322: 4284: 4275: 4257: 4156:10.1191/0266355406gh380oa 3870:10.1017/s001041750000949x 3725:Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). 3700:Childress, Diana (2008), 3422:10.1017/s0022050709000837 1661: 1654: 1647: 1637: 1622: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1597: 699:and literacy amongst the 462: 452: 444:Thermal-transfer printing 442: 432: 417: 407: 397: 387: 377: 367: 357: 347: 337: 327: 317: 307: 297: 287: 277: 267: 257: 247: 237: 227: 217: 207: 192: 177: 167: 157: 147: 101: (584 years ago) 95: 85: 75: 65: 46: 41: 3437:Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. 3023:Online Journalism Review 2555:Roberts & Skeat 1983 2539:Febvre & Martin 1997 2467:Roberts & Skeat 1983 2455:Roberts & Skeat 1983 2443:Roberts & Skeat 1983 2244:Bloom, Jonathan (2001). 2140:Febvre & Martin 1997 1979:Febvre & Martin 1997 1882: 1827:Columbian Printing Press 1765:newspaper printing press 1709:Printing press from 1811 1453:double-entry bookkeeping 1423:rate throughout Europe. 949:, Gutenberg's major work 319:Photostat and rectigraph 4719:15th-century inventions 4008:Mahnke, Helmut (2009), 3992:Books: A Living History 3550:—— (1958). 3272:Encyclopedia Britannica 2612:Skeen, William (1872). 2402:Encyclopædia Britannica 2331:, p. 25; England: 1511:Andreas Friedrich Bauer 1213:The Printing Revolution 828:typographical principle 517:surface resting upon a 118:Part of a series on the 18:The Printing Revolution 4200:(archived 6 June 2016) 4044:The Birth of the Codex 3990:Lyons, Martyn (2011), 3976:10.1353/tech.2005.0026 3964:Technology and Culture 3562:Technology of printing 2924:gives 29,777 separate 2868: 2862: 2848: 2843:, p. 34, fn. 14: 2839: 2833:Needham 1965, p. 211: 2735:, p. 417, table 2 2093: 2025: 2008: 1905:29 August 2010 at the 1817:Adana Printing Presses 1601:Steam-powered presses 1598:Hand-operated presses 1493: 1391: 1269: 1261: 1226:, and later still the 1133: 1115: 1065: 1052: 950: 823: 749: 725:, development of ink, 723:manufacturing of paper 684: 635:, to the detriment of 611:introduced the era of 169:Intaglio (printmaking) 4595:Golding & Company 4458:Hot metal typesetting 4162:White, K. D. (1984), 3902:Koch, Walter (1994), 3888:, Aldershot: Scolar, 3884:Kapr, Albert (1996), 2920:12 March 2011 at the 2864: 2857: 2844: 2834: 2793:The Library Quarterly 2339:, p. 62; Italy: 2088: 2021: 2004: 1955:Catholic Encyclopedia 1949:14 April 2008 at the 1867:Electronic publishing 1671:Impressions per hour 1553:rotary printing press 1541:Koenig & Bauer AG 1488: 1471:Industrial Revolution 1400:Scientific Revolution 1382: 1267: 1255: 1131: 1110: 1058: 1046: 981:Function and approach 940: 865:Prüfening inscription 814: 739: 707:Technological factors 689:late medieval society 679: 668:History of capitalism 289:Hot metal typesetting 4600:Chandler & Price 4340:Logographic printing 4251:Letterpress printing 3568:Bechtel, G. (1992), 2913:The British Library 2856:, pp. 112–115: 2570:, pp. 158–189). 2501:, p. 28, fn. 70 2102:Anderson, Benedict: 1938:3 March 2012 at the 1837:Vertical print press 1375:The Gutenberg Galaxy 1124:Letterpress printing 1009:improve this article 309:Daisy wheel printing 4714:Textual scholarship 4262:History of printing 4111:1978NYASA.314..167T 3031:on 14 October 2012. 1469:At the dawn of the 1465:History of printing 1219:Printing Revolution 729:, and invention of 717:Medieval technology 693:emerging capitalism 681:Medieval university 672:Medieval university 657:History of printing 553:Printing Revolution 540:, around 1440, the 349:Dot matrix printing 124:History of printing 4709:1445 introductions 4704:Johannes Gutenberg 4554:Composition roller 4386:Manual typesetting 4204:Gutenberg printing 4174:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 4135:Paper and Printing 4089:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3941:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3804:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3793:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3646:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3627:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3622:Brekle, Herbert E. 3613:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3602:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 3484:Martin, Henri-Jean 3136:Jeremiah Dittmar. 2568:Hanebutt-Benz 2000 2541:, pp. 41–44; 2517:, pp. 414–417 2429:, pp. 51–55; 2374:Paper and Printing 2343:, pp. 75–80, 2335:, pp. 93–97, 2333:Lehmann-Haupt 1940 2323:, pp. 23–26, 2210:, pp. 156–159 2206:, pp. 31ff.; 1862:Desktop publishing 1842:Other inventions: 1812:Printing presses: 1551:The steam-powered 1494: 1416:tables of contents 1392: 1270: 1262: 1232:French Revolutions 1137:Johannes Gutenberg 1134: 1066: 1053: 951: 851:metal movable type 824: 781:Islamic Golden Age 750: 727:woodblock printing 685: 613:mass communication 545:Johannes Gutenberg 434:Solid ink printing 149:Woodblock printing 90:Johannes Gutenberg 59:Carson, California 4724:German inventions 4686: 4685: 4625: 4624: 4494: 4493: 4481:Intertype Machine 4363: 4362: 4323:Blocks and plates 4079:978-0-521-78053-7 4053:978-0-19-726024-1 4032:Brill's New Pauly 4019:978-3-8370-5041-7 4001:978-1-60606-083-4 3917:978-3-88612-114-4 3895:978-1-85928-114-7 3838:Hind, Arthur M., 3832:978-1-4051-2765-3 3754:978-0-7910-7451-0 3711:978-0-7613-4024-9 3693:978-3-7861-1748-3 3671:978-3-937527-06-2 3588:Technikgeschichte 3579:978-2-213-02865-1 3572:, Paris: Fayard, 3556:. Alfred A.Knopf. 3543:978-0-8020-6041-9 3530:McLuhan, Marshall 3522:978-0-7472-4504-9 3497:978-1-85984-108-2 3490:, London: Verso, 3472:978-0-521-60774-2 3454:978-0-521-29955-8 3399:978-3-8309-2729-7 3253:978-0-471-29198-5 3186:Meggs, Philip B. 3115:978-0-307-59111-1 3081:978-0-521-81063-0 2934:978-3-598-11772-5 2781:, p. 166−169 2685:Eisenstein (1980) 2591:Lyons 2011, p. 59 2497:, p. 68−73; 2366:Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin 2174:978-0-521-43294-8 2112:978-968-16-3867-2 2075:, pp. 20, 26, 39, 2061:978-968-16-3867-2 2003:, pp. 67f.: 1693: 1692: 1666: 1659: 1652: 1645: 1635: 1620: 1582:Printing capacity 1224:English Civil War 1180:punctuation marks 1118:Gutenberg's press 1041: 1040: 1033: 871:from England and 697:medieval learning 507: 506: 472: 471: 339:Spirit duplicator 249:Chromolithography 113: 112: 16:(Redirected from 4731: 4563:Types of presses 4508:Parts of a press 4505: 4504: 4486:Paige Compositor 4476:Ludlow Typograph 4466:Linotype machine 4383: 4382: 4371: 4282: 4281: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4187: 4178: 4167: 4158: 4138: 4129: 4093: 4082: 4062:Scheidel, Walter 4056: 4035: 4022: 4004: 3986: 3958: 3945: 3934: 3928: 3920: 3898: 3880: 3835: 3817: 3808: 3797: 3786: 3777: 3757: 3739: 3714: 3696: 3674: 3654: 3635: 3617: 3606: 3595: 3582: 3557: 3546: 3525: 3514: 3500: 3475: 3457: 3446: 3432: 3402: 3384: 3381:978-0-8337-02616 3359: 3355:978-0-9303-50307 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3240:Meggs, Philip B. 3236: 3230: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3184: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3004: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2911: 2905: 2904:, pp. 387f. 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2788: 2782: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2629: 2618: 2617: 2614:Early Typography 2609: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2508: 2502: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2445:, pp. 24–30 2440: 2434: 2424: 2418: 2417:, pp. 51–55 2412: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2362: 2356: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2298: 2292: 2291:, pp. 39–46 2286: 2280: 2279:, pp. 39ff. 2274: 2268: 2267: 2251: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2197: 2191: 2190:, pp. 21–35 2185: 2179: 2178: 2162: 2152: 2146: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2100: 2094: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2045: 2026: 2018: 2009: 1998: 1985: 1968: 1962: 1944:Johann Gutenberg 1930: 1928: 1926: 1892: 1857:Computer printer 1774: 1757: 1745: 1733: 1718: 1706: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1643: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1593: 1592: 1539:. Their company 1499:Friedrich Koenig 1182:, and so forth. 1036: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1016: 993: 985: 971:writing material 929: 840:Chinese engineer 838:was invented by 521:medium (such as 499: 492: 485: 464:Digital printing 428: 425: 419:Thermal printing 379:Phototypesetting 203: 200: 188: 185: 145: 144: 134: 115: 114: 109: 107: 102: 51: 39: 38: 21: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4651: 4637:Folding machine 4630:Other equipment 4621: 4558: 4532: 4490: 4471:Monotype system 4452: 4398:Composing stick 4372: 4359: 4318: 4277: 4271: 4253: 4248: 4194: 4080: 4054: 4020: 4002: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3896: 3854:Issawi, Charles 3833: 3755: 3712: 3694: 3672: 3580: 3544: 3523: 3498: 3473: 3455: 3400: 3382: 3356: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3279: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3216: 3208: 3201: 3185: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3040: 3036: 3019: 3018: 3014: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2956: 2950:Eisenstein 1980 2948: 2944: 2922:Wayback Machine 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2832: 2828: 2789: 2785: 2777:, p. 314; 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2750:British Library 2744: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2630: 2621: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513:, p. 169; 2509: 2505: 2493:, p. 169; 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2363: 2359: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2153: 2149: 2136:Eisenstein 1980 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2101: 2097: 2087:, p. 387: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2046: 2029: 2019: 2012: 1999: 1988: 1975:Eisenstein 1980 1969: 1965: 1951:Wayback Machine 1940:Wayback Machine 1924: 1922: 1907:Wayback Machine 1896:A&E Network 1893: 1889: 1885: 1877:Offset printing 1852:Composing stick 1785: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1758: 1749: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1725: 1724:press from 1842 1719: 1710: 1707: 1698: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1642: 1632: 1627: 1617: 1612: 1584: 1572:jobbing presses 1549: 1467: 1461: 1432:classical canon 1377: 1371: 1250: 1240: 1215: 1195:Gutenberg Bible 1126: 1120: 1037: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1006: 994: 983: 932:recto and verso 927: 820:composing stick 762:pressing grapes 719: 709: 674: 664: 659: 653: 503: 474: 473: 426: 399:Dye-sublimation 389:Inkjet printing 329:Screen printing 279:Offset printing 219:Relief printing 201: 186: 142: 105: 103: 100: 61: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4737: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4612:Cylinder press 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4502: 4500:Printing press 4496: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4345:Wood engraving 4342: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4201: 4193: 4192:External links 4190: 4189: 4188: 4179: 4168: 4159: 4150:(3): 387–412, 4144:German History 4139: 4130: 4105:(1): 167–176, 4094: 4083: 4078: 4057: 4052: 4039: 4036: 4026: 4023: 4018: 4005: 4000: 3987: 3959: 3946: 3935: 3916: 3899: 3894: 3881: 3864:(4): 487–504, 3850: 3836: 3831: 3818: 3809: 3798: 3787: 3778: 3758: 3753: 3740: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3697: 3692: 3675: 3670: 3655: 3636: 3618: 3607: 3596: 3583: 3578: 3559: 3558: 3547: 3542: 3526: 3521: 3501: 3496: 3480:Febvre, Lucien 3476: 3471: 3458: 3453: 3433: 3416:(2): 409–445, 3403: 3398: 3385: 3380: 3365: 3354: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3277: 3259: 3252: 3231: 3214: 3199: 3174: 3151: 3128: 3114: 3094: 3080: 3060: 3034: 3012: 2967: 2954: 2942: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2880:, pp. 492 2870: 2852:, p. 83; 2826: 2805:10.1086/620028 2799:(2): 218–264. 2783: 2767: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2619: 2604: 2593: 2584: 2580:Childress 2008 2572: 2559: 2547: 2531: 2519: 2503: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2435: 2427:Childress 2008 2419: 2415:Childress 2008 2407: 2392: 2379: 2370:Joseph Needham 2357: 2349:Constantinople 2327:, p. 62, 2312: 2303:, p. 911. 2301:Wilkinson 2012 2293: 2281: 2269: 2262: 2236: 2224: 2220:Schneider 2007 2212: 2208:Schneider 2007 2192: 2180: 2173: 2147: 2128: 2116: 2095: 2077: 2065: 2027: 2010: 1986: 1963: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1847:Color printing 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1720: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1636: 1621: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1583: 1580: 1565:New York World 1561:Richard M. Hoe 1548: 1545: 1503:Thomas Bensley 1460: 1457: 1388:2006 World Cup 1370: 1367: 1239: 1236: 1214: 1211: 1207:Peter Schöffer 1119: 1116: 1049:John Farey Jr. 1039: 1038: 997: 995: 988: 982: 979: 905:Latin alphabet 867:from Germany, 708: 705: 663: 660: 655:Main article: 652: 649: 645:rotary presses 589:Western Europe 511:printing press 505: 504: 502: 501: 494: 487: 479: 476: 475: 470: 469: 466: 460: 459: 456: 450: 449: 446: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 421: 415: 414: 411: 409:Laser printing 405: 404: 401: 395: 394: 391: 385: 384: 381: 375: 374: 371: 369:Spark printing 365: 364: 361: 355: 354: 351: 345: 344: 341: 335: 334: 331: 325: 324: 321: 315: 314: 311: 305: 304: 301: 295: 294: 291: 285: 284: 281: 275: 274: 271: 265: 264: 261: 255: 254: 251: 245: 244: 241: 235: 234: 231: 225: 224: 221: 215: 214: 211: 205: 204: 196: 190: 189: 181: 179:Printing press 175: 174: 171: 165: 164: 161: 155: 154: 151: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 127: 126: 120: 119: 111: 110: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 67: 66:Classification 63: 62: 52: 44: 43: 42:Printing press 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4736: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4648: 4647:Addressograph 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4605:Colt's Armory 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4590:Jobbing press 4588: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951:Ateneo Veneto 3947: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3848:0-486-20952-0 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3680:Lindgren, Uta 3676: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3290: 3289: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3196:0-471-29198-6 3193: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3162: 3159:Prateek Raj. 3155: 3139: 3132: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3064: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3016: 3008: 3002: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2890:Duchesne 2006 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2850:Duchesne 2006 2847: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2721:Duniway, 1906 2717: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2697:Newgass, 1958 2693: 2686: 2680: 2674:, p. 203 2673: 2668: 2662:, p. 172 2661: 2656: 2650:, p. 290 2649: 2644: 2638: 2637:0-471-29198-6 2634: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2529:, p. 417 2528: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2511:Thompson 1978 2507: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:Thompson 1978 2487: 2481:, p. 418 2480: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2431:Hellinga 2007 2428: 2423: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:Lipinsky 1986 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2308: 2302: 2297: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2265: 2263:0-300-08955-4 2259: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2222:, p. 158 2221: 2216: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2151: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2126:, p. 217 2125: 2124:Gerhardt 1978 2120: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2092: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2073:Bertold, 1970 2069: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1959:Christian era 1956: 1953:entry of the 1952: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1662:Koenig press 1655:Koenig press 1648:Koenig press 1640: 1625: 1610: 1604: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:United States 1554: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1475:Lord Stanhope 1472: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1363:North America 1360: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1266: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199:Mainz Psalter 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1125: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1106:William Skeen 1102: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1062: 1057: 1050: 1045: 1035: 1032: 1024: 1014: 1010: 1004: 1003: 998:This section 996: 992: 987: 986: 978: 976: 975:42-line Bible 972: 966: 964: 960: 956: 948: 947:42-line Bible 944: 939: 935: 933: 925: 921: 917: 912: 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The first 833: 832:Phaistos disc 829: 821: 817: 813: 809: 806: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 770:medieval diet 767: 766:Mediterranean 763: 759: 755: 747: 746:screw presses 743: 740:Early modern 738: 734: 732: 728: 724: 718: 714: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 683:class (1350s) 682: 678: 673: 669: 658: 648: 646: 642: 641:lingua franca 639:'s status as 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 590: 586: 581: 578: 574: 570: 567:and a few by 566: 565:hand-printing 562: 558: 557:screw presses 554: 550: 547:invented the 546: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 500: 495: 493: 488: 486: 481: 480: 478: 477: 467: 465: 461: 457: 455: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 435: 431: 422: 420: 416: 412: 410: 406: 402: 400: 396: 392: 390: 386: 382: 380: 376: 372: 370: 366: 362: 360: 356: 352: 350: 346: 342: 340: 336: 332: 330: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 310: 306: 302: 300: 296: 292: 290: 286: 282: 280: 276: 272: 270: 266: 262: 260: 256: 252: 250: 246: 242: 240: 236: 232: 230: 226: 222: 220: 216: 212: 210: 206: 197: 195: 191: 182: 180: 176: 172: 170: 166: 162: 160: 156: 152: 150: 146: 138: 137: 133: 129: 128: 125: 122: 121: 117: 116: 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 71: 68: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4659:Related arts 4642:Paper cutter 4617:Rotary press 4499: 4355:Zinc etching 4294:Type casting 4286:Movable type 4276:Ways to make 4207: 4206:− Photos of 4183: 4172: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4102: 4098: 4087: 4069: 4043: 4031: 4009: 3991: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3939: 3903: 3885: 3861: 3857: 3839: 3822: 3813: 3802: 3791: 3782: 3769:(1): 69–91, 3766: 3762: 3744: 3736: 3733:Bartleby.com 3727: 3718: 3701: 3683: 3660: 3650: 3644: 3631: 3625: 3611: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3533: 3510: 3487: 3462: 3442: 3413: 3407: 3389: 3370: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3331:Bibliography 3324:, p. 87 3317: 3312:, p. 83 3305: 3293:. 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