Second Sino-Japanese War

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America's Neutrality Act and its "neutrality policy" was a massive farce which only benefited Japan and that Japan did not have the capability nor could ever have invaded China without the massive amount of raw material America exported to Japan. America exported far more raw material to Japan than to China in the years 1937–1940. According to the United States Congress, the U.S.'s third largest export destination was Japan until 1940 when France overtook it due to France being at war too. Japan's military machine acquired war materials, automotive equipment, steel, scrap iron, copper, oil, that it wanted from the United States in 1937–1940 and was allowed to purchase aerial bombs, aircraft equipment, and aircraft from America up to the summer of 1938. War essentials exports from the United States to Japan increased by 124% along with a general increase of 41% of all American exports from 1936 to 1937 when Japan invaded China. Japan's war economy was fueled by exports to the United States at over twice the rate immediately preceding the war. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, Japan corresponded to the following share of American exports;

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thirties, a strong and somewhat ruthless character as befits a scion of the family which has in recent years produced such outstanding men as Ma An Liang, Ma Ch'i, and Ma Fu Hsiang. He has kept the Province in fair order, since he assumed control a year or two ago; though his relations with the Military Governor, his uncle Ma Shun Cheng, are at the moment none too cordial and trouble threatens. Further, there is a certain movement for independence among these Moslems, and a tendency to break away from Nanking and join up with their fellow-Moslems further west. The latter is much under the influence of Russia, which for years has tried to extend its influence into Kansu, but with very little success, for the Kansu Moslems are a sturdy independent people and make poor material for Bolshevik propaganda. We saw no signs of any Japanese whatever, and strong anti-Japanese feeling was very apparent.

5939: 4781:. Elements of the Eighth Route Army soon attacked the advancing Japanese, inflicting between 3,000 and 5,000 casualties and resulting in a Japanese retreat. As the Japanese military came to understand that the Communists avoided conventional attacks and defense, it altered its tactics. The Japanese military built more roads to quicken movement between strongpoints and cities, blockaded rivers and roads in an effort to disrupt Communists supply, sought to expand militia from its puppet regime to conserve manpower, and use systematic violence on civilians in the Border Region in an effort to destroy its economy. The Japanese military mandated confiscation of the Eighth Route Army's goods and used this directive as a pretext to confiscate goods, including engaging in grave robbery in the Border Region. 6001:

jointly along with the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), America's first intelligence agency and forerunner of the CIA while also serving as joint training program between the two nations. Among all the wartime missions that Americans set up in China, SACO was the only one that adopted a policy of "total immersion" with the Chinese. The "Rice Paddy Navy" or "What-the-Hell Gang" operated in the China-Burma-India theater, advising and training, forecasting weather and scouting landing areas for USN fleet and Gen Claire Chennault's 14th AF, rescuing downed American flyers, and intercepting Japanese radio traffic. An underlying mission objective during the last year of war was the development and preparation of the China coast for Allied penetration and occupation.

5527:) have depicted it as a more complicated situation. Stilwell had a strong desire to assume total control of Chinese troops and pursue an aggressive strategy, while Chiang preferred a patient and less expensive strategy of out-waiting the Japanese. Chiang continued to maintain a defensive posture despite Allied pleas to actively break the Japanese blockade, because China had already suffered tens of millions of war casualties and believed that Japan would eventually capitulate in the face of America's overwhelming industrial output. For these reasons the other Allies gradually began to lose confidence in the Chinese ability to conduct offensive operations from the Asian mainland, and instead concentrated their efforts against the Japanese in the 65: 932: 717: 607: 595: 577: 565: 553: 535: 5366: 4486:(GHQ) in Tokyo, content with the gains acquired in northern China following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, initially showed reluctance to escalate the conflict into a full-scale war. Following the shooting of two Japanese officers who were attempting to enter the Hongqiao military airport on 9 August 1937, the Japanese demanded that all Chinese forces withdraw from Shanghai; the Chinese outright refused to meet this demand. In response, both the Chinese and the Japanese marched reinforcements into the Shanghai area. Chiang concentrated his best troops north of Shanghai in an effort to impress the city's large foreign community and increase China's foreign support. 74: 4047:(NRA) formed by the Kuomintang swept through southern and central China until it was checked in Shandong, where confrontations with the Japanese garrison escalated into armed conflict. The conflicts were collectively known as the Jinan incident of 1928, during which time the Japanese military killed several Chinese officials and fired artillery shells into Jinan. According to the investigation results of the Association of the Families of the Victims of the Jinan massacre, it showed that 6,123 Chinese civilians were killed and 1,701 injured. Relations between the Chinese Nationalist government and Japan severely worsened as a result of the Jinan incident. 851: 672: 387: 296: 6746: 6210:

influence in French Indochina and to put pressure on their opponents. Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to maneuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh's forces against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement. In February 1946, he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and to renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for the Chinese withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region. Following France's agreement to these demands, the withdrawal of Chinese troops began in March 1946.

21065: 20467: 7115: 6386: 85: 4181:, the president of the Republic of China at the time. With a widened range of economic privileges in Manchuria, Japan began focusing on developing and protecting matters of economic interests. This included railroads, businesses, natural resources, and a general control of the territory. With its influence growing, the Japanese Army began to justify its presence by stating that it was simply protecting its own economic interests. However militarists in the Japanese Army began pushing for an expansion of influence, leading to the Japanese Army assassinating the warlord of Manchuria, 311: 705: 791: 642: 503: 484: 465: 446: 427: 408: 284: 105: 496: 477: 458: 439: 420: 401: 4640: 271: 761: 4829: 983: 630: 373: 348: 6924:, Japan permitted the use of chemical weapons in China because the Japanese concluded that Chinese forces did not possess the capacity to retaliate in kind. The Japanese incorporated gas warfare into many aspects of their army, which includes special gas troops, infantry, artillery, engineers and air force; the Japanese were aware of basic gas tactics of other armies, and deployed multifarious gas warfare tactics in China. The Japanese were very dependent on gas weapons when they were engaged in chemical warfare. 521: 18498: 6511: 5020: 4471: 21075: 5244:), with American pilots flying American warplanes which were painted with the Chinese flag to attack the Japanese. He headed both the volunteer group and the uniformed U.S. Army Air Forces units that replaced it in 1942. However, it was the Soviets that provided the greatest material help for China's war of resistance against the imperial Japanese invasion from 1937 into 1941, with fighter aircraft for the Nationalist Chinese Air Force and artillery and armour for the Chinese Army through the 336: 19373: 6028:'s car which had Union Jacks on it was attacked by Japanese aircraft with Hugessen being temporarily paralyzed with outrage against the attack from the public and government. The British public were largely supportive of the Chinese and many relief efforts were untaken to help China. Britain at this time was beginning the process of rearmament and the sale of military surplus was banned but there was never an embargo on private companies shipping arms. A number of unassembled 545: 6149: 754: 4809: 5174: 22395: 21018: 15190: 324: 5396: 94: 976: 747: 4347: 15210: 15200: 4146: 4959: 5887: 5543: 4614:(IJA) ultimately committed over 300,000 troops, along with numerous naval vessels and aircraft, to capture the city. After more than three months of intense fighting, their casualties far exceeded initial expectations. On 26 October, the IJA captured Dachang, a key strong-point within Shanghai, and on 5 November, additional reinforcements from Japan landed in Hangzhou Bay. Finally, on 9 November, the NRA began a general retreat. 5266: 5801: 6041: 5357:. The Communists also began to focus most of their energy on building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented, mainly through rural mass organizations, administrative, land and tax reform measures favouring poor peasants; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade of areas controlled by CCP and fighting the Japanese at the same time. 20477: 7101: 6598: 5873:. This pact enabled the Soviet Union to avoid fighting against Germany and Japan at the same time. In August 1945, the Soviet Union annulled the neutrality pact with Japan and invaded Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, the Kuril Islands, and northern Korea. The Soviets also continued to support the Chinese Communist Party. In total, 3,665 Soviet advisors and pilots served in China, and 227 of them died fighting there. 4696: 114: 4742: 5901:

Cotton Loan mainly benefited American producers, while aiding to a smaller extent both Chinese and Japanese alike. This policy was due to US fear of breaking off profitable trade ties with Japan, in addition to US officials and businesses perception of China as a potential source of massive profit for the US by absorbing surplus American products, as William Appleman Williams states.

5470:, with the goal of finding the surviving American airmen, applying retribution on the Chinese who aided them and destroying air bases. The operation started 15 May 1942, with 40 infantry battalions and 15–16 artillery battalions but was repelled by Chinese forces in September. During this campaign, the Imperial Japanese Army left behind a trail of devastation and also spread 6940:, during the battle at Hankow, in areas where Japanese artillery or gunboats on the river could not reach Chinese defenders on hilltops, Japanese infantrymen had to fight Chinese troops on the hills. She noted that the Japanese were inferior at hand-to-hand combat against the Chinese, and resorted to deploying poison gas to defeat the Chinese troops. She was told by General 6653:. Disputes over the precise de jure sovereign of Taiwan persist to the present. On a de facto basis, sovereignty over Taiwan has been and continues to be exercised by the ROC. Japan's position has been to avoid commenting on Taiwan's status, maintaining that Japan renounced all claims to sovereignty over its former colonial possessions after World War II, including Taiwan. 5387: 6629:, as neither had shown full and complete legal capacity to enter into an international legally binding agreement. Since China was not present, the Japanese only formally renounced the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan and Penghu islands without specifying to which country Japan relinquished the sovereignty, and the treaty was signed in 1951 and came into force in 1952. 6272: 5385: 3704:. From the Japanese perspective, localizing these conflicts was beneficial in preventing intervention from other countries, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States, which were its primary source of petroleum and steel respectively. A formal expression of these conflicts would potentially lead to an American embargo in accordance with the 6886:

North China alone, 18,000 soldiers were evacuated back to Japan for illnesses in 1938, 23,000 in 1939, and 15,000 in 1940. From 1941 to 1945: 202,958 dead; another 54,000 dead after war's end. Chinese forces also report that by May 1945, 22,293 Japanese soldiers were captured as prisoners. Many more Japanese soldiers surrendered when the war ended.

4194:, had been systematically violated and there were "more than 120 cases of infringement of rights and interests, interference with business, boycott of Japanese goods, unreasonable taxation, detention of individuals, confiscation of properties, eviction, demand for cessation of business, assault and battery, and the oppression of Korean residents". 5328:

support for the Communists. To strengthen their legitimacy, Communist forces actively engaged the Japanese early on. These operations weakened Japanese forces in Shanxi and other areas in the North. Mao Zedong was distrustful of Chiang Kai-shek, however, and shifted strategy to guerrilla warfare in order to preserve the CCP's military strength.

4177:. As a result, the Japanese Army was widely prevalent in Manchuria immediately following the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, where Japan gained significant territory in Manchuria. As a result of their strengthened position, by 1915 Japan had negotiated a significant amount of economic privilege in the region by pressuring 4332:

government officially announced that it would adopt this view. Under this interpretation, the 1931–1937 period is viewed as the "partial" war, while 1937–1945 is a period of "total" war. This view of a fourteen-year war has political significance because it provides more recognition for the role of northeast China in the War of Resistance.

6338:, Ma Buqing and Ma Hushan. Qinghai Tibetans served in the Qinghai army against the Japanese. The Qinghai Tibetans view the Tibetans of Central Tibet (Tibet proper, ruled by the Dalai Lamas from Lhasa) as distinct and different from themselves, and even take pride in the fact that they were not ruled by Lhasa ever since the collapse of the 6443:

their former property. In practice, the Nationalist government and its officials retained a great deal of the seized property and embezzling property, particularly from warehouses, was common. Nationalist officials sometimes extorted money from individuals in liberated territories under threat of labeling them as Japanese collaborators.

4753:, which had become the political, economic and military center of China, in hopes of destroying the fighting strength of the NRA and forcing the KMT government to negotiate for peace. On 6 June, they captured Kaifeng, the capital of Henan, and threatened to take Zhengzhou, the junction of the Pinghan and Longhai railways. 6322:, who prayed for the destruction of the Japanese. Ma became chairman (governor) of Qinghai in 1938 and commanded a group army. He was appointed because of his anti-Japanese inclinations, and was such an obstruction to Japanese agents trying to contact the Tibetans that he was called an "adversary" by a Japanese agent. 5984:(AVG), of which one the "Flying Tigers" reached China, to replace the withdrawn Soviet volunteers and aircraft. The Flying Tigers did not enter actual combat until after the United States had declared war on Japan. Led by Chennault, their early combat success of 300 kills against a loss of 12 of their newly introduced 6202:, through General Stilwell, privately made it clear that they preferred that the French not reacquire French Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) after the war was over. Roosevelt offered Chiang Kai-shek control of all of Indochina. It was said that Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!" 5048:

armies and opposition to his leadership both within the Kuomintang and in China in general. He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped troops in the Battle of Shanghai and was at times at the mercy of his generals, who maintained a high degree of autonomy from the central KMT government.

5927:, led to an agreement by which the United Kingdom recognized Japanese conquests in China. At the same time, the US government extended a trade agreement with Japan for six months, then fully restored it. Under the agreement, Japan purchased trucks for the Kwantung Army, machine tools for aircraft factories, 10071:

The US, the biggest oil supplier for Japan at the time, imposed the oil embargo on Japan in July, 1941, and it helped the Japanese to make up their minds to fight against the Americans. Thus, in a way, the attack on Pearl Harbor was not a surprise one at all; it was a necessary result of the conflict

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The Nationalist Chinese authorities ridiculed Japanese estimates of Chinese casualties. In 1940, the National Herald stated that the Japanese exaggerated Chinese casualties, while deliberately concealing the true number of Japanese casualties, releasing false figures that made them appear much lower.

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An academic study published in the United States in 1959 estimates military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded;

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are notable exceptions). The Nationalists committed their strongest divisions in early battle against the Japanese (including the 36th, 87th, 88th divisions, the crack divisions of Chiang's Central Army) to defend Shanghai and continued to deploy most of their forces to fight the Japanese even as the

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Chiang relied on American help in transporting Nationalist troops to regain control of formerly Japanese-occupied areas. Non-Chinese generally viewed the behavior of these troops as undercutting Nationalist legitimacy, and these troops engaged in corruption and looting, leading to widespread views of

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after the Battle of South Guangxi. Overseas Chinese communities in the U.S. raised money and nurtured talent in response to Imperial Japan's aggressions in China, which helped to fund an entire squadron of Boeing P-26 fighter planes purchased for the looming war situation between China and the Empire

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American and Canadian-born Chinese were recruited to act as covert operatives in Japanese-occupied China. Employing their racial background as a disguise, their mandate was to blend in with local citizens and wage a campaign of sabotage. Activities focused on destruction of Japanese transportation of

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The formation of a united front added to the legality of the CCP, but what kind of support the central government would provide to the communists were not settled. When compromise with the CCP failed to incentivize the Soviet Union to engage in an open conflict against Japan, the KMT withheld further

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At the start of 1938, the leadership in Tokyo still hoped to limit the scope of the conflict to occupy areas around Shanghai, Nanjing and most of northern China. They thought this would preserve strength for an anticipated showdown with the Soviet Union, but by now the Japanese government and GHQ had

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against the Chinese Air Force. At the start of the battle, the local strength of the NRA was around five divisions, or about 70,000 troops, while local Japanese forces comprised about 6,300 marines. On 23 August, the Chinese Air Force attacked Japanese troop landings at Wusongkou in northern Shanghai

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Though it is also worth pointing out that, in practice, Mao's recipe for guerrilla manoeuvres played a limited role in Chinese revolutionary wars during the 1930s and '40s. Nationalist armies carried most of the resistance to the Japanese during the Second World War, and Chinese Communist victory in

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For the Japanese, most of whom were unwilling to pay the American price for peace, time was of the essence. They were convinced that acceptance of American peace terms would only lead to further demands and ultimately leave Japan dependent on the United States and United Kingdom. To them the gambles

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Clodfelter, Micheal "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference", Vol. 2, pp. 956. Includes civilians who died due to famine and other environmental disasters caused by the war. Only includes the 'regular' Chinese army; does NOT include guerrillas and does not include Chinese casualties in

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and Seiya Matsuno, the chemical weapons were authorized by specific orders given by Hirohito himself, transmitted by the Imperial General Headquarters. For example, the Emperor authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions during the Battle of Wuhan from August to October 1938. They were

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fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes. The Chinese reported their yearly total battle casualties as 367,362 for 1937, 735,017 for 1938,

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The Nationalists suffered higher casualties because they were the main combatants opposing the Japanese in each of the 22 major battles (involving more than 100,000 troops on both sides) between China and Japan. The Communist forces, by contrast, usually avoided pitched battles with the Japanese, in

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fighters were imported to China via Hong Kong for the Chinese Air Force. Between July 1937 and November 1938 on average 60,000 tons of munitions were shipped from Britain to China via Hong Kong. Attempts by the United Kingdom and the United States to do a joint intervention were unsuccessful as both

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in 1901. These were predominantly Japanese, including the police force, and some ethnic Koreans. The Chinese then set fire to and destroyed much of the city. Only around 60 Japanese civilians survived, who provided both journalists and later historians with firsthand witness accounts. As a result of

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Some Chinese historians believe the 18 September 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria marks the start of the War of Resistance. Although not the conventional Western view, British historian Rana Mitter describes this Chinese trend of historical analysis as "perfectly reasonable". In 2017, the Chinese

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claims that a total of 396,000 Japanese soldiers died in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of this number, the Imperial Japanese Army lost 388,605 soldiers and the Imperial Japanese Navy lost 8,000 soldiers. Another 54,000 soldiers also died after the war had ended, mostly from illness and

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The Chinese Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people. Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force. With skillful organization and propaganda, the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to

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As part of the Yalta Conference, which allowed a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, the Soviets dismantled and removed more than half of the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese before handing over Manchuria to China. Large swathes of the prime farming areas had been ravaged by the

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On 24 July 1941, Roosevelt requested Japan withdraw all its forces from Indochina. Two days later the US and the UK began an oil embargo; two days after that the Netherlands joined them. This was a decisive moment in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The loss of oil imports made it impossible for Japan

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began training to German standards and were to form a relatively small but well trained Chinese Central Army. By the mid-1930s about 80,000 soldiers had received German-style training. After the KMT lost Nanjing and retreated to Wuhan, Hitler's government decided to withdraw its support of China in

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outlined the preliminary plan for the CCP's eventual seizure of power from Chiang Kai-shek. Mao himself is quoted outlining the "721" policy, saying "We are fighting 70 percent for self development, 20 percent for compromise, and 10 percent against Japan". Mao began his final push for consolidation

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also provided for a group of Soviet volunteer combat aviators to join the Chinese Air Force in the fight against the Japanese occupation from late 1937 through 1939. The United States embargoed Japan in 1941 depriving her of shipments of oil and various other resources necessary to continue the war

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and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up. This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai, where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank, and at the Battle of Taierzhuang, where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by

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Contemporary studies from the Beijing Central Compilation and Translation Press state that the Japanese suffered a total of 2,227,200 casualties, including 1,055,000 dead and 1,172,341 injured. This Chinese publication analyzes statistics provided by Japanese publications and claimed these numbers

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The problems of rehabilitation and reconstruction after the ravages of a protracted war were staggering, and the war left the Nationalists severely weakened, and their policies left them unpopular. Meanwhile, the war strengthened the Communists both in popularity and as a viable fighting force. At

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The Nationalist government seized Japanese-held businesses at the time of the Japanese surrender. The Nationalist government made little effort to return these businesses to their original Chinese owners. A mechanism existed through which Chinese and foreign owners could petition for the return of

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directed the defense of the city of Xining during air raids by Japanese planes. Han survived an aerial bombardment by Japanese planes in Xining while he was being directed via telephone by Ma Bufang, who hid in an air-raid shelter in a military barracks. The bombing resulted in Han being buried in

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were sent by Chiang Kai-shek to northern Indochina (north of the 16th parallel) to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces there, and remained in Indochina until 1946, when the French returned. The Chinese used the VNQDD, the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang, to increase their

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The United States generally avoided taking sides between Japan and China until 1940, providing virtually no aid to China in this period. For instance, the 1934 Silver Purchase Act signed by President Roosevelt caused chaos in China's economy which helped the Japanese war effort. The 1933 Wheat and

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Over 3,200 overseas Chinese drivers and motor vehicle mechanics embarked to wartime China to support military and logistics supply lines, especially through Indo-China, which became of absolute tantamount importance when the Japanese cut-off all ocean-access to China's interior with the capture of

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to some pilots of the pre-Nationalist Air Force of China. A number of foreign powers, including the Americans, Italians and Japanese, provided training and equipment to different air force units of pre-war China. With the outbreak of full-scale war between China and the Empire of Japan, the Soviet

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The Soviet Red Army performance also stunned the Japanese. Manchuria was central to Japan's East Asia policy. Both the 1921 and 1927 Imperial Eastern Region Conferences reconfirmed Japan's commitment to be the dominant power in the Northeast. The 1929 Red Army victory shook that policy to the core

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Japanese statistics, however, lack complete estimates for the wounded. From 1937 to 1941, 185,647 Japanese soldiers were killed in China and 520,000 were wounded. Disease also incurred critical losses on Japanese forces. From 1937 to 1941, 430,000 Japanese soldiers were recorded as being sick. In

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The Japanese recorded around 1.1 to 1.9 million military casualties during all of World War II (which include killed, wounded and missing). The official death toll of Japanese men killed in China, according to the Japan Defense Ministry, is 480,000. Based on the investigation of the Japanese

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After Ma Buqing left Gansu, Nationalist troops from central China flooded the area, and infiltrated Soviet occupied Xinjiang, gradually reclaiming it and forcing Sheng to break with the Soviets. The Nationalist government ordered Ma Bufang to march his troops into Xinjiang to intimidate Sheng and

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Another phase was set up with lessons learned from the first. Commencing in February 1943 this time valid assistance was given to the Chinese 'Surprise Troops' in various actions against the Japanese. These involved ambushes, attacks on airfields, blockhouses, and supply depots. The unit operated

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After the Tanggu Truce of 1933, Chiang Kai-Shek and the British government would have more friendly relations but were uneasy due to British foreign concessions there. During the Second Sino-Japanese War the British government would initially have an impartial viewpoint toward the conflict urging

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In late November 1944, the Japanese advanced slowed approximately 300 miles from Chongqing as it experienced shortages of trained soldiers and materiel. Although Operation Ichi-Go achieved its goals of seizing United States air bases and establishing a potential railway corridor from Manchukuo to

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Operation Ichi-Go was the largest military campaign of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The campaign mobilized 500,000 Japanese troops, 100,000 horses, 1,500 artillery pieces, and 800 tanks. The 750,000 casualty figure for Nationalist Chinese forces are not all dead and captured, Cox included in the

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After 1940, the Japanese encountered tremendous difficulties in administering and garrisoning the seized territories, and tried to solve their occupation problems by implementing a strategy of creating friendly puppet governments favourable to Japanese interests in the territories conquered, most

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The Japanese forces, numbering some 400,000 men, were faced by over 1 million NRA troops in the Central Yangtze region. Having learned from their defeats at Shanghai and Nanjing, the Chinese had adapted themselves to fight the Japanese and managed to check their forces on many fronts, slowing and

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with a different warlord controlling each province of the country. China was reduced to a fractured state. As a result, China's prosperity began to wither and its economy declined. This instability presented an opportunity for nationalistic politicians in Japan to press for territorial expansion.

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We spent a day resting at Hsining. This is a walled city lying just within the old Tibetan border, and is the capital of the new Province of Ching Hai and the seat of the Provincial Civil Government. The Chairman of the Provincial Council, or Shihehang, is Ma Pu Fang, a young Moslem in the early

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In 1945, China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but economically weak and on the verge of all-out civil war. The economy was sapped by the military demands of a long costly war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by corruption in the Nationalist government that

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After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Chinese public opinion was strongly critical of Manchuria's leader, the "young marshal" Zhang Xueliang, for his non-resistance to the Japanese invasion, even though the Kuomintang central government was also responsible for this policy, giving Zhang an order to

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called this strategy "winning by outlasting". The NRA adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to ambush, flanking attacks, and encirclements in major engagements. The most prominent example of this tactic was the

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against the IJA in early 1940; however, due to its low military-industrial capacity and limited experience in modern warfare, this offensive was defeated. Afterwards Chiang could not risk any more all-out offensive campaigns given the poorly trained, under-equipped, and disorganized state of his

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By the fall of 1941 relations between the United States and Japan had reached a critical stage... the Japanese, most of whom were unwilling to pay the American price for peace... were convinced that acceptance of American peace terms would only lead to further demands and ultimately leave Japan

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Mao also began to execute his plan to establish a new China by rapidly moving his forces from Yan'an and elsewhere to Manchuria. This opportunity was available to the Communists because although Nationalist representatives were not invited to Yalta, they had been consulted and had agreed to the

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In a hearing before the United States Congress House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs on Wednesday, 19 April 1939, the acting chairman Sol Bloom and other Congressmen interviewed Maxwell S. Stewart, a former Foreign Policy Association research staff and economist who charged that

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Valley in central China, the distrust between the two antagonists was scarcely veiled. The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938, partially due to the Communists' aggressive efforts to expand their military strength by absorbing Chinese guerrilla forces behind Japanese lines. Chinese

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gave a figure of 3,949,000 people in China murdered directly by the Japanese army while giving a figure of 10,216,000 total dead in the war with the additional millions of deaths due to indirect causes like starvation, disease and disruption but not direct killing by Japan. China suffered from

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However, the Soviet occupation of Manchuria was long enough to allow the Communist forces to move in en masse and arm themselves with the military hardware surrendered by the Imperial Japanese Army, quickly establish control in the countryside and move into position to encircle the Nationalist

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The Sino-American Cooperative Organization was an organization created by the SACO Treaty signed by the Republic of China and the United States of America in 1942 that established a mutual intelligence gathering entity in China between the respective nations against Japan. It operated in China

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not to move into southern French Indochina. From bases in Cambodia and southern Vietnam, Japanese planes could attack Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies. As the Japanese occupation of northern French Indochina in 1940 had already cut off supplies from the West to China, the move into

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The poor performance of Chiang Kai-shek's forces in opposing the Japanese advance during Operation Ichigo became widely viewed as demonstrating Chiang's incompetence. It irreparably damaged the Roosevelt administration's view of Chiang and the KMT. The campaign further weakened the Nationalist

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was seen by Chiang as an attempt to use Chinese manpower to defend British colonial possessions. Chiang also believed that China should divert its crack army divisions from Burma to eastern China to defend the airbases of the American bombers that he hoped would defeat Japan through bombing, a

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as the Xinjiang warlord Sheng Shicai had turned anti-Soviet in 1942 with Chiang's approval. For these reasons, the Chinese government never had the supplies and equipment needed to mount major counter-offensives. Despite the severe shortage of matériel, in 1943, the Chinese were successful in

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pathogens. Chinese estimates allege that as many as 250,000 civilians, the vast majority of whom were destitute Tanka boat people and other pariah ethnicities unable to flee, may have died of disease. It caused more than 16 million civilians to evacuate far away deep inward China. 90% of

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During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese had consistent tactical successes but failed to achieve strategic results. Although it seized the majority of China's industrial capacity, occupied most major cities, and rarely lost a battle, Japan's occupation of China was costly. Japan had

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Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war against Japan, and within days China joined the Allies in formal declaration of war against Japan, Germany and Italy. As the Western Allies entered the war against Japan, the Sino-Japanese War would become part of a greater

4213:, condemning Japan for its incursion into Manchuria, causing Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations. No country took action against Japan beyond tepid censure. From 1931 until summer 1937, the Nationalist Army under Chiang Kai-shek did little to oppose Japanese encroachment into China. 4189:

in September 1931. Japanese soldiers set off a bomb on the Southern Manchurian Railroad in order to provoke an opportunity to act in "self defense" and invade outright. Japan charged that its rights in Manchuria, which had been established as a result of its victory in 1905 at the end of the

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The poor performance of Nationalist forces opposing the Ichi-go campaign was largely viewed as reflecting poorly on Chiang's competence. Chiang blamed the failure on the United States, particularly Stilwell, who had used Chinese forces in the Burma Campaign and in Chiang's view, left China

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During the battle in Yichang of October 1941, Japanese troops used chemical munitions in their artillery and mortar fire, and warplanes dropped gas bombs all over the area; since the Chinese troops were poorly equipped and without gas-masks, they were severely gassed, burned and killed.

6757:

The conflict lasted eight years, two months and two days (from 7 July 1937, to 9 September 1945). The total number of casualties that resulted from this war (and subsequently theater) equaled more than half the total number of casualties that later resulted from the entire Pacific War.

6167:, Chinese military leaders were organizing Vietnamese nationalists against the Japanese. The VNQDD had been active in Guangxi and some of their members had joined the KMT army. Under the umbrella of KMT activities, a broad alliance of nationalists emerged. With Ho at the forefront, the 4768:

upon its capture. After four months of intense combat, the Nationalists were forced to abandon Wuhan by October, and its government and armies retreated to Chongqing. Both sides had suffered tremendous casualties in the battle, with the Chinese losing up to 500,000 soldiers killed or

5233:(and froze all Japanese assets) in the summer of 1941. As the Soviets prepared for war against Nazi Germany in June 1941, and all new Soviet combat aircraft was needed in the west, Chiang Kai-shek sought American support through the Lend-Lease Act that was promised in March 1941. 3946:, as temporary prime minister in order to subdue the revolution. Yuan, wanting to remain in power, compromised with the revolutionaries, and agreed to abolish the monarchy and establish a new republican government, under the condition he be appointed president of China. The new 5992:

and very fast diving speeds earned them wide recognition at a time when the Chinese Air Force and Allies in the Pacific and SE Asia were suffering heavy losses, and soon afterwards their "boom and zoom" high-speed hit-and-run air combat tactics would be adopted by the

21227: 6353:

John Scott reported in 1934 that there was both strong anti-Japanese feeling and anti-Bolshevik among the Muslims of Gansu and he mentioned the Muslim generals Ma Fuxiang, Ma Qi, Ma Anliang and Ma Bufang who was chairman of Qinghai province when he stayed in Xining.

6952:

against Chinese troops. Li also added that his forces could not withstand large scale deployments of Japanese poison gas. Since Chinese troops did not have gas-masks, the poison gases provided enough time for Japanese troops to bayonet debilitated Chinese soldiers.

6782:

The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported that the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1,797,000 wounded, 1,320,000 killed, and 120,000 missing) and 5,787,352 civilians casualties putting the total number of casualties at 9,025,352. The

6573:

In 2005, a history textbook prepared by the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform which had been approved by the government in 2001, sparked huge outcry and protests in China and Korea. It referred to the Nanjing Massacre and other atrocities such as the

3616:, historians in China are unhappy with the blanket revision, and (despite sustained tensions) the Republic of China did not consider itself to be in an ongoing war with Japan over these six years. It is also referred to as part of the "Global Anti-Fascist War". 6194:, created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists. The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and 5973:

southern French Indochina was viewed as a direct threat to British and Dutch colonies. Many principal figures in the Japanese government and military (particularly the navy) were against the move, as they foresaw that it would invite retaliation from the West.

3966:, and Yuan Shikai was overthrown after only a few months. In the aftermath of Shikai's death in June 1916, control of China fell into the hands of the Beiyang Army leadership. The Beiyang government was a civilian government in name, but in practice it was a 6087:

The first operation commenced in February 1942 from Burma on a long journey to the Chinese front. Due to issues with supporting the Chinese and gradual disease and supply issues, the first phase achieved very little and the unit was withdrawn in September.

4423:

The Japanese gave Sung and his troops "free passage" before moving in to pacify resistance in areas surrounding Beijing (then Beiping) and Tianjin. After 24 days of combat, the Chinese 29th Army was forced to withdraw. The Japanese captured Beijing and the

6683:

Meanwhile, many KMT supporters, particularly veterans who retreated with the government in 1949, still have an emotional interest in the war. For example, in celebrating the 60th anniversary of the end of war in 2005, the cultural bureau of KMT stronghold

6867:

Another source from Hilary Conroy claims that a total of 447,000 Japanese soldiers died or went missing in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of the 1,130,000 Imperial Japanese Army soldiers who died during World War II, 39 percent died in China.

5340:

attacked and wiped out a brigade of Chinese militia led by Zhang Yin-wu in Hebei in June 1939. Starting in 1940, open conflict between Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the occupied areas outside of Japanese control, culminating in the

21222: 15011: 6427:), Taiwan and French Indochina north of 16° north latitude to surrender to Chiang Kai-shek, and the Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on 9 September 1945, at 9:00. The ninth hour of the ninth day of the ninth month was chosen in echo of the 10705: 6774:

statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: NRA 3.2 million;

11531: 5222:. In the occupied areas, Japanese control was mainly limited to railroads and major cities ("points and lines"). They did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside, where Chinese guerrillas roamed freely. 13267: 5676:. With the Chinese army progressing well in training and equipment, Wedemeyer planned to launch Operation Carbonado in summer 1945 to retake Guangdong, thus obtaining a coastal port, and from there drive northwards toward Shanghai. However, the 4160:

The internecine warfare in China provided excellent opportunities for Japan, which saw Manchuria as a limitless supply of raw materials, a market for its manufactured goods (now excluded from the markets of many Western countries as a result of

11769:

Yang Kuisong, "The Formation and Implementation of the Chinese Communists' Guerrilla Warfare Strategy in the Enemy's Rear during the Sino-Japanese War", paper presented at Harvard University Conference on Wartime China, Maui, January 2004, pp.

6561:

was used by only 0.039% of junior high schools in Japan and despite the efforts of the Japanese nationalist textbook reformers, by the late 1990s the most common Japanese schoolbooks contained references to, for instance, the Nanjing Massacre,

4939:

and the Longhai railway, thereby preventing the Japanese from effectively moving their forces across Northern and Central China. In the short term, the NRA aimed to use the flood to halt the rapid transit of Japanese units from Northern China

6710:

Several thousand Japanese who were sent as colonizers to Manchukuo and Inner Mongolia were left behind in China. The majority of these were women, and they married mostly Chinese men and became known as "stranded war wives" (zanryu fujin).

7007:. These attacks caused epidemic plague outbreaks. In the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, of the 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with the disease, about 1,700 Japanese troops died when the biological weapons rebounded on their own forces. 5645:

economy and government revenues. Because of the Nationalists' increasing inability to fund the military, Nationalist authorities overlooked military corruption and smuggling. The Nationalist army increasingly turned to raiding villages to

5640:

After Operation Ichigo, Chiang Kai-shek started a plan to withdraw Chinese troops from the Burma theatre against Japan in Southeast Asia for a counter offensive called "White Tower" and "Iceman" against Japanese soldiers in China in 1945.

5217:

By 1941, Japan had occupied much of north and coastal China, but the KMT central government and military had retreated to the western interior to continue their resistance, while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in

4185:. This was done with hopes that it would start a crisis that would allow Japan to expand their power and influence in the region. When this was not as successful as they desired, Japan then decided to invade Manchuria outright after the 4254:

Japan increasingly exploited China's internal conflicts to reduce the strength of its fractious opponents. Even years after the Northern Expedition, the political power of the Nationalist government was limited to just the area of the

6931:

Under General Xue Yue, some 100,000 Chinese troops pushed back Japanese forces at Huangmei. At the fortress of Tianjiazhen, thousands of men fought until the end of September, with Japanese victory assured only with the use of poison

6256:

broke out in Xinjiang when the Kuomintang Hui Officer Liu Bin-Di was killed while fighting Turkic Uyghur rebels in November 1944. The Soviet Union supported the Turkic rebels against the Kuomintang, and Kuomintang forces fought back.

6636:

was signed separately between the ROC and Japan that basically followed the same guideline of the Treaty of San Francisco, not specifying which country has sovereignty over Taiwan. However, Article 10 of the treaty states that the

6072:

which later fought in Burma. B.A.A.G. also sent agents to gather intelligence – military, political and economic in Southern China, as well as giving medical and humanitarian assistance to Chinese civilians and military personnel.

5777:

et al., formed the original contingent of foreign volunteer aviators to join the Chinese air forces (some provincial or warlord air forces, but ultimately all integrating into the centralized Chinese Air Force; often called the

4918:

to send supplies to the NRA from August 1937 to March 1941. Secondly, the flooding of significant portions of land and railway sections made it difficult for the Japanese military to enter Shaanxi, thereby preventing them from

4432:, the Konoe government's foreign minister opened negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek's government in Nanjing and stated: "Japan wants Chinese cooperation, not Chinese land." Nevertheless, negotiations failed to move further. The 4664:. Over the next several weeks, Japanese troops perpetrated numerous mass executions and tens of thousands of rapes. The army looted and burned the surrounding towns and the city, destroying more than a third of the buildings. 5181:

During this period, the main Chinese objective was to drag out the war for as long as possible in a war of attrition, thereby exhausting Japanese resources while it was building up China's military capacity. American general

4660:(September – November 1937). Upon the capture of Nanjing, Japanese committed massive war atrocities including mass murder and rape of Chinese civilians after 13 December 1937, which has been referred to as the 21031: 4103:

and reopened the Manchurian problem. By 1930, the Kwantung Army realized they faced a Red Army that was only growing stronger. The time to act was drawing near and Japanese plans to conquer the Northeast were accelerated.

10583: 6624:

on 25 October 1945. However, due to the unresolved Chinese Civil War, neither the newly established People's Republic of China in mainland China nor the Nationalist ROC that retreated to Taiwan was invited to sign the

5815:

Prior to the war, Germany and China were in close economic and military cooperation, with Germany helping China modernize its industry and military in exchange for raw materials. Germany sent military advisers such as

6532:

Communists changed their strategy to engage mainly in a political offensive against the Japanese while declaring that the CCP should "save and preserve our strength and wait for favourable timing" by the end of 1941.

6578:

as an "incident", glossed over the issue of comfort women, and made only brief references to the death of Chinese soldiers and civilians in Nanjing. A copy of the 2005 version of a junior high school textbook titled

5386: 3961:

However, there was little support for an imperial restoration among the general population, and protests and demonstrations soon broke out across the country. Yuan's attempts at restoring the monarchy triggered the

6230:. General Ma expected help from Nanjing, but did not receive it. The Nationalist government was forced to deny these maneuvers as "Japanese propaganda", as it needed continued military supplies from the Soviets. 5091:

committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as well as Japanese refusal to delegate any real power, left the puppets very unpopular and largely ineffective. The only success the Japanese had was to recruit a large

4682:

By January 1938, most conventional Kuomintang forces had either been defeated or no longer offered major resistance to Japanese advances. Communist-led rural resistance to the Japanese remained active, however.

10698: 6734: 6446:

Chiang's focus on his communist opponents prompted him to leave Japanese troops or troops of the Japanese puppet regimes to remain on duty in occupied areas so as to avoid their surrender to Communist forces.

6036:

In February 1941 a Sino-British agreement was forged whereby British troops would assist the Chinese "Surprise Troops" units of guerrillas already operating in China, and China would assist Britain in Burma.

5510:

Chiang was named Allied commander-in-chief in the China theater in 1942. American general Joseph Stilwell served for a time as Chiang's chief of staff, while simultaneously commanding American forces in the

3847:

The origins of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced back to the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, in which China, then under the rule of the Qing dynasty, was defeated by Japan and forced to cede

21834: 8148: 5108:

fighting continued in these occupied areas. Japan had suffered high casualties which resulted from unexpectedly stubborn Chinese resistance, and neither side could make any swift progress in the manner of

20433: 6917:

and a resolution adopted by the League of Nations on 14 May 1938, condemning the use of poison gas by the Empire of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army frequently used chemical weapons during the war.

10550: 10518: 4428:

at Tianjin on 29 and 30 July respectively, thus concluding the Beijing-Tianjin campaign. However, the Japanese Army had been given orders not to advance further than the Yongding River. In a sudden

11369:

China's inner Asian frontier: photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 : from the archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society

5977:

to continue operations in China on a long-term basis. It set the stage for Japan to launch a series of military attacks against the Allies, including the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.

4667:

The number of Chinese killed in the massacre has been subject to much debate, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to more than 300,000. The numbers agreed upon by most scholars are provided by the

4251:, as well as a demilitarized zone between the Great Wall and Beijing-Tianjin region. Japan aimed to create another buffer zone between Manchukuo and the Chinese Nationalist government in Nanjing. 15109: 10182: 5412:, which earned the Chinese government much prestige from the Western Allies. President Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and China as the world's " 3717: 12460: 7420: 21061: 8016: 6897:

himself contested the Communists' claims, finding it impossible for a force of "untrained, undisciplined, poorly equipped" guerrillas of Communist forces to have killed so many enemy soldiers.

6397:, which was the primary Japanese fighting force, consisting of over a million men but lacking in adequate armour, artillery, or air support, had been destroyed by the Soviets. Japanese Emperor 15021: 5861:. Prior to the Western Allies, the Soviets provided the most foreign aid to China: some $ 250 million in credits for munitions and other supplies. The Soviet Union defeated Japan in the 13709:

Multi-year project seeks to expand research by promoting cooperation among scholars and institutions in China, Japan, the United States, and other nations. Includes extensive bibliographies.

5744:

of which China became a beneficiary on 6 May 1941; from there, China's main diplomatic, financial and military supporter came from the U.S., particularly following the attack on Pearl Harbor

4099:

victory over Xueliang's forces not only reasserted Soviet control over the CER in Manchuria but revealed Chinese military weaknesses that Japanese Kwantung Army officers were quick to note.

21884: 21177: 13016: 12713: 10808: 4733:. However the majority of the Chinese forces, some 200,000-300,000 troops in 40 divisions, managed to break out of the encirclement and retreat to defend Wuhan, the Japanese's next target. 4377:

in which Beijing and its port city of Tianjin fell to invading Japanese forces (July–August 1937). On 29 July, some 5,000 troops of the 1st and 2nd Corps of the East Hebei Army mutinied in

12881: 12748: 15006: 12797:

The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001

6927:

Japan used poison gas at Hankow during the Battle of Wuhan to break fierce Chinese resistance after conventional Japanese assaults were repelled by Chinese defenders. Rana Mitter writes,

6583:

found that there is no mention of the "Nanjing Massacre" or the "Nanjing Incident". Indeed, the only one sentence that referred to this event was: "they occupied that city in December".

6498:

government army in major cities of northeast China. Following that, the Chinese Civil War broke out between the Nationalists and Communists, which concluded with the Communist victory in

5911:

and the Nanjing Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan and increased their fear of Japanese expansion, which prompted the United States, the United Kingdom, and

5202:, organized separately by both the CCP and the KMT, continued their resistance in occupied areas to make Japanese administration over the vast land area of China difficult. In 1940, the 6237:

corridor. Ma had earlier fought against the Japanese, but because the Soviet threat was great, Chiang in July 1942 directed him to move 30,000 of his troops to the Tsaidam marsh in the

5821: 10370:

US Congress. Investigation of Concentracion of Economic Power. Hearings before the Temporary National Economic Committee. 76th Congress, 2nd Session, Pt. 21. Washington, 1940, p. 11241

6893:

Both Nationalist and Communist Chinese sources report that their respective forces were responsible for the deaths of over 1.7 million Japanese soldiers. Nationalist War Minister

5300:, hoping to force an end to KMT–CCP conflict. To secure the release of Chiang, the KMT agreed to a temporary ceasefire with the Communists. On 24 December, the two parties agreed to a 5225:

The United States strongly supported China starting in 1937 and warned Japan to get out. However, the United States continued to sell Japan petroleum and scrap metal exports until the

5210:

in north China, destroying railways and a major coal mine. These constant guerilla and sabotage operations deeply frustrated the Imperial Japanese Army and they led them to employ the

4381:, turning against the Japanese garrison. In addition to Japanese military personnel, some 260 civilians living in Tongzhou were killed during the uprising in scenes reminiscent of the 23513: 4420:

and an air regiment composed of 18 squadrons as reinforcements to Northern China. By 20 July, total Japanese military strength in the Beijing-Tianjin area exceeded 180,000 personnel.

4123:, and they continued to expand during this protracted civil war. The Kuomintang government in Nanjing decided to focus their efforts on suppressing the Chinese Communists through the 21658: 4726:

to overcome Japanese advantages in firepower. The Chinese also severed Japanese supply lines from the rear, forcing the Japanese to retreat in the first Chinese victory of the war.

4324:

was formed on 12 May 1936. Japan provided all the necessary military and economic aid. Afterwards Chinese volunteer forces continued to resist Japanese aggression in Manchuria, and

2179: 7078:

Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up. During one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers destroyed four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles.

21802: 14940: 4715:

in an attempt to wipe out the Chinese forces in the area. The Japanese managed to overcome Chinese resistance around Bengbu and the Teng xian, but were fought to a halt at Linyi.

21298: 7055: 4115:

broke out across China, involving regional commanders who had fought in alliance with the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition, and the Nanjing government under Chiang. The

22366: 20387: 13978: 10426:

American Neutrality Policy: Hearings Before the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Seventy-Sixth Congress, First Session, on Apr. 11–13, 17–21, 24–28, May 2, 1939

12660: 12575: 12546: 10598: 6767:

Duncan Anderson, Head of the Department of War Studies at the Royal Military Academy, UK, writing for BBC states that the total number of casualties was around 20 million.

5610:

achieved very little, but lessons were learned and a second more successful phase, commenced in February 1943 under British Military command, was conducted before the Japanese

12994: 11851: 6198:

from entering the league, as Zhang's main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina. The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.

3954:; it is generally believed Yuan Shikai ordered the assassination. Yuan Shikai then forced the parliament to pass a bill to strengthen the power of the president and sought to 1093: 4674:

The Japanese atrocities in Nanjing, especially following the Chinese defense of Shanghai, increased international goodwill for the Chinese people and the Chinese government.

12336: 5782:) in the "patriotic call to duty for the motherland" to fight against the Imperial Japanese invasion. Several of the original Chinese-American volunteer pilots were sent to 4764:

To overcome Chinese resistance, Japanese forces frequently deployed poison gas and committed atrocities against civilians, such as a "mini-Nanjing Massacre" in the city of

1061:

Including casualties of Japanese puppet forces. The combined toll is most likely around 3,500,000: 2.5 million Japanese, per their own records, and 1,000,000 collaborators.

21744: 21559: 19660: 19578: 15026: 13644: 7143: 5668:, successfully driving the Japanese out of North Burma and securing the Ledo Road, China's vital supply artery. In Spring 1945 the Chinese launched offensives that retook 13063: 8828: 6725:

In China some Korean comfort women stayed behind instead of going back to their native land. Most Korean comfort women who were left behind in China married Chinese men.

21950: 21138: 21053: 20463: 17062: 5629:

750,000 casualties that China incurred in Ichigo soldiers who simply "melted away" and others who were rendered combat ineffective besides killed and captured soldiers.

16807: 19139: 16408: 15016: 3708:. In addition, due to China's fractured political status, Japan often claimed that China was no longer a recognizable political entity on which war could be declared. 10122: 4312:

was signed expelling the KMT from Chahar. Thus, by the end of 1935 the Chinese government had essentially abandoned northern China. In its place, the Japanese-backed

21606: 20382: 18707: 18420: 16424: 15139: 10496: 6266: 5712: 5561:

Long-standing differences in national interest and political stance among China, the United States, and the United Kingdom remained in place. British Prime Minister

10345: 6810:

The property loss suffered by the Chinese was valued at 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the

6318:

were Hui. The Japanese attempted to approach Ma Bufang but were unsuccessful in making any agreement with him. Ma Bufang ended up supporting the anti-Japanese Imam

4069:, took over as the leader of the Fengtian clique in Manchuria. Later in the same year, Zhang declared his allegiance to the Nationalist government in Nanjing under 21699: 21589: 21539: 8126: 7821: 5965:. In spite of non-aggression pacts or trade connections, Hitler's assault threw the world into a frenzy of re-aligning political outlooks and strategic prospects. 3537: 16751: 22221: 22141: 20862: 19783: 18892: 16347: 16319: 15463: 14868: 6617: 5257:

and Japan's drive south to procure from the resource-rich European colonies in Southeast Asia by force the resources which the United States had denied to them.

18917: 5116:

By 1943, Guangdong had experienced famine. As the situation worsened, New York Chinese compatriots received a letter stating that 600,000 people were killed in

3375:, resulting in the Communists losing around 90% of their men. As a Japanese invasion became imminent, Chiang still refused to form a united front before he was 23508: 23175: 22231: 20553: 18399: 17071: 16758: 15885: 3368: 2071: 5490:

Most of China's industry had already been captured or destroyed by Japan, and the Soviet Union refused to allow the United States to supply China through the

5320:, taxed it, and engaged in its trade—including selling to Japanese-occupied and KMT-controlled provinces. The Red Army fought alongside KMT forces during the 17374: 16737: 16039: 15664: 2529: 2172: 6330:

Hui cemeteries were destroyed for military reasons. Many Hui fought in the war against the Japanese such as Bai Chongxi, Ma Hongbin, Ma Hongkui, Ma Bufang,

5059:

routed the Imperial Japanese Army and their puppet Inner Mongol forces and prevented the planned Japanese advance into northwest China. Ma Hongbin's father

21638: 21492: 21330: 20570: 19813: 19320: 18702: 18656: 16380: 16326: 15512: 12920: 11878: 10557: 10525: 5072: 6478:

fighting and there was starvation and famine in the wake of the war. Many towns and cities were destroyed, and millions were rendered homeless by floods.

6084:), was initialized to provide training to Chinese guerrilla troops. The mission conducted two operations, mostly in the provinces of Yunnan and Jiangxi. 5316:

and Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border regions were created, under the control of the CCP. In Shaan-Gan-Ning, Communists in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Base Area fostered

21388: 20455: 20271: 19214: 16844: 16333: 15949: 11559: 8705: 1986: 17: 10174: 22216: 20996: 15359: 14996: 13744: 12456: 8765: 7417: 7168: 6641:

and the juridical person should be the people and the juridical person of the ROC. Both the PRC and ROC governments base their claims to Taiwan on the

6461: 2331: 2264: 1618: 1086: 8008: 3785:

is considered derogatory by China and therefore the media in Japan often paraphrase with other expressions like "The Japan–China Incident" (Japanese:

21310: 21133: 21105: 21095: 20710: 20705: 20575: 19194: 19159: 16730: 16170: 16046: 6546: 3545: 3300:, and often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century and has been described as "the Asian 1658: 12101: 8178: 7852: 7003:

the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on

6345:

Xining was subjected to aerial bombardment by Japanese warplanes in 1941, causing all ethnicities in Qinghai to unite against the Japanese. General

22430: 21148: 21143: 20417: 18551: 16023: 15403: 10684: 8743: 5569:; Stilwell, on the other hand, believed that reopening the road was vital, as all China's mainland ports were under Japanese control. The Allies' " 5416:"; his primary reason for elevating China to such a status was the belief that after the war it would serve as a bulwark against the Soviet Union. 4668: 2165: 13024: 12746: 12721: 11895: 10820: 6486:

to Chinese conditions. He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts.

6190:

created the league to further Chinese influence in Indochina, against the French and Japanese. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the

5721:, provided much equipment and training to crack units of the National Revolutionary Army of China, including some aerial-combat training with the 4565:"Claude" fighters into the Shanghai-Nanjing theater of operations, beginning on 18 September 1937, helped the Japanese achieve a certain level of 21522: 21128: 21046: 20563: 19347: 16460: 15772: 15134: 12873: 5578:

strategy that American general Claire Lee Chennault supported but which Stilwell strongly opposed. In addition, Chiang voiced his support of the

4546:

fighter squadrons; suffering heavy (50%) losses from the defending Chinese pilots (14 August was subsequently commemorated by the KMT as China's

4501:

were ordered to capture or destroy the Japanese strongholds in Shanghai, leading to bitter street fighting. In an attack on the Japanese cruiser

10152: 10028: 9400: 5336:

militia who refused to switch their allegiance were often labelled "collaborators" and attacked by CCP forces. For example, the Red Army led by

22879: 22810: 21970: 21325: 19224: 19030: 19000: 18983: 16279: 15581: 15001: 10208: 9998: 9566: 7153: 6122:

was finished in early 1945, the majority of US and British supplies to the Chinese had to be delivered via airlift over the eastern end of the

2042: 18292: 11164: 6143: 5427:. Philippine and Japanese ocean weather was affected by weather originating near northern China. The base of SACO was located in Yangjiashan. 4793: 2701: 1831: 23483: 22820: 22609: 22191: 21849: 21153: 19025: 17078: 17041: 17018: 16532: 15454: 15424: 14873: 13185:

Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang,中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations (Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005)

11649: 9190:

Muscolino, Micah S. (2014). The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1938–1950. Cambridge University Press.

6840:

that led to starvation deaths of 2 to 3 million people, Guangdong famine caused more than 3 million people to flee or die, and the

5938: 3950:

of China was proclaimed in March 1912, after which Yuan Shikai began to amass power for himself. In 1913, the parliamentary political leader

3864:, which Japan claims were uninhabited, in early 1895 as a result of its victory at the end of the war. Japan had also attempted to annex the 3434:, and with Japan's lines of communications stretched deep into the interior, the war reached a stalemate. The Japanese were unable to defeat 1079: 16793: 12517: 11383: 6183:, later to be Ho's Prime Minister. The front was later broadened and renamed the Viet Nam Giai Phong Dong Minh (Vietnam Liberation League). 23324: 22008: 21924: 21709: 20928: 20289: 18958: 18823: 17171: 17027: 17011: 16983: 16224: 15431: 15164: 15042: 14339: 13983: 12131: 11601: 6693: 6673: 5865:

in May – September 1939, leaving the Japanese reluctant to fight the Soviets again. In April 1941, Soviet aid to China ended with the

5697: 5573:" policy did not sit well with Chiang, while the later British insistence that China send more and more troops to Indochina for use in the 5230: 6186:

The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Chinese KMT General

5923:

exports in 1938. However, in July 1939, negotiations between Japanese Foreign Minister Arita Khatira and the British Ambassador in Tokyo,

23498: 22634: 22246: 22201: 22196: 22052: 20543: 20422: 19803: 19734: 19040: 17935: 16995: 16907: 16851: 16814: 16089: 14615: 13693: 12850: 11422: 10464: 9718: 9679: 9640: 7985: 7930: 7187:

This number does not include the casualties of the large numbers of Chinese collaborator government troops fighting on the Japanese side.

6227: 6130:". Flying over the Himalayas was extremely dangerous, but the airlift continued daily to August 1945, at great cost in men and aircraft. 5591: 4906:. There were three long-term strategic intentions behind the decision to cause the flooding: firstly, the flood in Henan safeguarded the 3494: 2054: 1546: 18687: 13657: 13194: 12943: 12811: 12027: 12008: 11989: 11970: 11500: 11077: 7891: 7243: 6795:

According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million civilians died during the "kill all, loot all, burn all" operation (

5931:(steel and scrap iron up to 16 October 1940, petrol and petroleum products up to 26 June 1941), and various other much-needed supplies. 22560: 22398: 21039: 19219: 19199: 16900: 15625: 14002: 13930: 9963: 7087: 5649:

peasants into service and force marching them to assigned units. Approximately 10% of these peasants died before reaching their units.

5532: 3600:

issued a directive stating that textbooks were to refer to the war as the "Fourteen Years' War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese:

2483: 2411: 1903: 1753: 1043:

This number does not include Japanese killed by Chinese forces in the Burma campaign and does not include Japanese killed in Manchuria.

10304: 7401: 4577:, and Capt. Chan Kee-Wong, even in their older and slower biplanes, proved more than able to hold their own against the sleek A5Ms in 3801:

The name "Second Sino-Japanese War" is not commonly used in Japan as the China it fought a war against in 1894 to 1895 was led by the

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Soviet invasion of Manchuria in the belief that the Soviet Union would cooperate only with the Nationalist government after the war.

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in China. This pressure, which was intended to disparage a continuation of the war and bring Japan into negotiation, resulted in the

4980: 4784:

With Japanese casualties and costs mounting, the Imperial General Headquarters attempted to break Chinese resistance by ordering the

4325: 3517: 2047: 1173: 12978: 11843: 7617: 7059:

Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the

5289:. This resulted in great casualties for his Northeast Army, which received no support in manpower or weaponry from Chiang Kai-shek. 22286: 21874: 21160: 21003: 19530: 19520: 19154: 18262: 16067: 15841: 15604: 15470: 15281: 9362: 8950: 7163: 5565:

was reluctant to devote British troops, many of whom had been routed by the Japanese in earlier campaigns, to the reopening of the

4569:. However the few experienced Chinese veteran pilots, as well as several Chinese-American volunteer fighter pilots, including Maj. 2522: 2495: 1942: 1867: 1794: 11946: 9926: 9311:

Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945". In Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John (eds.).

8204: 23029: 21564: 21465: 21340: 21113: 20831: 20814: 20448: 19009: 17150: 16947: 16599: 15977: 15477: 15389: 15325: 12087: 10625:"Powerless and Frustrated: Britain's Relationship With China During the Opening Years of the Second Sino–Japanese War, 1937–1939" 6692:

regarding the war and post-war developments, while the KMT held its own exhibit in the KMT headquarters. Whereas the KMT won the

6160: 2625: 19325: 13538: 6005:

was scouted as a potential staging area and springboard for the future military landing of the Allies of World War II in Japan.

5353:

of CCP power under his authority, and his teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as

23488: 22324: 21822: 21774: 21668: 21648: 20335: 20309: 18579: 17353: 16865: 15708: 15246: 13737: 13047: 12306: 11789: 11283: 8820: 7584: 7512: 6245:. Chiang further named Ma as Reclamation Commissioner, to threaten Sheng's southern flank in Xinjiang, which bordered Tsaidam. 5420: 2324: 9486: 22925: 22550: 22206: 22013: 21797: 21345: 21100: 20948: 20857: 20809: 20528: 20492: 20279: 18897: 17956: 17861: 17381: 17127: 17002: 16081: 16055: 15912: 15618: 15535: 15083: 13521: 13435: 13377: 13238: 13209: 13113: 12988: 12914: 12503: 12394: 12191: 12059: 11742: 11197: 11110: 11071: 11044: 10092: 9911: 9852: 9774: 9712: 9673: 9634: 9607: 9469: 9010: 8902: 8804: 8646: 8619: 8534: 8247: 7979: 7924: 7885: 7383: 7298: 7274: 7237: 7148: 6549:. Issues regarding the current historical outlook on the war exist. For example, the Japanese government has been accused of 6139: 5226: 4920: 4527: 2635: 2478: 2293: 1801: 1714: 1680: 1651: 1526: 1437: 13565: 13441: 12328: 11690: 11461: 11344: 11315: 11231: 11203: 8493: 7643: 7340: 6545:

Today, the war is a major point of contention and resentment between China and Japan. The war remains a major roadblock for

3989:

to extort further political and commercial privilege from China, which was accepted by the regime of Yuan Shikai. Following

3351:. This is sometimes marked as the beginning of the war. From 1931 to 1937, China and Japan engaged in skirmishes, including 22423: 21643: 21574: 21254: 20847: 20695: 20107: 19863: 19739: 19639: 19624: 19535: 19495: 18544: 18189: 17589: 17475: 16640: 16100: 16096: 16074: 15678: 14645: 14525: 13689:

Manchuria 1:250,000, Series L542, U.S. Army Map Service, 1950– . Topographic Maps of Manchuria during the Second World War.

10114: 5845:. In September 1937, they signed the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and approved Operation Zet, the formation of a secret 5519:) have suggested it was largely due to the corruption and inefficiency of the Kuomintang government, while others (such as 4602: 4596: 4405: 3532:. The war resulted in the deaths of around 20 million people, mostly Chinese civilians. China was recognized as one of the 2544: 2515: 1957: 1915: 1748: 1599: 1293: 1234: 12800:. Vol. 150 of NATO science series: Mathematics, physics, and chemistry (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 19. 10486: 5165:. Up until the mid-1930s, China had hoped that the League of Nations would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression. 4493:

positions in Shanghai, with Japanese army troops and marines in turn crossing into the city with naval gunfire support at

22251: 22226: 21628: 21315: 21118: 20668: 20558: 20508: 20407: 20402: 20122: 19619: 18833: 18104: 17561: 16893: 16879: 16085: 14061: 12457:"Washington Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare — World War I Document Archive" 6068:. It's aim was to assist prisoners of war and internees to escape from Japanese camps. This led to the formation of the 5866: 5795: 4625:

system. Japan moved into these areas after its 1941 declaration of war against the United States and the United Kingdom.

2681: 2059: 1724: 1492: 1239: 20548: 12767:

of a film showing imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo in 1940. (Daniel Barenblatt,

12628: 12259: 11820: 7813: 4061:

As the National Revolutionary Army approached Beijing, Zhang Zuolin decided to retreat back to Manchuria, before he was

4013:

and was unable to resist foreign incursions. For the purpose of unifying China and defeating the regional warlords, the

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United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party

22023: 21929: 21829: 21689: 21335: 21090: 21021: 20663: 20580: 20441: 19974: 19969: 19868: 19808: 19599: 19589: 19280: 19112: 18988: 18599: 18313: 18182: 18060: 17631: 17346: 17297: 17055: 16610: 15855: 15694: 15542: 15396: 14595: 14099: 14089: 13851: 11758:

the final years of the civil war up to 1949 was won through field battles that the Soviets taught the CCP how to fight.

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in September 1940 to prevent China from receiving the 10,000 tons of materials delivered monthly by the Allies via the

4789: 4785: 4586:

with Hawk III fighter-attack planes and P-26/281 fighter escorts, and the Japanese intercepted most of the attack with

4490: 4317: 2642: 2209: 1719: 1486: 13626:

Issue 40 of China, a collection of pamphlets. Original from Pennsylvania State University. Digitized 15 September 2009

5968:

On 21 July, Japan occupied the southern part of French Indochina (southern Vietnam and Cambodia), contravening a 1940

5919:. Australia also prevented a Japanese government-owned company from taking over an iron mine in Australia, and banned 23473: 23153: 22018: 21982: 21205: 21069: 20819: 20717: 20618: 19290: 19285: 19209: 19134: 19080: 19060: 18828: 18770: 18737: 18661: 18594: 18429: 17304: 17276: 17093: 16675: 16387: 16354: 15193: 15149: 13918: 13730: 13683:, China 1:250,000, Series L500, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954– . Topographic Maps of China during the Second World War. 13592: 13559: 13393: 13345: 13317: 13287: 13257: 13190: 13159: 13098: 13057: 12844: 12805: 12300: 12228: 11779:

Sven Saaler: Politics, Memory and Public Opinion: The History Textbook Controversy and Japanese Society. Munich: 2005

11494: 11455: 11416: 11377: 11144: 11017: 10984: 10957: 10930: 10893: 10860: 10757: 10349: 9749: 9452:

Saich, Tony; Van De Ven, Hans J. (2015). "The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun: The Yan'an Way and the Opium Trade".

8689: 7685: 7552: 7458: 7334: 5916: 5006: 4778: 4508: 3285: 2556: 2317: 988: 766: 275: 243: 15570: 7070: 4988: 23163: 23123: 23034: 22311: 22099: 21992: 21839: 21616: 20901: 20879: 20722: 20658: 20314: 20299: 20294: 20004: 19763: 19696: 19485: 19305: 19300: 19166: 18902: 18850: 18840: 18466: 17617: 17554: 16689: 16518: 15641: 15154: 15078: 14858: 13968: 13473:

Steiner, Zara. "Thunder from the East: The Sino-Japanese Conflict and the European Powers, 1933=1938": in Steiner,

11627: 9802:

Hans Van de Ven, "Stilwell in the Stocks: The Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War",

8344: 6642: 6376: 5491: 4281:), more commonly known as the North China Autonomous Movement. The northern provinces affected by this policy were 3513: 2353: 2269: 1644: 64: 19100: 16195: 6977:

were used more than 2,000 times against Chinese soldiers and civilians in the war in China in the 1930s and 1940s

2691: 23222: 22815: 22577: 22565: 22416: 22338: 22261: 22126: 21844: 21460: 21429: 20913: 20867: 19997: 18855: 18537: 17990: 17831: 17820: 17649: 17408: 17367: 17260: 17198: 16578: 15848: 15717: 15685: 13175: 12683:

Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II (Materials on poison gas warfare), Kaisetsu, Hōkan 2, Jugonen Sensō Gokuhi Shiryōshu

10443:

American Neutrality Policy: Hearings ... on Present Neutrality Law (public Res. No. 27)... April 11 – May 2, 1939

5955: 5693: 5633:

Hanoi, it did so too late to impact the result of the broader war. American bombers in Chengdu were moved to the

5245: 3955: 3541: 3415: 2666: 2603: 2452: 2435: 1969: 19035: 16365: 15933: 13264: 13168: 12904: 8310: 6913:, article V of the Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare, article 171 of the 6523:

which their guerrilla tactics were less effective, and generally limited their combat to guerrilla actions (the

5606:

which attempted to provide assistance to the Chinese Nationalist Army. The first phase in 1942 under command of

2686: 23401: 23339: 23227: 22555: 22317: 21894: 21455: 21320: 21210: 20933: 20377: 20019: 19720: 19490: 19295: 19189: 19144: 18727: 18717: 18376: 18348: 18226: 18019: 17249: 16700: 16626: 16415: 15786: 15505: 15410: 15295: 14640: 14560: 14079: 14037: 13791: 8766:"Mitsubishi A5M (Claude) – Development and Operational History, Performance Specifications and Picture Gallery" 7027: 6921: 6191: 5044: 4984: 4903: 4849: 4777:

After their victory at Wuhan, Japan advanced deep into Communist territory and redeployed 50,000 troops to the

4229: 4140: 3609: 3565: 3447: 3340: 3321: 3086: 3019: 2952: 2885: 2818: 2737: 2615: 2283: 2244: 1896: 1886: 1396: 1124: 11553: 10255: 8713: 7708: 5450:". In Burma, on 16 April 1942, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the 5214:—kill all, loot all, burn all. It was during this period that the bulk of Japanese war crimes were committed. 23478: 23237: 23190: 23133: 23018: 22931: 22271: 21694: 21215: 20923: 20680: 20304: 19729: 19644: 19634: 19250: 18877: 18862: 18785: 18755: 18732: 18574: 18436: 18369: 18320: 18251: 18076: 17575: 17526: 17290: 17283: 16886: 16647: 16431: 15484: 15093: 14797: 14752: 14565: 14545: 14146: 13411: 11592:. Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK.: 385. 7945: 7128: 7035: 6864:, the military death toll of Japan in China is about 700,000 since 1937 (excluding the deaths in Manchuria). 6833: 6771: 6554: 6428: 6024:

both to reach an agreement and prevent war. British public opinion would swing in favor of the Chinese after

5994: 5528: 5093: 5028: 4932: 4841: 4729:

The Japanese then attempted to surround and destroy the Chinese armies in the Xuzhou region with an enormous

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Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China

10239: 10223: 8773: 6432: 5637:

where, along with bombers from bases in Saipan and Tinian, they could still bomb the Japanese home islands.

5365: 23195: 23118: 23050: 23024: 22711: 22241: 22156: 21879: 21502: 21165: 20938: 20633: 20284: 20155: 19609: 19550: 19540: 19204: 19085: 19075: 19065: 18953: 18801: 18775: 18765: 18651: 18510: 18406: 17781: 17735: 16654: 16482: 16467: 16394: 16373: 16191: 15869: 15655: 15648: 15632: 15343: 15302: 15274: 15062: 14935: 14878: 14848: 14701: 14119: 13400:- Book about the Chinese from Canada as well as Americans who fought against Japan in the Second World War. 13274:: Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2015. Chapters on military, economic, diplomatic aspects of the war. 10920: 10850: 8986: 6669: 6616:

islands were put under the administrative control of the Republic of China (ROC) government in 1945 by the

6372: 6279:

Japan attempted to reach out to Chinese ethnic minorities in order to rally them to their side against the

6096: 5870: 5681: 5607: 5579: 5313: 4475: 4056: 3705: 3466: 3394:, which prompted a full-scale Japanese invasion of the rest of China. The Japanese captured the capital of 2647: 2447: 2396: 2126: 1836: 1741: 1692: 1591: 5717:

Before the start of full-scale warfare of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Germany had since the time of the

4749:

Following Xuzhou, the IJA changed its strategy and deployed almost all of its existing armies in China to

2676: 23583: 23538: 23503: 23344: 23185: 23138: 23103: 23072: 22481: 22359: 22301: 22186: 22176: 21960: 21677: 21412: 20792: 19959: 19778: 19649: 19095: 19055: 19050: 18780: 18712: 18473: 17797: 17742: 17360: 17332: 17185: 16800: 16779: 16293: 15956: 15862: 15352: 14767: 14570: 14046: 14027: 14017: 12105: 10816: 8053: 7844: 7069:

was also used against the Japanese. A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese at

7000: 6776: 6524: 6069: 5301: 5207: 5027:

From the beginning of 1939, the war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of the Japanese at

4889: 4531: 4082: 4044: 3490: 3451: 3423: 3419: 2630: 2608: 2551: 1991: 1430: 1224: 176: 141: 9425:

Tai-Chun Kuo, "A Strong Diplomat in a Weak Polity: TV Soong and wartime US–China relations, 1940–1943."

9280: 8735: 8583: 8170: 4800:

and most other major cities in unoccupied China, leaving many people either dead, injured, or homeless.

4373:, a crucial access-route to Beijing. What began as confused, sporadic skirmishing soon escalated into a 4259:. Other sections of China were essentially in the hands of local Chinese warlords. Japan sought various 73: 23180: 23044: 23039: 23012: 22902: 22846: 22793: 22296: 21417: 21400: 21249: 20989: 20852: 20643: 20246: 20215: 19171: 19129: 19117: 19090: 19045: 18978: 18722: 18697: 18624: 18609: 18604: 18271: 17760: 17679: 17624: 17512: 17468: 17118: 16744: 16668: 16563: 16440: 16312: 16305: 16265: 16238: 15970: 15903: 15498: 15309: 15239: 14747: 14600: 13876: 13836: 13230: 11902: 9903: 8894: 6882:

starvation. Of the 1,740,955 Japanese soldiers who died during World War II, 22 percent died in China.

6570:

of World War II, all historical issues which have faced challenges from ultranationalists in the past.

6515: 6180: 5817: 5439: 5435: 4618: 4362: 4341: 4309: 3387: 2574: 2440: 2418: 2081: 1910: 1881: 1765: 1202: 22624: 4433: 2671: 23553: 23349: 23148: 23098: 22469: 22291: 22236: 22146: 22116: 21291: 21223:

Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China

20471: 20205: 20200: 20127: 20082: 19873: 19560: 19107: 18872: 18692: 18646: 18173: 18090: 17875: 17728: 17700: 17533: 17438: 17228: 16661: 15728: 15382: 14822: 14681: 14605: 14590: 14550: 14417: 14129: 14104: 13806: 13796: 13219:

Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide".

12422:

ed. Coox, Alvin and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 296.

12167:

Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.

11583:"Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration" 10144: 10020: 9392: 7133: 6987:'s units were also profusely used. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force bombed 6966: 6689: 6171:(Vietnamese Independence League, usually known as the Viet Minh) was formed and based in the town of 6025: 5924: 5467: 5409: 5317: 5192: 5162: 5032: 4936: 4931:

were located. Thirdly, the floods in Henan and Anhui destroyed much of the tracks and bridges of the

4240: 4232:

that arose from widespread outrage over the policy of non-resistance to Japan. On 15 April 1932, the

4225: 4120: 3831: 3529: 3427: 3245: 2457: 2423: 1981: 1580: 1520: 1479: 1375: 1178: 1168: 581: 23359: 20062: 19352: 15926: 11926: 10204: 9994: 9576: 5515:. For many reasons, relations between Stilwell and Chiang soon broke down. Many historians (such as 3779:

Although the Japanese government still uses the term "China Incident" in formal documents, the word

23573: 23563: 23558: 23329: 22771: 22667: 21734: 20906: 20787: 20319: 20044: 19992: 19614: 19442: 19243: 19122: 18907: 18882: 18682: 17912: 17889: 16935: 16928: 16585: 16245: 16217: 15047: 14807: 14717: 13712: 13352:

Laureau, Patrick (June 1993). "Des Français en Chine (2ème partie)" [The French in China].

13151: 12051: 11160: 10624: 9844: 9220: 8611: 6705: 6108: 5981: 5969: 5342: 4969: 4534:. However, the Imperial Japanese Navy encountered unexpected resistance from the defending Chinese 4088: 3629: 3219: 1927: 1787: 1447: 23088: 15942: 15919: 13133: 12771:, 2004, p. 32.) All these weapons were experimented with on humans before being used in the field. 11875: 11653: 7579: 6557:

omitting or glossing over Japan's militant past, although the most recent controversial book, the

5732:

through the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact from 1937 to 1941. When the Imperial Japanese invaded

5430:

Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive supplies from the United States. However, in contrast to the

3884:. The Qing dynasty was on the brink of collapse due to internal revolts and the imposition of the 2276: 23548: 23543: 23533: 23528: 23523: 23263: 23258: 23143: 22716: 22373: 22161: 21633: 21371: 20983: 20918: 20690: 20596: 20513: 20142: 20014: 19944: 19753: 19505: 19432: 19149: 19070: 19020: 19015: 19005: 18973: 18968: 18963: 18948: 18938: 18639: 18619: 18560: 18334: 18278: 18148: 18008: 17686: 17339: 17235: 17141: 16709: 16570: 16540: 16504: 16489: 16361: 16253: 16231: 16177: 16163: 16145: 15809: 15590: 15318: 15267: 14945: 14742: 14655: 14555: 14432: 14124: 14114: 13935: 12483: 12221:

War, nation, memory : international perspectives on World War II in school history textbooks

12127: 11367: 7758:

Bix, Herbert P. (1992), "The Showa Emperor's 'Monologue' and the Problem of War Responsibility",

7697:

Ho Ping-ti, Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953, Harvard University Press, 1953. p. 252

6626: 5946:" issued to American Volunteer Group pilots requesting all Chinese to offer rescue and protection 5862: 5673: 5555: 5536: 5080: 5036: 4973: 4837: 4821: 4813: 4610:

in his P-26/281; the Japanese Army reinforcements succeeded in landing in northern Shanghai. The

4606:, shooting down several of the Chinese planes while losing a single A4N in the dogfight with Lt. 4566: 4233: 4216:

Incessant fighting followed the Mukden Incident. In 1932, Chinese and Japanese troops fought the

4116: 3963: 3842: 3819: 3749: 3556:

In China, the war is most commonly known as the "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression" (

3521: 3506: 3435: 3431: 2510: 2369: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2112: 1932: 1611: 1459: 1442: 1382: 1346: 1316: 856: 677: 585: 300: 18529: 13717: 12155:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

11582: 11269:"Nationalists, Muslim Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China" 9139:

Di Wu, "The cult of geography: Chinese riverine defence during the Battle of Wuhan, 1937-1938".

9127:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

6745: 5391:

The 18 February 1943 address by Soong Mei-ling before both houses of the United States Congress.

5304:

against Japan; this had salutary effects for the beleaguered Communists, who agreed to form the

4127:, following the policy of "first internal pacification, then external resistance" (Chinese: 2391: 22896: 22439: 22331: 22266: 22166: 21965: 21899: 21869: 21544: 20763: 20638: 20092: 19854: 19818: 19794: 19691: 19676: 19525: 19437: 18806: 18760: 18677: 18629: 18026: 17919: 17714: 17665: 17568: 17461: 17431: 17214: 17102: 16828: 16619: 16203: 16184: 16154: 15701: 15671: 15057: 14925: 14883: 14585: 14094: 14084: 14032: 14022: 13831: 12945:

Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film

11009: 10885: 9285:. 朝雲新聞社. pp. 77–78, 125 – via ebook on Japan National Institute for Defense Studies. 6811: 6650: 6592: 6550: 6528: 6057: 6018: 5846: 5254: 5129: 4611: 4543: 4515: 4503: 4369:

On the night of 7 July 1937, Chinese and Japanese troops exchanged fire in the vicinity of the

4305: 4124: 3458: 3407: 2620: 2539: 1976: 1687: 1472: 1402: 1253: 270: 128: 21259: 13697: 12834: 11406: 11034: 10974: 10947: 10458: 10441: 10424: 10407: 10390: 10279:

To the Banks of the Halha: The Nomohan Incident and the Northern Limits of the Japanese Empire

10265: 9702: 9663: 9624: 9599: 9327: 8636: 7969: 7955: 7914: 6385: 5419:

Knowledge of Japanese naval movements in the Pacific was provided to the American Navy by the

5331:

Despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich

5236:

After the Lend-Lease Act was passed, American financial and military aid began to trickle in.

4205:, as its puppet ruler. Militarily too weak to challenge Japan directly, China appealed to the 3371:

the Chinese Communists in an attempt to finally destroy them, forcing the Communists into the

23452: 23364: 23299: 23067: 22862: 22835: 22825: 22804: 22732: 22534: 22509: 21919: 21909: 21904: 21817: 21722: 21653: 21475: 21395: 21366: 21280: 20601: 19878: 19340: 18912: 18887: 18845: 18614: 18584: 18517: 18240: 18083: 17979: 17949: 17905: 17774: 17638: 17603: 17596: 17519: 17417: 16858: 16835: 16682: 16286: 15823: 15563: 15549: 15232: 14732: 14727: 14630: 14575: 13846: 13826: 13661: 12952: 12795: 12652: 12567: 12538: 12024: 12005: 11986: 11967: 11734: 11730: 11484: 11134: 11100: 11061: 10249: 10233: 7875: 7227: 7060: 6841: 6412:

on 2 September 1945, in a ceremony where several Allied commanders including Chinese general

6199: 5912: 5547: 5451: 4723: 4719: 4704: 3967: 3873: 3857: 3501:

linking India to China. China launched large counteroffensives in South China and repulsed a

2696: 2131: 1891: 1734: 1512: 1453: 1388: 1286: 251: 219: 84: 20748: 16121: 13481:

Stevens, Keith (March 2005). "A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945".

10773:

Stevens, Keith (March 2005). "A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945".

10422: 10388: 9971: 5281:

improvise while not offering support. After losing Manchuria to the Japanese, Zhang and his

2157: 23518: 23421: 23394: 23369: 23319: 23108: 22852: 22798: 22737: 22476: 22111: 21812: 21749: 21682: 21470: 20889: 20009: 19833: 19823: 19335: 18922: 18341: 18196: 17847: 17804: 17767: 17693: 17503: 17482: 16401: 15878: 15556: 14787: 14691: 14650: 14620: 14520: 14274: 14136: 13973: 13841: 11650:"Leavenworth Papers No. 7 (August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria)" 10302: 9380: 9165: 7398: 6914: 6750: 6483: 6406: 5985: 5962: 5894: 5858: 5669: 5599: 5500: 5434:

to the Soviet Union which stayed open through most of the war, sea routes to China and the

5237: 4797: 4758: 4535: 4413: 3502: 2652: 2076: 2064: 1952: 1758: 1605: 1557: 1539: 1329: 1310: 171: 21264: 14304: 14244: 13458:

The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945

10730: 6176: 5825:

1938 in favour of an alliance with Japan as its main anti-Communist partner in East Asia.

4224:, which forbade the Chinese to deploy troops in their own city. In Manchukuo there was an 8: 23447: 23128: 22984: 22972: 22960: 22936: 22830: 22787: 22629: 22582: 22106: 21769: 21579: 21569: 21549: 21450: 21424: 21405: 21303: 21274: 21200: 20780: 20743: 20648: 20623: 20241: 20188: 20161: 20151: 20097: 20087: 20072: 19949: 19773: 19452: 19447: 19330: 18459: 18233: 18111: 18067: 17582: 16716: 16475: 16002: 15832: 15816: 15765: 14920: 14757: 14722: 13988: 13871: 13801: 10918: 9156:

Dutch, Steven I. (November 2009). "The Largest Act of Environmental Warfare in History".

7614: 7138: 6677: 6646: 6431:(on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month) and because "nine" is a 6405:

to the Allies on 15 August 1945. The official surrender was signed aboard the battleship

6219: 6123: 6053: 5834: 5199: 5088: 4443:", which—with slightly reworked lyrics—became the National Revolutionary Army's standard 4256: 4217: 4062: 4022: 4006: 3998: 3869: 3380: 3352: 3305: 2706: 2586: 2229: 1947: 1821: 1163: 760: 353: 22914: 20024: 14279: 13300:, New York: William Sloane Associates, 1946. Critical account of Chiang's government by 11896:"Disputes over Taiwan Sovereignty and the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty Since World War II" 11524:"The Chinese Islamic 'Goodwill Mission to the Middle East' During the Anti-Japanese War" 9255: 9253: 9169: 8954: 5399:

A United States poster from the United China Relief organization advocating aid to China

5348:

Afterwards, the Second United Front completely broke down and Chinese Communists leader

23294: 23242: 23061: 22998: 22978: 22954: 22759: 22662: 22592: 22504: 22464: 22171: 22151: 22028: 21889: 21739: 21599: 21190: 20943: 20533: 20210: 20147: 19964: 19934: 19475: 18452: 18285: 18210: 18164: 18134: 18042: 17882: 17540: 17424: 17318: 17269: 17207: 16963: 16914: 16723: 16340: 15995: 15793: 14955: 14888: 14853: 14832: 14827: 14777: 14696: 14686: 14580: 14540: 14505: 13722: 13498: 13468: 13144: 12509: 11938: 11002: 10878: 10790: 10678: 10644: 9517: 9354: 9016: 8662: 8567: 8555: 8292: 8200: 8108: 8100: 7971:

The New York Times Living History: World War II, 1942–1945: The Allied Counteroffensive

7783: 6980: 6402: 6362: 6152: 6104: 5928: 5849:, in which Soviet technicians upgraded and ran some of China's transportation systems. 5516: 5354: 4574: 4497:, leading to the Battle of Shanghai. On 14 August, Chinese forces under the command of 4465: 4191: 4112: 4010: 3986: 3980: 3947: 3901: 3865: 3733:), the first step of the "eight corners of the world under one roof" slogan (Japanese: 3701: 3665: 2359: 2239: 2105: 2098: 2037: 2027: 2001: 1853: 1775: 1625: 1585: 1552: 1465: 1354: 1334: 1218: 1141: 136: 104: 22408: 14427: 11408:

Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication

10922:

The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954

6680:

DPP does not see the relevancy of celebrating events that happened in mainland China.

23314: 22965: 22776: 22705: 22306: 22281: 22181: 22033: 21859: 21378: 21242: 21195: 21185: 20824: 20770: 20251: 19939: 19919: 19686: 19315: 18634: 18443: 18327: 18217: 18157: 18118: 18051: 18033: 17999: 17942: 17896: 17840: 17658: 17396: 17388: 17325: 17178: 16772: 16297: 15758: 15737: 15447: 15209: 15199: 15129: 14812: 14792: 14737: 14676: 14671: 14635: 14625: 14515: 14510: 14051: 13866: 13856: 13781: 13588: 13582: 13555: 13535: 13517: 13511: 13502: 13431: 13389: 13373: 13357: 13341: 13313: 13283: 13253: 13234: 13205: 13186: 13155: 13109: 13094: 13053: 12984: 12910: 12840: 12801: 12756: 12513: 12499: 12390: 12366:

and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 308.

12296: 12234: 12224: 12187: 12065: 12055: 11748: 11738: 11593: 11490: 11451: 11412: 11373: 11193: 11140: 11106: 11067: 11040: 11013: 10980: 10953: 10926: 10889: 10856: 10794: 10753: 10648: 10460:

Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress, Volume 113, Part 1

10325: 9907: 9848: 9770: 9745: 9708: 9669: 9630: 9603: 9592: 9521: 9509: 9465: 9333: 9250: 9020: 9006: 8898: 8849:

Fu Jing-hui, An Introduction of Chinese and Foreign History of War, 2003, pp. 109–111

8800: 8685: 8664:"New Songs of the Battlefield": Songs and Memories of the Chinese Cultural Revolution 8642: 8615: 8530: 8284: 8243: 8140: 8112: 7975: 7920: 7881: 7775: 7681: 7574: 7548: 7504: 7454: 7379: 7330: 7294: 7270: 7233: 6873: 6796: 6657: 6482:

Yan'an and elsewhere in the communist controlled areas, Mao Zedong was able to adapt

6456: 6420: 6029: 5783: 5762: 5623: 5611: 5562: 5551: 5504: 5321: 5293: 5269: 5211: 5203: 5105: 5068: 4885: 4653: 4607: 4582: 4409: 4378: 4370: 4206: 3756: 3620: 3478: 3443: 3395: 3376: 3364: 3355:

and in Northern China. Chinese Nationalist and Communist forces, respectively led by

2591: 2430: 2406: 2259: 2138: 2091: 1996: 1841: 1826: 1770: 1573: 1565: 1507: 1497: 1298: 1266: 1247: 1156: 1151: 132: 19395: 14447: 14269: 13405:

Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations' Proxy War with Japan, 1935–1941

13120:

Benesch, Oleg. "Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan",

12282: 11793: 11268: 8918: 4308:, which forbade the KMT to conduct party operations in Hebei. In the same year, the 4263:

and helped them establish governments friendly to Japan. This policy was called the

3759:. When both sides formally declared war in December 1941, the name was replaced by " 3588:). It was also called the "Eight Years' War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese: 1012:

c. 3,000,000–3,600,000 military casualties after July 1937 (excluding Manchuria and

23431: 23304: 23170: 22948: 22868: 22782: 22639: 22614: 22380: 22121: 22089: 21594: 21554: 21512: 21269: 21232: 20968: 20775: 20700: 20653: 20538: 20392: 20112: 19828: 19500: 18589: 18362: 18355: 18299: 17963: 17721: 17707: 17610: 17547: 17498: 17311: 17164: 17111: 16921: 16872: 16786: 16009: 15986: 15519: 14950: 14930: 14863: 14782: 14772: 14535: 14234: 13861: 13490: 13324:– Book about the Chinese and Mongolians who fought for the Japanese during the war. 12491: 12288: 11254:

War, Leadership and Ethnopolitics: Chiang Kai-shek and China's frontiers, 1941–1945

11136:

The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher

10782: 10636: 9501: 9457: 9173: 8998: 8990: 8276: 8092: 7845:"Breaking Silence: Exhibit on 'Forgotten Holocaust' Focuses on Japanese War Crimes" 7767: 7011: 6961: 6720: 6665: 6638: 6633: 6621: 6206: 6175:. The pro-VNQDD nationalist Ho Ngoc Lam, a KMT army officer and former disciple of 6045: 5951: 5854: 5733: 5479: 5324:, and the high point of their cooperation came in 1938 during the Battle of Wuhan. 5158: 4712: 4661: 4657: 4639: 4634: 4539: 4444: 4162: 3885: 3639:) is most commonly used because of its perceived objectivity. When the invasion of 3573: 3461:

and declared war on the United States. The US increased its aid to China under the

3399: 3056: 2989: 2922: 2855: 2774: 2401: 2379: 2032: 1860: 1846: 1816: 1729: 1709: 1502: 1407: 1367: 1341: 1280: 1272: 1258: 1212: 1188: 908:

3,800,000–10,600,000+ military casualties after July 1937 (excluding Manchuria and

539: 214: 167: 151: 20367: 15528: 13310:

Rays of the Rising Sun: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45 Volume 1: China and Manchukuo

12389:

Liu Feng, (2007). "血祭太阳旗: 百万侵华日军亡命实录". Central Compilation and Translation Press.

11876:

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Taiwan : Overview

10084: 6965:

also used during the invasion of Changde. Those orders were transmitted either by

6733:

Three major museums in China commemorate China's War of Resistance, including the

6676:

in 2000, these national holidays commemorating the war have been cancelled as the

2252: 23055: 22920: 22765: 22619: 22597: 22570: 22488: 22136: 22131: 22094: 22074: 21975: 21945: 21781: 21623: 21584: 21497: 21361: 20799: 20738: 20685: 20523: 20412: 20117: 20034: 19954: 19427: 19266: 18867: 18385: 18097: 18012: 17970: 17868: 17811: 17672: 17454: 17445: 16974: 16549: 16525: 15779: 15124: 15114: 14762: 14610: 14530: 14422: 14294: 14289: 14254: 14188: 14173: 14141: 14056: 13953: 13786: 13686: 13650: 13611: 13549: 13542: 13425: 13415: 13271: 13224:

A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945

13179: 12794:

Chevrier, Marie Isabelle; Chomiczewski, Krzysztof; Garrigue, Henri, eds. (2004).

12752: 12495: 12432: 12401:: This Chinese publication analyses statistics provided by Japanese publications. 12031: 12012: 11993: 11974: 11882: 11694: 11687: 11445: 11338: 11309: 11225: 11187: 10640: 10308: 9571: 8497: 8490: 8136: 7637: 7621: 7424: 7405: 7324: 7066: 6970: 6860: 6575: 6172: 5774: 5718: 5634: 5583: 5524: 5374: 5305: 5296:

that took place on 12 December 1936, Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek in

5282: 5183: 5140: 5064: 5040: 4941: 4911: 4828: 4750: 4730: 4387: 4358: 4350: 4282: 4186: 4154: 4092: 4070: 3935: 3925: 3861: 3648: 3544:. The Chinese Civil War resumed in 1946, ending with a communist victory and the 3403: 3356: 3332: 3289: 2569: 2490: 2234: 2190: 1962: 1937: 1806: 1323: 1129: 937: 722: 611: 378: 315: 310: 247: 161: 43: 22587: 20029: 18497: 13280:從大歷史的角度讀蔣介石日記 (Reading Chiang Kai-shek's Diary from a Macro History Perspective) 13093:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. xxxiii, 555p. 12619: 11404: 9193: 9177: 7733: 6753:. More than 5,000 civilians died during the first two days of air raids in 1939. 6510: 6382:

approximately 50,000 military fatalities each year and 200,000 wounded per year.

6233:

As the war went on, Nationalist General Ma Buqing was in virtual control of the

5104:

By 1941, Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam, but

3608:), reflecting a focus on the broader conflict with Japan going back to the 1931 1052:

Excluding more than 1 million who were disarmed following the surrender of Japan

599: 23354: 23273: 23232: 23113: 22908: 22646: 22604: 21854: 21717: 21517: 21445: 21286: 20958: 20804: 20362: 20256: 20077: 20067: 19924: 19888: 19310: 18392: 17928: 17854: 15892: 15751: 14817: 14324: 14239: 13811: 13776: 13139: 12699: 11282:(1). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program: 115–135. 10439: 9895: 9375:

John McVickar Haight, "Franklin D. Roosevelt and a Naval Quarantine of Japan."

8886: 8096: 7570: 7074: 6996: 6824: 6804: 6499: 6413: 6339: 6296: 5905: 5770: 5741: 5574: 5455: 5413: 5370: 5309: 5149:: 25 October 1938 – December 1941 (the Allied declaration of war on Japan) 5019: 4899: 4893: 4562: 4523: 4498: 4448: 4382: 4301: 4066: 4038: 3938:

that swept across China's southern provinces. The Qing responded by appointing

3897: 3881: 3752: 3533: 3462: 2505: 2500: 2020: 1874: 1782: 1704: 1305: 1183: 1013: 963: 909: 736: 569: 209: 20397: 20372: 13551:

China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937–1952

13494: 12764: 12069: 11752: 10786: 9002: 6984: 5590:

supplies (signaling bomber destruction of railroads, bridges). Chinese forces

5586:, which further soured the relationship between China and the United Kingdom. 5408:. Almost immediately, Chinese troops achieved another decisive victory in the 4617:

Japan did not immediately occupy the Shanghai International Settlement or the

3743: 23467: 23157: 22753: 22514: 22084: 21986: 21864: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21237: 21074: 20963: 19883: 19604: 19594: 19422: 19387: 18203: 16114: 15963: 15802: 15159: 15052: 14802: 14349: 14314: 14299: 14284: 14264: 14208: 14193: 13680: 13361: 13108:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. xxx, 674p. 12760: 12238: 11816: 11597: 9900:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

9536: 9513: 9313:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 13: Republican China 1912-1949, part 2

9144: 8935:

Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History",

8891:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

8559: 8288: 8144: 8131: 7779: 6878: 6602: 6567: 6394: 6284: 6253: 6155:

retreating to the Chinese border after the Japanese coup d'état in March 1945

5890: 5842: 5431: 5378: 5332: 5249: 5241: 4796:

on civilian targets. Japanese raiders hit the Kuomintang's newly established

4700: 4417: 4248: 4210: 4145: 3994: 3913: 3893: 3877: 3301: 1134: 557: 544: 155: 19984: 13119: 10054: 6807:

and authorized on 3 December 1941, by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575.

6735:

Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression

6514:

China War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial Museum on the site where the

4470: 3934:

In 1911, factions of the Qing Army uprose against the government, staging a

2309: 23426: 22682: 22677: 22459: 22352: 22276: 21955: 21807: 21611: 21532: 21527: 20872: 20753: 19480: 19357: 18995: 18502: 18306: 16592: 16497: 16128: 15491: 15255: 15213: 15203: 14442: 14437: 14329: 14249: 13816: 12486:. In Friedrich, B.; Hoffmann, D.; Renn, J.; Schmaltz, F.; Wolf, M. (eds.). 12206: 12184:

Concerning the Three Alls Strategy/Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces

12045: 11722: 11628:"A SHORT JOURNEY THROUGH NORTHWESTERN KANSU AND THE TIBETAN BORDER COUNTRY" 11366:

Frederick Roelker Wulsin; Joseph Fletcher (1979). Mary Ellen Alonso (ed.).

7673: 7540: 7120: 7106: 6335: 6238: 5808: 5570: 5405: 5260: 5110: 5084: 4915: 4881: 4591: 4587: 4244: 4182: 4170: 4026: 3951: 3943: 3802: 3781: 3678: 3640: 3344: 3297: 3063: 2996: 2929: 2862: 2781: 2342: 2203: 2011: 2006: 1920: 1071: 488: 51: 20054: 19671: 12484:"No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II" 12292: 12253: 9505: 9461: 9212: 8994: 6148: 5740:

against Japan and froze all Japanese assets in 1941, and with it came the

5043:. These outcomes encouraged the Chinese to launch their first large-scale 4436:

on 9 August escalated the skirmishes and battles into full scale warfare.

23406: 23334: 23268: 22519: 22079: 22062: 21835:

United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders

21485: 20973: 20953: 20758: 20132: 19681: 18141: 18127: 17789: 16451: 16272: 16257: 15611: 15119: 14401: 14386: 14354: 14334: 14259: 14213: 13421: 12488:

One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences

12082: 11939:"Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo" 11928:

FOCUS: Taiwan–Japan ties back on shaky ground as Taipei snubs Tokyo envoy

11708: 11372:. The Museum : distributed by Harvard University Press. p. 50. 10175:"Remembering Hazel Lee, the first Chinese-American female military pilot" 7476:

Hsu Long-hsuen "History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)" Taipei 1972

6949: 6937: 6829: 6661: 6331: 6319: 6307: 6280: 6195: 6187: 6077: 6014: 5989: 5786:

in Germany for aerial-gunnery training by the Chinese Air Force in 1936.

5766: 5737: 5657: 5646: 5603: 5446:

in 1945, foreign aid was largely limited to what could be flown in over "

5265: 4876:

from June 1938 to January 1947 created by the intentional destruction of

4808: 4622: 4440: 4268: 4178: 3990: 3939: 3929: 3889: 3760: 3613: 2466: 2384: 2298: 1697: 1668: 652: 469: 180: 47: 9289: 5173: 4892:(NRA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The first wave of floods hit 4119:(CCP) previously fought openly against the Nanjing government after the 4073:, and consequently, China was nominally reunified under one government. 3868:

following the war, though was forced to return it to China following an

23278: 22067: 21663: 21383: 20894: 19929: 19545: 17489: 17242: 17221: 16107: 15440: 15368: 15088: 14462: 14452: 14396: 14391: 14359: 14344: 14319: 14203: 14198: 14178: 13923: 13645:

Full text of the Chinese declaration of war against Japan on Wikisource

12363: 11365: 10346:"Memorandum by Mr J. McEwen, Minister for External Affairs 10 May 1940" 8296: 8104: 8083:

Linebarger, Paul M. A. (May 1941). "The Status of the China Incident".

8009:"China rewrites history books to extend Sino-Japanese war by six years" 7376:

Avoiding Armageddon: From the Great Wall to the Fall of France, 1918–40

6974: 6941: 6894: 6784: 6346: 6311: 6303: 6115: 6044:

British and Australian troops from 'Mission 204' march to the front in

5980:

In mid-1941, the United States government financed the creation of the

5943: 5804: 5653: 5566: 5395: 5349: 5286: 5285:

were given the duty of suppressing the Red Army in Shaanxi after their

5052: 4928: 4645: 4429: 4425: 4354: 4014: 3668:

the following month, it was changed to "The China Incident" (Japanese:

3372: 3360: 3336: 2374: 2364: 796: 647: 507: 450: 431: 412: 392: 288: 145: 19838: 13675: 12653:

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).

12568:

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).

12539:

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).

10379:Д. Г. Наджафов. Нейтралитет США. 1935–1941. М., "Наука", 1990. стр.157 10021:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Strategy and Command: The First Two Years" 9440:

Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942

9393:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Strategy and Command: The First Two Years" 8529:. New Approaches to International History series. London: Bloomsbury. 8240:

Struggle for democracy: Sung Chiao-jen and the 1911 Chinese revolution

7787: 7075:

strapped explosives, such as grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies

5684:

hastened Japanese surrender and these plans were not put into action.

4652:

Building on the hard-won victory in Shanghai, the IJA advanced on and

4346: 4091:(CER) further increased the tensions in the Northeast that led to the 93: 23309: 22873: 22057: 22044: 21885:

Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act

21480: 20628: 20613: 20261: 20236: 20231: 20039: 19910: 19843: 19515: 18943: 18816: 17752: 17157: 16954: 16765: 16556: 16511: 14218: 13963: 13958: 13182:

Historiographical overview of major books from the 1970s through 2006

12906:

Modern China: the fall and rise of a great power, 1850 to the present

12047:

China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

11063:

The tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese officer's analysis

10491: 10423:

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1939).

10389:

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1939).

8410:(China University of Political Science and Law Press, 1987), pp. 238. 8264: 6901:

The article reports on the casualty situation of the war up to 1940.

6424: 6315: 6223: 6168: 6119: 6100: 5838: 5837:, the Soviet Union hoped to keep China fighting, in order to deter a 5723: 5595: 5520: 5483: 5443: 5154: 5056: 4924: 4907: 4558: 4321: 4198: 4197:

After five months of fighting, Japan established the puppet state of

4018: 3525: 3498: 3411: 3348: 3293: 2120: 962:

2,500,000+ military casualties (1937 to 1945 excluding Manchuria and

340: 335: 328: 323: 16032: 13513:

The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China

12714:"Okunoshima Journal; A Museum to Remind Japanese of Their Own Guilt" 11336: 8280: 6450: 6363:

End of the Pacific War and the surrender of Japanese troops in China

4958: 4134: 23389: 22345: 20340: 19768: 19459: 19403: 16016: 15744: 11844:"History Education: The Source of Conflict Between China and Japan" 11523: 7771: 7015: 6945: 6563: 6398: 6127: 5920: 5886: 5542: 5495: 5459: 5447: 5297: 5188: 5071:

led Hui, Salar and Dongxiang cavalry to defeat the Japanese at the

4765: 4578: 4570: 4439:

The 29th Army's resistance (and poor equipment) inspired the 1937 "

4300:

This Japanese policy was most effective in the area of what is now

4221: 4209:

for help. The League's investigation led to the publication of the

4150: 4096: 4002: 3909: 3486: 3474: 3184: 3158: 2795: 526: 19235: 13408: 10919:

United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division (1982).

6668:) and Taiwan's Retrocession Day on 25 October. However, after the 6163:(VNQDD) in its battle against French and Japanese imperialism. In 6040: 5800: 22991: 22529: 22524: 19510: 18559: 14457: 14183: 13475:

The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939

11706:

Hans Van De Ven, "A call to not lead humanity into another war",

9329:

Brokering Belonging: Chinese in Canada's Exclusion Era, 1885–1945

7004: 6828:

famines during the war caused by drought affected both China and

6818: 6292: 6288: 6242: 6164: 6065: 5757: 5701: 5665: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5337: 5219: 5128:

The basis of Chinese strategy before the entrance of the Western

5060: 4948: 4741: 4554: 4286: 4260: 4174: 3644: 3439: 3391: 14941:

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance

13658:"World War II Newspaper Archives – War in China, 1937–1945" 13584:

When Tigers Fight: The story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945

11340:

Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 4–5

9932: 9414:

of war seemed preferable to the ignominy of a disgraceful peace.

7575:"Estimates, Sources, and Calculations, July 1937 to August 1945" 6597: 5177:

National Revolutionary Army soldiers march to the front in 1939.

4643:

A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer with a

3383:

in late 1936 in order to resist the Japanese invasion together.

23416: 22454: 20193: 19362: 16633: 15224: 15144: 13222:

In Roger Chickering, Stig Förster and Bernd Greiner, eds.,

12951:(PhD thesis). University of Zurich. p. 518. Archived from 11307: 8608:

China's good war: how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

8040:

China's Good War: how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

7043: 6988: 6845: 6685: 6613: 6606: 6435:

in Chinese (to suggest that the peace won would last forever).

6061: 6002: 5850: 5661: 5458:, the Imperial Japanese Army conducted a massive sweep through 5424: 5273: 4857: 4519: 4494: 4294: 4166: 4017:(KMT, alternatively known as the Chinese Nationalist Party) in 3905: 3853: 3849: 23040:

Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)

13713:

Photographs of the war from a Presbyterian mission near Canton

10844: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10405: 8364:

Hoyt, Edwin P., Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, p. 45

5075:. Ma Biao fought against the Japanese in the Boxer Rebellion. 4695: 4304:

and Hebei. In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the

3572:), and shortened to "Resistance against Japanese Aggression" ( 3292:

between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to

1636: 23411: 21507: 21299:

Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations

21064: 20978: 20884: 20476: 20466: 19555: 16821: 12839:. Jeffrey A. Larsen, Managing Editor. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. 11632:

Journal Of The Royal Central Asian Society – Vol.21; Pt. 1- 4

11405:

Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006).

9767:

In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War

9149: 9133: 8119: 7605:

Meng Guoxiang & Zhang Qinyuan, 1995. "关于抗日战争中我国军民伤亡数字问题".

6837: 6271: 6234: 5820:

to China to help the KMT government reform its armed forces.

5602:. The British and Commonwealth forces had their operation in 5168: 4877: 4873: 4757:

sometimes reversing the Japanese advances, as in the case of

4722:(March–April 1938), where the Chinese used night attacks and 4452: 4290: 3482: 3132: 2187: 113: 22367:

Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept

13638: 12793: 12702:, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, pp. 360–364 9359:

Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942

9272: 8201:"How uninhabited islands soured China-Japan ties – BBC News" 8127:"The Senkaku or Diaoyu Islands: Narrative of an empty space" 7144:

List of military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War

5761:

of Japan; over a dozen Chinese-American aviators, including

5487:

Ningbo's population had already fled before battle started.

4671:, which estimate at least 200,000 murders and 20,000 rapes. 3377:

placed under house arrest by his subordinates who forced him

21951:

United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission

14309: 12209:, Who Actually Fought the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945? 1978 11486:

Japanese agent in Tibet: my ten years of travel in disguise

10835: 8929: 8552:

The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific

7793: 6992: 6792:

335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.

6696:

in 2008, the ROC government resumed commemorating the war.

6107:

who also operated in China, mostly while on their way into

5117: 5051:

During the offensive, Hui forces in Suiyuan under generals

4202: 3465:, becoming its main financial and military supporter. With 13694:"Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War, Harvard University" 13368:

MacKinnon, Stephen R., Diana Lary and Ezra F. Vogel, eds.

12284:

China's Bloody Century Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900

11558:. China Information Publishing Company. 1940. p. 16. 9993:

Chan, Andy; Gong, John; Little, Michael (7 October 2015).

9537:"How the War with Japan Saved the Chinese Communist Party" 9231: 9036:

Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

8481:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), pp. 290–291. 5240:

commanded the 1st American Volunteer Group (nicknamed the

4561:

combat-aircraft designs. The introduction of the advanced

4553:

The skies of China had become a testing zone for advanced

4474:

A baby sits in the remains of a Shanghai train station on

3700:) was used by Japan, as neither country had made a formal 21659:

Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States

21607:

Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks

15140:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

11314:. Printed by the Human Relations Area Files. p. 74. 10671:

The War against Japan, Vol 2: India's Most Dangerous Hour

10205:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story" 9995:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story" 9097:

Wuhan 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

9042: 7258: 6904: 6267:

Chinese ethnic minorities in the Second Sino-Japanese War

5713:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

4621:, areas which were outside of China's control due to the 4320:

were established. There in the empty space of Chahar the

21745:

Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)

21700:

Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections

21590:

Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals

21540:

United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade

13752: 13602:

Zarrow, Peter (2005). "The War of Resistance, 1937–45".

13106:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

13052:(illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 94. 11132: 10972: 10440:

United States. Congress. House. Foreign AFfairs (1939).

9821: 5652:

By the end of 1944, Chinese troops under the command of

5261:

Relationship between the Nationalists and the Communists

4872:'Huayuankou Dam Burst Incident') was a man-made 4687:

effectively lost control of the Japanese army in China.

4404:

On 11 July, in accordance with the Goso conference, the

4095:

and eventually the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Soviet

3406:

in 1938, then China's de facto capital at the time, the

22438: 22142:

Air route authority between the United States and China

20863:

Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters

14869:

United Nations Conference on International Organization

13338:

The Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China

11482: 10704:. Hong Kong Volunteer & Ex.PoW Association of NSW. 10456: 10055:"Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Template" 8265:"The Rise of Military Power in Modern China, 1895–1912" 6749:

Casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese

6618:

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

6502:

and the retreat of the Nationalists to Taiwan in 1949.

6306:

on their side failed, as many Chinese generals such as

5915:

to provide loan assistance for war supply contracts to

5195:, in which heavy casualties were inflicted on the IJA. 4514:

In the three days from 14 August through 16, 1937, the

3536:, regained all territories lost, and became one of the 3308:

against Chinese civilians. It is known in China as the

22232:

Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction

20554:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China

15886:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

13530:

Van de Ven, Hans, Diana Lary, Stephen MacKinnon, eds.

13516:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 13456:

Peattie, Mark. Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven, eds.

12743:

Japan triggered bubonic plague outbreak, doctor claims

12590: 11790:"Foreign Correspondent – 22/04/2003: Japan – Unit 731" 11189:

Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West

10750:

Escape to Fight on: With 204 Military Mission in China

8073:. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1935. Pp 164. 7814:"Douglas Todd: Lest we overlook the 'Asian Holocaust'" 7313:丁星, 《新四军初期的四个支队—新四军组织沿革简介(2)》【J】, 铁军, 2007年第2期, 38–40页 7293:(in Chinese). 中国人民解放军历史资料丛书编审委员会. 1994. pp. 第3页. 7164:

War crimes in World War II#Crimes perpetrated by Japan

5687: 5423:(SACO) which was run by the Chinese intelligence head 4711:

With many victories achieved, Japanese field generals

3813: 3805:, and thus is called the Qing-Japanese War (Japanese: 3793: 3771: 3741: 3728: 3695: 3676: 3659: 3634: 3580:) or the "War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese: 3250: 3224: 23514:

Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

13653:

Links to selected documents, photos, maps, and books.

13250:

China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945

13248:

Hsiung, James Chieh; Levine, Steven I., eds. (1992),

13091:

Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945

12157:(4th ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 393. 11792:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 10731:"BADGE, UNIT, BRITISH, BRITISH ARMY AID GROUP (BAAG)" 9809: 9665:

The Rice Paddy Navy: U.S. Sailors Undercover in China

9594:

Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950

9559: 9129:(4th ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 393. 8468:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), p. 290. 7326:

China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937–1945

6920:

According to Walter E. Grunden, history professor at

6249:

provide protection for Chinese settling in the area.

6159:

The Chinese Kuomintang also supported the Vietnamese

4769:

wounded,</ref> and the Japanese up to 200,000.

4335: 3068: 3001: 2934: 2867: 2800: 2786: 21639:

United States Department of Defense China Task Force

13049:

China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture

10949:

The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tự Đức to Bảo Đại

10880:

The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence

9970:. United states Army. 3 October 2003. Archived from 8951:""The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends"" 8736:"War hero's son seeks to establish museum in Taiwan" 8684:. University of California Press. pp. 280–281. 8373:

Palmer and Colton, A History of Modern World, p. 725

7096: 6803:) implemented in May 1942 in north China by general 6423:

ordered all Japanese forces within China (excluding

6389:

WWII victory parade at Chongqing on 3 September 1945

6205:

After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under General

5454:

and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. After the

4690: 4247:

established in its aftermath, gave Japan control of

4009:

in China. The country remained fragmented under the

3919: 3852:

and recognize the full and complete independence of

3720:, the invasion of China became a crusade (Japanese: 3450:, and in August 1940, communist forces launched the 22222:

National Committee on United States–China Relations

21389:

Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War

11004:

America's war in Vietnam: a short narrative history

10809:"A Look Back ... "Free Thai" Movement is Born" 9700: 9622: 8527:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

7565: 7563: 7561: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7225: 6033:countries had rocky relations in the interwar era. 5438:had been closed since 1940. Therefore, between the 5312:under the nominal control of the NRA. In addition, 5096:to maintain public security in the occupied areas. 4025:from 1926 to 1928 with limited assistance from the 3896:measures. In 1905, Japan successfully defeated the 3798:), which were used by media as early as the 1930s. 22217:Kissinger Institute on China and the United States 20997:The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries 13169:Gordon, David M. "The China–Japan War, 1931–1945" 13143: 12627:. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 110–112, 170. 11888: 11001: 10999: 10877: 10584:"Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service" 10284: 9873: 9861: 9591: 8491:Political Strategy Prior to Outbreak of War Part I 8237: 7632: 7630: 7169:Women in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War 7154:Timeline of events leading to World War II in Asia 5833:After Germany and Japan signed the anti-communist 5023:The extent of Japanese occupation in 1940 (in red) 4718:The Japanese were then decisively defeated at the 4201:in 1932, and installed the last Emperor of China, 21493:1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an 21311:State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States 20711:China Federation for Defending the Diaoyu Islands 20706:Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands 18898:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 12128:"Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan" 12050:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of 10875: 10848: 10042:dependent on the United States and Great Britain. 9944: 9707:. University of California Press. pp. 497–. 9629:. University of California Press. pp. 309–. 9547: 8634: 7392: 6470:included profiteering, speculation and hoarding. 6451:Post-war struggle and resumption of the civil war 6419:After the Allied victory in the Pacific, General 6092:successfully before withdrawal in November 1944. 5360: 5139:: 7 July 1937 – 25 October 1938 (end of the 4628: 4220:battle. This resulted in the demilitarization of 4135:Prelude: invasion of Manchuria and Northern China 3386:The full-scale war began on 7 July 1937 with the 23465: 21331:2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement 20418:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 13372:. Stanford University Press, 2007. xviii, 380p. 12358: 12356: 12354: 11443: 11311:A regional handbook on Northwest China, Volume 1 11059: 10747: 10463:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 474. 9920: 9704:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service 9626:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service 9090: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9069: 8446: 8443:Boorman, Biographical Dictionary, vol. 1, p. 121 8425: 8413: 8388: 8376: 8085:American Academy of Political and Social Science 7558: 7492: 7430: 7322: 5950:Japan invaded and occupied the northern part of 5157:and had little military-industrial strength, no 4812:National Revolutionary Army soldiers during the 4669:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4511:, which led to more than 3,000 civilian deaths. 4489:On 13 August 1937, Kuomintang soldiers attacked 4050: 3619:In Japan, nowadays, the name "Japan–China War" ( 3402:. After failing to stop the Japanese capture of 21523:1996 United States campaign finance controversy 20388:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 15135:Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War 13616:. China Information Committee. 1938. p. 66 13427:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945 12983:(illustrated ed.). Casemate. p. 112. 12833:Croddy, Eric A.; Wirtz, James J., eds. (2005). 12613: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12605: 12404: 11098: 11036:Britain in Vietnam: prelude to disaster, 1945-6 10429:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 266. 10412:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 266. 10324:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 591–597, 601. 9451: 8219: 7627: 6699: 6222:accompanied by Soviet troops to defeat General 5728:Union became the primary supporter for China's 3507:recaptured Japanese occupied regions of Guangxi 3446:. In November 1939, Chinese nationalist forces 3296:that started in 1931. It is considered part of 22880:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden 22811:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) 21326:State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States 19372: 15002:Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army 13218: 12223:. Charlotte, NC: Information Age. p. 90. 12219:Crawford, Keith A.; Foster, Stuart J. (2007). 12218: 11266: 11185: 11105:. University of California Press. p. 41. 9992: 9694: 7453:(in Chinese). Haichao chubanshe. p. 312. 6218:In 1937, then pro-Soviet General Sheng Shicai 5123: 4949:1939–1940: Chinese counterattack and stalemate 4898:NRA commanders intended the flood to act as a 4005:province, leading to nationwide anti-Japanese 3546:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 3331:On 18 September 1931, the Japanese staged the 832:3,000,000–4,000,000+ military dead and missing 23509:Military history of China during World War II 22821:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 22424: 22192:Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy 21047: 20449: 19251: 18561:History of World War II by region and country 18545: 15240: 14874:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 13738: 13146:The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941 13017:"Chinese Tank Forces and Battles before 1949" 12351: 11871: 11869: 11337:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (1982). 11161:"The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960" 11032: 10945: 10852:The rise of nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941 9890: 9888: 9296:傅應川; 洪小夏 (2015). "第十章重探徐州會戰". In 郭岱君 (ed.). 9081: 9038:. University of California Press. p. 32. 8671: 8479:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew 8466:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew 7536: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7484: 7482: 7355: 7026:Chinese armies deployed "dare to die corps" ( 6890:were largely based on Japanese publications. 6817:In addition, the war created 95 million 6814:of Japan at that time (US$ 7.7 billion). 6714: 6660:government has held celebrations marking the 4526:medium-heavy land-based bombers and assorted 4236:led by the Communists declared war on Japan. 3310:War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression 3189: 3163: 3137: 3105: 3091: 3038: 3024: 2971: 2957: 2904: 2890: 2837: 2823: 2756: 2742: 2339: 2325: 2173: 1652: 1087: 197:7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945 21925:United States Innovation and Competition Act 20929:Japan-China Joint History Research Committee 20571:China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement 15165:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists 15043:Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China 13460:(Stanford University Press, 2011); 614 pages 13354:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 13330:History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945) 13247: 13122:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 12602: 11678:, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 154–201 11447:China Political Reports 1911–1960: 1942–1945 10683:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9938: 9616: 9355:"Chinese Nationalist Armour in World War II" 8668:University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh), 2004. 8262: 8135:. No. Christmas Specials 2012. London: 7799: 7052:) or "suicide squads" against the Japanese. 5698:History of the cooperative movement in China 5132:can be divided into two periods as follows: 4507:, Kuomintang planes accidentally bombed the 4393: 3457:In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise 1101: 22202:Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association 22197:Congressional-Executive Commission on China 22053:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 20564:Japan–South Korea Joint Declaration of 1998 20544:Sino-Japanese Journalist Exchange Agreement 19735:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 14616:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 13532:Negotiating China's Destiny in World War II 13336:Lary, Diana and Stephen R. Mackinnon, eds. 12832: 11885:United Nations High Commission for Refugees 11489:. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 232. 9278: 8983:People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam 8794: 8641:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 152–. 7919:. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. 6357: 6213: 6060:(B.A.A.G.) was set up and headquartered in 5857:, supplies and advisors arrived, headed by 5369:Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and his wife 5276:with a KMT "Blue Sky, White Sun" emblem cap 4987:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4867: 3651:used "The North China Incident" (Japanese: 22431: 22417: 21971:U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue 21054: 21040: 20456: 20442: 19258: 19244: 18552: 18538: 15247: 15233: 13745: 13731: 13547: 13534:(Stanford University Press, 2014) 336 pp. 13202:Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–45 12437:. Millard Publishing Co. 1940. p. 187 12152: 11866: 11681: 11343:. King Abdulaziz University. p. 299. 11139:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 63. 10673:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 9885: 9661: 9454:New Perspectives on the Chinese Revolution 9315:. Cambridge University Press. p. 555. 9158:Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 9145:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344520961548 9124: 8082: 7664:He Yingqin, "Eight Year Sino-Japanese War" 7527: 7479: 7088:Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War 5594:in late 1943, besieged Japanese troops in 5169:Second phase: October 1938 – December 1941 4106: 3367:since 1927. In late 1933, Chiang Kai-shek 2332: 2318: 2180: 2166: 1659: 1645: 1094: 1080: 735:1,124,900 (1945) (excluding Manchuria and 22673:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees 22257:Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China 22039:Anti-American sentiment in mainland China 21915:Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act 21850:United States–China Relations Act of 2000 21106:Ambassadors of the United States to China 21096:Ambassadors of China to the United States 20674:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine 20576:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 20519:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty 20138:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 19748:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 13639:Biographical Dictionary of Occupied China 13370:China at War: Regions of China, 1937–1945 12941: 12380:Dower, John "War Without Mercy", pp. 297. 12376: 12374: 12372: 11817:"What Japanese history lessons leave out" 11528:DÎVÂN DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ 10855:. Cornell University Press. p. 272. 10748:Whitehead, John; Bennett, George (1990). 10691: 10669:Kirby, Major General Woodburn, S (1958). 9655: 9094: 9033: 7906: 7867: 7642:(in Japanese). 読売新聞社. 1983. p. 186. 7219: 7206: 7159:Timeline of events preceding World War II 7021: 6369:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6076:A British-Australian commando operation, 5678:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 5231:scrap metal and oil embargo against Japan 5007:Learn how and when to remove this message 4914:, a major northwestern route used by the 4087:The July–November 1929 conflict over the 3518:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1001:Middle estimate: 960,000 dead and wounded 845:3,211,000–10,000,000+ military casualties 22287:Human Rights Record of the United States 22009:History of China–United States relations 21875:Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act 21161:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 19521:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 13328:Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang Ming-kai (1972). 13199: 12980:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 11308:Human Relations Area Files, inc (1956). 10976:The march of folly: from Troy to Vietnam 10658:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 10487:"Ace served with Flying Tigers in China" 10319: 9769:. Harvard University Press. p. 28. 9668:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 206–. 9143:Volume: 29 issue: 1, page(s): 185-204. 9112:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941 9063:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941 8628: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8263:Nihart, F. B.; Powell, Ralph L. (1955). 8238:Liew, Kit Siong; Sung Chiao-jen (1971). 7967: 7738:Faculty of History, University of Oxford 7232:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 14–15. 7054: 6744: 6596: 6540: 6509: 6460: 6433:homophone of the word for "long lasting" 6384: 6270: 6147: 6144:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 6039: 5937: 5885: 5799: 5614:offensive in 1944 compelled evacuation. 5541: 5394: 5383: 5364: 5264: 5172: 5018: 4827: 4807: 4745:Chinese troops advancing near Wanjialing 4740: 4694: 4638: 4469: 4390:strongly shook public opinion in Japan. 4345: 4144: 2284:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936) 2225:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895) 22247:US–China Peoples Friendship Association 21565:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations 21004:New Life+: Young Again in Another World 20832:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations 20815:Japanese history textbook controversies 13651:IBIBLIO World War II: China Burma India 13351: 13332:. Chung Wu Publishers. ASIN B00005W210. 12976: 12871: 12712:Kristof, Nicholas D. (12 August 1995). 12711: 12481: 12186:]. Iwanami Bukkuretto. p. 43. 12088:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan 11674:Robert A. Pape. Why Japan Surrendered. 11580: 10772: 10406:United States. Congress. House (1939). 9764: 9310: 9300:. Taipei: 聯經. p. 437-440, 447-449. 9109: 9060: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8677: 8638:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict 8058:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 6844:that killed about 3 million Indians in 6788:346,543 for 1939, and 299,483 for 1941. 6302:The Japanese attempt to get the Muslim 5904:From December 1937, events such as the 5153:Unlike Japan, China was unprepared for 4923:, where the Chinese wartime capital of 4772: 4530:with the expectation of destroying the 4076: 4065:by the Kwantung Army in 1928. His son, 3448:launched a large scale winter offensive 3442:, who waged a campaign of sabotage and 14: 23466: 22399:Category:China–United States relations 22325:A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China 21823:Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 21775:Sino-American Cooperative Organization 21669:Timeline of the Cox Report controversy 21649:Chinese espionage in the United States 20336:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 17101: 17079:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 13687:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection 13681:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection 13420: 13386:Canadians Behind Enemy Lines 1939–1945 13296:Annalee Jacoby and Theodore H. White, 13138: 12596: 12383: 12369: 12280: 12251: 12177: 12043: 11721: 10581: 10261: 10245: 10229: 9839: 9589: 9352: 9295: 9048: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8746:from the original on 24 September 2021 8706:"-Brief history of military airplanes" 8610:. 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By 1939, after Chinese victories at 22926:Soviet deportations of Chinese people 22412: 22207:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China 21798:United States sanctions against China 21101:Embassy of the United States, Beijing 21035: 20949:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China 20858:Chinese influence on Japanese culture 20810:Mao Zedong thanking Japan controversy 20529:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement 20437: 19239: 18533: 17957:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17382:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 17028:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 16984:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16082:Rape during the occupation of Germany 15228: 14972: 14909: 14487: 13893: 13765: 13726: 13604:China in War and Revolution 1895–1949 12902: 12617: 12339:from the original on 30 December 2014 12134:from the original on 28 November 2015 11943:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 11854:from the original on 11 November 2017 11625: 11411:. 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Trump 21466:Twain–Ament indemnities controversy 21341:United States–China talks in Alaska 21316:Presidential Rule of Law Initiative 20669:Association of Returnees from China 20559:State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan 20509:Japanese missions to Imperial China 20408:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 19650:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 19265: 15012:Japanese armoured fighting vehicles 14062:Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army 13480: 13124:, Vol. 28 (Dec. 2018), pp. 107–134. 13045: 12872:Morgans, Julian (22 October 2015). 12463:from the original on 4 October 2009 12333:The International Churchill Society 11697:(page visited on 3 September 2015). 11521: 9879: 9867: 9487:"Opium, Empire, and Modern History" 9478: 9445: 9365:from the original on 21 March 2011. 9325: 9259: 9237: 9218: 9199: 8852: 8712:. 19 September 2006. Archived from 7757: 7707:Carter, James (20 September 2023). 7467: 7448: 6133: 5796:China-Germany relations (1912-1949) 5750: 5688:Chinese industrial base and the CIC 5063:had fought against Japanese in the 4456:to describe the Japanese invaders. 3643:began in earnest in July 1937 near 3516:on 2 September 1945, following the 3414:in the Chinese interior. After the 24: 18:The War of Resistance Against Japan 23007:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians 22858:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 22842:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka 21930:Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act 21830:United States-Hong Kong Policy Act 21690:Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay 21336:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 21091:Embassy of China, Washington, D.C. 20664:Japanese repatriation from Huludao 20581:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat 17298:German invasion of the Netherlands 15571:Weather events during World War II 14973: 13601: 13580: 13509: 13307: 13282:. 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Archived from 12663:from the original on 2 April 2023 12656:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare 12578:from the original on 2 April 2023 12571:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare 12549:from the original on 2 April 2023 12542:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare 12262:from the original on 30 June 2020 11823:from the original on 16 June 2018 11607:from the original on 2 April 2015 11450:. Archive Editions. p. 311. 11133:Elizabeth Jane Errington (1990). 11039:. Psychology Press. p. 119. 10973:Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1985). 10699:"The Hong Kong Volunteer Company" 10119:www.century-of-flight.freeola.com 9950: 9815: 9553: 9099:. University of California Press. 9075: 7451:中国抗日战争与第二次世界大战系年要录·统计荟萃 1931–1945 7229:The Second World War: The Pacific 6842:1943–1945 Indian famine in Bengal 6728: 6008: 5963:Germany attacked the Soviet Union 5876: 5404:conflict, the Pacific theatre of 4832:A map of the flooded area in 1938 4779:Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region 4691:Battles of Xuzhou and Taierzhuang 4522:of the then-advanced long-ranged 4509:Shanghai International Settlement 4416:, two combined brigades from the 4032: 3920:Warlords in the Republic of China 246:recovers all territories lost to 23494:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China 23164:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 23124:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 23035:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 22394: 22393: 22312:Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit 22100:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 21993:Permanent normal trade relations 21840:Forced Abortion Condemnation Act 21073: 21063: 21017: 21016: 20880:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China 20848:History of China–Japan relations 20723:Exclusive economic zone of Japan 20659:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 20475: 20465: 20108:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 19371: 18496: 15254: 15208: 15198: 15189: 15188: 15155:Japanese occupation of Hong Kong 13969:East Hebei Autonomous Government 13894: 13089:Bayly, C. A., and T. N. Harper. 13039: 13009: 12970: 12935: 12896: 12865: 12826: 12787: 12774: 12763:received a special screening by 12736: 12705: 12688: 12675: 12646: 12561: 12532: 12475: 12449: 12425: 12416: 12321: 12309:from the original on 3 June 2018 12274: 12245: 12212: 12200: 12170: 12161: 12146: 12120: 12094: 12076: 12037: 12018: 11999: 11980: 11961: 11931: 11920: 11835: 11808: 11782: 11773: 11763: 11731:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 11715: 11700: 11668: 11642: 11619: 11574: 11546: 11515: 11476: 11437: 11398: 11359: 11330: 11301: 11267:Hsiao-ting Lin (February 2007). 11260: 11246: 11218: 11179: 11153: 11126: 11092: 11053: 11026: 10993: 10966: 10939: 10912: 10869: 10801: 10766: 10741: 10662: 10616: 10575: 10543: 10511: 10479: 10457:United States. Congress (1967). 10450: 10433: 10416: 10399: 10382: 10373: 10364: 10338: 10313: 10296: 10271: 10197: 10167: 10137: 10107: 10077: 10047: 10031:from the original on 25 May 2013 10013: 9986: 9956: 9833: 9796: 9783: 9758: 9733: 9583: 9541:Nippon Communications Foundation 9528: 9432: 9419: 9403:from the original on 25 May 2013 9385: 9298:重探抗戰史（一）：從抗日大戰略的形成到武漢會戰1931-1938 8019:from the original on 25 May 2021 7824:from the original on 9 July 2021 7811: 7639:戦争: 中国侵略(War: Invasion of China) 7615:Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery 7181: 7113: 7099: 6645:which specifically accepted the 6643:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 6377:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 5988:fighters heavily armed with six 5881: 5736:, the United States enacted the 4957: 4820:This section is an excerpt from 4798:provisional capital of Chongqing 4408:authorized the deployment of an 4007:protests and mass demonstrations 3664:), and with the outbreak of the 3304:", in reference to the scale of 2265:German Pacific possesions (1914) 981: 974: 930: 849: 789: 759: 752: 745: 715: 703: 670: 640: 628: 605: 593: 575: 563: 551: 543: 533: 519: 501: 494: 482: 475: 463: 456: 444: 437: 425: 418: 406: 399: 385: 371: 346: 334: 322: 309: 294: 282: 269: 160:Chinese machine gun nest in the 112: 103: 92: 83: 72: 63: 22816:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 22339:The Art of Investing in America 22262:International School of Beijing 22127:String of Pearls (Indian Ocean) 21845:Taiwan Security Enhancement Act 21461:Chae Chan Ping v. United States 21430:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 20914:China-Japan Friendship Hospital 20868:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan 20123:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 14646:West Henan–North Hubei campaign 13613:China at war, Volume 1, Issue 3 13327: 13082: 12434:China monthly review, Volume 95 12410: 12104:. History.co.uk. Archived from 11626:Scott, John (17 October 1934). 11102:Vietnam 1946: how the war began 10925:. Michael Glazier. p. 56. 10819:. 30 April 2013. Archived from 10115:"Major 'Buffalo' Wong Sun-Shui" 9456:. Routledge. pp. 263–297. 9369: 9346: 9319: 9304: 9184: 9118: 9103: 9054: 9027: 8942: 8911: 8843: 8813: 8799:. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus. 8788: 8758: 8728: 8698: 8655: 8543: 8484: 8471: 8458: 8437: 8400: 8367: 8358: 8337: 8328: 8303: 8256: 8231: 8193: 8163: 8076: 8063: 8031: 8000: 7961: 7836: 7805: 7751: 7726: 7700: 7691: 7667: 7658: 7608: 7599: 7411: 7361: 6114:After the Japanese blocked the 5867:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 5694:Chinese Industrial Cooperatives 4656:of Nanjing (December 1937) and 3888:, while Japan had emerged as a 3836: 3687:The word "incident" (Japanese: 3542:United Nations Security Council 3416:Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 3363:, had fought each other in the 3014:Fourth alternative Chinese name 2880:Second alternative Chinese name 2240:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905) 1666: 1055: 1046: 1037: 989:Puppet states and collaborators 767:Puppet states and collaborators 23499:China–Japan military relations 23402:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees 22318:The Coming Conflict with China 22024:Taiwan–United States relations 21895:Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act 21456:Cheong Ah Moy v. United States 21211:American Concession (Shanghai) 21022:Category:China–Japan relations 20378:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 19491:Imperial Rescript on Education 18183:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 15879:Territorial changes of Germany 15787:Indonesian National Revolution 14080:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 13979:Provisional Chinese Government 13852:Hebei–Chahar Political Council 13792:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 13766: 13649:"CBI Theater of Operations" – 13278:Huang, Ray (31 January 1994). 12942:Schaedler, Luc (Autumn 2007). 12574:. War Department. p. 69. 11530:. cilt 15 (sayı 29): 139–141. 10556:. 24 June 2015. Archived from 9806:34.3 (November 2003): 243–259. 9535:Nobu, Iwatani (27 July 2021). 8408:Ji Nan Can An (Jinan Massacre) 8007:Cain, Sian (13 January 2017). 7874:Hotta, E. (25 December 2007). 7378:. A&C Black. p. 171. 7367: 7307: 7048: 7039: 7031: 6922:Bowling Green State University 6688:held a series of talks in the 6325: 6192:Three Principles of the People 6169:Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi 6118:in April 1942, and before the 5990:0.50-inch caliber machine guns 5780:Nationalist Air Force of China 5706: 5361:Entrance of the Western Allies 4904:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 4862: 4853: 4845: 4629:Battle of Nanjing and massacre 4318:Hebei–Chahar Political Council 4277: 4230:Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies 4141:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 3711: 3610:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3569: 3561: 3325: 3317: 3251: 3225: 3106: 3092: 3081:Fifth alternative Chinese name 3069: 3039: 3025: 3002: 2972: 2958: 2947:Third alternative Chinese name 2935: 2905: 2891: 2868: 2838: 2824: 2801: 2787: 2757: 2743: 1119:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes) 13: 1: 23489:Anti-Chinese violence in Asia 23191:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest 23154:China–United States trade war 23019:Internment of Chinese-Indians 22932:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 22272:Yixian glazed pottery luohans 22019:Macau–United States relations 21983:China–United States trade war 21216:United States Court for China 21070:China–United States relations 20924:Yokohama Specie Bank Building 20681:Boycotts of Japanese products 20493:Ambassadors of China to Japan 19824:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 19730:Imperial General Headquarters 19321:Foreign commerce and shipping 17576:Japanese invasion of Thailand 17527:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 17291:German invasion of Luxembourg 15665:Mediterranean and Middle East 15094:Declaration by United Nations 14910: 14859:Yan'an Rectification Movement 14798:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack 14147:Collaborationist Chinese Army 11842:Wang, Zheng (23 April 2014). 11581:Goodman, David S. G. (2004). 10320:Pederson, William D. (2011). 9427:Journal of Contemporary China 9268:(PhD). pp. 23–24, 72–73. 8795:Januszewski, Tadeusz (2013). 8678:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1996). 7194: 7081: 6740: 6664:on 9 September (now known as 6429:Armistice of 11 November 1918 6179:, was named as the deputy of 5995:United States Army Air Forces 5094:Collaborationist Chinese Army 5083:headed by former KMT premier 4654:captured the KMT capital city 4581:, and it also proved to be a 4484:Imperial General Headquarters 4314:East Hebei Autonomous Council 4051:Reunification of China (1928) 3952:Song Jiaoren was assassinated 3825: 3598:Chinese Ministry of Education 3471:United States Army Air Forces 2530:Mediterranean and Middle East 953:1,934,820 wounded and missing 950:455,700–700,000 military dead 23196:Boycotts of Chinese products 23119:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 23051:1969 race riots of Singapore 23025:1964 race riots in Singapore 22712:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) 22157:Protestant missions in China 21880:Tibet Policy and Support Act 21503:Lamont v. Postmaster General 21166:Office of China Coordination 21125:American Consulate-Generals 20939:Emperor at home, king abroad 20902:China–Japan football rivalry 20718:Ryūkyū independence movement 20634:Greater East Asia Conference 20549:Japan–China Joint Communiqué 20156:Hirohito surrender broadcast 19551:Greater East Asia Conference 17483:Invasion of the Soviet Union 17172:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 16483:Independent State of Croatia 15063:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 14936:Chinese Communist Revolution 14879:Hirohito surrender broadcast 14849:Nine Power Treaty Conference 14586:Zhongtiao Mountains campaign 13104:Bayly, C. A., T. N. Harper. 12496:10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6_14 12153:Clodfelter, Michael (2015). 11815:Oi, Mariko (14 March 2013). 10641:10.1080/09592296.2011.599641 9793:, Westviewpres, 1996, p. 138 9701:Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). 9623:Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). 9266:East China Normal University 9244:East China Normal University 9206:East China Normal University 9125:Clodfelter, Michael (2017). 8987:University of Michigan Press 8681:Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937 7916:The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 7199: 7010:Japan gave its own soldiers 6848:and parts of Southern India. 6700:Japanese women left in China 6670:Democratic Progressive Party 6620:. The ROC proclaimed Taiwan 6505: 6373:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 5682:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 5580:Indian independence movement 4713:escalated the war in Jiangsu 4371:Marco Polo (or Lugou) Bridge 4173:against the Soviet Union in 4057:Chinese reunification (1928) 3942:, commander of the loyalist 3706:Neutrality Acts of the 1930s 3524:and subsequent invasions of 3398:in 1937 and perpetrated the 3070:dì èr cì zhōng rì zhàn zhēng 2511:Manchuria and Northern Korea 2113:Manchuria and Northern Korea 7: 23186:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 23176:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 23073:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 22360:The Transpacific Experiment 22302:China Human Rights Biweekly 22187:Chinese Educational Mission 22177:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship 21961:Strategic Economic Dialogue 21678:American espionage in China 21413:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 21110:Chinese Consulate-Generals 19536:Supreme Court of Judicature 18474:End of World War II in Asia 18314:Western invasion of Germany 17821:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 17798:Second Battle of El Alamein 17361:Hundred Regiments Offensive 17333:Battle of the Mediterranean 17186:Italian invasion of Albania 15353:Air warfare of World War II 14768:Zhengding Missionary Murder 14596:1941-1942 Changsha campaign 14571:Hundred Regiments Offensive 13984:Reformed Chinese Government 13676:Annals of the Flying Tigers 13252:, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 13171:Journal of Military History 12836:Weapons of Mass Destruction 12681:Y. Yoshimi and S. Matsuno, 12178:Himeta, Mitsuyoshi (1995). 11163:. The History Place. 1999. 11000:Larry H. Addington (2000). 10817:Central Intelligence Agency 9485:Hevia, James Louis (2003). 9332:. Oxford University Press. 9246:(PhD). pp. 38, 41, 73. 9208:(PhD). pp. 37, 38, 72. 9178:10.2113/gseegeosci.15.4.287 9095:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 9034:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 7760:Journal of Japanese Studies 7092: 7001:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials 6852: 6525:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6393:In less than two weeks the 6070:Hong Kong Volunteer Company 5956:Haiphong–Yunnan Fou Railway 5124:Chinese resistance strategy 4902:defensive line against the 4890:National Revolutionary Army 4083:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 4045:National Revolutionary Army 3956:restore the imperial system 3814: 3794: 3772: 3742: 3729: 3696: 3677: 3660: 3635: 3604:; traditional Chinese: 3592:; traditional Chinese: 3584:; traditional Chinese: 3491:Chinese Expeditionary Force 3452:Hundred Regiments Offensive 3420:National Revolutionary Army 3418:, Soviet aid bolstered the 1911:Dutch East Indies (1941–42) 1868:Strategic bombing (1944–45) 1547:North Burma and West Yunnan 918:266,800–1,000,000 POWs dead 884:584,267 military casualties 177:Chinese Expeditionary Force 142:National Revolutionary Army 10: 23600: 23181:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 23045:13 May incident (Malaysia) 23013:Chinese Confession Program 22903:Vancouver anti-Asian riots 22847:Chinese head tax in Canada 22794:San Francisco riot of 1877 22297:New Federal State of China 21418:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 21401:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 21321:Beijing–Washington hotline 21250:PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks 20934:Japan–Ming trade-ship flag 20247:Second Philippine Republic 20020:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 18400:Naval bombardment of Japan 17761:First Battle of El Alamein 17680:Battle of Christmas Island 17625:Japanese invasion of Burma 17389:Italian invasion of Greece 17305:German invasion of Belgium 17277:German invasion of Denmark 17250:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 17119:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 15376:Comparative military ranks 14823:Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres 14803:Execution of Huang Yiguang 14748:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 14601:Japanese invasion of Burma 14561:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 14526:Northern and Eastern Henan 14411:Japanese and collaborators 14228:Japanese and collaborators 14073:Japanese and collaborators 13947:Japanese and collaborators 13877:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 13587:. New York: Viking Press. 13312:. Helion and Company Ltd. 13231:Cambridge University Press 12287:. Routledge. p. 348. 12258:. Transaction Publishers. 11522:Lei, Wan (February 2010). 10952:. Greenwood. p. 106. 10876:James P. Harrison (1989). 10849:William J. Duiker (1976). 10629:Diplomacy & Statecraft 10582:Bergin, Bob (March 2009). 10085:"Before the Flying Tigers" 9968:Center of Military History 9904:Cambridge University Press 9765:Schoppa, R. Keith (2011). 9494:China Review International 8895:Cambridge University Press 8893:. Cambridge New York, NY: 8635:Edwin Palmer Hoyt (2001). 8500:Japanese monograph No. 144 8097:10.1177/000271624121500106 7968:Brinkley, Douglas (2003). 7843:Kang, K. (4 August 1995). 7449:Liu, Tinghua 刘庭华 (1995). 7129:Aviation Martyrs' Cemetery 7085: 6909:Despite Article 23 of the 6761: 6718: 6715:Korean women left in China 6703: 6590: 6516:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 6490:1.2 million by 1945. 6454: 6366: 6264: 6137: 6012: 5847:Soviet volunteer air force 5818:Alexander von Falkenhausen 5793: 5710: 5691: 5621: 5592:advanced to northern Burma 5191:in 1939, and again in the 4921:invading the Sichuan basin 4819: 4792:to launch the war's first 4632: 4619:Shanghai French Concession 4463: 4397: 4363:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 4342:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 4339: 4322:Mongol military government 4138: 4080: 4054: 4036: 3985:In 1915, Japan issued the 3978: 3923: 3840: 3829: 3661:Hokushi Jihen/Kahoku Jihen 3477:. In 1944, Japan launched 3388:Marco Polo Bridge incident 2189:Military campaigns of the 2060:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands 23569:Campaigns of World War II 23440: 23382: 23287: 23251: 23215: 23208: 23149:2015 Aksu colliery attack 23099:2008 Kunming bus bombings 23081: 22889: 22746: 22725: 22698: 22691: 22655: 22543: 22497: 22470:The Unparalleled Invasion 22447: 22390: 22292:USA pavilion at Expo 2010 22237:US-China Business Council 22117:Peaceful Evolution theory 22001: 21938: 21790: 21708: 21438: 21354: 21292:Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing 21176: 21083: 21013: 20840: 20731: 20589: 20501: 20485: 20355: 20328: 20270: 20224: 20181: 20174: 20128:Japan during World War II 20083:Pacification of Manchukuo 20053: 19983: 19975:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 19970:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 19908: 19901: 19852: 19839:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 19792: 19718: 19711: 19658: 19576: 19569: 19561:Imperial Japanese Airways 19468: 19415: 19380: 19369: 19273: 19180: 18931: 18794: 18748: 18670: 18567: 18489: 18321:Bratislava–Brno offensive 18261: 18252:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 17989: 17876:Allied invasion of Sicily 17830: 17729:Aleutian Islands campaign 17701:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 17648: 17639:Greek famine of 1941–1944 17534:Second Battle of Changsha 17439:German invasion of Greece 17407: 17284:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 17259: 17197: 17092: 16973: 16699: 16609: 16450: 16153: 16144: 15902: 15727: 15619:North and Central Pacific 15580: 15342: 15335: 15262: 15184: 15102: 15071: 15035: 15022:Japanese infantry weapons 14989: 14985: 14968: 14916: 14905: 14841: 14710: 14664: 14606:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 14498: 14494: 14483: 14410: 14379: 14372: 14227: 14166: 14159: 14072: 14010: 14001: 13946: 13911: 13904: 13900: 13889: 13807:Defense of the Great Wall 13797:Pacification of Manchukuo 13772: 13761: 13554:. London: Profile Books. 13548:van de Ven, Hans (2017). 13495:10.1080/03068370500039151 13465:Far Eastern War 1937 1941 12874:"A Brief History of Meth" 12751:12 September 2011 at the 11444:Robert L. Jarman (2001). 11066:. McFarland. p. 21. 11060:Van Nguyen Duong (2008). 10787:10.1080/03068370500039151 9845:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 9377:Pacific Historical Review 8345:"北洋军阀时期中华民族共同体的构建路径与效应分析" 8203:. BBC. 10 November 2014. 7620:16 September 2018 at the 7408:. Retrieved 17 April 2016 7323:Hsiung, James C. (1992). 7269:. Routledge. p. 79. 7134:Japan during World War II 6834:Chinese famine of 1942–43 6690:Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall 6586: 6535: 6474:insufficiently defended. 6095:Commandos and members of 6026:Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen 5982:American Volunteer Groups 5869:and the beginning of the 5828: 5789: 5513:China-Burma-India Theater 5468:Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign 5440:closing of the Burma Road 5029:Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang 4927:and China's southwestern 4400:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin 4394:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin 4272: 4149:Japanese troops entering 4128: 4121:Shanghai massacre of 1927 3860:. Japan also annexed the 3806: 3786: 3764: 3734: 3721: 3688: 3669: 3652: 3624: 3612:. According to historian 3577: 3522:Soviet declaration of war 3343:and establishment of the 3274: 3244: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3183: 3157: 3131: 3126: 3117: 3113: 3099: 3085: 3080: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3032: 3018: 3013: 2995: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2965: 2951: 2946: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2898: 2884: 2879: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2831: 2817: 2812: 2794: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2750: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2350: 2230:Liaodong Peninsula (1895) 2200: 1676: 1169:Pacification of Manchukuo 1115: 1033: 1023: 779: 620: 361: 261: 189: 57: 41: 36: 23474:Second Sino-Japanese War 23134:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 22943:Second Sino-Japanese War 22772:Chinese massacre of 1871 22668:Asiatic Exclusion League 22242:US–China Education Trust 21735:American Volunteer Group 21730:Second Sino-Japanese War 20907:2004 AFC Asian Cup final 20788:Racial Equality Proposal 20609:Second Sino-Japanese War 20103:Second Sino-Japanese War 20045:Racial Equality Proposal 19625:Agriculture and Commerce 17913:Allied invasion of Italy 17890:Solomon Islands campaign 17632:Third Battle of Changsha 17229:First Battle of Changsha 17135:Second Sino-Japanese War 16068:German military brothels 15934:United States war crimes 15048:American Volunteer Group 14808:New Fourth Army incident 14793:Tientsin Incident (1939) 14718:Tientsin Incident (1931) 14702:Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou 14641:1944-1945 Burma campaign 14566:Zaoyang–Yichang campaign 14546:Suixian–Zaoyang campaign 14018:Nationalist Armed Forces 13754:Second Sino-Japanese War 13356:(in French) (4): 32–38. 13308:Jowett, Phillip (2005). 13152:Cornell University Press 12903:Fenby, Jonathan (2008). 12281:Rummel, Rudolph (1991). 12052:Harvard University Press 11727:Maoism: A Global History 11099:Stein Tønnesson (2010). 9939:Hsiung & Levine 1992 9114:. Casemate. p. 119. 9065:. Casemate. p. 111. 8612:Harvard University Press 8496:25 February 2021 at the 7800:Hsiung & Levine 1992 7734:"China's War with Japan" 7450: 7399:RKKA General Staff, 1939 7290: 7174: 6973:. Gases manufactured in 6960:According to historians 6777:People's Liberation Army 6706:Japanese people in China 6439:a "botched liberation." 6358:Conclusion and aftermath 6214:Central Asian rebellions 5373:with Lieutenant General 5343:New Fourth Army Incident 5229:when the U.S. imposed a 5033:First Battle of Changsha 4863:Huāyuánkǒu Juédī Shìjiàn 4751:attack the city of Wuhan 4089:Chinese Eastern Railroad 3795:Nikka Jiken/Nisshi Jiken 3551: 3473:airlifted material over 3282:Second Sino-Japanese War 3190: 3164: 3138: 3087:Traditional Chinese 3020:Traditional Chinese 2953:Traditional Chinese 2886:Traditional Chinese 2819:Traditional Chinese 2738:Traditional Chinese 2723:Second Sino-Japanese War 2516:pre-war border conflicts 2299:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945) 2147:Second Sino-Japanese War 1987:Estevan Point Lighthouse 1742:Indian Ocean (1941–1945) 1693:Marshalls–Gilberts raids 1106:Second Sino-Japanese War 772:900,000–1,006,086 (1945) 123:Clockwise from top left: 37:Second Sino-Japanese War 23264:Ita Martadinata Haryono 23144:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 23094:Abacus Bank prosecution 22717:Sangley Massacre (1662) 22374:Red Chinese Battle Plan 22162:Elijah Coleman Bridgman 21803:U.S. immigration policy 21634:COVID-19 misinformation 21372:China Relief Expedition 20919:Bank of Taiwan Building 20793:Lansing–Ishii Agreement 20691:Senkaku Islands dispute 20597:First Sino-Japanese War 20015:Washington Naval Treaty 19960:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 19945:First Sino-Japanese War 19764:Nuclear weapons program 19506:Great Japan Youth Party 19433:National seals of Japan 18335:Second Guangxi campaign 18190:Philippines (1944–1945) 17687:Battle of the Coral Sea 17590:Fall of the Philippines 17236:Battle of South Guangxi 17142:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 16541:Italian Social Republic 15079:Sino-German cooperation 14946:Treaty of San Francisco 14743:Murder of Pamela Werner 14682:1944 Battle of Changsha 14677:Battle of Central Henan 14656:Second Guangxi campaign 14433:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 14111:Manchukuo Armed Forces 13936:Chinese Communist Party 13822:Inner Mongolia Campaign 13046:Ong, Siew Chey (2005). 12977:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 12030:12 October 2022 at the 12011:12 October 2022 at the 11992:12 October 2022 at the 11973:12 October 2022 at the 11230:. Asia Magazine. 1940. 11186:Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). 10597:: 75–78. Archived from 10591:Studies in Intelligence 9353:L, Klemen (1999–2000). 9326:Mar, Lisa Rose (2010). 9110:Harmsen, Peter (2018). 9061:Harmsen, Peter (2018). 8923:Encyclopædia Britannica 8525:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 8071:The Case for Manchoukuo 8054:Embargoes and Sanctions 7624:Retrieved 10 March 2016 7427:Retrieved 11 March 2016 6981:Bacteriological weapons 6627:Treaty of San Francisco 6547:Sino-Japanese relations 5906:Japanese attack on USS 5863:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5582:in a 1942 meeting with 5533:South West Pacific Area 5081:Wang Jingwei Government 5037:Battle of South Guangxi 4838:1938 Yellow River flood 4822:1938 Yellow River flood 4814:1938 Yellow River flood 4677: 4241:attacked the Great Wall 4234:Chinese Soviet Republic 4117:Chinese Communist Party 4107:Chinese Communist Party 3964:National Protection War 3843:First Sino-Japanese War 3820:First Sino-Japanese War 3750:Japanese Prime Minister 3436:Chinese Communist Party 3284:was fought between the 3101:Simplified Chinese 3034:Simplified Chinese 2967:Simplified Chinese 2900:Simplified Chinese 2833:Simplified Chinese 2752:Simplified Chinese 2294:French Indochina (1940) 1749:Japanese merchant raids 23139:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 23104:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 22897:White Australia policy 22440:Anti-Chinese sentiment 22332:The New Chinese Empire 22267:SARS conspiracy theory 22167:Divie Bethune McCartee 21966:Summer Palace Dialogue 21900:Hong Kong Autonomy Act 21870:Hong Kong Be Water Act 21545:Hainan Island incident 20853:Japan–Taiwan relations 20764:Convention of Tientsin 20644:Chin–Doihara Agreement 20093:Motherland controversy 20063:Shōwa financial crisis 19855:Imperial Japanese Navy 19795:Imperial Japanese Army 19526:Peace Preservation Law 17920:Armistice of Cassibile 17715:Battle of Dutch Harbor 17666:Battle of the Java Sea 17569:Attack on Pearl Harbor 17469:Syria–Lebanon campaign 17462:Battle of South Shanxi 17432:Invasion of Yugoslavia 17215:Battle of the Atlantic 16829:Korean Liberation Army 16535:(until September 1943) 16492:(until September 1944) 16470:(until September 1944) 15058:Soviet Volunteer Group 14926:Double Tenth Agreement 14884:Chongqing Negotiations 14591:1941 Changsha campaign 14556:First Guangxi campaign 14551:1939 Changsha campaign 14418:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 14047:Communist Armed Forces 13837:Chin–Doihara Agreement 13414:3 October 2017 at the 13384:MacLaren, Roy (1981). 13200:Hastings, Max (2009). 13193:. On line in Chinese: 12784:, 2004, pages 220–221. 12782:A Plague upon Humanity 12769:A Plague upon Humanity 12482:Grunden, W.E. (2017). 12255:China's Bloody Century 12252:Rummel, R. J. (1991). 11676:International Security 11033:Peter Neville (2007). 10946:Oscar Chapuis (2000). 10737:. Imperial War Museum. 10149:1859 Oregon's Magazine 9929:Retrieved 9 March 2016 9740:Slim, William (1956). 9429:18.59 (2009): 219–231. 8311:"谁是刺杀宋教仁的幕后元凶?_资讯_凤凰网" 7678:China's Bloody Century 7545:China's Bloody Century 7374:Black, Jeremy (2012). 7267:China's Bitter Victory 7214:China's Bitter Victory 7063: 7022:Use of suicide attacks 6967:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 6934: 6812:gross domestic product 6754: 6609: 6593:Legal status of Taiwan 6551:historical revisionism 6529:Battle of Pingxingguan 6519: 6466: 6390: 6276: 6275:Chinese Muslim cavalry 6161:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 6156: 6153:French colonial troops 6058:British Army Aid Group 6056:in December 1941, the 6049: 6019:British Army Aid Group 5947: 5897: 5812: 5784:Lagerlechfeld Air Base 5558: 5436:Yunnan–Vietnam Railway 5400: 5392: 5381: 5277: 5255:Attack on Pearl Harbor 5187:successful defense of 5178: 5024: 4833: 4816: 4746: 4708: 4649: 4612:Imperial Japanese Army 4528:carrier-based aircraft 4516:Imperial Japanese Navy 4479: 4366: 4310:Chin–Doihara Agreement 4239:In 1933, the Japanese 4157: 4125:Encirclement Campaigns 3538:five permanent members 3459:attack on Pearl Harbor 3408:Nationalist government 2048:Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1892:Burma and India (1944) 1715:Gilberts and Marshalls 1600:West Henan–North Hubei 362:Commanders and leaders 129:Imperial Japanese Navy 23579:China–Japan relations 23453:Hong Kong nationalism 23089:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 23068:1997 Banjarmasin riot 22863:Hells Canyon Massacre 22836:Rock Springs massacre 22826:Issaquah riot of 1885 22805:Chinese Exclusion Act 22733:1740 Batavia massacre 22535:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 22510:Andrew Jackson Bryant 21920:Executive Order 14032 21910:Executive Order 13959 21905:Executive Order 13936 21818:Executive Order 12711 21723:Alice Dollar incident 21695:2023 balloon incident 21654:Cyberwarfare by China 21476:USS Monocacy incident 21396:Cross-Strait conflict 21367:Eight-Nation Alliance 20602:Treaty of Shimonoseki 20472:China–Japan relations 20005:Siberian Intervention 19814:Railways and Shipping 19630:Commerce and Industry 19326:Industrial production 18084:Second Battle of Guam 17980:Bengal famine of 1943 17950:Second Battle of Kiev 17906:Battle of the Dnieper 17775:Kokoda Track campaign 17604:Battle of Wake Island 17476:East African campaign 17418:Battle of South Henan 17063:atrocities by Germans 16836:Korean Volunteer Army 15810:Occupation of Germany 15564:Music in World War II 14733:North Chahar incident 14728:Pingdingshan massacre 13847:December 9th Movement 13827:North Chahar incident 13581:Wilson, Dick (1982). 13403:Macri, Franco David. 13178:14 March 2020 at the 12909:. Ecco. p. 284. 12694:Yoshimi and Matsuno, 12618:Utley, Freda (1939). 12293:10.4324/9781315081328 12180:日本軍による「三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって 12044:Mitter, Rana (2020). 10307:13 March 2010 at the 9506:10.1353/cri.2004.0076 9462:10.4324/9781315702124 9379:40.2 (1971): 203–226 9221:"全面抗战时期苏联对国共两党援助比较研究" 8995:10.3998/mpub.11413902 8949:Askew, David (2002). 8937:Sino-Japanese Studies 8606:Mitter, Rana (2020). 8550:Iriye, Akira (1987). 8139:. December 22, 2012. 8069:Rea, George Bronson. 8038:Mitter, Rana (2020). 7580:University of Hawaiʻi 7423:11 March 2016 at the 7404:25 April 2016 at the 7061:Battle of Taierzhuang 7058: 6929: 6748: 6694:presidential election 6674:presidential election 6600: 6541:China-Japan relations 6513: 6464: 6388: 6274: 6200:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6151: 6054:Hong Kong was overrun 6043: 6013:Further information: 5970:gentlemen's agreement 5941: 5889: 5803: 5738:oil and steel embargo 5711:Further information: 5548:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5545: 5452:Battle of Yenangyaung 5398: 5390: 5368: 5268: 5176: 5022: 4937:Tianjin–Pukou railway 4933:Beijing–Wuhan railway 4831: 4811: 4744: 4724:close quarters combat 4720:Battle of Taierzhuang 4705:Battle of Taierzhuang 4698: 4642: 4473: 4349: 4261:Chinese collaborators 4148: 4139:Further information: 3993:, Japan acquired the 3968:military dictatorship 3858:Treaty of Shimonoseki 3832:China–Japan relations 3761:Greater East Asia War 3341:invasion of Manchuria 3003:shí sì nián kàng zhàn 2441:Yugoslavian Partisans 1958:Philippines (1944–45) 1916:Philippines (1941–42) 1029:15,000,000–22,000,000 945:Japanese medical data 869:160,603 military dead 780:Casualties and losses 252:Treaty of Shimonoseki 23479:Wars involving Japan 23109:2011 Kashgar attacks 22853:Seattle riot of 1886 22799:New Zealand head tax 22738:1782 Saigon massacre 22477:Japanese nationalism 22112:Triangular diplomacy 21813:Taiwan Relations Act 21750:China Air Task Force 21683:Hugh Francis Redmond 21471:1905 Chinese boycott 20423:Political dissidence 20272:Occupied territories 20010:General Election Law 19834:Taiwan Army of Japan 18370:Surrender of Germany 17848:Battle of West Hubei 17805:Guadalcanal campaign 17768:Battle of Stalingrad 17694:Battle of Madagascar 16461:Albania protectorate 16248:(formerly Swaziland) 15957:Wehrmacht war crimes 15773:Expulsion of Germans 15557:Art and World War II 15455:British contribution 15404:Governments in exile 15027:Military engagements 14788:1938 Dalfram dispute 14692:Battle of Mount Song 14576:South Henan campaign 14521:Bombing of Chongqing 14275:Naruhiko Higashikuni 14137:Inner Mongolian Army 13974:Great Way Government 13842:August 1 Declaration 13606:. London: Routledge. 13541:26 June 2015 at the 13510:Taylor, Jay (2009). 13298:Thunder out of China 13270:7 March 2021 at the 13150:. Ithaca, New York: 12335:. 18 November 2008. 12329:"The Bengali Famine" 11881:28 July 2011 at the 11725:(3 September 2019). 11693:2 April 2023 at the 10907:Chang Fa-Kuei vnqdd. 10519:"軍統局對美國戰略局的認識與合作開展" 10352:on February 21, 2011 10151:. 10 November 2016. 9841:The Second World War 9590:Westad, Odd (2003). 9579:on 20 November 2007. 9282:支那事変陸軍作戦＜2＞昭和十四年九月まで 9279:防衛庁防衛研修所戦史室 (1976). 8981:Opper, Marc (2020). 8939:, November 1990, 16. 8821:"Martyr Qin Jia-zhu" 8742:. 13 February 2012. 6915:Treaty of Versailles 6751:bombing of Chongqing 6649:which refers to the 6581:New History Textbook 6559:New History Textbook 5986:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 5895:Claire Lee Chennault 5859:Aleksandr Cherepanov 5763:John "Buffalo" Huang 5238:Claire Lee Chennault 5159:mechanized divisions 4981:improve this section 4773:Communist resistance 4699:Chinese soldiers in 4447:and popularized the 4169:), and a protective 4077:1929 Sino-Soviet war 3495:its advance in Burma 1759:Homfreyganj massacre 995:288,140–574,560 dead 797:Chinese Nationalists 648:Chinese Nationalists 172:bombing of Chongqing 154:on the shore of the 23448:Chinese imperialism 23129:2014 Kunming attack 22985:Home Office 213/926 22973:Sook Ching massacre 22961:Japanese war crimes 22937:Wanpaoshan Incident 22831:Tacoma riot of 1885 22788:Trout Creek Outrage 22107:Ping-pong diplomacy 21770:Operation Beleaguer 21570:Murder of Shao Tong 21550:Operation Shady RAT 21451:Chy Lung v. Freeman 21425:CIA Tibetan program 21406:Operation King Kong 21304:Goldwater v. Carter 21275:Nixon goes to China 21260:Shanghai Communiqué 21201:Gresham-Yang Treaty 21139:Hong Kong and Macau 20990:Memoirs of a Geisha 20781:May Fourth Movement 20744:Jiajing wokou raids 20649:Japanese war crimes 20624:Anti-Comintern Pact 20242:Wang Jingwei regime 20152:Potsdam Declaration 20143:Soviet–Japanese War 20098:Anti-Comintern Pact 20088:January 28 incident 20073:London Naval Treaty 19950:Triple Intervention 19779:Supreme War Council 19663:deliberative bodies 19010:Carpathian Ruthenia 18460:Potsdam Declaration 18349:Italy (Spring 1945) 18112:Liberation of Paris 17562:Siege of Sevastopol 16573:(until August 1944) 16476:Wang Jingwei regime 16298:from September 1943 16258:from September 1944 16196:from September 1944 16056:Romanian war crimes 16047:Persecution of Jews 16033:Croatian war crimes 16003:Japanese war crimes 15817:Occupation of Japan 15766:First Indochina War 15478:Military production 15390:Declarations of war 15110:Japanese propaganda 14921:Occupation of Japan 14758:Guanganmen incident 14723:January 28 incident 14631:1944 Burma campaign 14621:West Hubei campaign 13989:Wang Jingwei regime 13872:Second United Front 13802:January 28 incident 13664:on 29 November 2003 13463:Quigley, Harold S. 13304:magazine reporters. 12780:Daniel Barenblatt, 12459:. Wwi.lib.byu.edu. 12108:on 24 November 2015 12102:"Sino-Japanese War" 11634:. pp. 25, 26. 11590:The China Quarterly 10446:. pp. 263–302. 10057:. 13 October 2007. 9974:on 11 November 2014 9941:, pp. 162–166. 9830:, pp. 200–220. 9818:, pp. 299–300. 9744:. London: Cassell. 9742:Defeat into Victory 9662:Linda Kush (2012). 9170:2009EEGeo..15..287D 9051:, pp. 149–150. 8925:. 13 December 2022. 8770:militaryfactory.com 8477:Michael M. Walker, 8464:Michael M. Walker, 7680:. Transaction 1991 7547:. Transaction 1991 7489:Manchuria or Burma. 7139:Japanese war crimes 7028:traditional Chinese 6656:Traditionally, the 6647:Potsdam Declaration 6220:invaded Dunganistan 6124:Himalayan Mountains 5929:strategic materials 5871:Great Patriotic War 5835:Anti-Comintern Pact 5664:, joined forces in 5600:captured Mount Song 5529:Pacific Ocean Areas 5466:, now known as the 5432:Arctic supply route 5113:in Western Europe. 4942:to areas near Wuhan 4850:traditional Chinese 4583:battle of attrition 4557:and new-generation 4544:P-26/281 Peashooter 4386:such violence, the 4257:Yangtze River Delta 4218:January 28 Incident 4023:Northern Expedition 3999:sphere of influence 3912:and establishing a 3818:), rather than the 3718:Japanese propaganda 3649:government of Japan 3596:), but in 2017 the 3566:traditional Chinese 3381:Second United Front 3322:traditional Chinese 3306:Japanese war crimes 2270:Siberia (1918–1922) 1527:Sichuan (cancelled) 915:1,000,000+ captured 354:Wang Jingwei regime 23584:Sino-Japanese Wars 23539:Invasions of China 23504:Invasions by Japan 23062:Cambodian genocide 22999:Mergosono massacre 22979:Changkiao massacre 22955:Nanshitou Massacre 22760:Lambing Flat riots 22663:Anti-Chinese Union 22593:Racism in Malaysia 22505:Adriaan Valckenier 22465:Chinese emigration 22172:The 1990 Institute 22152:TPE (cable system) 22029:Americans in China 21939:Economic relations 21890:Proclamation 10043 21740:Black Cat Squadron 21710:Military relations 21600:Trial of Anming Hu 21281:Nixon's China Game 21191:Treaty of Tientsin 20944:TPE (cable system) 20749:María Luz incident 20639:He–Umezu Agreement 20534:Twenty-One Demands 20514:Ryūkyū Disposition 19965:Russo-Japanese War 19935:Two Lords Incident 19590:Imperial Household 18600:French West Africa 18580:British Somaliland 18453:Surrender of Japan 18286:Battle of Iwo Jima 18135:Belgrade offensive 17541:Siege of Leningrad 17425:Battle of Shanggao 17354:British Somaliland 17319:Dunkirk evacuation 17270:Norwegian campaign 17208:Invasion of Poland 17035:Japanese prisoners 15996:Italian war crimes 15927:British war crimes 15842:Soviet occupations 15626:South-West Pacific 15513:Allied cooperation 15471:Military equipment 15017:Japanese campaigns 14997:Aerial engagements 14956:Murayama Statement 14889:Surrender of Japan 14854:Konoe Declarations 14833:Gegenmiao massacre 14828:Changjiao massacre 14778:USS Panay incident 14697:Battle of Hengyang 14687:Siege of Myitkyina 13832:He–Umezu Agreement 13477:(2011) pp 474–551. 12718:The New York Times 12659:. pp. 82–83. 11256:, Informaworld.com 10207:. 7 October 2015. 10089:Air Force Magazine 9003:20.500.12657/23824 8919:"Nanjing Massacre" 8614:. pp. 90–94. 8576:|access-date= 7505:"Rummel, Table 6A" 7064: 7036:simplified Chinese 6755: 6610: 6605:and the island of 6520: 6467: 6391: 6277: 6157: 6105:Free Thai Movement 6103:, worked with the 6050: 5948: 5898: 5813: 5559: 5517:Barbara W. Tuchman 5410:Battle of Changsha 5401: 5393: 5382: 5355:Mao Zedong Thought 5278: 5246:Sino-Soviet Treaty 5179: 5100:Japanese expansion 5073:Battle of Huaiyang 5025: 4842:simplified Chinese 4834: 4817: 4804:Yellow River flood 4747: 4709: 4707:, March–April 1938 4650: 4575:John Wong Pan-yang 4480: 4466:Battle of Shanghai 4460:Battle of Shanghai 4367: 4326:Chahar and Suiyuan 4306:He–Umezu Agreement 4192:Russo-Japanese War 4158: 4113:Central Plains War 4011:Beiyang Government 3987:Twenty-One Demands 3981:Twenty-One Demands 3975:Twenty-One Demands 3948:Beiyang government 3902:Russo-Japanese War 3866:Liaodong Peninsula 3702:declaration of war 3666:Battle of Shanghai 3558:simplified Chinese 3497:and completed the 3481:, the invasion of 3454:in central China. 3314:simplified Chinese 2788:kàng rì zhàn zhēng 2643:French West Africa 2484:South West Pacific 2392:Denmark and Norway 2106:Japanese surrender 2072:Naval bombardments 2002:Fire balloon bombs 1725:Volcano and Ryukyu 1720:Marianas and Palau 1317:Yellow River flood 1231:Railway Operation 857:Chinese Communists 678:Chinese Communists 170:bomber during the 137:Battle of Shanghai 133:military gas masks 23461: 23460: 23395:Chinaman's chance 23378: 23377: 23345:Mi Gao Huang Chen 23315:Franklin Feng Tao 23204: 23203: 22966:Three Alls Policy 22777:Pigtail Ordinance 22706:Sangley Rebellion 22406: 22405: 22307:Far East Reporter 22282:William H. Hinton 22182:China Aid Society 22034:Chinese Americans 21860:Taiwan Travel Act 21379:Chinese Civil War 21265:Three Communiqués 21243:China White Paper 21196:Burlingame Treaty 21186:Treaty of Wanghia 21029: 21028: 20825:Nobukatsu Fujioka 20771:Nagasaki incident 20431: 20430: 20403:Socialist thought 20351: 20350: 20290:Dutch East Indies 20252:Empire of Vietnam 20170: 20169: 19940:Satsuma Rebellion 19920:Meiji Restoration 19897: 19896: 19707: 19706: 19645:Greater East Asia 19531:Political parties 19486:Foreign relations 19233: 19232: 18824:Dutch East Indies 18662:Southern Rhodesia 18595:French Somaliland 18527: 18526: 18485: 18484: 18328:Battle of Okinawa 18227:Burma (1944–1945) 18061:Mariana and Palau 17841:Tunisian campaign 17659:Fall of Singapore 17583:Fall of Hong Kong 17326:Battle of Britain 17179:Operation Himmler 17088: 17087: 16752:Dutch East Indies 16388:Southern Rhodesia 16140: 16139: 16040:Genocide of Serbs 15943:German war crimes 15920:Soviet war crimes 15913:Allied war crimes 15759:Division of Korea 15738:Chinese Civil War 15536:Strategic bombing 15448:Manhattan Project 15222: 15221: 15180: 15179: 15176: 15175: 15130:On Protracted War 15007:Japanese Aircraft 14964: 14963: 14901: 14900: 14897: 14896: 14813:Panjiayu massacre 14753:Langfang Incident 14672:Battle of Lanfeng 14651:Zhijiang campaign 14636:Operation Ichi-Go 14581:Shanggao campaign 14541:Nanchang campaign 14506:Shanghai campaign 14479: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14471: 14470: 14368: 14367: 14305:Shigetarō Shimada 14245:Kiichirō Hiranuma 14160:Political Leaders 14155: 14154: 14052:Eighth Route Army 13997: 13996: 13919:Republic of China 13885: 13884: 13857:Wayaobu Manifesto 13782:Chinese Civil War 13718:"The Route South" 13523:978-0-674-03338-2 13437:978-0-547-84056-7 13378:978-0-8047-5509-2 13240:978-0-521-83432-2 13211:978-0-307-27536-3 13204:. Vintage Books. 13114:978-0-674-02153-2 13027:on 7 October 2012 13021:TANKS! E-Magazine 12990:978-1-61200-167-8 12916:978-0-06-166116-7 12757:Tsuneyoshi Takeda 12685:, 1997, pp. 27–29 12505:978-3-319-51663-9 12395:978-7-80109-030-0 12193:978-4-00-003317-6 12061:978-0-674-98426-4 11908:on March 26, 2009 11744:978-0-525-65605-0 11712:, 31 August 2015. 11199:978-0-415-58264-3 11112:978-0-520-25602-6 11073:978-0-7864-3285-1 11046:978-0-415-35848-4 10823:on 13 August 2016 10145:"Sky's the Limit" 9964:"China Offensive" 9913:978-1-009-29761-5 9854:978-0-297-84497-6 9776:978-0-674-05988-7 9714:978-0-520-92876-3 9675:978-1-78200-312-0 9636:978-0-520-92876-3 9609:978-0-8047-4484-3 9471:978-1-317-46391-7 9012:978-0-472-90125-8 8904:978-1-009-29761-5 8806:978-83-61421-99-3 8716:on 26 August 2016 8648:978-0-8154-1118-5 8621:978-0-674-98426-4 8536:978-1-350-23394-2 8352:shehui.pku.edu.cn 8249:978-0-520-01760-3 8052:Jerald A. Combs. 7981:978-0-805-07247-1 7926:978-1-139-56087-0 7887:978-0-230-60992-1 7849:Los Angeles Times 7713:The China Project 7385:978-1-441-12387-9 7300:978-7-506-52290-8 7276:978-1-563-24246-5 7239:978-0-415-96845-4 7073:. Chinese troops 6874:War Without Mercy 6797:Three Alls Policy 6658:Republic of China 6651:Cairo Declaration 6457:Chinese Civil War 6421:Douglas MacArthur 6261:Ethnic minorities 6228:KMT 36th Division 6030:Gloster Gladiator 5961:On 22 June 1941, 5839:Japanese invasion 5730:war of resistance 5624:Operation Ichi-Go 5618:Operation Ichi-Go 5612:Operation Ichi-Go 5563:Winston Churchill 5552:Winston Churchill 5546:Chiang Kai-shek, 5388: 5345:in January 1941. 5322:Battle of Taiyuan 5270:Eighth Route Army 5212:Three Alls Policy 5200:resistance forces 5045:counter-offensive 5017: 5016: 5009: 4896:on 13 June 1938. 4886:Huayuankou, Henan 4870: 4794:massive air raids 4532:Chinese Air Force 4476:'Bloody Saturday' 4410:infantry division 4375:full-scale battle 4207:League of Nations 3812: 3792: 3770: 3757:Taisei Yokusankai 3740: 3727: 3694: 3675: 3658: 3633: 3479:Operation Ichi-Go 3444:guerrilla warfare 3365:Chinese Civil War 3286:Republic of China 3278: 3277: 3270: 3269: 3122: 3121: 3076: 3075: 3057:Standard Mandarin 3009: 3008: 2990:Standard Mandarin 2942: 2941: 2936:bā nián kàng zhàn 2923:Standard Mandarin 2875: 2874: 2856:Standard Mandarin 2808: 2807: 2775:Standard Mandarin 2715: 2714: 2636:Strategic bombing 2552:Mediterranean Sea 2307: 2306: 2235:China (1899–1901) 2155: 2154: 1997:Lookout Air Raids 1904:Southwest Pacific 1634: 1633: 1493:Yunnan-Burma Road 1431:Hundred Regiments 1203:Marco Polo Bridge 1070: 1069: 864:Official PRC data 812:1,761,335 wounded 804:Official ROC data 653:regional warlords 634:14,000,000 total 257: 256: 131:landing force in 16:(Redirected from 23591: 23554:1940s in Vietnam 23432:Sick man of Asia 23422:Locust/Wongchung 23340:Leung Chi-cheung 23213: 23212: 23171:China Initiative 22949:Nanking Massacre 22915:Torreón massacre 22869:Scott Act (1888) 22783:Page Act of 1875 22696: 22695: 22640:China Initiative 22433: 22426: 22419: 22410: 22409: 22397: 22396: 22381:The China Hustle 22122:Linkage (policy) 22090:Cold War in Asia 21595:China Initiative 21555:Operation Aurora 21513:Project Sabre II 21270:One-China policy 21233:Marshall Mission 21084:Diplomatic posts 21078: 21077: 21068: 21067: 21056: 21049: 21042: 21033: 21032: 21020: 21019: 20969:Satoru Mizushima 20776:Shandong Problem 20701:Baodiao movement 20654:Nanjing Massacre 20539:Treaty of Taipei 20486:Diplomatic posts 20480: 20479: 20470: 20469: 20458: 20451: 20444: 20435: 20434: 20393:Shinmin no Michi 20383:Internment camps 20295:French Indochina 20179: 20178: 20025:Taishō Democracy 19906: 19905: 19829:Japanese holdout 19716: 19715: 19640:Colonial Affairs 19574: 19573: 19501:Yokusan Sonendan 19407: 19399: 19391: 19375: 19374: 19301:Economic history 19260: 19253: 19246: 19237: 19236: 18984:Military history 18738:Native Americans 18554: 18547: 18540: 18531: 18530: 18520: 18513: 18506: 18503:World portal 18501: 18500: 18476: 18469: 18462: 18455: 18446: 18439: 18432: 18423: 18416: 18409: 18402: 18395: 18388: 18379: 18372: 18365: 18363:Prague offensive 18358: 18356:Battle of Berlin 18351: 18344: 18337: 18330: 18323: 18316: 18309: 18302: 18300:Vienna offensive 18295: 18288: 18281: 18279:Battle of Manila 18274: 18254: 18245: 18236: 18229: 18220: 18213: 18206: 18199: 18192: 18185: 18178: 18169: 18160: 18153: 18144: 18137: 18130: 18123: 18114: 18107: 18100: 18093: 18086: 18079: 18072: 18063: 18056: 18047: 18038: 18029: 18022: 18020:Korsun–Cherkassy 18015: 18004: 17982: 17973: 17966: 17959: 17952: 17945: 17938: 17931: 17922: 17915: 17908: 17901: 17892: 17885: 17878: 17871: 17864: 17862:Bombing of Gorky 17857: 17850: 17843: 17823: 17816: 17807: 17800: 17793: 17784: 17777: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17745: 17738: 17731: 17724: 17722:Battle of Midway 17717: 17710: 17708:Battle of Gazala 17703: 17696: 17689: 17682: 17675: 17668: 17661: 17641: 17634: 17627: 17620: 17618:Battle of Borneo 17613: 17611:Malayan campaign 17606: 17599: 17592: 17585: 17578: 17571: 17564: 17557: 17555:Bombing of Gorky 17550: 17548:Battle of Moscow 17543: 17536: 17529: 17522: 17515: 17508: 17492: 17485: 17478: 17471: 17464: 17457: 17448: 17441: 17434: 17427: 17420: 17400: 17391: 17384: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17356: 17349: 17342: 17335: 17328: 17321: 17314: 17312:Battle of France 17307: 17300: 17293: 17286: 17279: 17272: 17252: 17245: 17238: 17231: 17224: 17217: 17210: 17188: 17181: 17174: 17167: 17165:Munich Agreement 17160: 17153: 17144: 17137: 17130: 17121: 17114: 17099: 17098: 17081: 17074: 17065: 17058: 17051: 17050:Soviet prisoners 17044: 17037: 17030: 17021: 17014: 17005: 16998: 16991: 16990:German prisoners 16986: 16966: 16957: 16950: 16943: 16938: 16931: 16924: 16917: 16910: 16903: 16896: 16889: 16882: 16875: 16868: 16861: 16854: 16847: 16838: 16831: 16824: 16817: 16810: 16803: 16796: 16789: 16782: 16775: 16768: 16761: 16754: 16747: 16740: 16733: 16726: 16719: 16712: 16692: 16685: 16678: 16671: 16664: 16657: 16650: 16643: 16636: 16629: 16622: 16602: 16595: 16588: 16581: 16574: 16566: 16559: 16552: 16543: 16536: 16528: 16521: 16519:French Indochina 16514: 16507: 16500: 16493: 16485: 16478: 16471: 16463: 16443: 16434: 16427: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16397: 16390: 16383: 16376: 16369: 16366:from August 1944 16357: 16350: 16343: 16336: 16329: 16322: 16315: 16308: 16301: 16289: 16282: 16275: 16268: 16261: 16249: 16241: 16234: 16227: 16220: 16213: 16206: 16199: 16187: 16180: 16173: 16166: 16151: 16150: 16131: 16124: 16117: 16110: 16103: 16092: 16077: 16070: 16063: 16058: 16049: 16042: 16035: 16026: 16019: 16012: 16010:Nanjing Massacre 16005: 15998: 15989: 15987:Nuremberg trials 15980: 15973: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15945: 15936: 15929: 15922: 15915: 15895: 15888: 15881: 15872: 15865: 15858: 15851: 15844: 15837: 15828: 15819: 15812: 15805: 15798: 15789: 15782: 15775: 15768: 15761: 15754: 15747: 15740: 15720: 15711: 15704: 15697: 15688: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15658: 15651: 15644: 15635: 15628: 15621: 15614: 15607: 15600: 15593: 15591:Asia and Pacific 15573: 15566: 15559: 15552: 15545: 15538: 15531: 15522: 15520:Mulberry harbour 15515: 15508: 15501: 15494: 15487: 15480: 15473: 15466: 15457: 15450: 15443: 15434: 15427: 15420: 15413: 15406: 15399: 15392: 15385: 15378: 15371: 15362: 15355: 15340: 15339: 15328: 15321: 15312: 15305: 15298: 15291: 15284: 15277: 15270: 15249: 15242: 15235: 15226: 15225: 15212: 15202: 15192: 15191: 14987: 14986: 14970: 14969: 14951:Treaty of Taipei 14931:Retrocession Day 14907: 14906: 14864:Cairo Conference 14842:Political events 14818:Rape of Nancheng 14783:Kweilin incident 14773:Nanking Massacre 14626:Changde campaign 14516:Nanjing campaign 14511:Taiyuan campaign 14496: 14495: 14485: 14484: 14377: 14376: 14373:Military Leaders 14280:Seishirō Itagaki 14235:Emperor Hirohito 14164: 14163: 14100:Navy Air Service 14090:Army Air Service 14008: 14007: 13909: 13908: 13902: 13901: 13891: 13890: 13862:Suiyuan campaign 13763: 13762: 13747: 13740: 13733: 13724: 13723: 13708: 13706: 13705: 13696:. Archived from 13672: 13670: 13669: 13660:. Archived from 13625: 13623: 13621: 13607: 13598: 13577: 13575: 13573: 13527: 13506: 13453: 13451: 13449: 13399: 13365: 13333: 13323: 13293: 13262: 13244: 13226:(pp. 53–68) 13215: 13165: 13149: 13128:Buss, Claude A. 13076: 13075: 13073: 13071: 13043: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13013: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12957: 12950: 12939: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12928: 12900: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12889: 12869: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12830: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12819: 12791: 12785: 12778: 12772: 12740: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12720:. Archived from 12709: 12703: 12692: 12686: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12650: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12639: 12633: 12626: 12615: 12600: 12594: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12583: 12565: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12536: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12453: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12429: 12423: 12420: 12414: 12408: 12402: 12387: 12381: 12378: 12367: 12360: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12249: 12243: 12242: 12216: 12210: 12204: 12198: 12197: 12174: 12168: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12150: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12098: 12092: 12080: 12074: 12073: 12041: 12035: 12022: 12016: 12003: 11997: 11984: 11978: 11965: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11935: 11929: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11907: 11901:. Archived from 11900: 11892: 11886: 11873: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11839: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11812: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11801: 11796:on 3 August 2016 11786: 11780: 11777: 11771: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11719: 11713: 11704: 11698: 11685: 11679: 11672: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11652:. Archived from 11646: 11640: 11639: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11606: 11587: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11567: 11550: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11519: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11402: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11288: 11273: 11264: 11258: 11257: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11222: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11157: 11151: 11150: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11096: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11085: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11007: 10997: 10991: 10990: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10904: 10902: 10883: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10846: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10805: 10799: 10798: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10710: 10703: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10682: 10674: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10603: 10588: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10562: 10555: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10530: 10524:. Archived from 10523: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10420: 10414: 10413: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10386: 10380: 10377: 10371: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10317: 10311: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10282: 10277:Douglas Varner, 10275: 10269: 10259: 10253: 10243: 10237: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10141: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10072:and negotiation. 10068: 10066: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10038: 10036: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9942: 9936: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9892: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9858: 9837: 9831: 9825: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9800: 9794: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9597: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9563: 9557: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9491: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9449: 9443: 9436: 9430: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9410: 9408: 9389: 9383: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9308: 9302: 9301: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9197: 9191: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9153: 9147: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9092: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9031: 9025: 9024: 8978: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8953:. Archived from 8946: 8940: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8883: 8850: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8772:. Archived from 8762: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8675: 8669: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8603: 8588: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8571: 8563: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8522: 8501: 8488: 8482: 8475: 8469: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8371: 8365: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8349: 8341: 8335: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8269:Military Affairs 8260: 8254: 8253: 8235: 8229: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8080: 8074: 8067: 8061: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8042:. Belknap Press. 8035: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7965: 7959: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7689: 7671: 7665: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7634: 7625: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7567: 7556: 7538: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7501: 7490: 7486: 7477: 7474: 7465: 7464: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7415: 7409: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7223: 7217: 7210: 7188: 7185: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7071:Sihang Warehouse 7050: 7041: 7033: 7012:methamphetamines 6962:Yoshiaki Yoshimi 6721:Koreans in China 6666:Armed Forces Day 6639:Taiwanese people 6634:Treaty of Taipei 6622:Retrocession Day 6555:school textbooks 6484:Marxism–Leninism 6134:French Indochina 6046:Jiangxi province 5952:French Indochina 5751:Overseas Chinese 5734:French Indochina 5556:Cairo Conference 5389: 5318:opium production 5204:Chinese Red Army 5079:prominently the 5012: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4961: 4953: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4847: 4662:Nanjing Massacre 4635:Nanjing Massacre 4518:(IJN) sent many 4445:marching cadence 4297:, and Shandong. 4279: 4274: 4226:ongoing campaign 4130: 3886:unequal treaties 3817: 3811:romanized: 3810: 3808: 3797: 3791:romanized: 3790: 3788: 3775: 3769:romanized: 3768: 3766: 3747: 3739:romanized: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3726:romanized: 3725: 3723: 3699: 3693:romanized: 3692: 3690: 3683: 3674:romanized: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3657:romanized: 3656: 3654: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3563: 3400:Nanjing Massacre 3327: 3319: 3266: 3265: 3240: 3239: 3211: 3210: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3095: 3094: 3072: 3071: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3028: 3027: 3005: 3004: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2961: 2960: 2938: 2937: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2894: 2893: 2871: 2870: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2827: 2826: 2813:Alternative name 2804: 2803: 2790: 2789: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2746: 2745: 2720: 2719: 2702:French Indochina 2345: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2195: 2193: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2127:Manchuria (1945) 1982:Aleutian Islands 1832:Indochina (1945) 1802:Indochina (1940) 1788:2nd Indian Ocean 1771:1st Indian Ocean 1766:Christmas Island 1671: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1521:Zhejiang–Jiangxi 1397:Winter Offensive 1294:North-East Henan 1225:Sihang Warehouse 1110: 1109: 1107: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1025:Total casualties 986: 985: 984: 979: 978: 977: 956:22,293+ captured 935: 934: 933: 854: 853: 852: 835:500,000 captured 809:1,319,958 killed 794: 793: 792: 764: 763: 757: 756: 755: 750: 749: 748: 732:1,015,000 (1939) 720: 719: 718: 709:4,100,000 total 708: 707: 706: 693:1,200,000 (1945) 675: 674: 673: 664:5,700,000 (1945) 661:2,600,000 (1939) 658:1,700,000 (1937) 645: 644: 643: 633: 632: 631: 610: 609: 608: 598: 597: 596: 580: 579: 578: 568: 567: 566: 556: 555: 554: 547: 538: 537: 536: 524: 523: 522: 506: 505: 504: 499: 498: 497: 487: 486: 485: 480: 479: 478: 468: 467: 466: 461: 460: 459: 449: 448: 447: 442: 441: 440: 430: 429: 428: 423: 422: 421: 411: 410: 409: 404: 403: 402: 390: 389: 388: 376: 375: 374: 352: 350: 349: 339: 338: 327: 326: 314: 313: 299: 298: 297: 287: 286: 285: 274: 273: 191: 190: 168:Mitsubishi Ki-21 152:Nanjing Massacre 116: 107: 96: 87: 76: 67: 34: 33: 21: 23599: 23598: 23594: 23593: 23592: 23590: 23589: 23588: 23574:Interwar period 23564:1940s conflicts 23559:1930s conflicts 23464: 23463: 23462: 23457: 23436: 23374: 23283: 23247: 23200: 23077: 23056:Malari incident 22921:1918 Kudus riot 22885: 22766:Anti-Coolie Act 22742: 22721: 22687: 22651: 22598:Ketuanan Melayu 22571:Racism in Japan 22539: 22493: 22489:De-Sinicization 22443: 22437: 22407: 22402: 22386: 22137:Hong (business) 22132:Thucydides Trap 22095:Second Cold War 22075:Chinese Century 21997: 21976:Senior Dialogue 21946:Old China Trade 21934: 21786: 21782:Exercise RIMPAC 21704: 21624:TikTok v. Trump 21585:Havana syndrome 21580:Trump–Tsai call 21498:Shen Chong case 21434: 21362:Boxer Rebellion 21350: 21172: 21079: 21072: 21062: 21060: 21030: 21025: 21009: 20836: 20800:Hankou incident 20739:Ningbo incident 20727: 20686:Senkaku Islands 20585: 20524:Nishihara Loans 20497: 20481: 20474: 20464: 20462: 20432: 20427: 20413:Yasukuni Shrine 20347: 20324: 20266: 20220: 20166: 20118:Tripartite Pact 20113:Rape of Nanking 20049: 20035:Tapani incident 19979: 19955:Boxer Rebellion 19913: 19893: 19857: 19848: 19797: 19788: 19723: 19703: 19697:Representatives 19665: 19662: 19661:Legislative and 19654: 19620:Foreign Affairs 19583: 19580: 19565: 19464: 19443:Government Seal 19428:Rising Sun Flag 19411: 19405: 19397: 19389: 19376: 19367: 19269: 19267:Empire of Japan 19264: 19234: 19229: 19225:Pacific Islands 19220:Solomon Islands 19200:Gilbert Islands 19182: 19176: 19155:Channel Islands 18927: 18790: 18744: 18666: 18563: 18558: 18528: 18523: 18516: 18509: 18495: 18493: 18481: 18472: 18465: 18458: 18451: 18442: 18435: 18428: 18419: 18414:Atomic bombings 18412: 18405: 18398: 18391: 18384: 18375: 18368: 18361: 18354: 18347: 18340: 18333: 18326: 18319: 18312: 18305: 18298: 18291: 18284: 18277: 18270: 18257: 18250: 18239: 18232: 18225: 18216: 18209: 18202: 18195: 18188: 18181: 18172: 18163: 18156: 18147: 18140: 18133: 18126: 18117: 18110: 18105:Eastern Romania 18103: 18098:Warsaw Uprising 18096: 18091:Tannenberg Line 18089: 18082: 18077:Western Ukraine 18075: 18066: 18059: 18050: 18041: 18032: 18025: 18018: 18007: 17998: 17985: 17978: 17969: 17962: 17955: 17948: 17941: 17934: 17927: 17918: 17911: 17904: 17895: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17869:Battle of Kursk 17867: 17860: 17853: 17846: 17839: 17826: 17819: 17810: 17803: 17796: 17787: 17780: 17773: 17766: 17759: 17750: 17741: 17734: 17727: 17720: 17713: 17706: 17699: 17692: 17685: 17678: 17673:St Nazaire Raid 17671: 17664: 17657: 17644: 17637: 17630: 17623: 17616: 17609: 17602: 17595: 17588: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17560: 17553: 17546: 17539: 17532: 17525: 17518: 17511: 17497: 17488: 17481: 17474: 17467: 17460: 17455:Anglo-Iraqi War 17453: 17446:Battle of Crete 17444: 17437: 17430: 17423: 17416: 17403: 17394: 17387: 17380: 17375:Eastern Romania 17373: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17345: 17338: 17331: 17324: 17317: 17310: 17303: 17296: 17289: 17282: 17275: 17268: 17255: 17248: 17241: 17234: 17227: 17220: 17213: 17206: 17193: 17184: 17177: 17170: 17163: 17156: 17149: 17140: 17133: 17126: 17117: 17110: 17084: 17077: 17070: 17061: 17054: 17049: 17040: 17033: 17026: 17017: 17010: 17001: 16994: 16989: 16982: 16969: 16962: 16953: 16946: 16941: 16936:Western Ukraine 16934: 16927: 16920: 16913: 16906: 16899: 16892: 16885: 16880:Northeast China 16878: 16871: 16864: 16857: 16850: 16843: 16834: 16827: 16820: 16813: 16806: 16799: 16792: 16785: 16778: 16771: 16764: 16757: 16750: 16743: 16736: 16729: 16722: 16715: 16708: 16695: 16688: 16681: 16674: 16667: 16660: 16653: 16646: 16639: 16632: 16625: 16618: 16605: 16598: 16591: 16584: 16579:Slovak Republic 16577: 16569: 16562: 16555: 16550:Empire of Japan 16548: 16539: 16531: 16524: 16517: 16510: 16503: 16496: 16488: 16481: 16474: 16466: 16459: 16446: 16439: 16430: 16423: 16414: 16407: 16400: 16393: 16386: 16379: 16372: 16360: 16353: 16346: 16339: 16332: 16325: 16318: 16311: 16304: 16292: 16285: 16278: 16271: 16264: 16252: 16244: 16237: 16230: 16223: 16216: 16209: 16202: 16190: 16183: 16176: 16169: 16162: 16136: 16127: 16120: 16113: 16106: 16095: 16080: 16073: 16066: 16062:Sexual violence 16061: 16054: 16045: 16038: 16031: 16022: 16015: 16008: 16001: 15994: 15985: 15976: 15969: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15932: 15925: 15918: 15911: 15898: 15891: 15884: 15877: 15868: 15861: 15854: 15847: 15840: 15831: 15822: 15815: 15808: 15801: 15792: 15785: 15780:Greek Civil War 15778: 15771: 15764: 15757: 15750: 15743: 15736: 15723: 15716: 15707: 15700: 15693: 15684: 15677: 15670: 15663: 15654: 15647: 15640: 15631: 15624: 15617: 15610: 15605:South-East Asia 15603: 15596: 15589: 15576: 15569: 15562: 15555: 15548: 15541: 15534: 15527: 15518: 15511: 15504: 15497: 15490: 15483: 15476: 15469: 15464:Military awards 15462: 15453: 15446: 15439: 15430: 15423: 15416: 15409: 15402: 15395: 15388: 15381: 15374: 15367: 15358: 15351: 15331: 15324: 15317: 15308: 15301: 15294: 15289: 15280: 15273: 15266: 15258: 15253: 15223: 15218: 15172: 15115:Kumul Rebellion 15098: 15067: 15031: 14981: 14980: 14960: 14912: 14893: 14837: 14763:Tongzhou mutiny 14706: 14660: 14611:Linnan campaign 14536:Xuzhou campaign 14490: 14467: 14428:Yoshijirō Umezu 14423:Hajime Sugiyama 14406: 14364: 14295:Mitsumasa Yonai 14290:Korechika Anami 14255:Mitsumasa Yonai 14223: 14189:Kung Hsiang-hsi 14174:Chiang Kai-shek 14151: 14142:East Hebei Army 14068: 14057:New Fourth Army 13993: 13954:Empire of Japan 13942: 13931:Communist China 13896: 13881: 13787:Mukden Incident 13768: 13757: 13751: 13703: 13701: 13700:on 13 July 2001 13692: 13667: 13665: 13656: 13634: 13629: 13619: 13617: 13610: 13595: 13571: 13569: 13562: 13543:Wayback Machine 13524: 13447: 13445: 13438: 13416:Wayback Machine 13396: 13320: 13290: 13272:Wayback Machine 13260: 13241: 13212: 13180:Wayback Machine 13162: 13140:Duiker, William 13085: 13080: 13079: 13069: 13067: 13060: 13044: 13040: 13030: 13028: 13015: 13014: 13010: 13000: 12998: 12991: 12975: 12971: 12961: 12959: 12958:on 19 July 2014 12955: 12948: 12940: 12936: 12926: 12924: 12917: 12901: 12897: 12887: 12885: 12870: 12866: 12856: 12854: 12847: 12831: 12827: 12817: 12815: 12808: 12792: 12788: 12779: 12775: 12753:Wayback Machine 12741: 12737: 12727: 12725: 12710: 12706: 12693: 12689: 12680: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12651: 12647: 12637: 12635: 12631: 12624: 12616: 12603: 12595: 12591: 12581: 12579: 12566: 12562: 12552: 12550: 12537: 12533: 12523: 12521: 12506: 12480: 12476: 12466: 12464: 12455: 12454: 12450: 12440: 12438: 12431: 12430: 12426: 12421: 12417: 12409: 12405: 12388: 12384: 12379: 12370: 12361: 12352: 12342: 12340: 12327: 12326: 12322: 12312: 12310: 12303: 12279: 12275: 12265: 12263: 12250: 12246: 12231: 12217: 12213: 12205: 12201: 12194: 12175: 12171: 12166: 12162: 12151: 12147: 12137: 12135: 12126: 12125: 12121: 12111: 12109: 12100: 12099: 12095: 12081: 12077: 12062: 12054:. p. 111. 12042: 12038: 12032:Wayback Machine 12023: 12019: 12013:Wayback Machine 12004: 12000: 11994:Wayback Machine 11985: 11981: 11975:Wayback Machine 11966: 11962: 11952: 11950: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11925: 11921: 11911: 11909: 11905: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11889: 11883:Wayback Machine 11874: 11867: 11857: 11855: 11840: 11836: 11826: 11824: 11813: 11809: 11799: 11797: 11788: 11787: 11783: 11778: 11774: 11768: 11764: 11745: 11720: 11716: 11705: 11701: 11695:Wayback Machine 11686: 11682: 11673: 11669: 11659: 11657: 11656:on 2 March 2008 11648: 11647: 11643: 11624: 11620: 11610: 11608: 11604: 11585: 11579: 11575: 11565: 11563: 11552: 11551: 11547: 11537: 11535: 11520: 11516: 11506: 11504: 11497: 11481: 11477: 11467: 11465: 11458: 11442: 11438: 11428: 11426: 11419: 11403: 11399: 11389: 11387: 11380: 11364: 11360: 11350: 11348: 11335: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11306: 11302: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11271: 11265: 11261: 11252: 11251: 11247: 11237: 11235: 11227:Asia, Volume 40 11224: 11223: 11219: 11209: 11207: 11200: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11168: 11159: 11158: 11154: 11147: 11131: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11097: 11093: 11083: 11081: 11074: 11058: 11054: 11047: 11031: 11027: 11020: 10998: 10994: 10987: 10971: 10967: 10960: 10944: 10940: 10933: 10917: 10913: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10874: 10870: 10863: 10847: 10836: 10826: 10824: 10807: 10806: 10802: 10771: 10767: 10760: 10746: 10742: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10701: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10676: 10675: 10667: 10663: 10653: 10651: 10621: 10617: 10607: 10605: 10604:on 4 March 2016 10601: 10586: 10580: 10576: 10566: 10564: 10563:on 24 June 2015 10560: 10553: 10549: 10548: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10531:on 25 June 2015 10528: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10502: 10500: 10485: 10484: 10480: 10470: 10468: 10455: 10451: 10438: 10434: 10421: 10417: 10404: 10400: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10344: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10318: 10314: 10309:Wayback Machine 10301: 10297: 10289: 10285: 10276: 10272: 10260: 10256: 10244: 10240: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10203: 10202: 10198: 10188: 10186: 10181:. 25 May 2017. 10173: 10172: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10143: 10142: 10138: 10128: 10126: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10083: 10082: 10078: 10064: 10062: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10034: 10032: 10025:www.ibiblio.org 10019: 10018: 10014: 10004: 10002: 9991: 9987: 9977: 9975: 9962: 9961: 9957: 9949: 9945: 9937: 9933: 9927:Cox, 1980 pp. 2 9925: 9921: 9914: 9896:Coble, Parks M. 9893: 9886: 9878: 9874: 9866: 9862: 9855: 9838: 9834: 9826: 9822: 9814: 9810: 9801: 9797: 9788: 9784: 9777: 9763: 9759: 9752: 9738: 9734: 9724: 9722: 9715: 9699: 9695: 9685: 9683: 9676: 9660: 9656: 9646: 9644: 9637: 9621: 9617: 9610: 9588: 9584: 9565: 9564: 9560: 9552: 9548: 9533: 9529: 9489: 9483: 9479: 9472: 9450: 9446: 9437: 9433: 9424: 9420: 9406: 9404: 9397:www.ibiblio.org 9391: 9390: 9386: 9374: 9370: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9324: 9320: 9309: 9305: 9294: 9290: 9277: 9273: 9258: 9251: 9236: 9232: 9217: 9213: 9198: 9194: 9189: 9185: 9154: 9150: 9141:War in History. 9138: 9134: 9123: 9119: 9108: 9104: 9093: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9059: 9055: 9047: 9043: 9032: 9028: 9013: 8979: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8957:on 5 April 2018 8947: 8943: 8934: 8930: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8887:Coble, Parks M. 8884: 8853: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8807: 8793: 8789: 8779: 8777: 8776:on 3 March 2016 8764: 8763: 8759: 8749: 8747: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8719: 8717: 8704: 8703: 8699: 8692: 8676: 8672: 8660: 8656: 8649: 8633: 8629: 8622: 8604: 8591: 8579: 8575: 8574: 8565: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8537: 8523: 8504: 8498:Wayback Machine 8489: 8485: 8476: 8472: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8319: 8317: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8281:10.2307/1983349 8261: 8257: 8250: 8236: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8210: 8208: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8184: 8182: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8137:Economist Group 8125: 8124: 8120: 8081: 8077: 8068: 8064: 8051: 8047: 8036: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8005: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7982: 7966: 7962: 7950: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7888: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7812:Todd, Douglas. 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7756: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7636: 7635: 7628: 7622:Wayback Machine 7613: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7571:Rummel, Rudolph 7568: 7559: 7539: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7503: 7502: 7493: 7487: 7480: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7425:Wayback Machine 7416: 7412: 7406:Wayback Machine 7397: 7393: 7386: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7337: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7265:Hsiung (1992). 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7240: 7224: 7220: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7067:Suicide bombing 7024: 7014:in the form of 6971:Hajime Sugiyama 6907: 6861:Yomiuri Shimbun 6855: 6764: 6743: 6731: 6723: 6717: 6708: 6702: 6678:pro-independent 6612:Taiwan and the 6595: 6589: 6576:Manila massacre 6543: 6538: 6508: 6459: 6453: 6379: 6367:Main articles: 6365: 6360: 6328: 6269: 6263: 6216: 6146: 6136: 6099:who had formed 6021: 6011: 5884: 5879: 5831: 5798: 5792: 5753: 5719:Weimar Republic 5715: 5709: 5704: 5692:Main articles: 5690: 5660:attacking from 5635:Mariana Islands 5626: 5620: 5584:Mohandas Gandhi 5535:, employing an 5525:Hans van de Ven 5384: 5375:Joseph Stilwell 5363: 5306:New Fourth Army 5263: 5208:major offensive 5184:Joseph Stilwell 5171: 5163:armoured forces 5141:Battle of Wuhan 5126: 5120:by starvation. 5102: 5065:Boxer Rebellion 5041:Battle of Zaoyi 5013: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4978: 4962: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4912:Longhai railway 4910:section of the 4825: 4806: 4775: 4739: 4737:Battle of Wuhan 4731:pincer movement 4693: 4680: 4658:Northern Shanxi 4637: 4631: 4567:air superiority 4536:Curtiss Hawk II 4491:Japanese Marine 4468: 4462: 4402: 4396: 4388:Tongzhou mutiny 4351:Chiang Kai-shek 4344: 4338: 4187:Mukden incident 4155:Mukden Incident 4143: 4137: 4109: 4093:Mukden Incident 4085: 4079: 4071:Chiang Kai-shek 4059: 4053: 4041: 4035: 3983: 3977: 3932: 3926:1911 Revolution 3924:Main articles: 3922: 3862:Senkaku Islands 3845: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3714: 3554: 3534:Big Four Allies 3512:Japan formally 3489:. In 1945, the 3357:Chiang Kai-shek 3333:Mukden incident 3290:Empire of Japan 3264: 3238: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3153: 3152: 3151: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2598:Other campaigns 2592:Southern France 2501:Burma and India 2496:South-East Asia 2491:Franco-Thai War 2346: 2340: 2338: 2308: 2303: 2289:China (1937–45) 2260:Tsingtao (1914) 2247: 2196: 2192:Empire of Japan 2191: 2188: 2186: 2156: 2151: 2143: 2055:Mariana Islands 1928:Solomon Islands 1897:Burma (1944–45) 1887:Burma (1942–43) 1882:Burma (1941–42) 1875:Burma and India 1807:Franco-Thai War 1754:Andaman Islands 1681:Central Pacific 1672: 1667: 1665: 1635: 1630: 1423:Zaoyang–Yichang 1362:Suixian–Zaoyang 1208:Beiping–Tianjin 1147:Nenjiang Bridge 1111: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1028: 1019: 998:742,000 wounded 982: 980: 975: 973: 931: 929: 923: 890:Other estimates 872:290,467 wounded 850: 848: 827:Other estimates 815:130,116 missing 790: 788: 775: 771: 758: 753: 751: 746: 744: 716: 714: 704: 702: 698: 671: 669: 641: 639: 629: 627: 616: 612:Hajime Sugiyama 606: 604: 594: 592: 582:Prince Kotohito 576: 574: 564: 562: 552: 550: 534: 532: 520: 518: 512: 502: 500: 495: 493: 483: 481: 476: 474: 464: 462: 457: 455: 445: 443: 438: 436: 426: 424: 419: 417: 407: 405: 400: 398: 386: 384: 379:Chiang Kai-shek 372: 370: 347: 345: 333: 321: 308: 295: 293: 283: 281: 268: 239: 233:Chinese victory 225: 224: 185: 162:Battle of Wuhan 150:Victims of the 121: 120: 119: 118: 117: 109: 108: 99: 98: 97: 89: 88: 79: 78: 77: 69: 68: 48:Pacific theatre 44:interwar period 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23597: 23587: 23586: 23581: 23576: 23571: 23566: 23561: 23556: 23551: 23549:1940s in Japan 23546: 23544:1930s in Japan 23541: 23536: 23534:1940s in China 23531: 23529:1930s in China 23526: 23524:Tunnel warfare 23521: 23516: 23511: 23506: 23501: 23496: 23491: 23486: 23481: 23476: 23459: 23458: 23456: 23455: 23450: 23444: 23442: 23438: 23437: 23435: 23434: 23429: 23424: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23404: 23399: 23398: 23397: 23386: 23384: 23380: 23379: 23376: 23375: 23373: 23372: 23367: 23362: 23357: 23355:Teoh Beng Hock 23352: 23347: 23342: 23337: 23332: 23330:Jiansheng Chen 23327: 23322: 23317: 23312: 23307: 23302: 23297: 23291: 23289: 23285: 23284: 23282: 23281: 23276: 23274:Velma Demerson 23271: 23266: 23261: 23255: 23253: 23249: 23248: 23246: 23245: 23240: 23235: 23230: 23225: 23223:Chae Chan Ping 23219: 23217: 23210: 23206: 23205: 23202: 23201: 23199: 23198: 23193: 23188: 23183: 23178: 23173: 23168: 23167: 23166: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23114:Wolf Amendment 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23085: 23083: 23079: 23078: 23076: 23075: 23070: 23065: 23059: 23053: 23048: 23042: 23037: 23032: 23027: 23022: 23016: 23010: 23004: 23003: 23002: 22988: 22982: 22976: 22970: 22969: 22968: 22963: 22958: 22952: 22940: 22934: 22929: 22923: 22918: 22912: 22909:Beipu uprising 22906: 22900: 22893: 22891: 22887: 22886: 22884: 22883: 22877: 22871: 22866: 22860: 22855: 22850: 22844: 22839: 22833: 22828: 22823: 22818: 22813: 22808: 22802: 22796: 22791: 22785: 22780: 22774: 22769: 22763: 22757: 22750: 22748: 22744: 22743: 22741: 22740: 22735: 22729: 22727: 22723: 22722: 22720: 22719: 22714: 22709: 22702: 22700: 22693: 22689: 22688: 22686: 22685: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22665: 22659: 22657: 22656:By institution 22653: 22652: 22650: 22649: 22644: 22643: 22642: 22632: 22627: 22622: 22617: 22612: 22607: 22602: 22601: 22600: 22595: 22585: 22580: 22575: 22574: 22573: 22563: 22558: 22553: 22547: 22545: 22541: 22540: 22538: 22537: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22501: 22499: 22495: 22494: 22492: 22491: 22486: 22485: 22484: 22474: 22473: 22472: 22467: 22457: 22451: 22449: 22445: 22444: 22436: 22435: 22428: 22421: 22413: 22404: 22403: 22391: 22388: 22387: 22385: 22384: 22377: 22370: 22363: 22356: 22349: 22342: 22335: 22328: 22321: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22234: 22229: 22224: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22194: 22189: 22184: 22179: 22174: 22169: 22164: 22159: 22154: 22149: 22144: 22139: 22134: 22129: 22124: 22119: 22114: 22109: 22104: 22103: 22102: 22092: 22087: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22071: 22070: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22049: 22048: 22036: 22031: 22026: 22021: 22016: 22011: 22005: 22003: 21999: 21998: 21996: 21995: 21990: 21980: 21979: 21978: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21953: 21948: 21942: 21940: 21936: 21935: 21933: 21932: 21927: 21922: 21917: 21912: 21907: 21902: 21897: 21892: 21887: 21882: 21877: 21872: 21867: 21862: 21857: 21855:Wolf Amendment 21852: 21847: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21826: 21825: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21800: 21794: 21792: 21788: 21787: 21785: 21784: 21779: 21778: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21742: 21737: 21727: 21726: 21725: 21718:Yangtze Patrol 21714: 21712: 21706: 21705: 21703: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21686: 21685: 21675: 21674: 21673: 21672: 21671: 21661: 21656: 21646: 21641: 21636: 21631: 21626: 21621: 21620: 21619: 21609: 21604: 21603: 21602: 21592: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21542: 21537: 21536: 21535: 21530: 21520: 21518:Yinhe incident 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21489: 21488: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21446:Rover incident 21442: 21440: 21436: 21435: 21433: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21421: 21420: 21415: 21410: 21409: 21408: 21393: 21392: 21391: 21381: 21376: 21375: 21374: 21369: 21358: 21356: 21352: 21351: 21349: 21348: 21343: 21338: 21333: 21328: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21308: 21307: 21306: 21296: 21295: 21294: 21289: 21287:Harvey Feldman 21284: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21252: 21247: 21246: 21245: 21240: 21230: 21225: 21220: 21219: 21218: 21213: 21203: 21198: 21193: 21188: 21182: 21180: 21174: 21173: 21171: 21170: 21169: 21168: 21158: 21157: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21123: 21122: 21121: 21116: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21087: 21085: 21081: 21080: 21059: 21058: 21051: 21044: 21036: 21027: 21026: 21014: 21011: 21010: 21008: 21007: 21000: 20993: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20961: 20959:Kosei Fukunaga 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20910: 20909: 20899: 20898: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20877: 20876: 20875: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20844: 20842: 20838: 20837: 20835: 20834: 20829: 20828: 20827: 20822: 20812: 20807: 20805:Jinan incident 20802: 20797: 20796: 20795: 20785: 20784: 20783: 20773: 20768: 20767: 20766: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20735: 20733: 20729: 20728: 20726: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20714: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20698: 20693: 20683: 20678: 20677: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20606: 20605: 20604: 20593: 20591: 20587: 20586: 20584: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20567: 20566: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20505: 20503: 20499: 20498: 20496: 20495: 20489: 20487: 20483: 20482: 20461: 20460: 20453: 20446: 20438: 20429: 20428: 20426: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20410: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20390: 20385: 20380: 20375: 20370: 20365: 20359: 20357: 20353: 20352: 20349: 20348: 20346: 20345: 20344: 20343: 20332: 20330: 20326: 20325: 20323: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20276: 20274: 20268: 20267: 20265: 20264: 20259: 20257:State of Burma 20254: 20249: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20228: 20226: 20222: 20221: 20219: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20185: 20183: 20176: 20172: 20171: 20168: 20167: 20165: 20164: 20159: 20145: 20140: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20100: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20078:Musha Incident 20075: 20070: 20068:Jinan incident 20065: 20059: 20057: 20051: 20050: 20048: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20007: 20002: 20001: 20000: 19989: 19987: 19981: 19980: 19978: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19925:Beipu uprising 19922: 19916: 19914: 19909: 19903: 19899: 19898: 19895: 19894: 19892: 19891: 19889:Treaty Faction 19886: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19860: 19858: 19853: 19850: 19849: 19847: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19819:Imperial Guard 19816: 19811: 19806: 19800: 19798: 19793: 19790: 19789: 19787: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19760: 19759: 19744: 19743: 19742: 19737: 19726: 19724: 19719: 19713: 19709: 19708: 19705: 19704: 19702: 19701: 19700: 19699: 19694: 19684: 19679: 19674: 19668: 19666: 19659: 19656: 19655: 19653: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19586: 19584: 19579:Administration 19577: 19571: 19567: 19566: 19564: 19563: 19558: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19513: 19508: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19472: 19470: 19466: 19465: 19463: 19462: 19457: 19456: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19440: 19430: 19425: 19419: 19417: 19413: 19412: 19410: 19409: 19401: 19393: 19384: 19382: 19378: 19377: 19370: 19368: 19366: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19344: 19343: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19277: 19275: 19271: 19270: 19263: 19262: 19255: 19248: 19240: 19231: 19230: 19228: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19186: 19184: 19178: 19177: 19175: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19163: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19145:British Empire 19140:United Kingdom 19137: 19132: 19127: 19126: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19113:Basque Country 19105: 19104: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19028: 19023: 19018: 19013: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18992: 18991: 18989:Basque Country 18986: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18959:Czechoslovakia 18956: 18951: 18946: 18941: 18935: 18933: 18929: 18928: 18926: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18860: 18859: 18858: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18837: 18836: 18831: 18821: 18820: 18819: 18809: 18804: 18798: 18796: 18792: 18791: 18789: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18752: 18750: 18746: 18745: 18743: 18742: 18741: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18674: 18672: 18668: 18667: 18665: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18643: 18642: 18637: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18571: 18569: 18565: 18564: 18557: 18556: 18549: 18542: 18534: 18525: 18524: 18522: 18521: 18514: 18507: 18490: 18487: 18486: 18483: 18482: 18480: 18479: 18478: 18477: 18470: 18463: 18449: 18448: 18447: 18433: 18430:South Sakhalin 18426: 18425: 18424: 18410: 18403: 18396: 18389: 18382: 18381: 18380: 18366: 18359: 18352: 18345: 18338: 18331: 18324: 18317: 18310: 18303: 18296: 18289: 18282: 18275: 18267: 18265: 18259: 18258: 18256: 18255: 18248: 18247: 18246: 18230: 18223: 18222: 18221: 18207: 18200: 18193: 18186: 18179: 18170: 18161: 18154: 18145: 18138: 18131: 18124: 18115: 18108: 18101: 18094: 18087: 18080: 18073: 18064: 18057: 18048: 18039: 18030: 18023: 18016: 18005: 17995: 17993: 17987: 17986: 17984: 17983: 17976: 17975: 17974: 17967: 17953: 17946: 17939: 17932: 17925: 17924: 17923: 17909: 17902: 17893: 17886: 17879: 17872: 17865: 17858: 17855:Battle of Attu 17851: 17844: 17836: 17834: 17828: 17827: 17825: 17824: 17817: 17808: 17801: 17794: 17785: 17778: 17771: 17764: 17757: 17748: 17747: 17746: 17739: 17725: 17718: 17711: 17704: 17697: 17690: 17683: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17654: 17652: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17642: 17635: 17628: 17621: 17614: 17607: 17600: 17597:Battle of Guam 17593: 17586: 17579: 17572: 17565: 17558: 17551: 17544: 17537: 17530: 17523: 17520:Battle of Kiev 17516: 17509: 17495: 17494: 17493: 17479: 17472: 17465: 17458: 17451: 17450: 17449: 17435: 17428: 17421: 17413: 17411: 17405: 17404: 17402: 17401: 17392: 17385: 17378: 17371: 17364: 17357: 17350: 17343: 17336: 17329: 17322: 17315: 17308: 17301: 17294: 17287: 17280: 17273: 17265: 17263: 17257: 17256: 17254: 17253: 17246: 17239: 17232: 17225: 17218: 17211: 17203: 17201: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17191: 17190: 17189: 17182: 17175: 17168: 17161: 17147: 17146: 17145: 17138: 17124: 17123: 17122: 17107: 17105: 17096: 17090: 17089: 17086: 17085: 17083: 17082: 17075: 17068: 17067: 17066: 17059: 17047: 17046: 17045: 17031: 17024: 17023: 17022: 17019:United Kingdom 17015: 17008: 17007: 17006: 16987: 16979: 16977: 16971: 16970: 16968: 16967: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16951: 16939: 16932: 16925: 16918: 16911: 16904: 16897: 16890: 16883: 16876: 16869: 16862: 16855: 16848: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16832: 16818: 16811: 16804: 16797: 16790: 16783: 16776: 16769: 16762: 16755: 16748: 16741: 16734: 16727: 16720: 16713: 16705: 16703: 16697: 16696: 16694: 16693: 16686: 16679: 16672: 16665: 16658: 16651: 16644: 16637: 16630: 16623: 16615: 16613: 16607: 16606: 16604: 16603: 16596: 16589: 16582: 16575: 16567: 16560: 16553: 16546: 16545: 16544: 16529: 16522: 16515: 16508: 16501: 16494: 16486: 16479: 16472: 16464: 16456: 16454: 16448: 16447: 16445: 16444: 16437: 16436: 16435: 16421: 16420: 16419: 16416:British Empire 16409:United Kingdom 16405: 16398: 16391: 16384: 16377: 16370: 16358: 16351: 16344: 16337: 16330: 16323: 16316: 16309: 16302: 16290: 16283: 16276: 16269: 16262: 16250: 16242: 16235: 16228: 16225:Czechoslovakia 16221: 16214: 16207: 16200: 16188: 16181: 16174: 16167: 16159: 16157: 16148: 16142: 16141: 16138: 16137: 16135: 16134: 16133: 16132: 16125: 16122:Rape of Manila 16118: 16111: 16104: 16093: 16078: 16071: 16059: 16052: 16051: 16050: 16043: 16029: 16028: 16027: 16020: 16013: 15999: 15992: 15991: 15990: 15983: 15982: 15981: 15974: 15960: 15953: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15930: 15923: 15908: 15906: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15896: 15893:United Nations 15889: 15882: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15866: 15859: 15852: 15838: 15829: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15799: 15790: 15783: 15776: 15769: 15762: 15755: 15752:Decolonization 15748: 15741: 15733: 15731: 15725: 15724: 15722: 15721: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15698: 15691: 15690: 15689: 15682: 15675: 15661: 15660: 15659: 15652: 15638: 15637: 15636: 15629: 15622: 15615: 15608: 15601: 15586: 15584: 15578: 15577: 15575: 15574: 15567: 15560: 15553: 15546: 15539: 15532: 15525: 15524: 15523: 15516: 15502: 15495: 15488: 15481: 15474: 15467: 15460: 15459: 15458: 15444: 15437: 15436: 15435: 15428: 15425:United Kingdom 15421: 15407: 15400: 15393: 15386: 15379: 15372: 15365: 15364: 15363: 15348: 15346: 15337: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15329: 15322: 15315: 15314: 15313: 15306: 15299: 15287: 15286: 15285: 15271: 15263: 15260: 15259: 15252: 15251: 15244: 15237: 15229: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15216: 15206: 15196: 15185: 15182: 15181: 15178: 15177: 15174: 15173: 15171: 15170: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15106: 15104: 15100: 15099: 15097: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15075: 15073: 15069: 15068: 15066: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15039: 15037: 15033: 15032: 15030: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14993: 14991: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14978: 14977:Related topics 14974: 14966: 14965: 14962: 14961: 14959: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14903: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14845: 14843: 14839: 14838: 14836: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14738:Xi'an Incident 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14714: 14712: 14708: 14707: 14705: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14668: 14666: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14531:Wuhan campaign 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14502: 14500: 14492: 14491: 14481: 14480: 14477: 14476: 14473: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14448:Koshirō Oikawa 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14414: 14412: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14383: 14381: 14374: 14370: 14369: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14325:Demchugdongrub 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14270:Kantarō Suzuki 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14240:Fumimaro Konoe 14237: 14231: 14229: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14170: 14168: 14161: 14157: 14156: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14133: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14109: 14108: 14107: 14105:Naval Infantry 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14076: 14074: 14070: 14069: 14067: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14044: 14043: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14030: 14025: 14014: 14012: 14005: 13999: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13950: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13915: 13913: 13906: 13898: 13897: 13887: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13867:Xi'an Incident 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13812:Battle of Rehe 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13777:Nanjing decade 13773: 13770: 13769: 13759: 13758: 13750: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13690: 13684: 13678: 13673: 13654: 13647: 13642: 13633: 13632:External links 13630: 13628: 13627: 13608: 13599: 13593: 13578: 13560: 13545: 13528: 13522: 13507: 13478: 13471: 13461: 13454: 13436: 13418: 13401: 13394: 13381: 13366: 13349: 13334: 13325: 13318: 13305: 13294: 13288: 13275: 13258: 13245: 13239: 13216: 13210: 13197: 13183: 13166: 13160: 13136: 13126: 13117: 13102: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13058: 13038: 13008: 12989: 12969: 12934: 12915: 12895: 12864: 12845: 12825: 12806: 12786: 12773: 12735: 12704: 12687: 12674: 12645: 12601: 12599:, p. 166. 12589: 12560: 12531: 12504: 12474: 12448: 12424: 12415: 12413:, p. 565. 12403: 12382: 12368: 12350: 12320: 12301: 12273: 12244: 12229: 12211: 12199: 12192: 12169: 12160: 12145: 12119: 12093: 12091:, 2001, p. 364 12075: 12060: 12036: 12017: 11998: 11979: 11968:Mackerras 2003 11960: 11945:. March 2007. 11930: 11919: 11887: 11865: 11834: 11807: 11781: 11772: 11762: 11743: 11714: 11699: 11680: 11667: 11641: 11618: 11573: 11545: 11514: 11495: 11475: 11456: 11436: 11417: 11397: 11378: 11358: 11329: 11300: 11259: 11245: 11217: 11198: 11178: 11152: 11145: 11125: 11111: 11091: 11072: 11052: 11045: 11025: 11018: 10992: 10985: 10965: 10958: 10938: 10931: 10911: 10894: 10868: 10861: 10834: 10800: 10765: 10758: 10740: 10735:www.iwm.org.uk 10722: 10690: 10661: 10635:(3): 408–430. 10615: 10574: 10542: 10510: 10478: 10449: 10432: 10415: 10398: 10395:. p. 266. 10381: 10372: 10363: 10337: 10331:978-1444395174 10330: 10312: 10295: 10293:, p. 156. 10283: 10270: 10254: 10238: 10222: 10196: 10166: 10136: 10106: 10076: 10046: 10012: 9985: 9955: 9953:, p. 420. 9943: 9931: 9919: 9912: 9884: 9872: 9860: 9853: 9832: 9820: 9808: 9795: 9791:Hidden Horrors 9782: 9775: 9757: 9750: 9732: 9713: 9693: 9674: 9654: 9635: 9615: 9608: 9582: 9558: 9556:, p. 259. 9546: 9527: 9500:(2): 307–326. 9477: 9470: 9444: 9431: 9418: 9384: 9368: 9345: 9339:978-0199780549 9338: 9318: 9303: 9288: 9271: 9249: 9230: 9211: 9192: 9183: 9164:(4): 287–297. 9148: 9132: 9117: 9102: 9080: 9078:, p. 168. 9068: 9053: 9041: 9026: 9011: 8968: 8941: 8928: 8910: 8903: 8851: 8842: 8825:air.mnd.gov.tw 8812: 8805: 8787: 8757: 8727: 8697: 8690: 8670: 8654: 8647: 8627: 8620: 8589: 8542: 8535: 8502: 8483: 8470: 8457: 8445: 8436: 8424: 8412: 8399: 8387: 8375: 8366: 8357: 8336: 8327: 8315:news.ifeng.com 8302: 8255: 8248: 8230: 8218: 8192: 8162: 8118: 8075: 8062: 8045: 8030: 7999: 7980: 7960: 7944: 7925: 7905: 7886: 7866: 7835: 7804: 7802:, p. 171. 7792: 7772:10.2307/132824 7766:(2): 295–363, 7750: 7725: 7699: 7690: 7666: 7657: 7626: 7607: 7598: 7557: 7526: 7491: 7478: 7466: 7459: 7441: 7429: 7410: 7391: 7384: 7366: 7364:, p. 535. 7354: 7335: 7315: 7306: 7299: 7282: 7275: 7257: 7238: 7218: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7110: 7094: 7091: 7086:Main article: 7083: 7080: 7023: 7020: 6997:bubonic plague 6906: 6903: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6825:Rudolph Rummel 6822: 6815: 6808: 6805:Yasuji Okamura 6793: 6789: 6780: 6768: 6763: 6760: 6742: 6739: 6730: 6729:Commemorations 6727: 6719:Main article: 6716: 6713: 6704:Main article: 6701: 6698: 6672:(DPP) won the 6591:Main article: 6588: 6585: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6507: 6504: 6500:mainland China 6455:Main article: 6452: 6449: 6416:were present. 6414:Hsu Yung-chang 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6340:Tibetan Empire 6327: 6324: 6310:, Ma Hongbin, 6265:Main article: 6262: 6259: 6215: 6212: 6135: 6132: 6010: 6009:United Kingdom 6007: 5925:Robert Craigie 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877:Western allies 5875: 5830: 5827: 5822:Some divisions 5794:Main article: 5791: 5788: 5771:Hazel Ying Lee 5752: 5749: 5742:Lend-Lease Act 5708: 5705: 5689: 5686: 5622:Main article: 5619: 5616: 5575:Burma Campaign 5537:island hopping 5456:Doolittle Raid 5414:Four Policemen 5371:Soong Mei-ling 5362: 5359: 5314:Shaan-Gan-Ning 5310:8th Route Army 5294:Xi'an Incident 5283:Northeast Army 5262: 5259: 5198:Local Chinese 5170: 5167: 5151: 5150: 5144: 5125: 5122: 5101: 5098: 5015: 5014: 4965: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4900:scorched earth 4894:Zhongmu County 4826: 4818: 4805: 4802: 4774: 4771: 4738: 4735: 4692: 4689: 4679: 4676: 4633:Main article: 4630: 4627: 4499:Zhang Zhizhong 4464:Main article: 4461: 4458: 4449:racial epithet 4434:Ōyama Incident 4398:Main article: 4395: 4392: 4383:Boxer Protocol 4353:announced the 4340:Main article: 4337: 4334: 4302:Inner Mongolia 4278:huáběitèshūhùa 4265:Specialization 4228:to pacify the 4136: 4133: 4108: 4105: 4081:Main article: 4078: 4075: 4067:Zhang Xueliang 4055:Main article: 4052: 4049: 4039:Jinan incident 4037:Main article: 4034: 4033:Jinan incident 4031: 3979:Main article: 3976: 3973: 3921: 3918: 3898:Russian Empire 3841:Main article: 3838: 3835: 3830:Main article: 3827: 3824: 3753:Fumimaro Konoe 3713: 3710: 3553: 3550: 3463:Lend-Lease Act 3276: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3261:Nittyuu sensou 3259: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3214:Transcriptions 3207: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118:Transcriptions 3111: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3051:Transcriptions 3044: 3043: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2984:Transcriptions 2977: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2917:Transcriptions 2910: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2850:Transcriptions 2843: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2769:Transcriptions 2762: 2761: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2667:Baltic Nations 2658: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2476: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2367: 2362: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2215:Ganghwa (1875) 2212: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2124: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2084: 2082:South Sakhalin 2079: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2024: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1839: 1837:Malacca Strait 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795:Southeast Asia 1791: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1705:Doolittle Raid 1702: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1592:Guilin–Liuzhou 1588: 1583: 1569: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1543: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1426: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1379: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1320: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1235:Beiping–Hankou 1229: 1228: 1227: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1174:Inner Mongolia 1171: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1099: 1098: 1091: 1084: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1054: 1045: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1017: 1014:Burma campaign 1010: 1004: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 971: 970: 969: 968: 967: 964:Burma campaign 957: 954: 951: 926: 924: 922: 921: 920: 919: 916: 913: 910:Burma campaign 900: 899: 898: 897: 896: 887: 886: 885: 879: 876: 875:87,208 missing 873: 870: 846: 840: 839: 838: 837: 836: 833: 824: 823: 822: 816: 813: 810: 785: 782: 781: 777: 776: 774: 773: 742: 741: 740: 737:Burma campaign 733: 730: 729:600,000 (1937) 711: 699: 697: 696: 695: 694: 691: 690:488,744 (1940) 688: 687:166,700 (1938) 685: 684:640,000 (1937) 667: 666: 665: 662: 659: 636: 623: 622: 618: 617: 615: 614: 602: 590: 572: 570:Yasuji Okamura 560: 548: 530: 515: 513: 511: 510: 491: 472: 453: 434: 415: 396: 382: 367: 364: 363: 359: 358: 357: 356: 343: 331: 305: 304: 303: 291: 264: 263: 259: 258: 255: 254: 241: 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 223: 222: 217: 212: 210:Mainland China 206: 205: 203: 199: 198: 195: 187: 186: 184: 183: 174: 164: 158: 148: 139: 125: 111: 110: 102: 101: 100: 91: 90: 82: 81: 80: 71: 70: 62: 61: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23596: 23585: 23582: 23580: 23577: 23575: 23572: 23570: 23567: 23565: 23562: 23560: 23557: 23555: 23552: 23550: 23547: 23545: 23542: 23540: 23537: 23535: 23532: 23530: 23527: 23525: 23522: 23520: 23517: 23515: 23512: 23510: 23507: 23505: 23502: 23500: 23497: 23495: 23492: 23490: 23487: 23485: 23482: 23480: 23477: 23475: 23472: 23471: 23469: 23454: 23451: 23449: 23446: 23445: 23443: 23439: 23433: 23430: 23428: 23425: 23423: 23420: 23418: 23415: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23405: 23403: 23400: 23396: 23393: 23392: 23391: 23388: 23387: 23385: 23381: 23371: 23368: 23366: 23363: 23361: 23358: 23356: 23353: 23351: 23348: 23346: 23343: 23341: 23338: 23336: 23333: 23331: 23328: 23326: 23323: 23321: 23318: 23316: 23313: 23311: 23308: 23306: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23293: 23292: 23290: 23286: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23256: 23254: 23250: 23244: 23241: 23239: 23236: 23234: 23231: 23229: 23228:Fong Yue Ting 23226: 23224: 23221: 23220: 23218: 23214: 23211: 23207: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23177: 23174: 23172: 23169: 23165: 23162: 23161: 23159: 23158:Trump tariffs 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23086: 23084: 23080: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23066: 23063: 23060: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23046: 23043: 23041: 23038: 23036: 23033: 23031: 23028: 23026: 23023: 23020: 23017: 23014: 23011: 23008: 23005: 23000: 22997: 22996: 22994: 22993: 22989: 22986: 22983: 22980: 22977: 22974: 22971: 22967: 22964: 22962: 22959: 22956: 22953: 22950: 22947: 22946: 22944: 22941: 22938: 22935: 22933: 22930: 22928:(1920s–1930s) 22927: 22924: 22922: 22919: 22916: 22913: 22910: 22907: 22904: 22901: 22898: 22895: 22894: 22892: 22888: 22881: 22878: 22875: 22872: 22870: 22867: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22848: 22845: 22843: 22840: 22837: 22834: 22832: 22829: 22827: 22824: 22822: 22819: 22817: 22814: 22812: 22809: 22806: 22803: 22800: 22797: 22795: 22792: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22767: 22764: 22761: 22758: 22755: 22754:Buckland Riot 22752: 22751: 22749: 22745: 22739: 22736: 22734: 22731: 22730: 22728: 22724: 22718: 22715: 22713: 22710: 22707: 22704: 22703: 22701: 22697: 22694: 22690: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22661: 22660: 22658: 22654: 22648: 22645: 22641: 22638: 22637: 22636: 22635:United States 22633: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22590: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22581: 22579: 22576: 22572: 22569: 22568: 22567: 22564: 22562: 22559: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22549: 22548: 22546: 22542: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22515:Denis Kearney 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22502: 22500: 22498:By persecutor 22496: 22490: 22487: 22483: 22480: 22479: 22478: 22475: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22462: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22452: 22450: 22446: 22441: 22434: 22429: 22427: 22422: 22420: 22415: 22414: 22411: 22401: 22400: 22389: 22383: 22382: 22378: 22376: 22375: 22371: 22369: 22368: 22364: 22362: 22361: 22357: 22355: 22354: 22350: 22348: 22347: 22343: 22341: 22340: 22336: 22334: 22333: 22329: 22327: 22326: 22322: 22320: 22319: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22228: 22225: 22223: 22220: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22193: 22190: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22173: 22170: 22168: 22165: 22163: 22160: 22158: 22155: 22153: 22150: 22148: 22145: 22143: 22140: 22138: 22135: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22123: 22120: 22118: 22115: 22113: 22110: 22108: 22105: 22101: 22098: 22097: 22096: 22093: 22091: 22088: 22086: 22085:China watcher 22083: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22073: 22069: 22066: 22065: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22047: 22046: 22042: 22041: 22040: 22037: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22025: 22022: 22020: 22017: 22015: 22012: 22010: 22007: 22006: 22004: 22000: 21994: 21991: 21988: 21987:Trump tariffs 21984: 21981: 21977: 21974: 21973: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21943: 21941: 21937: 21931: 21928: 21926: 21923: 21921: 21918: 21916: 21913: 21911: 21908: 21906: 21903: 21901: 21898: 21896: 21893: 21891: 21888: 21886: 21883: 21881: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21865:EQUITABLE Act 21863: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21824: 21821: 21820: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21801: 21799: 21796: 21795: 21793: 21789: 21783: 21780: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21765:Flying Tigers 21763: 21761: 21760:Dixie Mission 21758: 21756: 21755:China Marines 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21732: 21731: 21728: 21724: 21721: 21720: 21719: 21716: 21715: 21713: 21711: 21707: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21684: 21681: 21680: 21679: 21676: 21670: 21667: 21666: 21665: 21662: 21660: 21657: 21655: 21652: 21651: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21618: 21615: 21614: 21613: 21610: 21608: 21605: 21601: 21598: 21597: 21596: 21593: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21525: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21487: 21484: 21483: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21443: 21441: 21437: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21419: 21416: 21414: 21411: 21407: 21404: 21403: 21402: 21399: 21398: 21397: 21394: 21390: 21387: 21386: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21365: 21364: 21363: 21360: 21359: 21357: 21353: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21327: 21324: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21312: 21309: 21305: 21302: 21301: 21300: 21297: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21282: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21257: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21244: 21241: 21239: 21238:Loss of China 21236: 21235: 21234: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21217: 21214: 21212: 21209: 21208: 21207: 21204: 21202: 21199: 21197: 21194: 21192: 21189: 21187: 21184: 21183: 21181: 21179: 21175: 21167: 21164: 21163: 21162: 21159: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21126: 21124: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21111: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21088: 21086: 21082: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21057: 21052: 21050: 21045: 21043: 21038: 21037: 21034: 21024: 21023: 21012: 21006: 21005: 21001: 20999: 20998: 20994: 20992: 20991: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20964:Yang Shoujing 20962: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20908: 20905: 20904: 20903: 20900: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20882: 20881: 20878: 20874: 20871: 20870: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20845: 20843: 20839: 20833: 20830: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20817: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20794: 20791: 20790: 20789: 20786: 20782: 20779: 20778: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20765: 20762: 20761: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20736: 20734: 20730: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20692: 20689: 20688: 20687: 20684: 20682: 20679: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20611: 20610: 20607: 20603: 20600: 20599: 20598: 20595: 20594: 20592: 20588: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20572: 20569: 20565: 20562: 20561: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20506: 20504: 20500: 20494: 20491: 20490: 20488: 20484: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20459: 20454: 20452: 20447: 20445: 20440: 20439: 20436: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20368:Fukoku kyōhei 20366: 20364: 20361: 20360: 20358: 20354: 20342: 20339: 20338: 20337: 20334: 20333: 20331: 20327: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20277: 20275: 20273: 20269: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20229: 20227: 20225:Puppet states 20223: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20196: 20195: 20190: 20187: 20186: 20184: 20180: 20177: 20173: 20163: 20160: 20157: 20153: 20149: 20146: 20144: 20141: 20139: 20136: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20060: 20058: 20056: 20052: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 19999: 19996: 19995: 19994: 19991: 19990: 19988: 19986: 19982: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19907: 19904: 19900: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19884:Fleet Faction 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19864:General Staff 19862: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19851: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19804:General Staff 19802: 19801: 19799: 19796: 19791: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19758: 19757:military code 19756: 19752: 19751: 19750: 19749: 19745: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19732: 19731: 19728: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19717: 19714: 19710: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19689: 19688: 19687:Imperial Diet 19685: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19677:Privy Council 19675: 19673: 19670: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19657: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19595:Home Ministry 19593: 19591: 19588: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19575: 19572: 19568: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19473: 19471: 19467: 19461: 19458: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19438:Imperial Seal 19436: 19435: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19423:Flag of Japan 19421: 19420: 19418: 19414: 19408: 19402: 19400: 19394: 19392: 19386: 19385: 19383: 19379: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19342: 19339: 19338: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19276: 19272: 19268: 19261: 19256: 19254: 19249: 19247: 19242: 19241: 19238: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19187: 19185: 19179: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19142: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19110: 19109: 19106: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19088: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19036:Liechtenstein 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19011: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18981: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18936: 18934: 18930: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18857: 18854: 18853: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18826: 18825: 18822: 18818: 18815: 18814: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18799: 18797: 18793: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18771:Latin America 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18753: 18751: 18749:South America 18747: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18710: 18709: 18708:United States 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18675: 18673: 18671:North America 18669: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18632: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18575:Belgian Congo 18573: 18572: 18570: 18566: 18562: 18555: 18550: 18548: 18543: 18541: 18536: 18535: 18532: 18519: 18515: 18512: 18508: 18505: 18504: 18499: 18492: 18491: 18488: 18475: 18471: 18468: 18464: 18461: 18457: 18456: 18454: 18450: 18445: 18441: 18440: 18438: 18437:Kuril Islands 18434: 18431: 18427: 18422: 18418: 18417: 18415: 18411: 18408: 18404: 18401: 18397: 18394: 18390: 18387: 18383: 18378: 18374: 18373: 18371: 18367: 18364: 18360: 18357: 18353: 18350: 18346: 18343: 18339: 18336: 18332: 18329: 18325: 18322: 18318: 18315: 18311: 18308: 18304: 18301: 18297: 18294: 18290: 18287: 18283: 18280: 18276: 18273: 18269: 18268: 18266: 18264: 18260: 18253: 18249: 18244: 18243: 18238: 18237: 18235: 18231: 18228: 18224: 18219: 18215: 18214: 18212: 18208: 18205: 18204:Syrmian Front 18201: 18198: 18194: 18191: 18187: 18184: 18180: 18177: 18176: 18171: 18168: 18167: 18162: 18159: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18150:Market Garden 18146: 18143: 18139: 18136: 18132: 18129: 18125: 18122: 18121: 18116: 18113: 18109: 18106: 18102: 18099: 18095: 18092: 18088: 18085: 18081: 18078: 18074: 18071: 18070: 18065: 18062: 18058: 18055: 18054: 18049: 18046: 18045: 18040: 18037: 18036: 18031: 18028: 18024: 18021: 18017: 18014: 18010: 18009:Monte Cassino 18006: 18003: 18002: 17997: 17996: 17994: 17992: 17988: 17981: 17977: 17972: 17968: 17965: 17961: 17960: 17958: 17954: 17951: 17947: 17944: 17940: 17937: 17933: 17930: 17926: 17921: 17917: 17916: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17903: 17900: 17899: 17894: 17891: 17887: 17884: 17880: 17877: 17873: 17870: 17866: 17863: 17859: 17856: 17852: 17849: 17845: 17842: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17833: 17829: 17822: 17818: 17815: 17814: 17809: 17806: 17802: 17799: 17795: 17792: 17791: 17786: 17783: 17779: 17776: 17772: 17769: 17765: 17762: 17758: 17755: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17740: 17737: 17733: 17732: 17730: 17726: 17723: 17719: 17716: 17712: 17709: 17705: 17702: 17698: 17695: 17691: 17688: 17684: 17681: 17677: 17674: 17670: 17667: 17663: 17660: 17656: 17655: 17653: 17651: 17647: 17640: 17636: 17633: 17629: 17626: 17622: 17619: 17615: 17612: 17608: 17605: 17601: 17598: 17594: 17591: 17587: 17584: 17580: 17577: 17573: 17570: 17566: 17563: 17559: 17556: 17552: 17549: 17545: 17542: 17538: 17535: 17531: 17528: 17524: 17521: 17517: 17514: 17510: 17506: 17505: 17500: 17496: 17491: 17487: 17486: 17484: 17480: 17477: 17473: 17470: 17466: 17463: 17459: 17456: 17452: 17447: 17443: 17442: 17440: 17436: 17433: 17429: 17426: 17422: 17419: 17415: 17414: 17412: 17410: 17406: 17399: 17398: 17393: 17390: 17386: 17383: 17379: 17376: 17372: 17369: 17368:Baltic states 17365: 17362: 17358: 17355: 17351: 17348: 17344: 17341: 17337: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17323: 17320: 17316: 17313: 17309: 17306: 17302: 17299: 17295: 17292: 17288: 17285: 17281: 17278: 17274: 17271: 17267: 17266: 17264: 17262: 17258: 17251: 17247: 17244: 17240: 17237: 17233: 17230: 17226: 17223: 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17205: 17204: 17202: 17200: 17196: 17187: 17183: 17180: 17176: 17173: 17169: 17166: 17162: 17159: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17148: 17143: 17139: 17136: 17132: 17131: 17129: 17125: 17120: 17116: 17115: 17113: 17109: 17108: 17106: 17104: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17091: 17080: 17076: 17073: 17069: 17064: 17060: 17057: 17053: 17052: 17048: 17043: 17039: 17038: 17036: 17032: 17029: 17025: 17020: 17016: 17013: 17012:United States 17009: 17004: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16993: 16992: 16988: 16985: 16981: 16980: 16978: 16976: 16972: 16965: 16961: 16956: 16952: 16949: 16948:Quốc dân Đảng 16945: 16944: 16940: 16937: 16933: 16930: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16912: 16909: 16905: 16902: 16898: 16895: 16891: 16888: 16884: 16881: 16877: 16874: 16870: 16867: 16863: 16860: 16856: 16853: 16849: 16846: 16842: 16837: 16833: 16830: 16826: 16825: 16823: 16819: 16816: 16812: 16809: 16805: 16802: 16798: 16795: 16791: 16788: 16784: 16781: 16777: 16774: 16770: 16767: 16763: 16760: 16756: 16753: 16749: 16746: 16742: 16739: 16735: 16732: 16728: 16725: 16721: 16718: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16702: 16698: 16691: 16687: 16684: 16680: 16677: 16673: 16670: 16666: 16663: 16659: 16656: 16652: 16649: 16648:Liechtenstein 16645: 16642: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16624: 16621: 16617: 16616: 16614: 16612: 16608: 16601: 16600:Collaboration 16597: 16594: 16590: 16587: 16583: 16580: 16576: 16572: 16568: 16565: 16561: 16558: 16554: 16551: 16547: 16542: 16538: 16537: 16534: 16530: 16527: 16523: 16520: 16516: 16513: 16509: 16506: 16502: 16499: 16495: 16491: 16487: 16484: 16480: 16477: 16473: 16469: 16465: 16462: 16458: 16457: 16455: 16453: 16449: 16442: 16438: 16433: 16429: 16428: 16426: 16425:United States 16422: 16417: 16413: 16412: 16410: 16406: 16403: 16399: 16396: 16392: 16389: 16385: 16382: 16378: 16375: 16371: 16367: 16363: 16359: 16356: 16352: 16349: 16345: 16342: 16338: 16335: 16331: 16328: 16324: 16321: 16317: 16314: 16310: 16307: 16303: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16288: 16284: 16281: 16277: 16274: 16270: 16267: 16263: 16259: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16243: 16240: 16236: 16233: 16229: 16226: 16222: 16219: 16215: 16212: 16208: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16186: 16182: 16179: 16175: 16172: 16168: 16165: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16156: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16143: 16130: 16126: 16123: 16119: 16116: 16115:Comfort women 16112: 16109: 16105: 16102: 16099: / 16098: 16094: 16091: 16088: / 16087: 16084: / 16083: 16079: 16076: 16075:Camp brothels 16072: 16069: 16065: 16064: 16060: 16057: 16053: 16048: 16044: 16041: 16037: 16036: 16034: 16030: 16025: 16021: 16018: 16014: 16011: 16007: 16006: 16004: 16000: 15997: 15993: 15988: 15984: 15979: 15975: 15972: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15964:The Holocaust 15961: 15958: 15954: 15951: 15950:forced labour 15947: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15935: 15931: 15928: 15924: 15921: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15910: 15909: 15907: 15905: 15901: 15894: 15890: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15876: 15871: 15867: 15864: 15860: 15857: 15853: 15850: 15846: 15845: 15843: 15839: 15836: 15835: 15830: 15827: 15826: 15821: 15818: 15814: 15811: 15807: 15804: 15803:Marshall Plan 15800: 15797: 15796: 15791: 15788: 15784: 15781: 15777: 15774: 15770: 15767: 15763: 15760: 15756: 15753: 15749: 15746: 15742: 15739: 15735: 15734: 15732: 15730: 15726: 15719: 15715: 15710: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15699: 15696: 15692: 15687: 15683: 15680: 15676: 15673: 15669: 15668: 15666: 15662: 15657: 15656:Eastern Front 15653: 15650: 15649:Western Front 15646: 15645: 15643: 15639: 15634: 15630: 15627: 15623: 15620: 15616: 15613: 15609: 15606: 15602: 15599: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15583: 15579: 15572: 15568: 15565: 15561: 15558: 15554: 15551: 15547: 15544: 15543:Puppet states 15540: 15537: 15533: 15530: 15526: 15521: 15517: 15514: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15503: 15500: 15496: 15493: 15489: 15486: 15485:Naval history 15482: 15479: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15461: 15456: 15452: 15451: 15449: 15445: 15442: 15438: 15433: 15432:United States 15429: 15426: 15422: 15419: 15415: 15414: 15412: 15408: 15405: 15401: 15398: 15394: 15391: 15387: 15384: 15380: 15377: 15373: 15370: 15366: 15361: 15357: 15356: 15354: 15350: 15349: 15347: 15345: 15341: 15338: 15334: 15327: 15323: 15320: 15316: 15311: 15307: 15304: 15300: 15297: 15293: 15292: 15288: 15283: 15279: 15278: 15276: 15272: 15269: 15265: 15264: 15261: 15257: 15250: 15245: 15243: 15238: 15236: 15231: 15230: 15227: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15195: 15187: 15186: 15183: 15169:Stubborn Army 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15160:Dixie Mission 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15101: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15076: 15074: 15070: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15053:Flying Tigers 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15034: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14994: 14992: 14988: 14984: 14976: 14975: 14971: 14967: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14918: 14915: 14908: 14904: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14846: 14844: 14840: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14709: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14665:Major Battles 14663: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14503: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14489:Course of War 14486: 14482: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14409: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14371: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14350:Liang Hongzhi 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14315:Zhang Jinghui 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14300:Zengo Yoshida 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14285:Shunroku Hata 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14265:Kuniaki Koiso 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14226: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14209:Zhang Wentian 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14194:Soong Tse-ven 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14165: 14162: 14158: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14082: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14071: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14049: 14048: 14045: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14019: 14016: 14015: 14013: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14000: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13951: 13949: 13945: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13929: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13892: 13888: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13771: 13764: 13760: 13755: 13748: 13743: 13741: 13736: 13734: 13729: 13728: 13725: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13699: 13695: 13691: 13688: 13685: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13663: 13659: 13655: 13652: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13640: 13636: 13635: 13615: 13614: 13609: 13605: 13600: 13596: 13594:0-670-76003-X 13590: 13586: 13585: 13579: 13567: 13563: 13561:9781781251942 13557: 13553: 13552: 13546: 13544: 13540: 13537: 13536:online review 13533: 13529: 13525: 13519: 13515: 13514: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13483:Asian Affairs 13479: 13476: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13462: 13459: 13455: 13443: 13439: 13433: 13429: 13428: 13423: 13419: 13417: 13413: 13410: 13406: 13402: 13397: 13395:0-7748-1100-5 13391: 13388:. UBC Press. 13387: 13382: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13350: 13347: 13346:0-7748-0840-3 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13319:1-874622-21-3 13315: 13311: 13306: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13289:957-13-0962-1 13285: 13281: 13276: 13273: 13269: 13266: 13261: 13259:0-87332-708-X 13255: 13251: 13246: 13242: 13236: 13232: 13229:. Cambridge: 13228: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13207: 13203: 13198: 13196: 13192: 13191:7-214-03034-9 13188: 13184: 13181: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13167: 13163: 13161:0-8014-0951-9 13157: 13153: 13148: 13147: 13141: 13137: 13135: 13132:(1941) 570pp 13131: 13127: 13125: 13123: 13118: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13100: 13099:0-674-01748-X 13096: 13092: 13088: 13087: 13065: 13061: 13059:981-261-067-7 13055: 13051: 13050: 13042: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13012: 12996: 12992: 12986: 12982: 12981: 12973: 12954: 12947: 12946: 12938: 12922: 12918: 12912: 12908: 12907: 12899: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12868: 12852: 12848: 12846:1-85109-490-3 12842: 12838: 12837: 12829: 12813: 12809: 12807:1-4020-2097-X 12803: 12799: 12798: 12790: 12783: 12777: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12761:Prince Mikasa 12758: 12754: 12750: 12747: 12744: 12739: 12724:on 8 May 2019 12723: 12719: 12715: 12708: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12684: 12678: 12662: 12658: 12657: 12649: 12630: 12623: 12622: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12598: 12593: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12564: 12548: 12544: 12543: 12535: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12478: 12462: 12458: 12452: 12436: 12435: 12428: 12419: 12412: 12407: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12386: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12365: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12324: 12308: 12304: 12302:9781315081328 12298: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12277: 12261: 12257: 12256: 12248: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12230:9781607526599 12226: 12222: 12215: 12208: 12203: 12195: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12173: 12164: 12156: 12149: 12133: 12129: 12123: 12107: 12103: 12097: 12090: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12048: 12040: 12033: 12029: 12026: 12021: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12002: 11995: 11991: 11988: 11983: 11976: 11972: 11969: 11964: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11934: 11927: 11923: 11904: 11897: 11891: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11872: 11870: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11838: 11822: 11818: 11811: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11776: 11766: 11759: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11723:Lovell, Julia 11718: 11711: 11710: 11703: 11696: 11692: 11689: 11684: 11677: 11671: 11655: 11651: 11645: 11638: 11633: 11629: 11622: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11584: 11577: 11561: 11557: 11556: 11549: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11518: 11502: 11498: 11496:0-906026-24-5 11492: 11488: 11487: 11479: 11463: 11459: 11457:1-85207-930-4 11453: 11449: 11448: 11440: 11424: 11420: 11418:0-415-36835-9 11414: 11410: 11409: 11401: 11385: 11381: 11379:0-674-11968-1 11375: 11371: 11370: 11362: 11346: 11342: 11341: 11333: 11317: 11313: 11312: 11304: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11270: 11263: 11255: 11249: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11221: 11205: 11201: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11182: 11166: 11162: 11156: 11148: 11146:0-275-93560-4 11142: 11138: 11137: 11129: 11114: 11108: 11104: 11103: 11095: 11079: 11075: 11069: 11065: 11064: 11056: 11048: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11029: 11021: 11019:0-253-21360-6 11015: 11011: 11006: 11005: 10996: 10988: 10986:0-345-30823-9 10982: 10978: 10977: 10969: 10961: 10959:0-313-31170-6 10955: 10951: 10950: 10942: 10934: 10932:9780894532870 10928: 10924: 10923: 10915: 10908: 10897: 10895:0-231-06909-X 10891: 10887: 10882: 10881: 10872: 10864: 10862:0-8014-0951-9 10858: 10854: 10853: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10804: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10775:Asian Affairs 10769: 10761: 10759:9780709041313 10755: 10751: 10744: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10707: 10700: 10694: 10686: 10680: 10672: 10665: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10619: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10585: 10578: 10559: 10552: 10546: 10527: 10520: 10514: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10482: 10466: 10462: 10461: 10453: 10445: 10444: 10436: 10428: 10427: 10419: 10411: 10410: 10402: 10394: 10393: 10385: 10376: 10367: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10333: 10327: 10323: 10316: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10299: 10292: 10287: 10280: 10274: 10267: 10263: 10262:Mitter (2013) 10258: 10251: 10247: 10246:Mitter (2013) 10242: 10235: 10231: 10230:Mitter (2013) 10226: 10210: 10206: 10200: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10140: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10110: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10080: 10073: 10060: 10056: 10050: 10043: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10016: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9959: 9952: 9947: 9940: 9935: 9928: 9923: 9915: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9891: 9889: 9882:, p. 73. 9881: 9876: 9870:, p. 70. 9869: 9864: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9836: 9829: 9824: 9817: 9812: 9805: 9804:Asian Affairs 9799: 9792: 9789:Yuki Tanaka, 9786: 9778: 9772: 9768: 9761: 9753: 9751:0-304-29114-5 9747: 9743: 9736: 9720: 9716: 9710: 9706: 9705: 9697: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9667: 9666: 9658: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9619: 9611: 9605: 9601: 9596: 9595: 9586: 9578: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9562: 9555: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9531: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9438:Daniel Ford, 9435: 9428: 9422: 9415: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9382: 9378: 9372: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9349: 9341: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9322: 9314: 9307: 9299: 9292: 9284: 9283: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9262:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究 9256: 9254: 9245: 9241: 9240:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究 9234: 9226: 9222: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9202:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究 9196: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9152: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9128: 9121: 9113: 9106: 9098: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9077: 9072: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9045: 9037: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8985:. Ann Arbor: 8984: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8956: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8693: 8691:0-520-20761-0 8687: 8683: 8682: 8674: 8667: 8666:, p. 85. 8665: 8661:Lei, Bryant. 8658: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8631: 8623: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8585: 8569: 8561: 8560:j.ctv9zckzn.9 8557: 8554:. Routledge. 8553: 8546: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8487: 8480: 8474: 8467: 8461: 8455:, p. 83. 8454: 8449: 8440: 8434:, p. 82. 8433: 8428: 8422:, p. 79. 8421: 8416: 8409: 8403: 8397:, p. 57. 8396: 8391: 8385:, p. 33. 8384: 8379: 8370: 8361: 8354:(in Chinese). 8353: 8346: 8340: 8331: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8180: 8176: 8175:History Today 8172: 8166: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8132:The Economist 8128: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8066: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8041: 8034: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8003: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7974:. Macmillan. 7973: 7972: 7964: 7957: 7953: 7952:Mitter (2013) 7948: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7909: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7870: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7823: 7819: 7818:Vancouver Sun 7815: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7694: 7687: 7686:0-88738-417-X 7683: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7661: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7633: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7611: 7602: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7554: 7553:0-88738-417-X 7550: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7485: 7483: 7473: 7471: 7462: 7460:7-80054-595-4 7456: 7445: 7439:, p. 72. 7438: 7433: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7414: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7395: 7387: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7342: 7338: 7336:1-56324-246-X 7332: 7328: 7327: 7319: 7310: 7302: 7296: 7286: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7222: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7111: 7108: 7097: 7089: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7051: 7045: 7037: 7029: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6999:. During the 6998: 6995:carrying the 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6936:According to 6933: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6898: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6879:John W. Dower 6876: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6801:sanko sakusen 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6778: 6773: 6770:The official 6769: 6766: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6738: 6736: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6632:In 1952, the 6630: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6604: 6603:Taiwan Strait 6599: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6568:comfort women 6565: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6517: 6512: 6503: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6458: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6395:Kwantung Army 6387: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6273: 6268: 6258: 6255: 6254:Ili Rebellion 6250: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6181:Phạm Văn Đồng 6178: 6177:Phan Bội Châu 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5966: 5964: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5891:Flying Tigers 5888: 5882:United States 5874: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5843:two-front war 5840: 5836: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5775:Chan Kee-Wong 5772: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5380: 5379:British Burma 5376: 5372: 5367: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5333:Yangtze River 5329: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5250:Operation Zet 5247: 5243: 5242:Flying Tigers 5239: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5175: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5147:Second period 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5011: 5008: 5000: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4966:This section 4964: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4701:urban warfare 4697: 4688: 4684: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4647: 4641: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4548:Air Force Day 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4418:Kwantung Army 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4333: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4249:Rehe Province 4246: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4211:Lytton Report 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4111:In 1930, the 4104: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4021:launched the 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3995:German Empire 3992: 3988: 3982: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3908:and southern 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894:modernization 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3815:Nisshin–Sensō 3804: 3799: 3796: 3784: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3763:" (Japanese: 3762: 3758: 3755:launched the 3754: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3731: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3667: 3662: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3599: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475:the Himalayas 3472: 3469:cut off, the 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3410:relocated to 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3127:Japanese name 3125: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2802:ㄎㄤˋ ㄖˋ ㄓㄢˋ ㄓㄥ 2799: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2575:Syria–Lebanon 2573: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2479:Pacific Ocean 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2448:Eastern Front 2446: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2397:Western Front 2395: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2344: 2341:Campaigns of 2335: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2253:Taishō period 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2220:Ryukyu (1879) 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2210:Taiwan (1874) 2208: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2194: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087:Kuril Islands 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1970:North America 1968: 1967: 1964: 1963:Borneo (1945) 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1783:Bay of Bengal 1781: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443:Central Hubei 1441: 1439: 1438:North Vietnam 1436: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1383:South Guangxi 1380: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:Tianjin–Pukou 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1135:Lytton Report 1133: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1058: 1049: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1000: 997: 994: 993: 991: 990: 972: 965: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 948: 946: 943: 942: 940: 939: 928: 927: 925: 917: 914: 911: 907: 906: 904: 901: 895:446,740 total 894: 893: 891: 888: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 867: 865: 862: 861: 859: 858: 847: 844: 841: 834: 831: 830: 828: 825: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 807: 805: 802: 801: 799: 798: 787: 786: 784: 783: 778: 769: 768: 762: 743: 738: 734: 731: 728: 727: 725: 724: 713: 712: 710: 700: 692: 689: 686: 683: 682: 680: 679: 668: 663: 660: 657: 656: 654: 651:: (including 650: 649: 638: 637: 635: 625: 624: 619: 613: 603: 601: 591: 589: 588: 583: 573: 571: 561: 559: 558:Shunroku Hata 549: 546: 541: 531: 529: 528: 527:Emperor Shōwa 517: 516: 514: 509: 492: 490: 473: 471: 454: 452: 435: 433: 416: 414: 397: 395: 394: 383: 381: 380: 369: 368: 366: 365: 360: 355: 344: 342: 337: 332: 330: 325: 320: 319: 318: 317: 312: 306: 302: 292: 290: 280: 279: 278: 277: 272: 266: 265: 260: 253: 249: 245: 242: 237: 236: 232: 229: 228: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 200: 196: 193: 192: 188: 182: 178: 175: 173: 169: 165: 163: 159: 157: 156:Qinhuai River 153: 149: 147: 143: 140: 138: 134: 130: 127: 126: 124: 115: 106: 95: 86: 75: 66: 56: 53: 49: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 23288:21st century 23259:Vincent Chin 23252:20th century 23238:Wong Kim Ark 23216:19th century 23082:21st century 22995:(1945–1947) 22990: 22945:(1937-1945) 22942: 22890:20th century 22747:19th century 22726:18th century 22699:17th century 22683:Uyoku dantai 22678:Tsagaan Khas 22610:Nazi Germany 22460:Yellow Peril 22442:(Sinophobia) 22392: 22379: 22372: 22365: 22358: 22353:Peaceful War 22351: 22344: 22337: 22330: 22323: 22316: 22277:Harvard Bixi 22043: 21956:Group of Two 21808:Magnuson Act 21729: 21612:Meng Wanzhou 21533:Liu Chaoying 21528:Johnny Chung 21279: 21015: 21002: 20995: 20988: 20754:Imo Incident 20608: 20356:Other topics 20192: 20102: 20030:Taishō Roman 19784:Conscription 19754: 19746: 19721:Armed Forces 19581:(ministries) 19481:Charter Oath 19476:Constitution 19358:State Shinto 19341:Essentialism 19291:Demographics 19167:Vatican City 19086:Soviet Union 18834:West Sumatra 18811: 18703:Newfoundland 18657:South Africa 18652:Sierra Leone 18630:North Africa 18511:Bibliography 18494: 18307:Project Hula 18272:Vistula–Oder 18241: 18174: 18165: 18149: 18119: 18068: 18052: 18043: 18034: 18000: 17897: 17812: 17788: 17751: 17502: 17395: 17340:North Africa 17134: 17042:Soviet Union 16996:Soviet Union 16922:Soviet Union 16690:Vatican City 16593:Vichy France 16498:German Reich 16395:Soviet Union 16381:South Africa 16374:Sierra Leone 16327:Newfoundland 16210: 16146:Participants 16129:Marocchinate 15833: 15824: 15794: 15672:North Africa 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Retrieved 7228: 7221: 7213: 7208: 7183: 7121:China portal 7107:Japan portal 7065: 7047: 7025: 7009: 6983:provided by 6979: 6959: 6955: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6908: 6899: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6856: 6800: 6785:Nationalists 6756: 6732: 6724: 6709: 6682: 6655: 6631: 6611: 6580: 6572: 6558: 6544: 6521: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6418: 6408: 6392: 6380: 6352: 6344: 6336:Ma Zhongying 6329: 6301: 6278: 6251: 6247: 6239:Qaidam Basin 6232: 6217: 6204: 6185: 6158: 6113: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6051: 6048:in June 1942 6035: 6022: 5999: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5960: 5949: 5933: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5832: 5814: 5809:Adolf Hitler 5779: 5754: 5745: 5729: 5722: 5716: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5588: 5571:Europe first 5560: 5554:at the 1943 5509: 5489: 5429: 5418: 5406:World War II 5402: 5347: 5330: 5326: 5302:United Front 5291: 5279: 5235: 5224: 5216: 5197: 5180: 5152: 5146: 5137:First period 5136: 5127: 5115: 5111:Nazi Germany 5103: 5085:Wang Jingwei 5077: 5050: 5026: 5003: 4997:October 2023 4994: 4979:Please help 4967: 4916:Soviet Union 4882:Yellow River 4861: 4835: 4783: 4776: 4763: 4755: 4748: 4728: 4717: 4710: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4666: 4651: 4644: 4616: 4608:Huang Xinrui 4601: 4595: 4552: 4547: 4513: 4502: 4488: 4481: 4451: 4438: 4422: 4403: 4368: 4330: 4299: 4276: 4264: 4253: 4245:Tanggu Truce 4243:region. The 4238: 4215: 4196: 4183:Zhang Zuolin 4171:buffer state 4159: 4110: 4101: 4086: 4063:assassinated 4060: 4042: 4027:Soviet Union 3984: 3960: 3944:Beiyang Army 3933: 3916:over Korea. 3914:protectorate 3892:through its 3870:intervention 3846: 3837:Previous war 3803:Qing dynasty 3800: 3780: 3778: 3773:Daitōa Sensō 3748:). In 1940, 3715: 3686: 3641:China proper 3636:Nitchū Sensō 3618: 3555: 3511: 3456: 3385: 3379:to form the 3345:puppet state 3330: 3309: 3298:World War II 3281: 3279: 3258:Nissi sensou 3246:Kunrei-shiki 3235:Nicchū sensō 3232:Nisshi sensō 3220:Romanization 3064:Hanyu Pinyin 2997:Hanyu Pinyin 2930:Hanyu Pinyin 2863:Hanyu Pinyin 2782:Hanyu Pinyin 2732:Chinese name 2660: 2659: 2648:Indian Ocean 2609:Ecuador–Peru 2597: 2596: 2566:Middle East 2540:North Africa 2528: 2527: 2473: 2467:Asia-Pacific 2465: 2464: 2352: 2343:World War II 2288: 2277:Shōwa period 2275: 2274: 2251: 2250: 2245:Korea (1910) 2204:Meiji period 2202: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2119: 2099: 2065: 2012: 2007:Project Hula 1992:Fort Stevens 1921: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1735:Ocean Island 1698: 1688:Pearl Harbor 1604: 1590: 1581:4th Changsha 1572: 1571: 1564: 1545: 1538: 1519: 1487:3rd Changsha 1485: 1480:2nd Changsha 1478: 1473:South Shanxi 1471: 1464: 1452: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1403:West Suiyuan 1395: 1381: 1376:1st Changsha 1374: 1360: 1353: 1322: 1315: 1279: 1265: 1254:Pingxingguan 1246: 1219:2nd Shanghai 1217: 1164:1st Shanghai 1104: 1057: 1048: 1039: 1024: 1006: 987: 959: 944: 936: 902: 889: 881: 863: 855: 842: 826: 818: 803: 795: 765: 721: 701: 676: 646: 626: 600:Otozō Yamada 586: 525: 489:Xu Yongchang 391: 377: 307: 289:Nationalists 267: 262:Belligerents 179:marching in 144:fighting in 122: 52:World War II 42:Part of the 29: 23519:Pacific War 23427:Shina/Zhina 23407:Ching chong 23370:Michelle Go 23360:Xiaoxing Xi 23350:Sherry Chen 23335:Jiayang Fan 23269:Qian Xuesen 23064:(1975–1979) 23015:(1956–1965) 22987:(1945–1946) 22957:(1942-1945) 22951:(1937–1938) 22899:(1901–1973) 22876:(1892–1943) 22849:(1885–1923) 22807:(1882–1943) 22801:(1881–1944) 22762:(1860–1861) 22692:By incident 22615:Philippines 22520:Hideki Tojo 22080:China Hands 22063:China Lobby 21791:Legislation 21617:Extradition 21486:Qian Xuesen 21114:Los Angeles 20974:Liu Lianren 20954:Pei Shiqing 20759:Gapsin Coup 20398:Shōwa Modan 20373:Hakkō ichiu 20310:Philippines 20197:after 1943) 20175:Territories 20133:Pacific War 19993:World War I 19869:Air Service 19809:Air Service 19682:Gozen Kaigi 19398:(Yoshihito) 19390:(Mutsuhito) 19336:Nationalism 19281:Agriculture 19215:New Zealand 19181:Oceania and 19135:Switzerland 19096:Byelorussia 19051:Netherlands 18893:Philippines 18733:Puerto Rico 18688:El Salvador 18242:Bodenplatte 18128:Gothic Line 17347:West Africa 16894:Philippines 16873:Netherlands 16738:Czech lands 16676:Switzerland 16620:Afghanistan 16564:Philippines 16432:Puerto Rico 16348:Philippines 16334:New Zealand 16320:Netherlands 16273:Free France 16024:Prosecution 15825:Osoaviakhim 15695:West Africa 15679:East Africa 15326:Conferences 15120:On Practice 14402:Ma Zhanshan 14387:Bai Chongxi 14355:Ren Yuandao 14335:Chen Gongbo 14260:Hideki Tojo 14214:Wang Ruofei 13905:Governments 13756:(1937–1945) 13469:online free 13195:中国抗战正向战场作战记 13134:online free 12765:Shirō Ishii 12700:Herbert Bix 12597:Mitter 2013 12364:Coox, Alvin 12112:27 November 12083:Herbert Bix 12025:Teunis 2007 12006:Tanaka 2003 11987:Tanaka 2002 11858:11 November 11733:. pp. 11709:China Daily 11171:28 December 10901:30 November 10715:23 December 10551:"館戴笠與忠義救國軍" 10356:December 2, 10065:13 November 10035:13 November 9978:14 November 9049:Mitter 2013 8155:26 February 7992:2 September 7937:28 November 7898:28 November 6985:Shirō Ishii 6969:or General 6950:mustard gas 6938:Freda Utley 6662:Victory Day 6403:capitulated 6401:officially 6334:, Ma Biao, 6332:Ma Zhanshan 6326:Hui Muslims 6320:Hu Songshan 6308:Bai Chongxi 6281:Han Chinese 6196:Ho Chi Minh 6188:Zhang Fakui 6082:Tulip Force 6078:Mission 204 6015:Mission 204 5767:Arthur Chin 5707:Foreign aid 5658:Wei Lihuang 5604:Mission 204 5206:launched a 5193:1941 battle 5087:. However, 4623:treaty port 4441:Sword March 4414:Chōsen Army 4269:North China 4179:Yuan Shikai 4153:during the 3991:World War I 3940:Yuan Shikai 3930:Warlord Era 3890:great power 3744:Hakkō ichiu 3712:Other names 3614:Rana Mitter 3514:surrendered 3353:in Shanghai 3229:Shina jihen 2631:Air Warfare 2545:East Africa 2132:Mutanchiang 1953:New Britain 1669:Pacific War 1513:Yenangyaung 1454:South Henan 1448:South Anhui 1389:Kunlun Pass 1287:Taierzhuang 878:45,989 POWs 540:Hideki Tōjō 470:Bai Chongxi 238:Territorial 23468:Categories 23365:Yao Pan Ma 23325:Haoyang Yu 23300:Danny Chen 23279:Wen Ho Lee 22544:By country 22448:Background 22068:Asia First 21664:Cox Report 21384:Korean War 20895:Xiao Riben 20162:Occupation 19985:Taishō era 19930:Boshin War 19774:War crimes 19570:Government 19546:Tonarigumi 19453:Privy Seal 19448:State Seal 19406:(Hirohito) 19331:Militarism 19286:Censorship 19210:New Guinea 19190:Antarctica 19183:Antarctica 19172:Yugoslavia 19091:Azerbaijan 19046:Luxembourg 18829:New Guinea 18728:New Mexico 18718:California 18625:Madagascar 18610:Gold Coast 18605:The Gambia 18342:West Hunan 18175:Pointblank 17504:Silver Fox 17490:Summer War 17243:Winter War 17222:Phoney War 17003:Azerbaijan 16964:Yugoslavia 16859:Luxembourg 16701:Resistance 16441:Yugoslavia 16306:Luxembourg 16108:Sook Ching 15904:War crimes 15506:Technology 15499:Opposition 15441:Lend-Lease 15418:Australian 15411:Home front 15369:Blitzkrieg 15319:Casualties 15310:Commanders 15282:Operations 15089:Lend-Lease 15084:Free China 14463:Yang Kuiyi 14453:Li Shouxin 14397:Sun Li-jen 14392:Yan Xishan 14360:Bao Wenyue 14345:Wang Kemin 14340:Chi Zongmo 14320:Yu Zhishan 14204:Chen Cheng 14199:He Yingqin 14179:Mao Zedong 13924:Kuomintang 13767:Background 13704:2007-07-07 13668:2004-08-19 13448:27 January 12667:28 October 12638:28 October 12582:28 October 12553:28 October 12524:28 October 12467:2 December 12343:8 November 12138:2 December 12070:1141442704 11912:August 25, 11753:1078879585 11566:20 October 11293:2 December 11118:18 October 11084:18 October 10654:23 October 10567:8 November 10264:, p. 10248:, p. 10232:, p. 10215:8 November 10189:8 November 10159:8 November 10129:8 November 10099:8 November 10005:20 January 9843:. London: 8835:8 November 8710:mnd.gov.tw 8580:|url= 8275:(2): 105. 7954:, p. 7688:. Table 5A 7650:16 January 7509:hawaii.edu 7195:References 7082:Combatants 6975:Okunoshima 6942:Li Zongren 6895:He Yingqin 6741:Casualties 6566:, and the 6518:took place 6347:Han Youwen 6312:Ma Hongkui 6304:Hui people 6299:elements. 6138:See also: 6126:known as " 6116:Burma Road 5944:blood chit 5893:Commander 5805:H. H. Kung 5654:Sun Li-jen 5647:press-gang 5567:Burma Road 5539:strategy. 5492:Kazakhstan 5350:Mao Zedong 5287:Long March 5272:Commander 5161:, and few 5089:atrocities 5067:. General 5053:Ma Hongbin 4929:home front 4759:Wanjialing 4646:shin gunto 4430:volte-face 4426:Taku Forts 4355:Kuomintang 4163:Depression 4015:Kuomintang 3936:revolution 3904:, gaining 3826:Background 3438:forces in 3373:Long March 3361:Mao Zedong 3337:false flag 3255:Sina zihen 2672:Yugoslavia 2653:Madagascar 2616:Antarctica 2587:Dodecanese 2407:Resistance 2375:Winter War 2365:Phoney War 2077:Sagami Bay 2066:Starvation 1948:New Guinea 1606:West Hunan 1558:Mount Song 1540:West Hubei 1460:West Hubei 1335:Wenxi fire 1330:Wanjialing 1179:Great Wall 508:Li Zongren 451:Cheng Qian 432:Chen Cheng 413:He Yingqin 393:Mao Zedong 301:Communists 250:since the 146:Great Wall 23320:Gang Chen 23310:Eileen Gu 23295:Anming Hu 23233:Mary Tape 23209:By victim 22874:Geary Act 22620:Singapore 22561:Indonesia 22551:Hong Kong 22147:Blue Team 22058:Chimerica 22045:Ruguanxue 21481:Red Scare 21439:Incidents 21355:Conflicts 21178:Diplomacy 21134:Guangzhou 20984:Ling Ling 20732:Incidents 20629:ABCD line 20614:Manchukuo 20590:Conflicts 20502:Diplomacy 20363:Sonnō jōi 20315:Singapore 20300:Hong Kong 20262:Azad Hind 20237:Mengjiang 20232:Manchukuo 20206:Kantō-shū 20148:Surrender 20055:Shōwa era 20040:Truku War 19911:Meiji era 19879:Tokkeitai 19844:Kempeitai 19755:Senjinkun 19672:Daijō-kan 19635:Munitions 19516:Mokusatsu 19306:Education 19195:Australia 19160:Gibraltar 19118:Catalonia 19041:Lithuania 18903:Singapore 18851:Indochina 18841:Hong Kong 18817:Manchuria 18786:Venezuela 18756:Argentina 18693:Greenland 18647:Nyasaland 18407:Manchuria 18293:Indochina 18069:Bagration 17513:Lithuania 17158:Anschluss 16955:Viet Minh 16852:Lithuania 16794:Hong Kong 16557:Manchukuo 16512:Azad Hind 16171:Australia 15971:Aftermath 15834:Paperclip 15729:Aftermath 15529:Total war 15397:Diplomacy 15360:In Europe 15072:Political 14911:Aftermath 14711:Incidents 14499:Campaigns 14219:Ren Bishi 14120:Air Force 14028:Air Force 13964:Mengjiang 13959:Manchukuo 13572:3 January 13503:161326427 13362:1243-8650 13265:Reprinted 12878:VICE News 12755:, Prince 12514:158528688 12239:294758908 11953:13 August 11800:13 August 11598:0305-7410 10795:161326427 10679:cite book 10649:153517917 10492:USA Today 9522:143635262 9514:1527-9367 9407:4 January 9021:211359950 8780:13 August 8750:13 August 8720:13 August 8578:requires 8568:cite book 8289:0026-3931 8211:13 August 8185:13 August 8145:0013-0613 8113:144915586 7780:0095-6848 7519:1 January 7347:5 October 7200:Citations 6506:Aftermath 6425:Manchuria 6407:USS 6316:Ma Bufang 6224:Ma Hushan 6120:Ledo Road 6101:Force 136 5811:in Berlin 5724:Luftwaffe 5596:Myitkyina 5521:Ray Huang 5484:dysentery 5444:Ledo Road 5377:in 1942, 5155:total war 5106:guerrilla 5057:Ma Buqing 4968:does not 4925:Chongqing 4908:Guanzhong 4579:dogfights 4559:monoplane 4412:from the 4199:Manchukuo 4019:Guangzhou 3787:日華事變/日支事變 3653:北支事變/華北事變 3630:romanized 3548:in 1949. 3526:Manchukuo 3499:Ledo Road 3424:Air Force 3412:Chongqing 3369:encircled 3349:Manchukuo 3302:Holocaust 3294:Manchuria 3200:ニッチュウセンソウ 3174:にっちゅうせんそう 2869:kàng zhàn 2523:Australia 2419:Alps 1940 2412:1944–1945 2121:Kantokuen 2028:Air raids 1943:Australia 1933:Coral Sea 1827:Singapore 1822:Hong Kong 1553:Myitkyina 1533:1943–1945 1416:1940–1942 1311:Chongqing 1197:1937–1939 1142:Jiangqiao 1125:Manchuria 821:3,211,409 341:Mengjiang 329:Manchukuo 215:Indochina 166:Japanese 23390:Chinaman 23009:(1950s-) 22630:Thailand 22588:Malaysia 22346:On China 21149:Shenyang 21144:Shanghai 20341:Yen bloc 20329:Ideology 20320:Thailand 20189:Karafuto 20182:Colonies 19769:Kamikaze 19712:Military 19615:Treasury 19469:Policies 19460:Kimigayo 19381:Emperors 19348:Politics 19316:Eugenics 19274:Overview 19081:Slovenia 19076:Slovakia 19066:Portugal 18954:Bulgaria 18908:Thailand 18883:Mongolia 18856:Cambodia 18776:Suriname 18766:Colombia 18590:Ethiopia 18518:Category 18467:document 18377:document 18234:Ardennes 18218:Budapest 18166:Crossbow 18044:Overlord 17883:Smolensk 17094:Timeline 16929:Slovakia 16915:Thailand 16766:Ethiopia 16731:Bulgaria 16655:Portugal 16586:Thailand 16468:Bulgaria 16246:Eswatini 16239:Ethiopia 16192:Bulgaria 16017:Unit 731 15978:Response 15795:Keelhaul 15745:Cold War 15718:Americas 15709:timeline 15702:Atlantic 15582:Theaters 15194:Category 15036:Military 13620:21 March 13566:Archived 13539:Archived 13442:Archived 13424:(2013). 13412:Archived 13268:Archived 13176:Archived 13142:(1976). 13070:24 April 13064:Archived 13031:2 August 13001:24 April 12995:Archived 12962:24 April 12927:24 April 12921:Archived 12888:29 April 12882:Archived 12857:10 March 12851:Archived 12818:10 March 12812:Archived 12749:Archived 12728:17 March 12661:Archived 12629:Archived 12576:Archived 12547:Archived 12518:Archived 12461:Archived 12337:Archived 12313:29 April 12307:Archived 12266:29 April 12260:Archived 12132:Archived 12034:, p. 90. 12028:Archived 12015:, p. 59. 12009:Archived 11996:, p. 59. 11990:Archived 11977:, p. 59. 11971:Archived 11947:Archived 11879:Archived 11852:Archived 11821:Archived 11691:Archived 11602:Archived 11560:Archived 11532:Archived 11501:Archived 11462:Archived 11423:Archived 11384:Archived 11345:Archived 11316:Archived 11284:Archived 11232:Archived 11204:Archived 11165:Archived 11078:Archived 10706:Archived 10497:Archived 10465:Archived 10409:Hearings 10392:Hearings 10305:Archived 10209:Archived 10183:Archived 10179:NBC News 10153:Archived 10123:Archived 10093:Archived 10059:Archived 10029:Archived 9999:Archived 9898:(2023). 9847:. 2012. 9828:MacLaren 9719:Archived 9680:Archived 9641:Archived 9567:"Crisis" 9401:Archived 9363:Archived 8889:(2023). 8829:Archived 8744:Archived 8494:Archived 8205:Archived 8179:Archived 8149:Archived 8017:Archived 7986:Archived 7931:Archived 7892:Archived 7853:Archived 7822:Archived 7644:Archived 7618:Archived 7585:Archived 7513:Archived 7421:Archived 7402:Archived 7341:Archived 7244:Archived 7216:, p. 171 7212:Hsiung, 7093:See also 7049:gǎnsǐduì 7016:Philopon 6946:tear gas 6871:Then in 6853:Japanese 6819:refugees 6779:500,000. 6564:Unit 731 6527:and the 6409:Missouri 6399:Hirohito 6128:The Hump 6109:Thailand 5921:iron ore 5855:fighters 5501:in Hubei 5496:Xinjiang 5460:Zhejiang 5448:The Hump 5308:and the 5189:Changsha 4766:Jiujiang 4571:Art Chin 4540:Hawk III 4379:Tongzhou 4316:and the 4222:Shanghai 4151:Shenyang 4097:Red Army 4003:Shandong 3910:Sakhalin 3621:Japanese 3493:resumed 3487:Changsha 3428:Changsha 3288:and the 3185:Katakana 3159:Hiragana 3107:(日本)侵华战争 3093:(日本)侵華戰爭 2796:Bopomofo 2692:Bulgaria 2621:Atlantic 2604:Americas 2557:Adriatic 2139:Chongjin 2100:Downfall 2038:Yokosuka 1855:Tiderace 1812:Thailand 1586:Hengyang 1466:Shanggao 1355:Nanchang 1273:Massacre 938:Japanese 723:Japanese 621:Strength 202:Location 46:and the 23441:Related 23243:Yick Wo 22992:Bersiap 22647:Vietnam 22605:Myanmar 22530:Pol Pot 22525:Suharto 22482:Minzoku 22002:Related 21129:Chengdu 21119:Houston 20841:Related 19902:History 19874:Marines 19511:Kokutai 19416:Symbols 19396:Taishō 19353:Statism 19296:Economy 19123:Galicia 19101:Ukraine 19071:Romania 19021:Ireland 19016:Iceland 19006:Hungary 18996:Germany 18974:Finland 18969:Estonia 18964:Denmark 18949:Belgium 18944:Austria 18939:Albania 18781:Uruguay 18713:Arizona 18640:Morocco 18635:Tunisia 18620:Liberia 18444:Shumshu 18211:Hungary 18158:Estonia 18142:Lapland 18120:Dragoon 18053:Neptune 18035:Ichi-Go 18001:Tempest 17943:Changde 17898:Cottage 17790:Jubilee 17499:Finland 17397:Compass 17103:Prelude 17056:Finland 16942:Vietnam 16908:Romania 16780:Germany 16759:Estonia 16745:Denmark 16724:Belgium 16717:Austria 16710:Albania 16641:Ireland 16627:Andorra 16611:Neutral 16571:Romania 16505:Hungary 16490:Finland 16362:Romania 16254:Finland 16232:Denmark 16178:Belgium 16164:Algeria 15870:Romania 15856:Hungary 15612:Pacific 15336:General 15290:Leaders 15275:Battles 15268:Outline 14458:Ye Peng 14380:Chinese 14184:Lin Sen 14167:Chinese 14011:Chinese 13912:Chinese 13467:(1942) 13430:. HMH. 13407:(2015) 12441:28 June 12130:. BBC. 11827:21 June 11819:. BBC. 11660:15 July 11611:13 July 11538:19 June 11507:28 June 11468:28 June 11429:28 June 11390:28 June 11351:28 June 11322:28 June 11238:28 June 11210:28 June 10827:20 June 10813:cia.gov 10608:24 June 10535:24 June 9880:Stevens 9868:Stevens 9725:29 July 9686:29 July 9647:29 July 9442:(2007). 9166:Bibcode 8320:30 July 8297:1983349 8105:1022596 7743:13 July 7718:13 July 7591:17 June 7583:(GIF). 7250:6 March 7005:Changde 6762:Chinese 6297:Tibetan 6243:Qinghai 6226:of the 6165:Guangxi 6066:Guangxi 5851:Bombers 5758:Nanning 5702:Gung-ho 5674:Guangxi 5666:Mong-Yu 5505:Changde 5476:typhoid 5472:cholera 5464:Jiangxi 5338:He Long 5292:In the 5220:Shaanxi 5069:Ma Biao 5061:Ma Fulu 4989:removed 4974:sources 4888:by the 4880:on the 4854:花園口決堤事件 4846:花园口决堤事件 4703:in the 4573:, Maj. 4555:biplane 4520:sorties 4287:Suiyuan 4175:Siberia 4167:tariffs 3900:in the 3878:Germany 3856:in the 3645:Beijing 3632:: 3574:Chinese 3540:of the 3440:Shaanxi 3432:Guangxi 3396:Nanjing 3392:Beijing 3197:ニッシセンソウ 3171:にっしせんそう 3040:第二次中日战争 3026:第二次中日戰爭 2697:Hungary 2687:Romania 2536:Africa 2436:Balkans 2431:Britain 2385:Lapland 2380:Karelia 2370:Finland 2092:Shumshu 1977:Ellwood 1842:Vietnam 1626:Taihoku 1619:Air War 1612:Guangxi 1574:Ichi-Go 1566:Changde 1508:Toungoo 1498:Tachiao 1299:Lanfeng 1267:Nanking 1248:Taiyuan 1189:Suiyuan 1152:Jinzhou 240:changes 135:in the 23417:Chinky 23305:Ee Lee 23058:(1974) 23047:(1969) 23021:(1962) 23001:(1947) 22981:(1943) 22975:(1942) 22939:(1931) 22917:(1911) 22911:(1907) 22905:(1907) 22882:(1899) 22865:(1887) 22838:(1885) 22790:(1876) 22779:(1873) 22768:(1862) 22756:(1857) 22708:(1603) 22625:Taiwan 22455:Coolie 20890:Jingri 20305:Malaya 20280:Borneo 20216:Taiwan 20211:Nan'yō 20201:Chōsen 20194:naichi 19404:Shōwa 19388:Meiji 19363:Kazoku 19311:System 19130:Sweden 19061:Poland 19056:Norway 19031:Latvia 19001:Greece 18979:France 18932:Europe 18918:Turkey 18878:Malaya 18807:Ceylon 18761:Brazil 18723:Nevada 18698:Mexico 18678:Canada 18568:Africa 18421:Debate 18393:Taipei 18386:Borneo 17964:Tarawa 17151:Europe 17112:Africa 16901:Poland 16887:Norway 16866:Malaya 16845:Latvia 16787:Greece 16773:France 16669:Sweden 16634:Bhutan 16355:Poland 16341:Norway 16313:Mexico 16280:Greece 16266:France 16204:Canada 16185:Brazil 16155:Allies 16101:Serbia 16090:Poland 15863:Poland 15849:Baltic 15642:Europe 15344:Topics 15296:Allied 15145:Ip Man 15103:Others 14130:Guards 13591: 13558: 13520: 13501: 13434: 13409:online 13392: 13376: 13360: 13344: 13316: 13286: 13256: 13237: 13208: 13189: 13158: 13112: 13097: 13056: 12987: 12913: 12843: 12804: 12512: 12502: 12393: 12299: 12237: 12227: 12190: 12068: 12058: 11751: 11741: 11596: 11493: 11454: 11415: 11376: 11196: 11143: 11109: 11070: 11043: 11016: 10983: 10956: 10929: 10892: 10859: 10793: 10756: 10647: 10503:26 May 10471:31 May 10328: 10291:Taylor 10281:(2008) 9910: 9851: 9773: 9748: 9711: 9672: 9633: 9606: 9520: 9512: 9468: 9381:online 9336: 9225:深圳社会科学 9019: 9009: 8961:20 May 8901: 8803: 8688: 8645: 8618: 8558: 8533: 8453:Taylor 8432:Taylor 8420:Taylor 8395:Taylor 8383:Taylor 8295: 8287: 8246: 8226:Wilson 8143: 8111: 8103: 8060:, 2002 7978: 7923: 7884: 7859:2 July 7828:2 July 7788:132824 7786: 7778: 7684: 7551: 7457: 7437:Jowett 7382: 7333: 7297: 7291:八路军·表册 7273: 7236: 7046:: 7044:pinyin 7038:: 7030:: 6989:Ningbo 6846:Bengal 6686:Taipei 6614:Penghu 6607:Taiwan 6587:Taiwan 6536:Legacy 6375:, and 6314:, and 6295:, and 6293:Uyghur 6289:Mongol 6285:Manchu 6207:Lu Han 6173:Jingxi 6062:Guilin 6003:Fujian 5958:line. 5913:France 5829:Soviet 5790:German 5700:, and 5662:Yunnan 5598:, and 5550:, and 5480:plague 5425:Dai Li 5274:Zhu De 5130:Allies 4935:, the 4878:levees 4860:: 4858:pinyin 4852:: 4844:: 4495:Zhabei 4478:, 1937 4359:Lushan 4295:Shanxi 4283:Chahar 4129:攘外必先安內 3906:Tailen 3882:Russia 3880:, and 3874:France 3850:Taiwan 3730:seisen 3647:, the 3576:: 3568:: 3560:: 3324:: 3316:: 2626:Arctic 2458:Sicily 2360:Poland 2354:Europe 1862:Zipper 1848:Jurist 1817:Malaya 1776:Ceylon 1710:Midway 1503:Oktwin 1408:Wuyuan 1368:Swatow 1347:Hainan 1342:Canton 1281:Xuzhou 1259:Xinkou 1213:Chahar 1157:Harbin 1130:Mukden 960:Total: 882:Total: 843:Total: 819:Total: 584: 542: 351: 230:Result 23412:Chink 23383:Slurs 22578:Korea 22566:Japan 22556:India 21508:Hu Na 21154:Wuhan 20979:Zhapu 20885:Guizi 20873:Shina 20285:Burma 19998:Entry 19692:Peers 19556:Senbu 19541:Tokkō 19205:Nauru 19150:Wales 19108:Spain 19026:Italy 18913:Tibet 18888:Nepal 18873:Japan 18846:India 18812:China 18802:Burma 18615:Kenya 18585:Egypt 18197:Leyte 18027:Narva 18013:Anzio 17971:Makin 17929:Burma 17813:Torch 17782:Rzhev 17736:Kiska 16822:Korea 16808:Japan 16801:Italy 16683:Tibet 16662:Spain 16533:Italy 16294:Italy 16287:India 16211:China 16086:Japan 15686:Italy 15598:China 15550:Women 14990:Lists 13499:S2CID 12956:(PDF) 12949:(PDF) 12632:(PDF) 12625:(PDF) 12510:S2CID 12182:[ 11906:(PDF) 11899:(PDF) 11770:32–36 11605:(PDF) 11586:(PDF) 11287:(PDF) 11272:(PDF) 10791:S2CID 10709:(PDF) 10702:(PDF) 10645:S2CID 10602:(PDF) 10587:(PDF) 10561:(PDF) 10554:(PDF) 10529:(PDF) 10522:(PDF) 9951:Huang 9816:Huang 9554:Huang 9518:S2CID 9490:(PDF) 9076:Huang 9017:S2CID 8556:JSTOR 8348:(PDF) 8293:JSTOR 8109:S2CID 8101:JSTOR 8023:4 May 7784:JSTOR 7175:Notes 6993:fleas 6991:with 6838:Henan 6830:India 6799:, or 6235:Gansu 6052:When 5917:China 5908:Panay 5670:Hunan 5494:into 5298:Xi'an 4874:flood 4603:Ryujo 4597:Hosho 4504:Izumo 4453:guizi 4291:Hebei 4273:華北特殊化 4165:-era 3854:Korea 3782:Shina 3765:大東亞戰爭 3697:jihen 3681:Jihen 3679:Shina 3606:十四年抗戰 3602:十四年抗战 3552:Names 3530:Korea 3483:Henan 3467:Burma 3404:Wuhan 3390:near 3194:シナジヘン 3168:しなじへん 3133:Kanji 2973:十四年抗战 2959:十四年抗戰 2707:Japan 2682:Italy 2661:Coups 2562:Malta 2506:Japan 2474:China 2453:Italy 2033:Tokyo 2021:Japan 1938:Timor 1324:Wuhan 1007:Total 903:Total 316:Japan 276:China 248:Japan 244:China 220:Burma 181:India 22583:Laos 19610:Navy 19605:Army 18923:Tuva 18868:Iraq 18863:Iran 18795:Asia 18683:Cuba 18263:1945 17991:1944 17832:1943 17753:Blue 17743:Attu 17650:1942 17409:1941 17261:1940 17199:1939 17128:Asia 16975:POWs 16815:Jews 16526:Iraq 16452:Axis 16402:Tuva 16218:Cuba 15303:Axis 14310:Puyi 14125:Navy 14115:Army 14095:Navy 14085:Army 14033:Navy 14023:Army 13622:2012 13589:ISBN 13574:2020 13556:ISBN 13518:ISBN 13450:2020 13432:ISBN 13390:ISBN 13374:ISBN 13358:ISSN 13342:ISBN 13314:ISBN 13302:Time 13284:ISBN 13254:ISBN 13235:ISBN 13206:ISBN 13187:ISBN 13156:ISBN 13110:ISBN 13095:ISBN 13072:2014 13054:ISBN 13033:2014 13003:2014 12985:ISBN 12964:2014 12929:2014 12911:ISBN 12890:2020 12859:2014 12841:ISBN 12820:2014 12802:ISBN 12759:and 12730:2024 12696:idem 12669:2022 12640:2022 12584:2022 12555:2022 12526:2022 12500:ISBN 12469:2010 12443:2010 12399:Note 12391:ISBN 12362:ed. 12345:2020 12315:2020 12297:ISBN 12268:2020 12235:OCLC 12225:ISBN 12188:ISBN 12140:2010 12114:2015 12066:OCLC 12056:ISBN 11955:2016 11914:2009 11860:2017 11829:2018 11802:2016 11749:OCLC 11739:ISBN 11662:2013 11613:2014 11594:ISSN 11568:2020 11540:2014 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