Theistic evolution

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of the day" as "incidental vessels" to convey spiritual truths. Lamoureux rewrote his article as a 2009 journal paper, incorporating excerpts from his books, in which he noted the similarities of his views to theistic evolution, but objected to that term as making evolution the focus rather than creation. He also distanced his beliefs from the deistic or more liberal beliefs included in theistic evolution. He also argued that although referring to the same view, the word arrangement in the term "theistic evolution" places "the process of evolution as the primary term, and makes the Creator secondary as merely a qualifying adjective".

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changed, Genera of natural classes have arisen as many in number as the different parents, and since this is not carried further, we regard this also as having been done by His Omnipotent hand directly in the beginning; thus all Genera were primeval and constituted a single Species. That as many Genera having arisen as there were individuals in the beginning, these plants in course of time became fertilised by others of different sort and thus arose Species until so many were produced as now exist ... these Species were sometimes fertilised out of congeners, that is other Species of the same Genus, whence have arisen Varieties.

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Nevertheless all living things have much in common, in their chemical composition, their germinal vesicles, their cellular structure, and their laws of growth and reproduction. We see this even in so trifling a circumstance as that the same poison often similarly affects plants and animals; or that the poison secreted by the gall-fly produces monstrous growths on the wild rose or oak-tree. I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed by the

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development of the world and human beings is dispensed with altogether. The English philosopher Antony Flew was unfortunately right when he stated that through this constantly repeated strategy of protection and withdrawal with which we are familiar (and which for long decades kept young Catholics especially from the study of biology 'which endangers the faith'), the hypothesis of God was being 'killed by inches, the death of a thousand qualifications.' Is such an attitude credible belief in God? It isn't surprising that it is increasingly being put in question.

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Adam is a miracle since the Quran directly states it to be, but it does not assert there being no humans who could have existed at the time of Adam's appearance on earth and who could have come about as a result of evolution. This viewpoint stands in contrast to creationism and human exceptionalism, ultimately declaring that evolution could be viewed without conflict with Islam and that Muslims could either accept or reject "human evolution on its scientific merits without reference to the story of Adam".

36: 2099:(27%) believe in human evolution. Most other Muslim countries have statistics in between. Although it is to be noted that belief in (theistic) evolution is increasing in a lot of Muslim countries and societies. The younger generations have a higher rate of acceptance. Countries more developed or developing faster also have higher rates of acceptance. Muslim societies in non-Muslim countries (such as in the West) are inconsistent and can be high or low depending on the specific countries. 6051: 591: 1312:, but only under certain limits fixed by God. Linnaeus had initially embraced the Aristotelian idea of immutability of species (the idea that species never change), but later in his life he started to challenge it. Yet, as a Christian, he still defended "special creation", the belief that God created "every living creature" at the beginning, as read in Genesis, with the peculiarity a set of original species of which all the present species have descended. 2015:. This belief is considered to be the most viable because it synthesizes the miraculous creation of Adam and Eve and agrees with Muslim theology. At the same time, it is considered as compatible with evolutionary science—any questions regarding Adam and his miraculous creation, the lineage that leads to him, or whether this lineage mated with other "human-like" beings are irrelevant to science and are not obstacles to any established scientific theories. 6061: 1353: 3497: 578: 6175: 3378:

reproduction. We see this even in so trifling a circumstance as that the same poison often similarly affects plants and animals; or that the poison secreted by the gall-fly produces monstrous growths on the wild rose or oak-tree. Therefore I should infer that probably all organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed by the Creator.

1626:" (1862) in which he rejected many Darwinian ideas, such as those concerning vestigial organs or questioning God's perfection in his work. Brewster concluded that Darwin's book contained both "much valuable knowledge and much wild speculation", although accepting that "every part of the human frame had been fashioned by the Divine hand and exhibited the most marvellous and beneficent adaptions for the use of men". 2919:

will and grace of the Creator. The qualifying word in this category is the adjective "evolutionary", indicating simply the method through which the Lord made the cosmos and living organisms. This view of origins is often referred to as "theistic evolution". However, such a word arrangement places the process of evolution as the primary term, and makes the Creator secondary as merely a qualifying adjective.

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until from them originated those plants which today exist as genera. Nature then mixed up these plant genera among themselves through generations -of double origin (hybrids) and multiplied them into existing species, as many as possible (whereby the flower structures were not changed) excluding from the number of species the almost sterile hybrids, which are produced by the same mode of origin.

2083:" and lack of understanding about views such as human exceptionalism and Adamic exceptionalism. A lot of people suggest that it also has a lot to do with lack of proper scientific facilities and development in a lot (but not all) Muslim countries, particularly where there exists a lot of conflict and political tension. Regardless, a large majority of Muslims accept evolution in 1392:" to refer to species which have experienced biological changes through hybridization, although they both were inclined to believe that hybrids would revert to the parental forms by a general law of reversion, and therefore, would not be responsible for the introduction of new species. Later, in a number of experiments carried out between 1856 and 1863, the Augustinian friar 1125:'s creation (Non-exceptionalism). Some Muslims believe that only Adam and Hawa (Eve) were special creations and they alongside their earliest descendants were exceptions to common ancestry, but the later descendants (including modern humans) share common ancestry with the rest of life on Earth because there were 1686:

struggled with "distress and doubt" following the death of his daughter in 1861, before enthusiastically saying in the late 1870s there was "not a single philosophical question connected with our highest and dearest religious and spiritual interests that is fundamentally affected, or even put in any

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Let us suppose that the Divine Being in the beginning progressed from the simpler to the complex; from few to many; similarly that He in the beginning of the plant kingdom created as many plants as there were natural orders. These plant orders He Himself, there from producing, mixed among themselves

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published a 2003 article and a 2008 theological book, both aimed at Christians who do not believe in evolution (including young Earth creationists), and at those looking to reconcile their Christian faith with evolutionary science. His main argument was that Genesis presents the "science and history

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The most important word in the term evolutionary creation is the noun "creation". These Christian evolutionists are first and foremost thoroughly committed and unapologetic creationists. They believe that the world is a creation that is absolutely dependent for every instant of its existence on the

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apparently dismissed the book as "the law of higgledy-pigglety", and in 1861 Herschel wrote of evolution that "n intelligence, guided by a purpose, must be continually in action to bias the direction of the steps of change—to regulate their amount—to limit their divergence—and to continue them in a

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We imagine that the Creator at the actual time of creation made only one single species for each natural order of plants, this species being different in habit and fructification from all the rest. That he made these mutually fertile, whence out of their progeny, fructification having been somewhat

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that it is a type of evolution rather than creationism, despite its name. "From a scientific point of view, evolutionary creationism is hardly distinguishable from Theistic Evolution ... lie not in science but in theology." Those who hold to evolutionary creationism argue that God is involved to a

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which insinuates that it is possible for humans to exist or not exist before the appearance of Adam on earth with either belief being possible due to the Quran, and that it is possible that an intermingling of Adam's descendants and other humans may or may not have occurred. Thus, the existence of

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In the 1860s theistic evolutionism became a popular compromise in science and gained widespread support from the general public. Between 1866 and 1868 Owen published a theory of derivation, proposing that species had an innate tendency to change in ways that resulted in variety and beauty showing

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describes theistic evolution as the position that "evolution is real, but that it was set in motion by God", and characterizes it as accepting "that evolution occurred as biologists describe it, but under the direction of God". He lists six general premises on which different versions of theistic

1801:, and subsequent evolution of pre-human life forms may not cause any difficulty but the need to reconcile religious and scientific views of hominization and to account for the addition of a soul to humans remains a problem. Theistic evolution typically postulates a point at which a population of 3003:

The theory of evolution only makes sense in the light of creation, for creation is a force that drives all of temporal history The short summary often is: God creates through evolution.Thus I see "Creation through evolution" as a groundless statement. First of all, it contradicts the Biblical

1260:. He stated that faith and science are compatible and suggested the word "BioLogos" (Word of Life) to describe theistic evolution. Collins later laid out the idea that God created all things, but that evolution is the best scientific explanation for the diversity of all life on Earth. The name 3095:. Glass (1959b, p. 151) summarizes his mature views this way: 'In the end he believed in the evolution of the smaller systematic categories, of the species as he knew species, and maybe of the genera. But the original Creation was still that of a multitude of forms, distinct then and forever.' 1469:) set out goal-centred progressive development as the Creator's divine plan, programmed to unfold without direct intervention or miracles. The book became a best-seller and popularised the idea of transmutation in a designed "law of progression". The scientific establishment strongly attacked 1578:

I believe that animals have descended from at most only four or five progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number. Analogy would lead me one step further, namely, to the belief that all animals and plants have descended from some one prototype. But analogy may be a deceitful guide.

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Meanwhile, theology had withdrawn from asserting the direct creation of the whole world by God: first to the direct creation of the human body (not from the animal world); then to that of the human soul (in contrast to the human body). Finally – it seems today – a direct intervention in the

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Page 420, fifteen lines from top, after 'deceitful guide,' omit whole remainder of paragraph, and insert, instead, as follows: Nevertheless, all living things have much in common; in their chemical composition, their germinal vesicles, their cellular structure, and their laws of growth and

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by turning to Asa Gray's belief that God had set the rules at the start and only intervened on rare occasions, as a way to harmonise evolution with theology. The idea of evolution did not seriously shake Wright's faith, but he later suffered a crisis when confronted with

3091:(1756), Linnaeus had argued that the genera were the original units of creation and that the species within them had originated by subsequent hybridization. In 1766, he dropped his famous maxim about the permanance of species from the final edition of the 2279:. They consider that it undermines central biblical teachings by regarding the creation account as a myth, a parable, or an allegory, instead of treating it as an accurate record of historical events. They also fear that a capitulation to what they call " 2274:

prefer to criticize theistic evolution on theological grounds rather than on any scientific data, finding it hard to reconcile the nature of a loving God with the process of evolution, in particular, the existence of death and suffering before the

2038:"Human exceptionalism" is theologically compatible, but has some issues with science due to the rejection of common ancestry of modern humans. "Non-exceptionalism" is scientifically compatible, but it's theological validity is a matter of debate. 1501:

said that in "continuous operation of Creative power" through geological time, new species of animals appeared in a "successive and continuous fashion" through birth from their antecedents by a Creative law rather than through slow transmutation.

1892:. More specifically, it rejects the idea that modern humans share common ancestry with other life-forms on Earth. It may still accept that humans evolved over time after Adam's creation and that various species of humans evolved over time. 1665:, be it true or not; it may simply be suggesting a larger idea of Divine Prescience and Skill ... and I do not that 'the accidental evolution of organic beings' is inconsistent with divine design—It is accidental to us, not to God." 1488:

of 1849 suggested that divine laws could have controlled the development of life, but he did not expand this idea after objections from his conservative patrons. Others supported the idea of development by law, including the botanist

2030:, Jalajel believes that Adam's creation does not necessarily signal the beginning of humanity as the Quran makes no declaration as to whether or not human beings were on Earth before Adam had descended. As a result, Jalajel invokes 1682:. Critics promptly complained that this "degrading" image "tears the crown from our heads", but there is little evidence that it led to loss of faith. Among the few who did record the impact of Darwin's writings, the naturalist 1948:

as the first humans, and that the rest of humanity descends from them. At the same time, this view asserts that modern humans emerged through evolution and that modern humans have a lineage leading up to the origin of life

1733:, and despite the Catholic Church having no official position, it does support belief in it. Studies show that acceptance of evolution is lower in the United States than in Europe or Japan; among 34 countries sampled, only 1066:

Despite all these, humans are unique. The concern for the Moral Law (the knowledge of right and wrong) and the continuous search for God among all human cultures defy evolutionary explanations and point to our spiritual

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Jens Christian Clausen (1967), refers to Linnaeus' theory as a "forgotten evolutionary theory antedates Darwin's by nearly 100 years", and reports that he was a pioneer in doing experiments about hybridization.

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The six leading examples are the subject of Artigas's book. Each of these has a chapter in Artigas: Léroy, Zahm, Bonomelli, Mivart, the English Bishop John Hedley, and Raffaello Caverni. All are also covered by

1396:(1822–1884), aligning himself with the "new doctrine of special creation" proposed by Linnaeus, concluded that new species of plants could indeed arise, although limitedly and retaining their own stability. 1297:, had wondered "why such different species should not only mingle together, but also generate an animal, and yet that that hybridous production should not again generate, and so a new race be carried on". 1917:

beings already existed on Earth before their arrival. Thus, it accepts the belief that modern humans share common ancestry with other life-forms on Earth, and that our lineage can be traced back to the

1459:(1807–1873), a persistent opponent of transmutation, saw mankind as the goal of a sequence of creations, but his concepts were the first to be adapted into a scheme of theistic evolutionism, when in 1940:

Adamic exceptionalism is the current leading view, as it is considered to be compatible with both science and Islamic theology. Adamic exceptionalism asserts that Adam and Eve were created by

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definite course". He added "On the other hand, we do not mean to deny that such intelligence may act according to law (that is to say, on a preconceived and definite plan)". The scientist Sir

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he adapted idealist philosophy to reconcile natural theology with development, unifying nature as divergence from an underlying form in a process demonstrating design. His conclusion to his

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who had (or may have) evolved by a process of natural evolution acquired souls and thus (with their descendants) became fully human in theological terms. This group might be restricted to

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instead became the name of the organization Collins founded years later. This organization now prefers the term "evolutionary creation" to describe their take on theistic evolution.

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Others see "evolutionary creation" (EC, also referred to by some observers as "evolutionary creationism") as the belief that God, as Creator, uses evolution to bring about his plan.

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as design generated by the Creator's laws of nature for the delight of humans. Argyll attempted to reconcile evolution with design by suggesting that the laws of variation prepared

1016:; they hold that religious beliefs and scientific theories do not need to contradict each other. Diversity exists regarding how the two concepts of faith and science fit together. 2007:

description for it. Adam is still considered to be the first human from a theological perspective. Adamic exceptionalism also asserts that the early descendants of Adam mated or

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Within a decade most scientists had started espousing evolution, but from the outset some expressed opposition to the concept of natural selection and searched for a more

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beings do not fit the theological description of "humans". From a theological perspective, they're not true humans, but they are biologically human, since they fit the

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Historians of science (and authors of pre-evolutionary ideas) have pointed out that scientists had considered the concept of biological change well before Darwin.

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new light, by the theory of evolution", and in the late 1880s embracing the view that "evolution is entirely consistent with a rational theism". Similarly,

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The theory of evolution is controversial in plenty of contemporary Muslim societies due to negative social views and misconceptions such as "the theory is

1669: 1840:, but tended to come under attack from both the theological and biological camps. and 20th-century thinking tended to avoid proposing precise mechanisms. 1473:

at the time, but later more sophisticated theistic evolutionists followed the same approach of looking for patterns of development as evidence of design.

4711: 1430:, scientists were looking for creation by laws rather than by miraculous interventions. In continental Europe, the idealism of philosophers including 1563:(1848–1890) also accepted the theory of natural selection, incorporating it into his Christian beliefs as merely the way God worked. Darwin's friend 805: 3889: 2584: 1634:(1827–1900) insisted that natural selection could not explain patterns and variation, which they saw as resulting from divine purpose. In 1867 the 1360:

and paleontology were still connected to Old Earth creationism. The above depicts a brutal world of deep time, existing before Adam and Eve, from

6097: 3500: 2074: 1813:, although versions of the theory allow for larger populations. The point at which such an event occurred should essentially be the same as in 1273: 622: 1083:

view that God creates through evolution. It covers a wide range of beliefs about the extent of any intervention by God, with some approaching

974:, but includes a range of views about how science relates to religious beliefs and the extent to which God intervenes. It rejects the strict 926: 5532: 4832: 2450: 1674:, concluding that humans "descended from a hairy quadruped, furnished with a tail and pointed ears", which would be classified amongst the 1497:(1796–1860), who wrote in 1855 that such laws better illustrated the powers of the Creator. In 1858 Owen in his speech as President of the 1480:(1804–1892), a prominent figure in the Victorian era scientific establishment, opposed transmutation throughout his life. When formulating 230: 4708:

Surveys critical problems in Darwinist explanations and common theistic views; explores ancient and modern "excluded middle" alternatives

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envisaged continuing extinctions, leaving unanswered the problem of providing replacements. As seen in correspondence between Lyell and

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stated that the theory failed as an explanation in the minds of biologists from the late 19th century onwards as it broke the rules of

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David Solomon Jalajel, an Islamic author, proclaims an Adamic exceptionalism view of evolution which encourages the theological use of

810: 795: 541: 1767:. The process and means by which hominization occurs is a key problem in theistic evolutionary thought. This is noticeable more so in 4145: 1741: 1013: 6036: 5491: 2142:) by specifying the laws that govern it, and leaves species to evolve according to the conditions they experience as time goes by. 349: 2628: 1178:(1881–1955) was an influential proponent of God-directed evolution or "orthogenesis", in which man will eventually evolve to the " 6571: 1619: 1406:

disrupted static views of nature in the early 19th century, confirming geology as showing a historical sequence of life. British

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along with monkeys, and in turn descended "through a long line of diversified forms" going back to something like the larvae of

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to show earlier organisms being replaced in a series of creations by new organisms better adapted to a changed environment.

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by Michael D. Guinan, O.F.M.; critical assessment of creationism and intelligent design from a Roman Catholic perspective.

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Supporters of theistic evolution generally attempt to harmonize evolutionary thought with belief in God and reject the

966:, positing that the concept of God and religious beliefs are compatible with the findings of modern science, including 615: 344: 175: 3662:, pp. 271–272. Note that "special creation of man" in Catholic references is a far more restricted concept than " 4669: 4638: 4623:, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jul., 1959), pp. 566–584, Cambridge University Press for the University of Notre Dame du lac, 4591: 4545: 4529: 4513: 4497: 4481: 4369: 4316: 4226: 4130: 3791: 3729: 3634: 3080: 2712: 2556: 1513: 1099: 1079:, has used the term to refer to the part of the overall spectrum of beliefs about creation and evolution holding the 919: 875: 5611: 2396: 2049:, etc. Proponents of Adamic-exceptionalism include David Solomon Jalajel. Proponents of non-exceptionalism include: 6270: 5616: 5214: 1129:

beings on Earth before Adam's arrival who came through evolution. This belief is known as "Adamic exceptionalism".

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Divine intervention is seen at critical intervals in history in a way consistent with scientific explanations of

334: 302: 3987: 2526:, New Series, Vol. 87, No. 1 (Mar., 1985), p. 149, Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association, 6576: 6083: 5989: 5856: 5636: 5380: 5178: 5082: 4971: 4558: 556: 339: 3786:. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge: Taylor and Francis group. pp. 128–130. 1236: 6054: 5641: 5385: 5124: 2122:

used the name "theistic evolution" in a now-obsolete sense for his point of view, presented in his 1876 book

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This is completely plausible from a theological perspective and unfalsifiable from a scientific perspective.

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Miller, J. D.; Scott, E. C.; Okamoto, S. (2006). "Science Communication: Public Acceptance of Evolution".

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have listed different terms which were used to describe different positions from the 1890s to the 1920s: "

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Several 19th-century theologians and evolutionists attempted specific solutions, including the Catholics

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Thank God for Evolution: How the Marriage of Science and Religion Will Transform Your Life and Our World

2588: 1388:(1733–1806) denied the immutability of species, which the Bible never teaches. Kölreuter used the term " 5760: 4934: 2292: 1955: 1849: 1771:, which often have held as a core belief that the souls of animals and humans differ in some capacity. 1361: 1175: 885: 736: 82: 4717: 3036: 2026:

is to make no argument for or against a matter to which scripture possesses no declarations for. With

6278: 6250: 5554: 5351: 5161: 4929: 4822: 4675: 4661: 3618:) to all organisms but taught that only human souls are immortal. See: Peter Eardley and Carl Still, 2902: 2155: 1837: 1631: 1166: 895: 890: 448: 423: 403: 383: 60: 5683: 2678: 1422:(1797–1875) also saw adaptation to changing environments as a sign of a benevolent Creator, but his 1239:

have, while accepting both theistic creation and evolution, rejected the term "theistic evolution".

6323: 5977: 5841: 5813: 5788: 5745: 5648: 5581: 5456: 5329: 5297: 5270: 5260: 4705: 4077: 3715: 3166: 3023: 2131: 1726:: "In one form or another, Theistic Evolutionism is the view of creation taught at the majority of 1524: 1445: 1389: 880: 438: 433: 408: 363: 329: 323: 312: 5461: 4649: 2011:

with these "human-like beings", yielding one lineage that leads to Adam and another that leads to

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When evolutionary science developed, so did different types of theistic evolution. Creationists

1091:, while others believe that God has directly intervened at crucial points such as the origin of 6260: 6021: 5670: 5539: 5501: 5402: 5373: 5346: 5341: 4939: 3189:"An Analysis of the Work of Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter and its Relation to Gregor Mendel's Work" 1794: 870: 663: 463: 418: 240: 135: 5527: 4603: 4407: 4036: 2728: 1821:, but theological discussion of the matter tends to concentrate on the theoretical. The term " 1605:

in an anonymous review while praising "Professor Owen" for "the establishment of the axiom of

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considers theistic evolution a "superfluous attempt" to "smuggle God in by the back door".

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Linnaeus attributed the active process of biological change to God himself, as he stated:

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The Eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolutionary theories in the decades around 1900

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beings on Earth through evolution before Adam was brought into the world; however, these

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Jens Christian Clausen (1967), "Stages in the Evolution of Plant Species", Harper, p. 5

3053: 2986: 2818: 2256: 2248: 2210: 1908: 1860: 1481: 1308:(1735), a book in which he considered that new varieties of plants could arise through 1158: 1107: 999: 983: 785: 721: 478: 262: 190: 155: 4523:

Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution

3658:, see Rahner, section "Hominization" by Karl Rahner in entry on "Evolution", 484–485; 1532:

accepted evolution provided they could reconcile it with divine design. The clergymen

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The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition

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An examination of both the theological and scientific aspects of theistic evolution.

4443: 3681: 3223:. Special Publications. Vol. 143. London: Geological Society. pp. 133–136. 2822: 1760: 6494: 6464: 6449: 6398: 6393: 6348: 5606: 5173: 5151: 4959: 4439: 4427: 4383: 4058: 3958: 3663: 3585: 3542: 3283: 2978: 2810: 2572: 2495: 2336: 2182: 2151: 2008: 1932: 1783: 1537: 1533: 1444:

were a purposeful divine plan aimed at forming humanity. These scientists rejected

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About: Agnosticism/Atheism on 'Theistic Evolution & Evolutionary Creationism'

4665: 4534: 4470: 4359: 4258: 4236: 4212: 4092: 3719: 3655: 3638: 3435: 3362: 3068: 2288: 2252: 2244: 2232: 2198: 2178: 2054: 1889: 1871: 1251: 1203: 1133: 1118: 1103: 1024: 1010: 731: 712: 697: 235: 225: 87: 1763:, in both science and religion, involves the process or the purpose of becoming 6434: 6378: 6333: 6303: 6288: 6283: 5807: 5679: 5621: 4981: 4976: 4914: 4892: 4754: 4379: 4355: 3611: 3463:"John Henry Newman to J. Walker of Scarborough on Darwin's Theory of Evolution" 3410: 3358: 2957: 2654:"Darwin'den 1000 yıl önce evrim fikrini ortaya atan Müslüman: Basralı El Cahiz" 2446: 2386: 2240: 2062: 1919: 1879: 1875: 1798: 1772: 1683: 1615: 1519: 1399: 1232: 1222: 1150: 1137: 1110:, and the creation story in the book of Genesis should be read metaphorically. 959: 317: 220: 4586:, Ed. by Robert R. Mathisen, 2nd revised edn., Baylor University Press, 2006, 4150:

The New Answers Book: Over 25 Questions on Creation / Evolution and the Bible

3589: 3133: 2982: 2814: 2138:

that the deity, equipped with foreknowledge, sets the direction of evolution (

1060:

No special supernatural intervention is involved once evolution got under way;

35: 6550: 6484: 6469: 6444: 6383: 6343: 6201: 6191: 6135: 6009: 5887: 5846: 5692: 5446: 5114: 5109: 4331: 4283:

Brundell, Barry, "Catholic Church Politics and Evolution Theory, 1894-1902",

3406: 2870: 2433: 2174: 1971: 1928:: The acceptance of evolution without any exceptions for miraculous creation. 1723: 1696: 1610: 1580: 1490: 1456: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1393: 1301: 1191: 1122: 1076: 775: 468: 140: 6293: 4062: 3546: 2962:"Nothing in Evolutionary Theory Makes Sense Except in the Light of Creation" 1863:

divides Muslim positions on the evolution theory into four different views.

986:. Modern theistic evolution accepts the general scientific consensus on the 6509: 6499: 6388: 6373: 6211: 6147: 6004: 5952: 5897: 5730: 5725: 5319: 5077: 4687: 4507:

Coming to Peace with Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology

4486: 3972: 3554: 3469:. Vol. XXIV. Oxford: Clarendon Press (published 1973). pp. 77–78. 3287: 3227: 2509: 2341: 2224: 2171: 2139: 1961: 1941: 1899: 1806: 1651: 1598: 1560: 1477: 1365: 1142: 987: 770: 488: 473: 257: 252: 170: 4725:

From Flat Earthism to Atheistic Evolutionism, including Theistic Evolution

4302: 3711: 3631: 2291:

in scientific explanations, undermining biblical doctrines, such as God's

1870:: The rejection of evolutionary theory and all of its elements, including 6489: 6363: 6216: 6031: 5902: 5631: 5166: 4996: 4902: 4860: 4502: 4403: 2842:. ISSR library (in Italian). University of California Press. p. 69. 2522:

Stipe, Claude E., "Scientific Creationism and Evangelical Christianity",

2276: 2220: 2092: 2058: 2050: 2042: 1449: 1431: 1179: 1003: 975: 647: 498: 215: 165: 6075: 5471: 2994: 2990: 2604:

Beyond the Firmament: Understanding Science and the Theology of Creation

2571:

Pope John Paul II, 3 October 1981 to the Pontifical Academy of Science,

2114:

Alternatives to evolution by natural selection § Theistic evolution

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Nobel Prize winner Charles Townes on evolution and "intelligent design"

4624: 4451: 4288: 2796:"Evolutionary Creation: Moving Beyond the Evolution vs Creation Debate" 2084: 1991: 1818: 1782:, but that humans did. Many versions of theistic evolution insist on a 1730: 1679: 1675: 1647: 1411: 1403: 1243: 1211: 272: 195: 150: 130: 44: 4609: 3272:"Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?" 2527: 2185:, sufficient explanation of the phenomena of evolution is provided by 6245: 6183: 6157: 6130: 6026: 5877: 5486: 5104: 4852: 2451:"Defining the Relationship between Evolution and Divine Intervention" 2236: 2167: 1594: 1553: 1545: 1441: 1050: 967: 531: 145: 65: 4768: 3963: 3938: 3858:

Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm

3823:

Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm

3784:

Islam and Evolution: Al Ghazali and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm

2500: 2475: 1352: 6238: 6125: 5929: 5131: 4580:

Between Americanism and Modernism; John Zahm and Theistic Evolution

4048: 2127: 2119: 1945: 1888:: The acceptance of the entirety of evolutionary theory except for 1564: 1290: 1286: 1261: 1080: 1033: 995: 962:. Here, God is taken as the primary cause while natural causes are 521: 120: 6174: 3496: 1609:". In December 1859 Darwin had been disappointed to hear that Sir 1607:

the continuous operation of the ordained becoming of living things

1567:(1810–1888) defended natural selection as compatible with design. 1121:(human exceptionalism), while some give an allegorical reading of 5314: 5028: 3182: 3180: 2280: 2271: 2088: 2080: 1826: 1802: 1745: 1662: 1643: 1455:

threatening the established hierarchies of society. The idealist

1357: 1114: 3890:"Islam and Evolution: The Curious Case of David Solomon Jalajel" 3876:

Islam and Evolution: Al Ghazali and Modern Evolutionary Paradigm

3214:"Lyell's views on organic progression, evolution and extinction" 2215:

A number of notable proponents of theistic evolution, including

4696:

by Laurence Moran, presents a standard definition for evolution

3326: 2296: 1734: 1668:

In 1871 Darwin published his own research on human ancestry in

577: 4430:(1997). "Antievolution and Creationism in the United States". 4218:

Negotiating Darwin: the Vatican confronts evolution, 1877–1902

3314: 3177: 2439: 5235: 4475:

The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief

4190:

Did God Use Evolution? Observations from a Scientist of Faith

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signed by thousands of clergy supporting evolution and faith

1898:: The acceptance of evolution, only making an exception for 1295:

The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation (1692)

4699: 3119:

As quoted from Ramsbottom, (1938); in David Briggs (1997),

2096: 1950: 1787: 1779: 4619:

Morrison, John L., "William Seton: A Catholic Darwinist",

3416: 2903:"Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution" 1995:, etc.) Adamic exceptionalists believe that Allah created 1825:" is sometimes used to refer to theories that there was a 1225:

describes the position of the late 19th-century geologist

1221:

Regarding the embracing of Darwinian evolution, historian

4702:

Old Earth Creationism, with section on theistic evolution

4361:

The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism

3669: 3442: 3338: 3239: 955: 4763: 4662:

Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution

4552:

The Beautiful Scientist: a Spiritual Approach to Science

4311:, trans. John Bowden, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, 2075:

Acceptance of evolution by religious groups § Islam

1199:

greater extent than the theistic evolutionist believes.

1063:

Humans are a result of these evolutionary processes; and

4712:

The Vatican's View of Evolution: The Story of Two Popes

4584:

Critical Issues in American Religious History: A Reader

3302: 3251: 2411: 2197:

natural entity is not required. Evolutionary biologist

1953:), and that evolution occurred just as theorized (e.g. 1737:

had a lower rate of acceptance than the United States.

1661:

wrote in 1868: "Mr Darwin's theory need not then to be

1087:

in rejecting the concepts of continued intervention or

4337:

Evolution: The Remarkable History of Scientific Theory

3364:

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

4409:

Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi

4012:"The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society" 3645:, Sixth Edition. 2001–07. Retrieved 12 November 2008. 3505:. 1 vol. 1st edition, Feb. 1863 (John Murray, London) 2381: 2379: 2377: 1878:, etc. many of its proponents, however, still accept 1859:

The Islamic scholar, science lecturer and theologian

1744:, and as such it is viewed with disdain both by some 1740:

Theistic evolution has been described as arguing for

4690:

by Mark Isaak, presents various forms of creationism

4211: 3687: 3576:

Devine, Philip E. (2008). "Creation and Evolution".

3106:

Alistair Cameron Crombie, Michael A. Hoskin (1988),

3073:

Genesis Kinds: Creationism and the Origin of Species

2107: 4743: 3622:(London: Continuum, 2010), pp. 34–35. In contrast, 3516:"Wrestling with doubt – Christian History Magazine" 2170:evolutionists focuses on its essential belief in a 4633:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, 4294:Desmond, Adrian J.; Moore, James Richard (1991) . 4262: 3532: 2900: 2629:"Muslim thought on evolution takes a step forward" 2540: 2374: 2102: 1218:that God created "kinds" of animals sequentially. 4616:, Organ of the Roman Theological Forum, May 2001. 3721:The Beginning of All Things: Science and Religion 3071:. In Wood, Todd Charles; Garner, Paul A. (eds.). 3054:On the Origins of New Forms of Life, A new Theory 2587:. University of Wisconsin Oshkosh. Archived from 1540:(1821–1902), both conservative Christians in the 6548: 4706:Evolution & Creation: A Theosophic Synthesis 4610:Early Vatican Responses to Evolutionist Theology 4215:; Glick, Thomas F.; Martínez, Rafael A. (2006). 2829: 2585:"An Open Letter Concerning Religion and Science" 1854: 1414:to show design by a benevolent Creator, adopted 4678:by Austin Cline; overview of various viewpoints 4631:Roman Catholicism and modern science: a history 2126:. He argued that the deity supplies beneficial 1574:(January 1860), had written in the conclusion: 4285:The British Journal for the History of Science 4169:The Serious Consequences of Theistic Evolution 3724:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 94–95. 1274:Alternatives to evolution by natural selection 16:Views that religion is compatible with science 6091: 4796: 4308:beginning of all things: science and religion 4221:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 4028: 4026: 4024: 2869: 2166:The major criticism of theistic evolution by 1570:Darwin himself, in his second edition of the 920: 616: 4412:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 4293: 4146:Chapter 3: Couldn’t God Have Used Evolution? 3988:"Does Islam Forbid Even Studying Evolution?" 3840:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMalik2021a ( 3526: 3502:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 3467:The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman 3332: 2766:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMalik2021a ( 2041:Proponents of human-exceptionalism include: 1701:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 1117:believe that only humans were exceptions to 3219:. In Blundell, D. J.; Scott, A. C. (eds.). 3186: 3004:witness in Genesis of a completed creation. 1718:Acceptance of evolution by religious groups 1505: 1462:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation 1380:Later observations by Protestant botanists 6098: 6084: 4803: 4789: 4572: 4464: 4054:Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism 4021: 3939:"Why I teach evolution to Muslim students" 3710: 3211: 2839:Evolution Vs. Creationism: An Introduction 2468: 2262: 2193:), and the intervention or direction of a 2124:Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism 1742:compatibility between science and religion 927: 913: 796:Rejection of evolution by religious groups 623: 609: 6105: 4047: 3962: 3221:Lyell: the Past is the Key to the Present 2863: 2499: 2445: 2161: 1786:consisting of at least the addition of a 1465:published in 1844, its anonymous author ( 1267: 1028:evolution typically rest. They include: 6037:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 4810: 4075: 3985: 3465:. In Dessain, C.S.; Gornall, T. (eds.). 3269: 3069:"1: Evolving Christian Views of Species" 2956: 2784:(1998), New Leaf Publishing Group, p. 36 2702: 2679:"'Darwin, evrimi Müslümanlar'dan çaldı'" 1931: 1402:'s analysis of fossils and discovery of 1351: 970:. Theistic evolution is not in itself a 4378: 4354: 4118: 3026:, 1998. ISBN 0-674-19312-1 pp.12,57,163 2944: 2538: 2417: 2146:set out similar views in his 1867 book 6549: 4402: 4330: 4257: 4235: 4032: 4017:. Pew Research Center. April 30, 2013. 3936: 3835: 3675: 3666:" (q.v.) in typical Creationist usage. 3575: 3460: 3448: 3422: 3357: 3344: 3320: 3308: 3276:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 3257: 3245: 3233: 3066: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2733:الدكتور عدنان إبراهيم Dr Adnan Ibrahim 2626: 2620: 2601: 2181:considers that, by the application of 1829:of some sort, achieving hominization. 1440:in which patterns of development from 1100:Catholic version of theistic evolution 1036:, with the universe coming into being 6079: 5800:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 4784: 4682:Creationism: What's a Catholic to Do? 4426: 3918:Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research 3781: 3777: 3775: 3659: 3610:For example, the Catholic theologian 3236:, pp. 108–109, 113–118, 133–134. 2931: 2835: 2793: 2392:National Center for Science Education 2204: 1902:. It asserts that Adam was the first 1588:Chapter XIV: "Conclusions", page 428. 1073:National Center for Science Education 4539:Perspectives on an Evolving Creation 2934:, p. 271 for another definition 2399:from the original on 26 January 2024 1214:, with similarities to the ideas of 1185: 1155:(evolution according to fixed law), 6197:Alternatives to Darwinian evolution 4004: 3391:Review of Origin & other works. 3110:Science History Publications. p. 43 2746: 2573:"Cosmology and Fundamental Physics" 1624:The Facts and Fancies of Mr. Darwin 13: 5205:Evolutionary developmental biology 4769:Perspectives on Theistic Evolution 4737:National Museum of Natural History 4459: 4364:. University of California Press. 4269:. University of California Press. 4243:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3930: 3772: 3688:Artigas, Glick & Martínez 2006 3620:Aquinas: A Guide for the Perplexed 3461:Newman, John Henry (22 May 1868). 2875:"The Creation/Evolution Continuum" 2721: 2696: 2627:Hameed, Salman (11 January 2013). 2423: 2387:"The Creation/Evolution Continuum" 1691:(1838–1921) responded to Darwin's 982:, but can include beliefs such as 14: 6588: 4655: 3873: 3855: 3820: 3409:, Darwin Correspondence Project, 2705:Bir Müslüman Evrimci Olabilir Mi? 2108:19th-century 'theistic evolution' 2091:(78%). However relatively few in 1514:Religious views of Charles Darwin 1281:In the 17th century, the English 1075:in the United States of America, 6173: 6059: 6050: 6049: 4748: 4744:Proponents of theistic evolution 4265:Evolution:The History of an Idea 3690:, pp. 19, 23, 24, 35, etc.. 3495: 3413:", accessed on 10 February 2019, 3194:. Plorenzano.files.wordpress.com 3037:"What is Evolutionary Creation?" 2729:"The Evolution Series Episode 1" 2547:. New York: Free Press. p. 2158:which they had grown to expect. 1936:Diagram of Adamic exceptionalism 1843: 1630:creative purpose. Both Owen and 1106:may have occurred, but God must 654: 590: 589: 576: 34: 5862:Extended evolutionary synthesis 5051:Gene-centered view of evolution 4444:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.263 4182: 4162: 4139: 4112: 4086: 4069: 4041: 3986:Guessoum, Nidhal (2012-01-04). 3979: 3906: 3882: 3867: 3849: 3829: 3814: 3748: 3703: 3693: 3648: 3604: 3569: 3508: 3489: 3473: 3454: 3428: 3399: 3383: 3350: 3263: 3205: 3159: 3150: 3126: 3121:"Plant Variation and Evolution" 3113: 3100: 3059: 3047: 3029: 3009: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2894: 2787: 2775: 2671: 2646: 2595: 2310:American Scientific Affiliation 2103:Relationship to other positions 2068: 1755: 583:Evolutionary biology portal 6572:Catholic theology and doctrine 5990:Hologenome theory of evolution 5857:History of molecular evolution 5083:Evolutionarily stable strategy 4972:Last universal common ancestor 4670:St. Joseph's College, Edmonton 3405:Letter from Charles Darwin to 2577: 2565: 2532: 2516: 1071:The executive director of the 542:Creation–evolution controversy 296:History of evolutionary theory 1: 6557:Religious belief and doctrine 5784:Renaissance and Enlightenment 4432:Annual Review of Anthropology 3089:Disquisitio de Sexu Plantarum 2997:on 5 August 2021 – via 2606:. Chesapeake, VA: Watertree. 2368: 1855:Theological views and stances 1711: 1618:(1781–1868), a member of the 1493:(1804–1881) and the Reverend 1182:" of union with the Creator. 1034:prevailing cosmological model 1019: 5995:Missing heritability problem 5622:Gamete differentiation/sexes 4729:Human Timeline (Interactive) 4723:Spectrum of Creation Beliefs 4388:. Harvard University Press. 3782:Malik, Shoaib Ahmed (2021). 3134:"Rocky Road: Thomas Hawkins" 2539:Collins, Francis S. (2007). 1790:just for the human species. 1775:taught animals did not have 1642:, which explained beauty in 1248:National Institute of Health 1038:about 13.8 billion years ago 1014:between religion and science 527:Evolution as fact and theory 7: 4775:The "Clergy Letter" Project 3937:Dajani, Rana (2015-04-23). 3914:"Dr. David Solomon Jalajel" 3520:Christian History Institute 2901:Denis O. Lamoureux (2003). 2782:The Modern Creation Trilogy 2302: 2134:argued instead in his 1871 1793:Scientific accounts of the 1622:, wrote an article called " 1410:, which sought examples of 1345:Fundamenta fructificationis 1147:(goal-directed evolution), 847:Jainism and non-creationism 10: 6593: 5627:Life cycles/nuclear phases 5179:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 4205: 3020:Darwinism comes to America 2803:Christian Higher Education 2602:Glover, Gordon J. (2007). 2436:, Niles Eldredge, p. 62–63 2208: 2189:processes (in particular, 2111: 2072: 1850:Islamic views on evolution 1847: 1715: 1511: 1476:The comparative anatomist 1382:Carl Friedrich von Gärtner 1271: 1229:as "Christian Darwinism". 1176:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 1174:The Jesuit paleontologist 1000:origin of the Solar System 984:creation of the human soul 562:Nature-nurture controversy 6523: 6417: 6269: 6251:Evolutionary epistemology 6182: 6171: 6113: 6045: 5945: 5870: 5774: 5701: 5657: 5512: 5416: 5233: 5192: 5125:Parent–offspring conflict 5061: 4930:Earliest known life forms 4851: 4818: 4119:Dawkins, Richard (1986). 4076:Campbell, George (1867). 3643:The Columbia Encyclopedia 3590:10.1017/S0034412500024380 3439:(1862), Volume 3. p. 170. 2983:10.1163/22116117-90000522 2815:10.1080/15363750903018231 2430:Evolution Vs. Creationism 2156:methodological naturalism 2136:On the Genesis of Species 1956:Austalopithecus afarensis 1838:St. George Jackson Mivart 1386:Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter 1196:Evolution Vs. Creationism 958:acts and creates through 952:evolutionary creationism, 449:Evolutionary neuroscience 424:Evolutionary epistemology 404:Evolutionary anthropology 384:Applications of evolution 5978:Cultural group selection 5842:The eclipse of Darwinism 5814:On the Origin of Species 5789:Transmutation of species 4550:Corrado Ghinamo; (2013) 4125:. Longman. p. 316. 3806:: CS1 maint: location ( 3756:"Dr. Shoaib Ahmed Malik" 3333:Desmond & Moore 1991 3323:, pp. 125–126, 139. 3067:Garner, Paul A. (2009). 3056:, by Eugene M. McCarthy. 3024:Harvard University Press 2825:– via ualberta.ca. 2703:Taslaman, Caner (2017). 2268:Young Earth creationists 2132:St George Jackson Mivart 1750:young Earth creationists 1525:On the Origin of Species 1507:On the Origin of Species 1446:transmutation of species 1434:(1779–1851) developed a 1390:transmutation of species 950:), alternatively called 439:Evolutionary linguistics 434:Evolutionary game theory 409:Evolutionary computation 6271:Philosophers of biology 5983:Dual inheritance theory 5822:History of paleontology 4573:Accounts of the history 4465:Contemporary approaches 4098:A Universe from Nothing 4063:10.5962/bhl.title.19483 3628:Transmigration of souls 3547:10.1126/science.1126746 3270:van Wyhe, John (2007). 2908:. University of Alberta 2735:(in Arabic). 2015-12-23 2524:American Anthropologist 2315:The BioLogos Foundation 2263:Young Earth creationism 1689:George Frederick Wright 1620:Free Church of Scotland 1300:18th-century scientist 1227:George Frederick Wright 1216:progressive creationism 816:"Teach the Controversy" 781:Creationist cosmologies 552:Objections to evolution 459:Evolutionary psychology 454:Evolutionary physiology 399:Evolutionary aesthetics 378:Fields and applications 360:History of paleontology 6567:Theistic evolutionists 6562:Evolution and religion 5671:Punctuated equilibrium 4992:Non-adaptive radiation 4940:Evolutionary arms race 4621:The Review of Politics 4101:Free Press, New York. 3288:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171 3138:www.strangescience.net 2162:Non-theistic evolution 2118:The American botanist 1937: 1904:theologically accurate 1795:origin of the universe 1591: 1486:On the Nature of Limbs 1373: 1350: 1331: 1304:(1707–1778) published 1268:Historical development 484:Speciation experiments 464:Experimental evolution 419:Evolutionary economics 241:Recent human evolution 99:Processes and outcomes 6577:Philosophy of biology 6165:Evolutionary taxonomy 6107:Philosophy of biology 5963:Evolutionary medicine 5837:Mendelian inheritance 5545:Biological complexity 5533:Programmed cell death 5225:Phenotypic plasticity 4945:Evolutionary pressure 4935:Evidence of evolution 4833:Timeline of evolution 4714:by Doug Linder (2004) 4382:(November 30, 2006). 4188:Gitt, Werner (2006). 3874:Malik, Shoaib Ahmed. 3856:Malik, Shoaib Ahmed. 3821:Malik, Shoaib Ahmed. 3637:July 9, 2008, at the 3396:111: 487–532, p. 500. 3389:Owen, Richard. 1860. 2970:Philosophia Reformata 2347:Old Earth creationism 1935: 1896:Adamic exceptionalism 1576: 1548:welcomed the idea of 1356:In the 19th century, 1355: 1335: 1317: 1272:Further information: 1108:create the human soul 944:theistic evolutionism 444:Evolutionary medicine 389:Biosocial criminology 355:History of speciation 268:Evolutionary taxonomy 231:Timeline of evolution 5937:Teleology in biology 5832:Blending inheritance 5210:Genetic assimilation 5073:Artificial selection 4812:Evolutionary biology 4700:Old Earth Ministries 4688:What is Creationism? 4608:Harrison, Brian W., 4122:The Blind Watchmaker 3425:, pp. 186, 204. 3167:"Do Species Change?" 3108:"History of Science" 2873:(13 February 2018). 2836:Scott, E.C. (2009). 2794:Lamoureux, Denis O. 2707:. Destek Yayınları. 2357:Teleology in biology 2352:Religious naturalism 2130:to guide evolution. 1886:Human exceptionalism 1823:special transformism 1706:historical criticism 1326:Systema Vegetabilium 1289:priest and botanist 1246:and Director of the 948:God-guided evolution 414:Evolutionary ecology 28:Evolutionary biology 6309:Peter Godfrey-Smith 6000:Molecular evolution 5958:Ecological genetics 5827:Transitional fossil 5617:Sexual reproduction 5457:endomembrane system 5386:pollinator-mediated 5342:dolphins and whales 5120:Parental investment 4759:TalkOrigins Archive 4578:Appleby, R. Scott. 4173:The Occult Invasion 4093:Krauss, Lawrence M. 3955:2015Natur.520..409D 3825:. pp. 133–136. 3678:, pp. 484–488. 3614:attributed "soul" ( 3451:, pp. 204–207. 3347:, pp. 203–205. 3335:, pp. 428–429. 3248:, pp. 120–134. 3212:Hallam, A. (1998). 3043:. February 6, 2024. 2543:The Language of God 2492:2006Natur.442Q.110. 2486:(7099): 110. 2006. 2362:Fine-tuned universe 2320:Day-age creationism 2229:Simon Conway Morris 1900:Adam and Hawa (Eve) 1834:John Augustine Zahm 1827:divine intervention 1769:Abrahamic religions 1728:mainline Protestant 1654:for a future need. 1597:mechanism. In 1860 1499:British Association 1257:The Language of God 1202:Canadian biologist 1045:fine-tuned universe 992:age of the universe 842:Creator in Buddhism 752:Omphalos hypothesis 516:Social implications 504:Universal Darwinism 494:Island biogeography 429:Evolutionary ethics 394:Ecological genetics 340:Molecular evolution 278:Transitional fossil 106:Population genetics 22:Part of a series on 6536:History of biology 6531:Philosophy of mind 6505:John Maynard Smith 6425:Francisco J. Ayala 6409:William C. Wimsatt 6404:Gerard Verschuuren 6314:James R. Griesemer 5973:Cultural evolution 5088:Fisher's principle 5017:Handicap principle 5007:Parallel evolution 4871:Adaptive radiation 4694:What is Evolution? 4519:Miller, Kenneth R. 4356:Numbers, Ronald L. 4340:. Modern Library. 3838:, pp. 133–134 3481:The Descent of Man 3171:Answers in Genesis 2476:"Building bridges" 2257:intelligent design 2249:Francisco J. Ayala 2211:Intelligent design 2205:Intelligent design 2144:The Duke of Argyll 1987:H. heidelbergensis 1982:H. heidelbergensis 1938: 1926:Non-exceptionalism 1861:Shoaib Ahmed Malik 1671:The Descent of Man 1652:rudimentary organs 1601:attacked Darwin's 1530:liberal Christians 1374: 1242:In 2006, American 1237:Howard J. Van Till 1167:creative evolution 1159:emergent evolution 940:Theistic evolution 863:Theistic evolution 786:Intelligent design 737:creation narrative 722:Biblical cosmology 547:Theistic evolution 479:Selective breeding 191:Parallel evolution 156:Adaptive radiation 6544: 6543: 6475:Humberto Maturana 6460:Stephen Jay Gould 6354:Roberta Millstein 6319:Paul E. Griffiths 6073: 6072: 5689:Uniformitarianism 5642:Sex-determination 5147:Sexual dimorphism 5142:Natural selection 5046:Unit of selection 5012:Signalling theory 4755:God and Evolution 4647:978-0-8264-1868-5 4600:978-1-932792-39-3 4428:Scott, Eugenie C. 4419:978-0-8601-2006-3 4395:978-0-674-02339-0 4347:978-0-679-64288-6 4332:Larson, Edward J. 4325:978-0-8028-0763-2 4298:. Michael Joseph. 4276:978-0-520-23693-6 4250:978-0-8018-4391-4 4148:Ham, Ken (2006). 4107:978-1-4516-2445-8 3624:Dharmic religions 3578:Religious Studies 3311:, pp. 47–49. 3260:, pp. 42–46. 3187:Pablo Lorenzano. 3016:Ronald L. Numbers 2849:978-0-520-26187-7 2613:978-0-9787186-1-9 2591:on 12 March 2005. 2449:(13 March 2019). 2420:, pp. 34–38. 2331:Epic of evolution 2325:Deistic evolution 2217:Kenneth R. Miller 2191:natural selection 2047:Nuh Ha Mim Keller 1815:paleoanthropology 1811:Mitochondrial Eve 1693:Origin of Species 1659:John Henry Newman 1603:Origin of Species 1550:natural selection 1542:Church of England 1424:uniformitarianism 1186:Alternative terms 1055:natural selection 1006:, and evolution. 972:scientific theory 937: 936: 904: 903: 633: 632: 324:Origin of Species 126:Natural selection 6584: 6495:Joan Roughgarden 6465:Richard Lewontin 6450:Michael Ghiselin 6399:Francisco Varela 6394:Alfred I. Tauber 6349:Jane Maienschein 6177: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6077: 6076: 6063: 6053: 6052: 5852:Modern synthesis 5612:Multicellularity 5607:Mosaic evolution 5492:auditory ossicle 5174:Social selection 5157:Flowering plants 5152:Sexual selection 4805: 4798: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4614:Living Tradition 4535:Miller, Keith B. 4471:Collins, Francis 4455: 4423: 4399: 4375: 4351: 4299: 4280: 4268: 4259:Bowler, Peter J. 4254: 4237:Bowler, Peter J. 4232: 4213:Artigas, Mariano 4200: 4192:. Master Books. 4186: 4180: 4171:(excerpted from 4166: 4160: 4152:. Master Books. 4143: 4137: 4136: 4116: 4110: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4079:The Reign of Law 4073: 4067: 4066: 4045: 4039: 4030: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3805: 3797: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3664:special creation 3652: 3646: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3394:Edinburgh Review 3387: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3033: 3027: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2993:. 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However, 1868:Non-evolutionism 1784:special creation 1648:adaptive benefit 1640:The Reign of Law 1589: 1538:Frederick Temple 1536:(1819–1875) and 1534:Charles Kingsley 1437:Naturphilosophie 1408:natural theology 1384:(1772–1850) and 1348: 1329: 1315:Linnaeus wrote: 1089:special creation 988:age of the Earth 980:special creation 929: 922: 915: 831: 830: 811:Public education 761:Creation science 658: 635: 634: 625: 618: 611: 598: 593: 592: 585: 581: 580: 557:Level of support 350:Current research 335:Modern synthesis 330:Before synthesis 283:Extinction event 41:Darwin's finches 38: 19: 18: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6519: 6440:Richard Dawkins 6430:Patrick Bateson 6413: 6359:Sandra Mitchell 6265: 6178: 6169: 6109: 6104: 6074: 6069: 6041: 5968:Group selection 5941: 5866: 5770: 5697: 5659:Tempo and modes 5653: 5508: 5412: 5229: 5188: 5064: 5057: 5034:Species complex 4847: 4838:History of life 4814: 4809: 4751: 4746: 4666:Denis Lamoureux 4658: 4629:O'Leary, John. 4575: 4467: 4462: 4460:Further reading 4420: 4396: 4380:Numbers, Ronald 4372: 4348: 4277: 4251: 4229: 4208: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4117: 4113: 4091: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4046: 4042: 4031: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3996: 3994: 3992:Huffington Post 3984: 3980: 3964:10.1038/520409a 3935: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3872: 3868: 3860:. p. 130. 3854: 3850: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3819: 3815: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3780: 3773: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3656:Catholic Church 3653: 3649: 3639:Wayback Machine 3609: 3605: 3574: 3570: 3541:(5788): 765–6. 3531: 3527: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3494: 3490: 3479:Darwin (1871), 3478: 3474: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3411:Letter no. 2575 3404: 3400: 3388: 3384: 3370: 3368: 3359:Darwin, Charles 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3140: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3101: 3093:Systema Naturae 3083: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3014: 3010: 2964: 2958:Klapwijk, Jacob 2955: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2834: 2830: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2765: 2760: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2658:BBC News Türkçe 2652: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2600: 2596: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2537: 2533: 2521: 2517: 2501:10.1038/442110a 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2444: 2440: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2385: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2305: 2289:God to the gaps 2265: 2255:are critics of 2253:Francis Collins 2245:Alister McGrath 2233:Denis Alexander 2213: 2207: 2199:Richard Dawkins 2179:Lawrence Krauss 2164: 2116: 2110: 2105: 2077: 2071: 2055:Nidhal Guessoum 1890:human evolution 1880:micro-evolution 1876:macro-evolution 1872:common ancestry 1857: 1852: 1846: 1809:, or indeed to 1758: 1720: 1714: 1590: 1587: 1516: 1510: 1467:Robert Chambers 1349: 1342: 1330: 1324: 1306:Systema Naturae 1276: 1270: 1252:Francis Collins 1204:Denis Lamoureux 1188: 1134:Henry M. Morris 1119:common ancestry 1104:human evolution 1025:Francis Collins 1022: 954:is a view that 942:(also known as 933: 900: 825:Religious views 820: 790: 748: 732:Book of Genesis 713:Neo-creationism 709: 629: 588: 575: 574: 567: 566: 517: 509: 508: 379: 371: 370: 369: 297: 289: 288: 287: 236:Human evolution 226:History of life 210: 209:Natural history 202: 201: 200: 100: 92: 47: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6590: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6455:François Jacob 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6435:Charles Darwin 6432: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6379:Sahotra Sarkar 6376: 6371: 6369:Alex Rosenberg 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6334:Philip Kitcher 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6304:Marjorie Grene 6301: 6296: 6291: 6289:Daniel Dennett 6286: 6284:Lindley Darden 6281: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 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5563: 5562: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5519: 5517: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5497:nervous system 5494: 5489: 5484: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4997:Origin of life 4994: 4989: 4984: 4982:Microevolution 4979: 4977:Macroevolution 4974: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4915:Common descent 4912: 4911: 4910: 4900: 4895: 4893:Baldwin effect 4890: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4761: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4739:(August 2016). 4726: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4657: 4656:External links 4654: 4653: 4652: 4627: 4617: 4606: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4567:978-1621474623 4548: 4532: 4516: 4500: 4484: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4424: 4418: 4400: 4394: 4376: 4370: 4352: 4346: 4328: 4300: 4291: 4281: 4275: 4255: 4249: 4233: 4227: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4198:978-0890514832 4181: 4161: 4158:978-0890515099 4138: 4131: 4111: 4085: 4068: 4040: 4020: 4003: 3978: 3929: 3905: 3894:The Muslim 500 3881: 3878:. p. 127. 3866: 3848: 3828: 3813: 3792: 3771: 3747: 3730: 3702: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3654:Including the 3647: 3612:Thomas Aquinas 3603: 3568: 3525: 3507: 3488: 3472: 3453: 3441: 3427: 3415: 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others. 1138:John D. Morris 1069: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1048: 1041: 1021: 1018: 1004:origin of life 960:laws of nature 935: 934: 932: 931: 924: 917: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 899: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 867: 866: 865: 857: 856: 852: 851: 850: 849: 844: 836: 835: 827: 826: 822: 821: 819: 818: 813: 808: 802: 799: 798: 792: 791: 789: 788: 783: 778: 773: 767: 764: 763: 757: 756: 755: 754: 747: 746: 745: 744: 742:as an allegory 739: 728: 725: 724: 718: 717: 716: 715: 708: 707: 706: 705: 700: 695: 684: 683: 682: 674: 673: 667: 666: 660: 659: 651: 650: 644: 643: 631: 630: 628: 627: 620: 613: 605: 602: 601: 600: 599: 586: 569: 568: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 537:Social effects 534: 529: 524: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 368: 367: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 320: 315: 310: 305: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 263:Classification 260: 255: 250: 245: 244: 243: 233: 228: 223: 221:Common descent 218: 216:Origin of life 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 93: 91: 90: 85: 80: 74: 73: 68: 63: 58: 52: 49: 48: 39: 31: 30: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6589: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6485:Jacques Monod 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6470:Konrad Lorenz 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6445:Jared Diamond 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6384:Elliott Sober 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6344:Helen Longino 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 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5913:Structuralism 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5888:Catastrophism 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847:Neo-Darwinism 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761:Reinforcement 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5693:Catastrophism 5690: 5687: 5685: 5684:Macromutation 5681: 5680:Micromutation 5678: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Immune system 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447:symbiogenesis 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5115:Kin selection 5113: 5111: 5110:Genetic drift 5108: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4749:Organizations 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639:0-8264-1868-6 4636: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:1-932792-39-2 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4546:0-8028-0512-4 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4530:0-06-093049-7 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:0-8308-2742-0 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498:0-452-29534-3 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4482:0-7432-8639-1 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4371:9780520083936 4367: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4317:0-8028-0763-1 4314: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4228:9780801883897 4224: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4134: 4132:9780582446946 4128: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4013: 4007: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3949:(7548): 409. 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3803: 3795: 3793:9780367364137 3789: 3785: 3778: 3776: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3733: 3731:9780802863591 3727: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3408: 3407:Charles Lyell 3402: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3082:9781606084908 3078: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2904: 2897: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2871:Eugenie Scott 2866: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2769: 2764:, p. 135 2763: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2716: 2714:9786053112082 2710: 2706: 2699: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2560: 2558:9781416542742 2554: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2434:Eugenie Scott 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287:will confine 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183:Occam's razor 2180: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1909:taxonomically 1905: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1851: 1844:Islamic views 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1724:Eugenie Scott 1722:According to 1719: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1697:Charles Lyell 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1611:John Herschel 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1584: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:Hewett Watson 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1457:Louis Agassiz 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1428:John Herschel 1425: 1421: 1420:Charles Lyell 1417: 1416:catastrophism 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1394:Gregor Mendel 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1346: 1339: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1310:hybridization 1307: 1303: 1302:Carl Linnaeus 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:Nonconformist 1279: 1275: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192:Eugenie Scott 1183: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:Eugenie Scott 1074: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 978:doctrines of 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 930: 925: 923: 918: 916: 911: 910: 908: 907: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 864: 861: 860: 859: 858: 854: 853: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 838: 837: 833: 832: 829: 828: 824: 823: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 801: 800: 797: 794: 793: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 776:Flood geology 774: 772: 769: 768: 766: 765: 762: 759: 758: 753: 750: 749: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 733: 730: 729: 727: 726: 723: 720: 719: 714: 711: 710: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 686: 685: 681: 678: 677: 676: 675: 672: 669: 668: 665: 662: 661: 657: 653: 652: 649: 646: 645: 641: 637: 636: 626: 621: 619: 614: 612: 607: 606: 604: 603: 597: 587: 584: 579: 573: 572: 571: 570: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 513: 512: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 469:Phylogenetics 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 375: 374: 365: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 325: 321: 319: 316: 314: 313:Before Darwin 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 293: 292: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 242: 239: 238: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 206: 205: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 141:Genetic drift 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 96: 95: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 75: 72: 69: 67: 64: 62: 59: 57: 54: 53: 51: 50: 46: 42: 37: 33: 32: 29: 26: 25: 21: 20: 6510:E. O. Wilson 6500:Rolf Sattler 6389:Kim Sterelny 6374:Michael Ruse 6261:Tree of life 6233: 6212:Orthogenesis 6148:Reductionism 6022:Polymorphism 6005:Astrobiology 5953:Biogeography 5924: 5908:Saltationism 5898:Orthogenesis 5883:Alternatives 5812: 5798: 5731:Cospeciation 5726:Cladogenesis 5675:Saltationism 5632:Mating types 5555:Color vision 5540:Avian flight 5462:mitochondria 5200:Canalisation 5078:Biodiversity 4823:Introduction 4650:Google books 4630: 4620: 4613: 4604:Google books 4583: 4579: 4551: 4538: 4522: 4506: 4503:Falk, Darrel 4490: 4487:Michael Dowd 4474: 4435: 4431: 4408: 4404:Rahner, Karl 4384: 4360: 4336: 4306: 4295: 4284: 4264: 4240: 4217: 4189: 4184: 4172: 4164: 4149: 4141: 4121: 4114: 4096: 4088: 4078: 4071: 4057:. Appleton. 4053: 4043: 4006: 3995:. Retrieved 3991: 3981: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3921:. Retrieved 3917: 3908: 3897:. Retrieved 3893: 3884: 3875: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3831: 3822: 3816: 3783: 3763:. Retrieved 3760:www.zu.ac.ae 3759: 3750: 3741: 3735:. Retrieved 3720: 3716:Bowden, John 3705: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3660:Scott (1997) 3650: 3642: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3491: 3480: 3475: 3466: 3456: 3444: 3434: 3430: 3418: 3401: 3393: 3385: 3376: 3369:. Retrieved 3363: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3220: 3207: 3196:. Retrieved 3170: 3161: 3152: 3141:. Retrieved 3137: 3128: 3120: 3115: 3107: 3102: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3072: 3061: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3019: 3011: 3002: 2995:the original 2977:(1): 57–77. 2974: 2968: 2952: 2947:, p. 36 2945:Numbers 1993 2939: 2932:Scott (1997) 2926: 2917: 2910:. Retrieved 2896: 2884:. Retrieved 2878: 2865: 2853:. Retrieved 2838: 2831: 2806: 2802: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2737:. Retrieved 2732: 2723: 2704: 2698: 2687:. Retrieved 2685:(in Turkish) 2682: 2673: 2662:. Retrieved 2660:(in Turkish) 2657: 2648: 2636:. Retrieved 2633:The Guardian 2632: 2622: 2603: 2597: 2589:the original 2579: 2567: 2542: 2534: 2523: 2518: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2458:. Retrieved 2454: 2441: 2429: 2425: 2418:Numbers 2006 2413: 2401:. Retrieved 2390: 2342:Orthogenesis 2266: 2225:George Coyne 2214: 2194: 2186: 2177:. Physicist 2172:supernatural 2168:non-theistic 2165: 2147: 2140:orthogenesis 2135: 2123: 2117: 2078: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1977:H. eragaster 1976: 1972:H. eragaster 1970: 1966: 1962:Homo habilis 1960: 1954: 1939: 1925: 1914: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1885: 1867: 1858: 1831: 1807:Adam and Eve 1792: 1761:Hominization 1759: 1756:Hominization 1739: 1721: 1700: 1692: 1670: 1667: 1656: 1646:without any 1639: 1628: 1606: 1602: 1599:Richard Owen 1592: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1561:Aubrey Moore 1523: 1517: 1506: 1495:Baden Powell 1485: 1478:Richard Owen 1475: 1470: 1460: 1435: 1398: 1379: 1375: 1344: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1299: 1294: 1280: 1277: 1255: 1254:, published 1241: 1231: 1220: 1209: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1173: 1164: 1156: 1148: 1143:Orthogenesis 1141: 1131: 1126: 1112: 1097: 1070: 1023: 1008: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938: 862: 834:Non-creation 771:Created kind 546: 489:Sociobiology 474:Paleontology 322: 258:Biogeography 253:Biodiversity 171:Coextinction 161:Co-operation 136:Polymorphism 61:Introduction 6490:Denis Noble 6364:Susan Oyama 6279:John Beatty 6217:Mutationism 6032:Systematics 5903:Mutationism 5721:Catagenesis 5649:Snake venom 5582:Eusociality 5560:in primates 5550:Cooperation 5478:In animals 5298:butterflies 5271:Cephalopods 5261:Brachiopods 5193:Development 5167:Mate choice 4920:Convergence 4903:Coevolution 4861:Abiogenesis 4733:Smithsonian 4438:: 263–289. 4035:, pp. 4033:Larson 2004 3943:Nature News 3836:Malik 2021a 3676:Rahner 1975 3449:Bowler 2003 3423:Bowler 2003 3345:Bowler 2003 3321:Bowler 2003 3309:Bowler 1992 3258:Larson 2004 3246:Bowler 2003 3234:Bowler 2003 2762:Malik 2021a 2293:incarnation 2277:Fall of Man 2241:Darrel Falk 2221:John Haught 2093:Afghanistan 2059:Israr Ahmed 2051:Rana Dajani 2043:Yasir Qadhi 2005:taxonomical 1680:sea squirts 1663:atheistical 1450:materialist 1432:Lorenz Oken 1370:John Martin 1366:plesiosaurs 1180:omega point 1151:nomogenesis 1081:theological 976:creationist 703:progressive 680:Young Earth 648:Creationism 499:Systematics 308:Renaissance 186:Convergence 176:Contingency 166:Coevolution 6551:Categories 6515:Jonas Salk 6480:Ernst Mayr 6418:Biologists 6339:Tim Lewens 6329:Hans Jonas 6324:David Hull 6299:Carla Fehr 6294:John Dupré 6207:Lamarckism 6143:Naturalism 5893:Lamarckism 5871:Philosophy 5794:David Hume 5756:Peripatric 5751:Parapatric 5736:Ecological 5716:Anagenesis 5711:Allopatric 5703:Speciation 5667:Gradualism 5592:Metabolism 5452:chromosome 5442:Eukaryotes 5220:Modularity 5137:Population 5063:Population 5024:Speciation 5002:Panspermia 4955:Extinction 4950:Exaptation 4925:Divergence 4898:Cladistics 4886:Reciprocal 4866:Adaptation 4559:1621474623 4303:Kung, Hans 4082:. Strahan. 3997:2017-11-16 3923:2024-04-23 3899:2024-04-23 3765:2024-04-23 3737:2015-06-15 3712:Küng, Hans 3584:(3): 325. 3436:Good Words 3371:9 December 3198:2015-08-11 3143:2019-12-10 2739:2021-05-06 2689:2021-05-06 2664:2021-05-06 2638:25 January 2403:26 January 2369:References 2285:naturalism 2270:including 2209:See also: 2112:See also: 2095:(26%) and 2087:(79%) and 2085:Kazakhstan 2073:See also: 2069:Acceptance 2009:hybridized 2001:human-like 1997:human-like 1992:H. sapiens 1967:H. habilis 1915:human-like 1913:humans or 1819:archeology 1731:seminaries 1712:Acceptance 1676:Quadrumana 1638:published 1595:purposeful 1546:Calvinists 1522:published 1512:See also: 1453:radicalism 1442:archetypes 1412:adaptation 1404:extinction 1368:. Artist: 1364:' book on 1244:geneticist 1212:speciation 1194:states in 1127:human-like 1020:Definition 273:Cladistics 196:Extinction 181:Divergence 151:Speciation 131:Adaptation 45:John Gould 6256:Teleology 6246:Darwinism 6184:Evolution 6158:Emergence 6131:Dysgenics 6027:Protocell 5878:Darwinism 5766:Sympatric 5515:processes 5403:Tetrapods 5352:Kangaroos 5278:Dinosaurs 5215:Inversion 5184:Variation 5105:Gene flow 5098:Inclusive 4908:Mutualism 4853:Evolution 4537:; (2003) 4521:; (1999) 4505:; (2004) 4473:; (2006) 4358:(1993) . 4177:Dave Hunt 4049:Gray, Asa 3802:cite book 3709:Compare: 3700:Brundell. 3598:170207377 3563:152990938 3356:Compare: 3296:202574857 3065:Compare: 2943:Compare: 2930:see also 2809:: 28–48. 2455:Sapientia 2447:Jim Stump 2281:atheistic 2237:Ard Louis 2128:mutations 2081:atheistic 1748:and many 1657:Cardinal 1554:salvation 1343:From his 1051:Evolution 968:evolution 964:secondary 855:Evolution 688:Old Earth 532:Dysgenics 248:Phylogeny 146:Gene flow 116:Diversity 111:Variation 6239:Vitalism 6234:Theistic 6227:Spandrel 6126:Eugenics 6055:Category 5930:Vitalism 5925:Theistic 5918:Spandrel 5602:Morality 5597:Monogamy 5472:plastids 5437:Flagella 5393:Reptiles 5374:sea cows 5357:primates 5266:Molluscs 5244:Bacteria 5132:Mutation 5065:genetics 5041:Taxonomy 4987:Mismatch 4967:Homology 4881:Cheating 4876:Altruism 4764:BioLogos 4406:(1975). 4334:(2004). 4261:(2003). 4239:(1992). 4109:p.146 f. 4051:(1876). 3973:25903591 3718:(2008). 3635:Archived 3555:16902112 3361:(1859). 3041:BioLogos 2991:24710031 2960:(2012). 2912:25 April 2855:2 August 2823:17953449 2510:16837980 2397:Archived 2303:See also 2295:through 2120:Asa Gray 2032:tawaqquf 2028:tawaqquf 2024:tawaqquf 2020:tawaqquf 1946:miracles 1944:through 1911:accurate 1803:hominids 1777:immortal 1746:atheists 1699:'s 1863 1586:— 1565:Asa Gray 1482:homology 1471:Vestiges 1341:— 1323:— 1291:John Ray 1287:Anglican 1262:BioLogos 1011:conflict 996:Big Bang 876:Catholic 871:Buddhist 640:a series 638:Part of 596:Category 522:Eugenics 364:timeline 345:Evo-devo 303:Overview 121:Mutation 83:Evidence 78:Glossary 6524:Related 5946:Related 5776:History 5637:Meiosis 5572:Empathy 5567:Emotion 5467:nucleus 5408:Viruses 5398:Spiders 5310:Mammals 5293:Insects 5093:Fitness 5029:Species 4828:Outline 4757:at the 4489:(2009) 4452:2952523 4206:Sources 4095:(2012) 4037:125–128 3951:Bibcode 3535:Science 3123:, p. 16 3087:In his 2488:Bibcode 2272:Ken Ham 2187:natural 2175:creator 2089:Lebanon 2065:, etc. 1644:plumage 1581:Creator 1358:geology 1115:Muslims 1098:In the 1067:nature. 886:Islamic 806:History 693:day-age 664:History 88:History 71:Outline 6153:Holism 6121:Ethics 6114:Themes 6065:Portal 5741:Hybrid 5577:Ethics 5419:organs 5381:Plants 5367:lemurs 5362:humans 5347:horses 5337:hyenas 5325:wolves 5320:canids 5254:origin 4645: 4637: 4598: 4590: 4565: 4557: 4544: 4528: 4512: 4496: 4480: 4450: 4416: 4392: 4368: 4344: 4323: 4315: 4296:Darwin 4273: 4247: 4225: 4196: 4156: 4129: 4105: 3971: 3790: 3728: 3632:"Soul" 3630:. See 3596: 3561: 3553: 3294: 3079: 2989: 2846: 2821: 2711: 2610: 2555: 2508: 2480:Nature 2460:5 July 2297:Christ 2251:, and 1797:, the 1735:Turkey 1632:Mivart 1572:Origin 1556:. 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