1431:: "Von Briefen sind bis jetzt nur Bruchstücke gefunden worden, unter denen auch nur wenige einen Umfang haben, der für die nähere Bestimmung des Inhaltes etwas erhoffen lässt. Im übrigen ist der Inhalt solcher diplomatischen Noten dem allgemeinen Charakter nach ja von Tel-Amarna her bekannt. Soweit Absender oder Empfänger erhalten sind, rühren die meisten von Wasmuaria oder Wasmuaria satepuaria Ria-masesa-mai Amana d. i. wsr m't R' stp n R', R'ms sa mrj Jmn = Ramses II und seinem Zeitgenossen Hattusil (Ha-at-tu-si-li), dem weiland Chetasar oder Hattusir der ägyptischen Inschriften her. In den verschiedenen Urkunden wird die Genealogie der beiden gegeben (s. unten auch den Vertrag), Hattusil nennt als seine Vorfahren Mur-si-li' und Su-ub-bi-lu-li-u-ma, (der Name ganz so wie von Knudtzon für den Tel- Amarna- Brief festgestellt). Diese beiden sind „Grosskönig, König von Hatti", der Urgrossvater, ebenfalls Hattusil genannt, war „grosser König, König von Ku-us-sar", also ein Vasallenfürst des Hatti -Königs — falls nicht das Grosskönigtum überhaupt eine Gründung von Subliluliuma gewesen ist. Auch der „Mautener" der Aegypter wird in Briefen erwähnt und zwar, wie bereits vermutet (von Jensen zuerst?) tatsächlich in der Form Muttallu. Ein Bruchstück scheint von der Erhebung Subliluliumas zu sprechen. Es ist von Orakelmachenschaften dabei die Rede! Die erste grössere Urkunde, welche — etwa auf halber Höhe des Bergabhanges — gefunden wurde, war der Text eines Vertrags, der abgeschlossen wurde zwischen Hattusil und Ri-a-ma-se-sa-ma-a-i(ilu)A-ma-na mär Mi-im-mu-a-ri-a (Seti I) bin-bin Mi-in-pa-hi-ri-ta-ri-a. Beide Parteien nennen sich sar rabü sar Misri (Hatti) und dahinter noch asaridu (Ur. Sag), genau entsprechend dem bekannten Vertrage von Karnak. Mit diesem ist der unsrige in der Hauptsache identisch, er ist iler keilschriftliche babylonische Text, der ins Aegyptische übersetzt worden ist, wobei nicht überall wörtliche Uebereinstimmung zu herrschen scheint. Der Anhang stand wohl nicht darin, das Ende ist aber nicht erhalten. Auch er spricht von dem „Texte der silbernen Tafel" (sa ina rikilti muhhi dup-bi sa sarpi). Die Aufzählung der Götter von Hatti, welche im Aegyptischen steht, fehlt hier — ob nur abgebrochen, ist nicht festzustellen — wir haben sie aber auf einer sogleich zu erwähnenden anderen hethitisehen Urkunde, im wesentlichen ebenfalls übereinstimmend."
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in the same way – the content is identical, word for word with parts of the
Egyptian version written in beautiful cuneiform and excellent Babylonian ... As with the history of the people of Hatti, the name of this place was completely forgotten. But the people of Hatti evidently played an important role in the evolution of the ancient Western world, and though the name of this city and the name of the people were totally lost for so long, their rediscovery now opens up possibilities we cannot yet begin to think of.
1492:, XIV, 67–70. In spite of the mutilated condition of the two monuments, the frequent repetitions make restoration certain in almost all cases. Müller's edition is the only one that is done with care and accuracy; a number of readings may be added to Müller's text from Sharpe's copy, which seems to have escaped him. The following translation was already in my manuscript when Müller's publication appeared. His text added a few new readings, but otherwise, the translation remains unchanged."
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reign by harboring Urhi-Tesub within Egypt's borders. Hattušiliš realised that only an alliance with
Ramesses could prevent the monarch from unleashing his nephew back into contention with him for the throne. By concluding a treaty with Egypt, Hattušiliš also hoped that garnering the endorsement of Ramesses of his position as the true king of Hatti would effectively reconcile the disaffected elements in his kingdom that backed Urhi-Tesub as the rightful possessor of the kingship.
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331:, gathered together an army of his allies to prevent the invasion of his territory. At the site of Kadesh, Ramesses foolishly outdistanced the remainder of his forces and, after hearing unreliable intelligence regarding the Hittite position from a pair of captured prisoners, the pharaoh pitched camp across from the town. The Hittite armies, hidden behind the town, launched a surprise attack against the
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guarantee that they would not invade the other's land. That provision ensured that both participants would act in harmony regarding the disputed Syrian holdings and, in effect, established boundaries for the two conflicting claims. No longer, according to the treaty, would costly Syrian campaigns be waged between the two Near
Eastern powers, as a formal renunciation of further hostilities is made.
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differences, however; for instance, the
Hittite version adopts a somewhat evasive preamble, asserting that "as for the relationship between land of Egypt and the Hatti land, since eternity the god does not permit the making of hostility between them because of a treaty valid forever." By contrast, the Egyptian version states straightforwardly that the two states had been at war.
559:, treaties were established "for reasons of expediency and self-interest... their concern was much more with establishing strategic alliances than with peace for its own sake". The emerging consensus is that despite the treaty mentioning establishing "brotherhood and peace forever", its main purpose was to form a mutually-beneficial alliance between the two powers.
691:. The warming of the relationship between Ramesses and the Hittite king enabled the pharaoh to divert resources from his army to his extensive construction projects. In the 34th year of Ramesses II's reign, there is evidence that in an effort to establish stronger familial bonds with Hatti, the pharaoh married a Hittite princess. Both evidence of the
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one to approach
Ramesses, the pharaoh, in his depictions at the Ramesseum, represents the settlement as one that the Hittite king had asked for in a position of submission. Considering the official language of the treaties then to be completely independent of each other, Ramesses was able to present the terms of the
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allowed to enter Syria, they would be an arm's length from Egypt itself and pose a threat to Egypt proper. By accepting the
Hittite overture of alliance, Ramesses would count on the fact that the newly-made allies would help to safeguard their mutual holdings in Syria against the upstart power of Assyria.
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The treaty proclaimed that both sides would forever remain at peace and bound the children and grandchildren of the parties. They would not commit acts of aggression against each other, they would repatriate each other's political refugees and criminals and they would assist each other in suppressing
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about their joint treaty ... confirmation that the famous treaty which we knew from the version carved on the temple walls at Karnak might also be illuminated from the otherwise. Ramses is identified by his royal titles and pedigree exactly as in the Karnak text of the treaty; Hattusilis is described
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of the kingship. Urhi-Tesub's determination to regain the throne from his uncle caused the
Hittite Empire to enter a period of instability both at home and abroad. The nephew had been banished after an unsuccessful coup and ended up in Egypt. Ramesses II thereby posed a direct threat to Hattušiliš's
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Besides the added incentive of no longer depleting Egypt's finances with expensive wars against Hatti and increasing the security of Egypt's claims in Syria, signing the treaty with Hatti also provided
Ramesses the opportunity to brag about his "defeat" of the Hittites. Since Hattušiliš had been the
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would demand recognition by his fellow royals in the Near East. His weak position abroad and domestically, which defined his reign, suggests that it was the Hatti leader who sued for peace. In fact, Trevor Bryce interprets the opening lines of the treaty to be "Ramesses, Beloved of Amon, Great King,
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The accounts of this battle mainly are derived from
Egyptian literary accounts known as the Bulletin (also known as the Record) and the Poem as well as pictorial Reliefs. Unfortunately for scholars and individuals interested in the Battle of Kadesh, the details that those sources provide are heavily
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first. As has been mentioned, Ramesses II had lost portions of his Syrian territory when he retreated to Egypt after the Battle of Kadesh. In that sense, Hattušiliš would have had the upper hand in the negotiations since
Ramesses desired to emulate the military successes of Tuthmosis III. Until the
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because its exact wording is known to us. Divided into points, the treaty flows between the Egyptians and Hittites as each side makes pledges of brotherhood and peace to the other in terms of the objectives. The treaty can be seen as a promise of peace and alliance since both powers make the mutual
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Despite suffering the later losses during his invasion of Syria, Ramesses II launched another campaign in his eighth year of rule, which proved largely successful. Instead of launching an attack against the heavily fortified position of Kadesh or going through Amurru, Ramesses conquered the city of
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resulted in both sides suffering heavy casualties, but neither was able to prevail decisively in either the battle or the war. The conflict continued inconclusively for about fifteen more years before the treaty was signed. Although it is often referred to as the "Treaty of Kadesh", it was actually
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Although the Egyptians were able to survive a terrible predicament in Kadesh, it was not the splendid victory that Ramesses sought to portray but a stalemate in which both sides had sustained heavy losses. After an unsuccessful attempt to gain further ground the following day, Ramesses headed back
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Under the terms of the treaty, the Egyptians had to join with their Hatti allies if Assyria invaded Hittite territory. Besides that threat from the east, Hattušiliš recognised the need to strengthen his relationship with his Egyptian neighbours. The competition that had existed between Hatti and
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to bolster his deeds as pharaoh. The attempts at regaining the lands that the Hittites had taken ultimately failed to break the hold of the Hittites over the region. Instead, Ramesses would take his losses as long as the Hittites would recognise the current division of Syria, give Egypt access to
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examined previous interpretations and determined that their predecessors had misinterpreted the line "to beg peace" in the text. The oversight in the language caused Egyptologists to see the treaty incorrectly as terminating a war, instead of seeking a beneficial alliance between Hatti and Egypt.
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Maintaining the status quo in the region became a priority for Ramesses because of the emergence of Assyria's military power, whose might was a force to be reckoned with. Thus, Ramesses would have found it desirable to ensure that Assyria would not have a presence in Syria. If the Assyrians were
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in an anthology and understood the treaty to be "not only a treaty of alliance, but also a treaty of peace, and the war evidently continued until the negotiations for the treaty began". For Breasted, the intermediate periods of conflict were directly resolved by the signing of the treaty and so
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The text concludes with an oath before "a thousand gods, male gods and female gods" of the lands of Egypt and Hatti, witnessed by "the mountains and rivers of the lands of Egypt; the sky; the earth; the great sea; the winds; the clouds." If the treaty was ever violated, the oath-breaker would be
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with his hated Hittite enemies. After 15 years of futile attempts at regaining his lost territory in Syria, scholars argue that Ramesses now realised that his opportunities to match the military achievements of Tuthmosis III were unrealizable. In that light, it became increasingly important for
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The period is notable in the relationship between the Hittites and the Egyptians because despite the hostilities between the two nations and military conquests in Syria, Kadesh had been the last direct, official military confrontation fought among the Hittites and Egyptians. In some regards, as
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from his perspective. That free control over the depictions of his role by the language of the treaty gave the pharaoh opportunity to present a greatly-idealized point of view. His ability to assert a sense of supremacy as ruler of Egypt and his attempts to portray that strategic alliance as a
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for future campaigns. After the successful capture of Dapur, the army returned to Egypt, and so the recently acquired territory reverted to Hittite control. In the tenth year of his rule, he launched another attack on the Hittite holdings in central Syria, and yet again, all areas of conquest
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It is the only ancient Near Eastern treaty for which the versions of both sides have survived, which enables the two to be compared directly. It was structured to be almost-entirely symmetrical by treating both sides equally and requiring them to undertake mutual obligations. There are a few
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and the lack of textual evidence of a deterioration of the friendly relationship demonstrate that peaceful dealings between Hatti and Egypt continued for the remainder of Ramesses's reign. By furthering their bonds of friendship through marriage, the Hittites and Egyptians maintained a
1415:, p. 3: "It is important to stress that the 'exclusiveness' of the 'Eternal Treaty' rests largely in the fact that both versions – the Hittite one written in Akkadian and the Egyptian one – have been extensively preserved and thus remain the objects of an intense study."
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purposes by the pharaoh, who used them to brag about his victory at Kadesh. It is still known that Ramesses marched through Syria with four divisions of troops in the hopes of destroying the Hittite presence there and restoring Egypt to the "preeminent position it had enjoyed under
292:. The loss of these lands in northern Syria would never be forgotten by the Egyptian pharaohs, and their later actions demonstrated that they never would fully concede that loss at the hands of the Hittite Empire. Egypt's attempts to regain the territory lost during the rule of
300:, the father of Ramesses II, significant gains started to be made. In his own Kadesh-Amurru campaign against the Hittite armies, Seti I vanquished his foes at a battle near Kadesh, but the gains proved short-lived since Kadesh was eventually given up by Seti in a later treaty.
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rebellions. Each would come to the other's aid if it was threatened by outsiders: "And if another enemy come the land of Hatti... the great king of Egypt shall send his troops and his chariots and shall slay his enemy and he shall restore confidence to the land of Hatti."
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signed long after the battle, and Kadesh is not mentioned in the text. The treaty is thought to have been negotiated by intermediaries without the two monarchs ever meeting in person. Both sides had common interests in making peace; Egypt faced a growing threat from the "
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Egypt over the Syrian lands no longer served the interests of Hattušiliš. In fact, Trevor Bryce argues that Hattušiliš was satisfied with his current holdings in Syria and that any further expansion of Hittite territory southward was both unjustifiable and undesirable.
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ports in the Hittite territory to boost commerce and grant trading access as far north as Ugarit. His ability to advance Egypt's financial and security interests by means other than war led to Ramesses's willingness to pursue friendlier relations with the Hittites.
511:. After the conclusion of the provision detailing the extradition of emigrants to their land of origin, both rulers call upon the respective gods of Hatti and Egypt to bear witness to their agreement. The inclusion of the gods is a common feature in major pieces of
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and from there tensions would continue to be high until the conclusion of the treaty nearly 100 years later. During the invasion and the eventual defeat of Mitanni, the Hittite armies poured into Syria and began to exert their rule over the Egyptian vassals of
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victory over the Hittites demonstrate the reasons for Ramesses' to be so willing to choose such a mutually-beneficial peace. The conclusion of open hostilities between the regional powers was a personal triumph for the aging pharaoh and, as his monument at
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under Hittite control. That aggression strained relations between the two countries, but even more importantly, the Assyrians appeared to put themselves in the position to launch further attacks across the Euphrates River. The perceived threat of Assyrian
454:...a marvelously preserved tablet which immediately promised to be significant. One glance at it and all the achievement of my life faded into insignificance. Here it was – something I might have jokingly called a gift from the fairies. Here it was:
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division and quickly sent the division scattering. Although Ramesses tried to rally his troops against the onslaught of the Hittite chariots, it was only after the arrival of relief forces from Amurru that the Hittite attack was thrown back.
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required it to be one of both alliance and peace. However, later Egyptologists and other scholars began, even within 20 years of Breasted's work, to question whether the treaty between Ramesses II and Hattušiliš III was one of peace at all.
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since only a direct appeal to the gods could provide the proper means to guarantee adherence to the treaty. Their noted ability to bestow curses and blessings to people was a serious penalty that would be imposed in case of a violation.
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and the Egyptians, who had fought for over two centuries to gain mastery over the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. The conflict culminated with an attempted Egyptian invasion in 1274 BC that was stopped by the Hittites at the city of
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King of Egypt, hero, concluded on a tablet of silver with Hattušiliš, Great King, King of Hatti, his brother" to enforce that the incentives of the Hatti ruler had far greater implications that compelled him to sue for peace.
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Previous and contemporary Egyptologists have argued over the character of the treaty. Some have interpreted it as a treaty of peace, but others have seen it as a treaty of alliance after a previous conclusion of hostilities.
503:. The other stipulations coincide with Hattušiliš's aims (consult Hittite aims section) in that the Hittite ruler placed great emphasis on establishing legitimacy for his rule. Each country swore to the other to extradite
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The threat of his nephew staging another coup against him greatly worried Hattušiliš while he faced a considerable threat from the Assyrians in the east. Hattušiliš's predecessor, the Assyrian king, had taken
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were displayed on large temple inscriptions since antiquity; they were first translated by Champollion, but it was not until 1858 that they were identified with the Hittites mentioned in the Bible. In 1906,
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cursed by the gods who "shall destroy his house, his land and his servants." Conversely, if he maintained his vows, he would be rewarded by the gods, who "will cause him to be healthy and to live."
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for the original observation, noted that "this badly broken text is evidently the Hittite version of the famous battle of Kadesh, described in prose and verse by the scribes of Ramses II".
436:, the second director of the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. The joint Turkish-German team found the remains of the royal archives, where they discovered 10,000 clay tablets written with
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in c. 1259 BC. Both sides of the treaty have been the subject of intensive scholarly study. The treaty itself did not bring about a peace; in fact, "an atmosphere of enmity between
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south to Egypt bragging about his individual achievements during Kadesh. Even though Ramesses claimed to have won the battle, Muwatalli and his army retook Amurru and extended the
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copied a portion of the accords in 1828 and his findings were published posthumously in 1844. The Egyptian account described a great battle against the "Great King of Khatti".
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1920s, Egyptologists had mistaken the insecurity of Egypt's Syrian holdings to mean that Ramesses had come to Hattušiliš to beg for a solution to the Syria problem. Professor
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proved a strong motivator for the Hittites to open up negotiations with Egypt. It was that sense of the Assyrian danger that pushed Hatti into a relationship with Egypt.
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back to their home country, and in the Hittite version of the treaty, Ramesses II agreed to provide support to Hattušiliš' successors to hold the Hittite throne against
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A second clause promoted alliance by making reassurances of aid, most likely military support, if either party was attacked by a third party or by internal forces of
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to the east. The treaty was ratified in the 21st year of Ramesses II's reign (1258 BC) and continued in force until the Hittite Empire collapsed eighty years later.
213:, now in Turkey, and is preserved on baked clay tablets uncovered among the Hittite royal palace's sizable archives. Two of the Hittite tablets are displayed at the
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The peace treaty of Ramesses II and Hattušiliš III is known as one of the most important official "international" peace treaties between two great powers from the
198:. The scribes who engraved the Egyptian version of the treaty included descriptions of the figures and seals that were on the tablet that the Hittites delivered.
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would have been reason enough for Ramesses II to pursue peace. However, that interpretation is incorrect since the questions about Hattušiliš's legitimacy as
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eventually returned to Hittite hands. The pharaoh now recognized the impossible task of holding Syria in such a fashion and so ended the northern campaign.
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2012:
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of Fordham Law School brought up the point that the Pharaoh's duty to bring mortal activity in line with the divine order through the maintenance of
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Translation of the texts revealed that this engraving was originally translated from silver tablets given to each side, which have since been lost.
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documenting many of the Hittites' diplomatic activities. The haul included three tablets on which the text of the treaty was inscribed in the
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The short gain by the Egyptians was the "opening salvo" of a conflict between the two empires, which would drag on over the next two decades.
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treaty for which the versions of both sides have survived. It is also the earliest known surviving peace treaty. It is sometimes called the
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In the Near Eastern world, Ramesses wielded great power among the rulers of the day, and formal recognition from him would give Hattušiliš
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biased interpretations of the events. Since Ramesses II had complete control over the building projects, the resources were used for
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1480:, VII, 5, Taf. I–XVI; I had also photographs by Borchardt. (2) At the Ramesseum; only fragments of the last 10 lines; Champollion,
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that had been fought some sixteen years earlier, although Kadesh is not mentioned in the text. The treaty was concluded between
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1878:. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 42 (2nd ed.). Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
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The Egyptian version of the peace treaty was engraved in hieroglyphics on the walls of two temples belonging to Pharaoh
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1452:: "There are two originals: (1) At Karnak on wall extending south of the great hypostyle, published by Champollion,
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mutually-beneficial peace that would exist between them until the fall of Hatti to Assyria, nearly a century later.
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The Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty between Ramesses II and Ḫattušili III, mid-13th century BCE. Neues Museum, Berlin
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Considering his relatively stronger position over Hattušiliš, it is unknown what Ramesses hoped to achieve by an
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In opposition to Ramesses's strength in international affairs, Hattušiliš III was disadvantaged by questions of
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shows, the pharaoh made his subjects well aware of the fact that Ramesses had conquered the Hittites.
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1725:"The Treaty of Alliance between Hattusili, King of the Hittites and the Pharaoh Ramesses II of Egypt"
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2137:[Preliminary report on the excavations in Boghaz-köi in summer 1907. The clay tablet finds]
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that raised doubts about his position as king of the Hittites. Hattušiliš had defeated his nephew,
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172:'s excavations in Anatolia identified cuneiform tablets which corresponded with the Egyptian text.
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After reaching the desired alliance with Hatti, Ramesses could now turn his energies to domestic
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2135:"Vorläufige Nachrichten über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-köi im Sommer 1907. Die Tontafelfunde"
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The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak
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Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest
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Rowton, M. B. (1959). "The Background of the Treaty between Ramesses II and Hattušiliš III".
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1703:. Bulletin. Vol. 37. Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies. pp. 49–56.
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1895:"Lost in Translation. An Egyptological Perspective on the Egyptian-Hittite Treaties"
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of the time. Winckler immediately grasped the significance of the discovery:
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1819:"The Function of the Oath in the Ancient Near Eastern International Treaty"
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in Germany. A copy of the treaty is prominently displayed on a wall in the
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Der Vertrag zwischen Ramses II. von Ägypten und ̮Hattušili III. von ̮Hatti
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The Egyptian treaty was found in two originals: one with 30 lines at the
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2169:. History and Classics Department, Swansea University. Archived from
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lasted many years" until the eventual treaty of alliance was signed.
2094:[The excavations carried out in Asia Minor in summer 1906].
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1991:. The Canadian Press. September 25, 1970. p. 18. Archived from
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Another matter of speculation is which of the two countries pursued
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in 1906 was one of the first to collect the historical documents of
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Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramses II, King of Egypt
1543:. pp. 163–174 (secs. §367–§391), also pp. 174–175.
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Hittite-Egyptian relations officially began once Hatti took over
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From war to eternal peace : Ramesses II and Khattushili III
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1472:, XIII, 153–60; collation of the geographical names by Sayce,
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Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
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Peace treaty concluded between Ancient Egypt and the Hittites
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2092:"Die im Sommer 1906 in Kleinasien ausgeführten Ausgrabungen"
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British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (BMSAES)
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The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
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projects, such as the completion of his great, rock-hewn
2078:. Istanbul: Museum of the Ancient Orient. Archived from
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Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
1464:, 17 (not used); Lepsius, Denkmäler, III, 146; Brugsch,
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The Hittite version was found in the Hittite capital of
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2011:. The Canadian Press. September 26, 1970. p. 13.
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Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient Gesellschaft (MDOG)
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969:
957:
933:
871:
859:
835:
296:
continued to be futile until under the leadership of
270:
1338:
1260:
1248:
1227:
1111:
1060:
921:
738:
598:
Ramesses to obtain an international victory through
237:
The treaty was signed to end a long war between the
2015:from the original on December 17, 2020 – via
1580:"The 'eternal treaty' from the Hittite perspective"
1048:
1434:
1326:
1302:
1272:
1215:
1179:
1128:
347:
1474:Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology
2415:
2254:
1607:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1590:: 1–11. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01
993:
1715:
1209:
1173:
890:
888:
886:
759:
2449:Collection of the Istanbul Archaeology Museums
380:have noted, the period could be considered a "
2240:
2033:(Third ed.). Princeton University Press.
1968:
1386:
1287:
1152:
1096:
908:
906:
894:
1684:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips.
1418:
883:
765:
1954:
1637:
999:
912:
420:excavated the site of the Hittite capital,
2247:
2233:
1769:
1755:
1456:, II, 195–204 (only 30 lines); Rosellini,
1078:
1032:, pp. 46–47: "Boğazköy: Excavations".
903:
718:
400:, and the second showing 10 lines, at the
2115:
2023:
705:
2132:
2086:
1930:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
1923:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
1892:
1816:
1647:. Vol. 1. Firmin Didot – via
1525:
1506:
1445:
1424:
1412:
1392:
1293:
1197:
1158:
1146:
1102:
1066:
829:
771:
555:Trevor Bryce further argues that in the
531:
200:
2157:
1865:
1698:
1676:
1406:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1320:
1090:
1054:
987:
975:
963:
951:
939:
877:
865:
853:
747:
710:"Treaty between the Hittites and Egypt"
416:In 1906–1908, the German archaeologist
279:'s role as the ruling power in central
14:
2459:Military history of the Hittite Empire
2416:
2037:
1615:
1254:
1029:
841:
721:, section III, picture 146:
221:, while the third is displayed in the
2228:
2005:"Peace Treaties Haven't Changed Much"
1823:American Journal of International Law
1621:Historical dictionary of the Hittites
1577:
1555:
1344:
1332:
1308:
1281:
1266:
1233:
1221:
1185:
1134:
1122:
927:
463:The Hittite treaty was discovered by
2180:
1938:10.1093/acref/9780195102345.001.0001
1817:Magnetti, Donald L. (October 1978).
1655:
1042:
1762:Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien
396:on the wall extending south of the
357:in the hope of using the city as a
306:
44:The Hittite version (above, at the
24:
2188:. University of California Press.
271:Earlier relationship with Hittites
87:1828 (Egyptian) and 1906 (Hittite)
25:
2495:
2096:Orientalistische Literaturzeitung
1995:on December 17, 2020 – via
623:
2398:
2397:
1921:Redford, Donald B., ed. (2001).
387:
62:
38:
2434:1828 archaeological discoveries
1729:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1623:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
1499:
1239:
1035:
411:
348:Subsequent campaigns into Syria
1932:(e-reference ed.). 2005.
1775:"Hittite Treaties and Letters"
1511:. Cambridge University Press.
1509:International law in antiquity
1468:, I, 28 (ll. 1–20); Bouriant,
344:with Egypt further southward.
48:) and Egyptian (below, at the
13:
1:
2381:Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty
1986:"Peace Pact Set in 1279 B.C."
1899:Annals of the Náprstek Museum
732:
232:
113:Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty
74:
33:Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty
2275:Museum of the Ancient Orient
2256:Istanbul Archaeology Museums
2040:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1972:(2001). "Battle of Kadesh".
1478:Fordersiatische Gesellschaft
1016:Zeitschrift für Assyriologie
678:
654:on the international stage.
456:Ramses writing to Hattusilis
366:historians including German
219:Istanbul Archaeology Museums
215:Museum of the Ancient Orient
96:Istanbul Archaeology Museums
46:Istanbul Archaeology Museums
7:
2325:Lycian sarcophagus of Sidon
2270:Istanbul Archaeology Museum
2186:In search of the Trojan War
2102:(1–6). cols. 621–634.
1563:. Oxford University Press.
1561:The Kingdom of the Hittites
1541:University of Chicago Press
1507:Bederman, David J. (2001).
1210:Langdon & Gardiner 1920
1174:Langdon & Gardiner 1920
760:Langdon & Gardiner 1920
384:" between Hatti and Egypt.
227:United Nations Headquarters
10:
2500:
2355:Temple Warning inscription
2217:10.1515/zava.1999.89.1.140
2108:10.1524/olzg.1906.9.16.313
1925:. Oxford University Press.
1531:"Treaty with the Hittites"
1041:Winckler, Hugo, quoted in
627:
482:
310:
2393:
2373:
2298:Near East and Middle East
2297:
2288:
2262:
1974:
1960:
1920:
406:Jean-François Champollion
91:
83:
70:
61:
37:
32:
2429:13th century BC in Egypt
1905:(2): 3–8. Archived from
1771:Luckenbill, Daniel David
1476:, XXI, 194 ff.; Müller,
811:"Peace Treaties..." 1970
588:
2464:Peace treaties of Egypt
2158:Wiseman, Laura (2015).
2133:Winckler, Hugo (1907).
1893:Mynářová, Jana (2014).
1699:Klengel, Horst (2002).
1484:, I, 585, 586; Sharpe,
699:
583:
473:Daniel David Luckenbill
2474:Egypt–Turkey relations
2160:"Behind Hittite Lines"
2151:University of Tübingen
1578:Bryce, Trevor (2006).
1462:Excerpta hieroglyphica
461:
432:) in conjunction with
206:
2424:13th-century BC works
2305:Alexander Sarcophagus
2280:Museum of Islamic Art
2203:"Buchbesprechungen".
1757:Lepsius, Karl Richard
1617:Burney, Charles Allen
1527:Breasted, James Henry
1486:Egyptian Inscriptions
630:Hattusili's Civil War
532:Analysis and theories
452:
327:". The Hittite king,
204:
2211:(1): 140–158. 1999.
2090:(15 December 1906).
1958:(2001). "Hittites".
1656:Edel, Elmar (1997).
1644:Notices descriptives
1639:Champollion le jeune
1488:, II, 50; Bouriant,
1482:Notices descriptives
1466:Recueil de monuments
1454:Notices descriptives
900:, "Battle of Kadesh"
799:"Peace Pact..." 1970
708:, pp. 199–201:
471:in Turkey. In 1921,
398:Great Hypostyle Hall
223:Berlin State Museums
125:Ancient Near Eastern
115:, also known as the
18:The Treaty of Kadesh
2340:Puzur-Ishtar statue
2149:: 1–59 – via
1970:Murnane, William J.
1867:Murnane, William J.
1717:Langdon, Stephen H.
832:, pp. 147–150.
727:University of Halle
662:, which had been a
313:Kadesh inscriptions
192:Precinct of Amun-Re
165:Kadesh inscriptions
100:Precinct of Amun-Re
50:Precinct of Amun-Re
2365:Siloam inscription
2350:Tabnit sarcophagus
2117:2027/chi.091389536
2076:"Treaty of Kadesh"
787:"Treaty of Kadesh"
762:, p. 179–180.
689:Abu Simbel temples
505:political refugees
229:in New York City.
207:
2411:
2410:
2389:
2388:
2360:Tura-Dagan statue
2335:Lugal-dalu statue
2195:978-0-520-21599-3
1947:978-0-19-510234-5
1721:Gardiner, Alan H.
1691:978-0-85668-215-5
1669:978-3-7861-1944-9
1630:978-0-8108-4936-5
1570:978-0-19-928132-9
1539:. Vol. III.
1518:978-0-521-79197-7
1458:Monumenti Storici
693:dynastic marriage
513:international law
489:ancient Near East
442:Akkadian language
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
2491:
2439:Ancient treaties
2401:
2400:
2295:
2294:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2199:
2177:
2175:
2164:
2154:
2140:
2129:
2119:
2083:
2071:
2034:
2025:Pritchard, James
2020:
2000:
1979:
1965:
1951:
1926:
1913:
1911:
1889:
1877:
1862:
1813:
1779:
1766:
1752:
1712:
1695:
1673:
1652:
1634:
1612:
1606:
1598:
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1522:
1493:
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1354:
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1342:
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1324:
1318:
1312:
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1300:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1270:
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1258:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
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1144:
1138:
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1126:
1120:
1109:
1100:
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1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1000:Champollion 1844
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
910:
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892:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
714:Internet Archive
664:vassal territory
550:and his partner
434:Theodore Makridi
394:Temple of Karnak
379:
307:Battle of Kadesh
256:Battle of Kadesh
196:Temple of Karnak
145:and king of the
140:Egyptian pharaoh
136:Battle of Kadesh
129:Treaty of Kadesh
92:Present location
79:
76:
66:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2385:
2369:
2345:Samaria Ostraca
2290:
2284:
2258:
2253:
2223:
2196:
2173:
2162:
2138:
2052:10.2307/1359563
1948:
1928:
1909:
1886:
1875:
1835:10.2307/2199778
1777:
1741:10.2307/3853914
1692:
1670:
1631:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1571:
1519:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1460:, 116; Burton,
1444:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
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1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1245:Kitchen. p. 75.
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1079:Luckenbill 1921
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1013:
1009:
998:
994:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
958:
950:
946:
938:
934:
926:
922:
911:
904:
893:
884:
876:
872:
864:
860:
856:, pp. 2–3.
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
770:
766:
758:
754:
746:
739:
735:
719:Lepsius c. 1859
702:
681:
632:
626:
591:
586:
569:Donald Magnetti
557:Late Bronze Age
552:Stephen Langdon
534:
485:
414:
390:
373:
350:
315:
309:
273:
250:in what is now
235:
133:well-documented
77:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2497:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Gezer calendar
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2200:
2194:
2178:
2176:on 2015-08-14.
2155:
2130:
2088:Winckler, Hugo
2084:
2082:on 2017-06-25.
2072:
2035:
2021:
2017:Newspapers.com
2001:
1997:Newspapers.com
1989:Times Colonist
1982:
1981:
1980:
1966:
1956:Cline, Eric H.
1946:
1914:
1912:on 2017-03-05.
1890:
1884:
1863:
1829:(4): 815–829.
1814:
1794:10.1086/369930
1788:(3): 161–211.
1767:
1753:
1735:(3): 179–205.
1713:
1696:
1690:
1678:Kitchen, K. A.
1674:
1668:
1662:. Gebr. Mann.
1653:
1635:
1629:
1613:
1575:
1569:
1553:
1523:
1517:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1433:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1347:, p. 281.
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1286:
1271:
1269:, p. 304.
1259:
1247:
1238:
1236:, p. 306.
1226:
1214:
1212:, p. 201.
1202:
1200:, p. 823.
1190:
1178:
1176:, p. 186.
1166:
1151:
1149:, p. 815.
1139:
1127:
1125:, p. 307.
1110:
1095:
1083:
1081:, p. 192.
1071:
1059:
1047:
1034:
1022:
1020:, p. 149.
1007:
992:
980:
968:
956:
954:, p. 426.
944:
932:
930:, p. 256.
920:
902:
898:: Murnane 2001
882:
870:
858:
846:
844:, p. 233.
834:
815:
803:
791:
779:
764:
752:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
716:
706:Pritchard 1969
701:
698:
680:
677:
625:
624:Hittite Empire
622:
590:
587:
585:
582:
539:James Breasted
533:
530:
484:
481:
477:Bruno Meissner
413:
410:
389:
386:
349:
346:
311:Main article:
308:
305:
272:
269:
239:Hittite Empire
234:
231:
217:, part of the
147:Hittite empire
123:, is the only
117:Eternal Treaty
107:
106:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
78: 1259 BC
72:
68:
67:
59:
58:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2496:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Thebes, Egypt
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Hittite texts
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2382:
2379:
2378:
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2372:
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2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Istanbul 2461
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Balawat Gates
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:Wood, Michael
2179:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:(in German).
2144:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:(in German).
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1885:0-918986-67-2
1881:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Bryce, Trevor
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Breasted 1906
1442:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1427:, cols.
1426:
1425:Winckler 1906
1421:
1414:
1413:Mynářová 2014
1409:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1393:Breasted 1906
1389:
1383:, p. 55.
1382:
1377:
1371:, p. 81.
1370:
1365:
1359:, p. 54.
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1323:, p. 74.
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1294:Breasted 1906
1290:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1257:, p. 11.
1256:
1251:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1198:Magnetti 1978
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1159:Breasted 1906
1155:
1148:
1147:Magnetti 1978
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1103:Breasted 1906
1099:
1093:, p. 49.
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1067:Winckler 1907
1063:
1056:
1051:
1045:, p. 174
1044:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1001:
996:
990:, p. 70.
989:
984:
978:, p. 68.
977:
972:
966:, p. 63.
965:
960:
953:
948:
942:, p. 54.
941:
936:
929:
924:
917:
915:
909:
907:
899:
897:
891:
889:
887:
880:, p. 51.
879:
874:
868:, p. 24.
867:
862:
855:
850:
843:
838:
831:
830:Bederman 2001
826:
824:
822:
820:
813:, p. 13.
812:
807:
801:, p. 18.
800:
795:
788:
783:
777:
773:
772:Breasted 1906
768:
761:
756:
750:, p. 51.
749:
744:
742:
737:
728:
724:
720:
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:
703:
697:
694:
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661:
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648:
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631:
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619:
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608:
604:
601:
596:
581:
578:
574:
570:
565:
560:
558:
553:
549:
548:Alan Gardiner
544:
543:Ancient Egypt
540:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Hugo Winckler
460:
457:
451:
449:
448:
447:lingua franca
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Hugo Winckler
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:Egyptian text
385:
383:
377:
372:
371:Horst Klengel
369:
368:assyriologist
363:
360:
356:
345:
343:
337:
334:
330:
326:
325:Tuthmosis III
321:
314:
304:
301:
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268:
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248:Orontes River
245:
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220:
216:
212:
203:
199:
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193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
173:
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170:Hugo Winckler
166:
163:The Egyptian
161:
159:
155:
151:
150:Ḫattušili III
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:Silver Treaty
118:
114:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
73:
69:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2444:Clay tablets
2380:
2330:Saba'a Stele
2208:
2204:
2185:
2171:the original
2166:
2146:
2142:
2099:
2095:
2080:the original
2043:
2039:
2029:
2009:The Province
2008:
1993:the original
1988:
1973:
1959:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1907:the original
1902:
1898:
1871:
1826:
1822:
1785:
1781:
1761:
1759:(c. 1859) .
1732:
1728:
1700:
1681:
1658:
1649:Google Books
1643:
1620:
1603:cite journal
1592:. Retrieved
1587:
1583:
1560:
1534:
1508:
1500:Bibliography
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1420:
1408:
1388:
1381:Klengel 2002
1376:
1369:Kitchen 1982
1364:
1357:Klengel 2002
1352:
1340:
1335:, p. 7.
1328:
1321:Kitchen 1982
1316:
1311:, p. 6.
1304:
1289:
1284:, p. 3.
1262:
1250:
1241:
1229:
1224:, p. 8.
1217:
1205:
1193:
1188:, p. 1.
1181:
1169:
1154:
1142:
1137:, p. 9.
1130:
1098:
1091:Klengel 2002
1086:
1074:
1062:
1055:Wiseman 2015
1050:
1037:
1025:
1015:
1010:
995:
988:Kitchen 1982
983:
976:Kitchen 1982
971:
964:Kitchen 1982
959:
952:Murnane 1990
947:
940:Kitchen 1982
935:
923:
918:, "Hittites"
916:: Cline 2001
913:
895:
878:Kitchen 1982
873:
866:Murnane 1990
861:
854:Murnane 1990
849:
837:
806:
794:
782:
767:
755:
748:Klengel 2002
725: – via
712: – via
682:
673:
656:
649:
633:
609:
605:
592:
564:negotiations
561:
535:
526:
522:
518:
494:
486:
475:, crediting
462:
455:
453:
445:
415:
412:Hittite text
391:
364:
351:
338:
329:Muwatalli II
320:propagandist
316:
302:
274:
236:
208:
177:
174:
162:
131:, after the
128:
120:
116:
112:
110:
2469:Ramesses II
2291:and objects
2289:Departments
2046:(1): 1–11.
1255:Rowton 1959
1030:Burney 2004
842:Burney 2004
652:credibility
467:in 1906 at
374: [
342:buffer zone
261:Sea Peoples
180:Ramesses II
143:Ramesses II
2418:Categories
2167:Gorffennol
1594:2021-05-31
1448:, p.
1395:, p.
1345:Bryce 2005
1333:Bryce 2006
1309:Bryce 2006
1296:, p.
1282:Bryce 2006
1267:Bryce 2005
1234:Bryce 2005
1222:Bryce 2006
1186:Bryce 2006
1161:, p.
1135:Bryce 2006
1123:Bryce 2005
1105:, p.
1002:, p.
928:Bryce 2005
774:, p.
733:References
660:Hanigalbat
640:Urhi-Tesub
636:legitimacy
628:See also:
618:Abu Simbel
509:dissenters
501:insurgency
359:bridgehead
233:Background
84:Discovered
2263:Buildings
2126:163417618
2068:163354219
1859:147546223
1843:0002-9300
1810:170816836
1043:Wood 1998
679:Aftermath
600:diplomacy
497:rebellion
469:Boğazkale
438:cuneiform
426:Boğazkale
402:Ramesseum
294:Akhenaten
188:Ramesseum
2403:Category
2184:(1998).
2027:(1969).
2013:Archived
1869:(1990).
1773:(1921).
1723:(1920).
1709:60463518
1680:(1982).
1641:(1844).
1619:(2004).
1559:(2005).
1549:06005480
1529:(1906).
685:building
669:invasion
595:alliance
382:cold war
190:and the
2484:Hattusa
2060:1359563
1851:2199778
1749:3853914
1490:Recueil
1470:Recueil
1429:629–630
644:usurper
577:monarch
483:Content
422:Hattusa
277:Mitanni
265:Assyria
246:on the
211:Hattusa
194:at the
119:or the
71:Created
2192:
2124:
2066:
2058:
1944:
1927:Also,
1882:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1808:
1802:528149
1800:
1747:
1707:
1688:
1666:
1627:
1567:
1547:
1515:
613:treaty
430:Turkey
298:Seti I
290:Amurru
286:Kadesh
254:. The
244:Kadesh
186:: the
184:Thebes
104:Karnak
54:Karnak
2374:Egypt
2174:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
2139:(PDF)
2122:S2CID
2064:S2CID
2056:JSTOR
1910:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
1855:S2CID
1847:JSTOR
1806:S2CID
1798:JSTOR
1778:(PDF)
1745:JSTOR
589:Egypt
424:(now
378:]
355:Dapur
281:Syria
252:Syria
158:Egypt
154:Hatti
2190:ISBN
1975:OEAE
1961:OEAE
1942:ISBN
1917:OEAE
1880:ISBN
1839:ISSN
1705:OCLC
1686:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1609:link
1565:ISBN
1545:LCCN
1513:ISBN
1018:1999
1004:p585
914:OEAE
896:OEAE
700:Text
584:Aims
573:maat
444:, a
333:Amun
288:and
156:and
111:The
98:and
2213:doi
2112:hdl
2104:doi
2048:doi
1934:doi
1831:doi
1790:doi
1737:doi
1450:163
1397:175
1298:174
1163:166
1107:169
776:173
499:or
428:in
182:in
102:in
52:in
2420::
2209:89
2207:.
2165:.
2147:35
2141:.
2120:.
2110:.
2062:.
2054:.
2044:13
2042:.
2007:.
1940:.
1919::
1903:35
1901:.
1897:.
1853:.
1845:.
1837:.
1827:72
1825:.
1821:.
1804:.
1796:.
1786:37
1784:.
1780:.
1743:.
1731:.
1727:.
1719:;
1605:}}
1601:{{
1586:.
1582:.
1533:.
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1274:^
1113:^
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2114::
2106::
2100:9
2070:.
2050::
2019:.
1999:.
1978:.
1964:.
1950:.
1936::
1888:.
1861:.
1833::
1812:.
1792::
1765:.
1751:.
1739::
1733:6
1711:.
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1651:.
1633:.
1611:)
1597:.
1588:6
1573:.
1551:.
1521:.
1069:.
1057:.
789:.
56:)
20:)
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