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456:(governor or viceroy) of Egypt and Sudan, to head medical services in Egypt. He responded to the Wāli that he would accept the appointment only if his former student Theodor Bilharz was appointed as his assistant. Bilharz was still waiting for his medical certificate, and recounted that he could not sleep the night he received the official appointment out of excitement. Griesinger was to hold three positions such as Director of both
525:
1030:
42:
741:, a Greek for two mouthed. But the rolled-up body made him think that it was a roundworm. At the end of May, he found a female specimen from another corpse that was all wrapped up by the same kind of worm he had discovered. It occurred to him that the worm was an extraordinary fluke, exclaiming, "Something more wonderful, a trematode with divided sex." All previously known parasitic flukes were
464:), President of the Sanitary Council and personal physician to the Wāli. Von Siebold wrote of his recommendation to Bilharz’s father saying, "I can't help it to speak out the wish that the stay of your good Theodor may be a credit to him and to science... I won't believe anything else than that a longer stay in wonderful Egypt would be excellently used by your son. God may save his health."
369:. His mother Elisa Fehr (1800–1889) was from a Swiss family of Zollikhofer. He was the eldest of nine children, four of who died at infancy. He studied at the local school in Sigmaringen and completed his secondary education (Fürstlich Sigmaringer Gymnasium) in 1843 with the highest score. He developed keen interest in geology, biology and poetry. His surviving poem
504:. The German consul however managed to persuade the viceroy to reinstate Bilharz because of his scientific contributions. In 1856, Clot allowed Bilharz to become professor of anatomy. But he exchanged it with the position of professor of descriptive anatomy the same year. He also took charge as medico-legal adviser to the Egyptian government.
1017:. For this historical importance, Bilharz considered his research on electric organs more valuable than bilharzia, and published them as preliminary note in 1853 and as a full monograph in 1858. He discovered and made detailed description of the nervous system of electric fishes responsible for producing
422:
Bilharz passed the state exam in 1849 to obtain a license as medical doctor. There are sources which state that he graduated in 1848, and he was awarded the medical degree without having to appear the examination because of his excellent performance throughout the course. These information may not be
1068:
British parasitologist and biographer, Harry Arnold Baylis wrote of
Bilharz's death: "No one, probably, had ever been more universally or more sincerely mourned in the European colony in Cairo." Richard Alexander Alfons also lamented that "The plan , to further medical research by natural scientific
825:
Although he could not make observation on the further development of the miracidia, his discovery revealed half of the life cycle of the parasite. By then, he established that the disease (its pathology) was caused by the eggs and not the worms themselves. He reported his observations in the journal
970:
When
Bilharz found parasite eggs from infected individuals in March 1852, he noted unique characteristic of schistosome eggs, as each egg has a spine, which he called "pointed appendage." He observed the spiny eggs in the bladder as well as in the intestine. He wrote to von Siebold that some of the
479:
performer, it was an ideal assignment for
Bilharz because autopsy was generally opposed by religious and traditional establishments at the time. Bilharz thereby became the first person to legally perform autopsies in Egypt as the first chief of surgery. While in charge of autopsy between 1850 and
406:
where he enrolled in medicine. In 1846, he won the medical faculty's prize competition for his dissertation on topic "The microscopic characters of the blood of invertebrate animals." With the prize money he bought a compound microscope (Oberhaus microscope) that he used throughout his career. He
1072:
Bilharz's works and grave remained largely forgotten until the first
International Congress of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene held in Cairo in 1928. The meeting revealed the importance of bilharzia and his name became at the forefront of medicine, his grave was rediscovered by a search party soon
753:
You can imagine my surprise when I saw a trematode protruding from the frontal opening of the groove and moving back and forth; it was similar in shape as the first, only much finer and more delicate... was completely enclosed in the groove-shaped half canal of the male posterior, similar to a
724:
had a flat body and a spiral tail at least ten times as long as the body... The tail was a continuation of the flat body of the worm itself, rolled sideways towards the stomach surface in a half canal; the forked blind end of the intestinal canal extended into it very plainly. What then is this
794:
the journal he edited, in 1852. Bilharz then published in the following volume of the same journal the complete description of the parasite structure and the disease it caused. He referred to the disease as "endemic haematuria of warm climates" and the "dysenterische Veränderung des
Dickdarms"
427:
at the
University of Freiburg. Von Siebold became his major influence in parasitology and later discoveries. Bilharz initially planned to work in South America hoping to achieve good research in parasitology as he described: "The path to become a professor maybe shorter via America than via
513:
923:
in 1954, it specifically recommended that the disease be called bilharziasis. Following the valid scientific name, schistosomiasis became widely used, and the name urinary schistosomiasis is also commonly used to differentiate it from other schistosome infections.`
3622:
Records of the
Faculty of Medicine of the Egyptian University: Congress Volume Containing Papers Read by Members of the Staff at the Celebration of the Centenary of the School of Medicine and the Congress of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Held in Cairo, December
679:
connecting the urinary tract of a dead soldier. It was the first time anyone had seen a parasitic worm that lived inside a blood vessel. Not really knowing what kind of worm it was, he wrote to his former zoology professor von
Siebold at Breslau on 1 May
777:
By March 1852, Bilharz also found many eggs from the bladders of the fluke-infected individuals, indicating that those were of the parasites. He could not establish what the eggs did to cause the disease and suspected them as the cause of kidney stone
2660:
Bilharz, Theodor (1856). "Distomum haematobium und sein Verhältniss zu gewissen pathologischen Veränderungen der menschlichen
Harnorgane" [Distomum haematobium and its relation to certain pathological changes of the human urinary organs].
971:
eggs were different in having terminal spines while some had lateral spines. Bilharz also noted that the adult flukes were different in anatomy and number eggs they produced. His drawings depicted which were later identified as those of
706:. My attention soon turned to the liver and associated structures; in the blood from v. portae I found a number of long, white worms that with the naked eye appeared to be nematodes. A look in the microscope revealed an excellent
672:'s army in the late 18th century called Egypt as "the land of menstruating men." This is because of the high prevalence of the disease that severely affected the French army. The cause of the disease was never known.
863:
In 1856, Heinrich Meckel von
Hemsbach critically argued that the usage of such names was inappropriate as it was a misnomer for the flukes since these animals do not have two mouths. Writing in his book
483:
In 1852, Griesinger left Egypt and Bilharz became professor of medicine in his place. The next year, Bilharz was appointed as chief surgeon of internal diseases. When Abbas I died in 1854, his successor
799:
had a long, cylindrical cone-shaped form which was thicker anteriorly and more rounded posteriorly, with a proboscis-like protuberance anteriorly. It was covered completely with rather long cilia.
786:
including haematuria as well. He made the first vivid diagrammatic description of the worms and the eggs on 1 December 1881 in a letter to von Siebold. In it he gave the full scientific name
1053:, requested him to work as personal physician to the Duchess on an expedition around the Red Sea. With research in mind, Bilharz accompanied the Duchess in early 1862. While staying at
471:
on 18 June. Bilharz held the position of senior consultant for the department of internal medicine, and also enlisted in the military where he was given the rank of lieutenant colonel (
387:). He soon developed a passion in natural science mainly from the library and specimens he inherited from his great uncle Kaspar Zollikofer von Altenklingen, a reputed Swiss biologist.
2021:
Renault, AJ (1808). "Notice sur l'hématurie qu'éprouvent les Européens dans la haute Egypte et la Nubie" [Note on hematuria experienced by Europeans in Upper Egypt and Nubia].
1037:
Bilharz returned to Germany in 1858 to visit his hometown and former universities, and giving lectures at Vienna. He made a brief trip to upper Egypt in the winter of 1859 around the
729:
As unique among flukes, the schistosomes have two bodies – a female which is like a roundworm and a male which is curled-up fluke – that are combined permanently (a condition called
3654:
Kéita, Bakary Sayon; Sogodogo, Tiémoko; Goïta, Drissa; Diawara, Ousmane; Doucouré, Djibril; Traoré, Madou; Sangaré, Sidy; Kéita, Mamadou Sayon; Théra, Manifa; Dao, Sounkalo (2021).
2093:
795:(dysenteric pathology of the colon). Bilharz then in early 1852 discovered the embryo (now called miracidia; singular, miracidium) developed from the egg in water, and recorded:
311:
in 1852. He further discovered that it was the eggs and not the flukes that caused the disease. He also unknowingly discovered another related blood fluke, later identified as
1041:, where he noticed a good research opportunity. He spent seven months there with his brother, Richard Alexander Alfons, who had just completed his medical degree at the
892:(a Greek term for "split body" reflecting the separation of male and female in an individual) in 1858. After a century of debate and confusion on the name, in 1954, the
377:) was composed during his school days. He scored the highest in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in his class. At age 14, he wrote a drama and translated an ancient comic epic
1724:
Soares Magalhães, Ricardo J.; Fançony, Cláudia; Gamboa, Dina; Langa, António J.; Sousa-Figueiredo, José Carlos; Clements, Archie C. A.; Vaz Nery, Susana (2013).
2410:"Ein Beitrag zur Helminthographia humana : aus brieflichen Mittheilungen des Dr. Bilharz in Cairo, nebst Bemerkungen von Prof. C.Th. v. Siebold in Breslau"
2412:[A contribution to the Helminthographia humana: from letters sent by Dr. Bilharz in Cairo, along with comments by Prof. C.Th. v. Siebold in Breslau].
884:, and with it von Hemsbach introduced the name of the disease as bilharzia. Not knowing von Hemsbach's publication which had limited circulation at the time,
931:
called it "schlimmerer feind der menschheit" ("the worse enemy of humankind"). A series of observations following the initial discovery by a British Surgeon
287:
in Cairo. He became the first autopsy performer there. From autopsies of children, he observed a variety of helminth parasites and discovered the tapeworm
989:
showed that the lateral-spine eggs were produced only by schistosomes in the intestine. The intestinal flukes were established to be a new species, which
911:
The disease had been known as bilharzia (or bilharziasis), after the discoverer, the term that is broadly used for all types of infections with different
893:
1065:(reports are contradictory) and became seriously ill. When he returned to Egypt, he was in terminal condition and died on 6 May 1862, at the age of 37.
770:). The two mouth-like structures are the oral and ventral suckers of a male. The female is like a roundworm protruding below the ventral sucker of male.
99:
1873:"Studies on trematodes of the family Heterophyidae (Odhner, 1914) in Iran: 1. Preliminary epidemiological surveys in man and carnivores in Khuzestan"
774:
Bilharz was able to find the male fluke rolled itself up to form a canal in which the female resided, and he named the canal as gynaecophoric canal.
733:) to make up individual adult worms. Bilharz had discovered a male fluke. He knew it has similarities to other flukes, especially the two mouth-like
688:
in particular populate the intestines of the indigenous population in unimaginable quantities. It is not unusual to encounter 100 individuals of
725:
animal? In spite of its long tail, it probably cannot be called a cercaria , which is completely different, histologically and morphologically.
366:
423:
reliable as better biographical sources say he passed the exam in 1849. As he graduated, he immediately got an appointment as an assistant to
664:
of 5,000 years old have been found to contain the parasite eggs. The French army physician Adrien-Jacques Renoult reported the disease as
944:
249:
3502:
3371:
2431:
Bilharz, Theodor (1853). "Fernere Mittheilungen über Distomum haematobium" [Further communications on Distomum haematobium].
1099:
3987:
3857:
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
1050:
782:) and other kidney problems. Griesinger had thought that the fluke caused dysentery, but Bilharz found that it was responsible for
338:
684:
As helminths in general and those who attack humans in particular are concerned, I think Egypt is the best country to study them.
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3938:
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1600:
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790:; the specific name referring to the unique habitat of the fluke in the blood vessels. Von Siebold reported the discovery in
609:
in 1852. In 1851, Bilharz also discovered a novel intestinal flatworm from an infected child in Cairo. Von Siebold named it
1314:
1098:, and is still used in technical publications, as well as by official organizations like the World Health Organization and
927:
Towards the end of the 19th century, Cobbold noted as "without question, the most dangerous parasite." German anatomist,
3266:"Human schistosomiasis in Egypt: Historical review, assessment of the current picture and prediction of the future trends"
3982:
1013:
popularly known as thunderfish. Electric fishes had been well known in Egyptian history and commonly depicted in ancient
1679:
1579:
3873:
3637:
El-Halawani, A. A. (1963). "Theodor Bilharz: The history of bilharziasis research with particular reference to Egypt".
1106:
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that he recovered from the small intestine of an Egyptian boy in Cairo in 1851. Von Siebold gave the original name as
303:
Early in that year he found a male worm from a dead soldier. As a novel worm with two mouth-like suckers, he named it
3604:
3547:
2921:
McManus, Donald P.; Dunne, David W.; Sacko, Moussa; Utzinger, Jürg; Vennervald, Birgitte J.; Zhou, Xiao-Nong (2018).
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1442:
828:
3997:
3957:
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1925:"History of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in humans: from Egyptian medical papyri to molecular biology on mummies"
3962:
2740:"On the mechanism of aquatic respiration and on the structure of the organs of breathing in invertebrate animals"
2040:
Contis, G.; David, A.R. (1996). "The epidemiology of Bilharzia in Ancient Egypt: 5000 years of schistosomiasis".
398:
and took up natural science and philosophy. After completing the degree in 1845, he followed his anatomy teacher
2835:
Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Volume 4 Part 16)
3977:
2496:"A Call for Systems Epidemiology to Tackle the Complexity of Schistosomiasis, Its Control, and Its Elimination"
424:
308:
531:
adult fluke. OS – oral sucker, PH – pharynx, IN – intestine, AC – ventral sucker or acetabulum, UT – uterus.
391:
365:, Germany. His father Josef Antony Bilharz (1788–1877), a councilor of the exchequer, was an advisor to the
272:
840:
956:
2682:"Opinion 1865 Eudistoma Caullery, 1909 (Tunicata): given precedence over Paessleria Michaelsen, 1907"
916:
201:
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Berry, A.; Iriart, X.; Fillaux, J.; Magnaval, J.-F. (2017). "Schistosomose urogénitale et cancer ".
403:
276:
142:
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737:(now called oral sucker or acetabulum and ventral sucker), for which he immediately used the name
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with flat body and a twisted tail. These are a few leaves of a saga as wonderful as the best of
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595:
485:
190:
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2322:"Selfing and outcrossing in a parasitic hermaphrodite helminth (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae)"
1726:"Extending helminth control beyond STH and schistosomiasis: the case of human hymenolepiasis"
990:
952:
901:
537:
457:
284:
194:
3407:"The part played by electric fish in the early history of bioelectricity and electrotherapy"
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van Tong, Hoang; Brindley, Paul J.; Meyer, Christian G.; Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P. (2017).
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395:
342:
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Di Bella, Stefano; Riccardi, Niccolò; Giacobbe, Daniele Roberto; Luzzati, Roberto (2018).
535:
Bilharz in his first year in Egypt found and reported different human parasites including
8:
3713:"History of Human Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in China: From Discovery to Elimination"
2838:. Vol. 4. London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. pp. 177–200.
803:
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with both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual, a condition called
549:
461:
429:
322:
313:
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Bergquist, Robert; Kloos, Helmut; Adugna, Aynalem (2017). Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (ed.).
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Bergquist, Robert; Kloos, Helmut; Adugna, Aynalem (2017). Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (ed.).
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Krauth, Stefanie J.; Balen, Julie; Gobert, Geoffrey N.; Lamberton, Poppy H. L. (2019).
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1148:"Theodor BILHARZ (1825-1862), one of the founders of German tropical medicine research"
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While he was professor of anatomy at the Qasr El Eyni Medical School (now part of the
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Colley, Daniel G.; Bustinduy, Amaya L.; Secor, W. Evan; King, Charles H. (2014).
1839:
1785:"Infectivity and development of the human strain of Hymenolepis nana in ICR mice"
1742:
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adopted the name bilharzia for medical terminology. When ICZN validated the name
779:
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Tübingen." The next year, a recently appointed professor of anatomy at Freiburg,
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2409:
3920:
3901:
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1989:
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749:. Describing his observation in a letter to von Siebold on 18 August, he wrote:
742:
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2818:
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2600:
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Trouvé, Sandrine; Renaud, François; Durand, Patrick; Jourdane, Joseph (1996).
1888:
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1800:
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1058:
1014:
1010:
635:
567:
326:
114:
101:
3656:"Vulva bilharzia in a 10-year-old girl living in Kirane-Mali: a case report"
2584:
2202:
1784:
1692:
1592:
1452:
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had been interchangeably used to describe different species of flukes. Even
3744:
3697:
3487:
3438:
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3250:
3193:
3111:
3085:
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2007:
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762:
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224:
180:
3454:"On the Electrical Apparatus in Torpedo, Gymnotus, Malapterurus, and Raia"
3356:
3289:"Bilharziasis: A Granulomatous Parasitic Disorder with Grave Implications"
2681:
2477:
1896:
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1514:
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676:
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358:
264:
232:
62:
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However, the generic name was not a good choice. A closely related name
675:
In 1851, during an autopsy, Bilharz discovered an obvious worm from the
496:, dismissed all Germans from official services. Bilharz was replaced by
3142:
3070:"Remarks on Injurious Parasites of Egypt in Relation to Water-Drinking"
1974:"Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Egypt: Travel through Time: Review"
1045:. In 1861, he was transferred to the department of infectious disease (
985:
produced both lateral and terminal-spine eggs. But a British physician
501:
468:
271:, Germany. After graduating in natural science and philosophy from the
241:
844:
685:
665:
641:
433:
257:
220:
153:
93:
24:
3877:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 127–128.
2378:
244:) known since ancient times in Egypt. The parasite, as the cause of
3643:. Vol. 1. Cairo: Ministry of Science Research. pp. 69–71.
1046:
1029:
755:
669:
472:
176:
41:
1789:
The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
1723:
1626:"Kasr Al Ainy, the story of a palace that became a medical school"
656:
infection. 16th-century BCE medical papyri mention the disease as
1054:
1038:
694:
661:
634:
Bilharz's specimen became the first known helminth in the family
476:
334:
3503:"On the Origin of the Electric Organ in Malapterurus Electricus"
512:
453:
2881:"Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis): from antiquity to the present"
1922:
1062:
330:
3640:
Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Bilharziasis
2800:
Mikrogeologie: Ueber die Concremente im thierischen Organismus
1184:
866:
Mikrogeologie: Ueber die Concremente im thierischen Organismus
1185:
Chitsulo, L.; Engels, D.; Montresor, A.; Savioli, L. (2000).
81:
3214:
2680:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1997).
2187:. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: C.A.B. International. p. 188.
1403:"Theodor Bioharz (1825-1862): discoverer of schistosomiasis"
1005:
After the discovery of bilharzia, Bilharz researched on the
870:
Microgeology: About the Accumulations in the Animal Organism
3925:(in German). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 162–164.
3295:. Oxford (UK): Eolss Publishers Co. Ltd. pp. 374–400.
1125:
1114:
3569:
Tropical Medicine and Parasitology: Classic Investigations
3171:
2803:(Reprint 2018 ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 114.
2493:
2319:
2142:"The making of oncology: Helminthology as the cornerstone"
1073:
after the conference. His is in Old Cairo next to that of
3653:
3291:. In Mansourian, B.P.; Wojtczak, A.; Sayers, B.M (eds.).
3217:"Parasite Infection, Carcinogenesis and Human Malignancy"
2920:
2023:
Journal Général de Médecine, de Chirurgie et de Pharmacie
419:
who was working as an internist at Tübingen at the time.
3566:
Kean, B.H.; Mott, Kenneth E.; Russell, Adair J. (1978).
2215:
652:
had recorded urinary disease which can be attributed to
1081:
doctor, who was convicted by the US military court for
307:, the description of which was published by his mentor
1824:"Fishborne zoonotic heterophyid infections: An update"
1187:"The global status of schistosomiasis and its control"
599:). His first major discovery was that of the tapeworm
1437:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
2269:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1677:
1577:
1033:
Bilharz's grave in Old Cairo at the German Cemetery.
390:
In the winter semester of 1843, Bilharz entered the
19:"Bilharz" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see
3871:Schadewaldt, Hans (1970–1980). "Bilharz, Theodor".
2796:
2589:
British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)
1477:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
962:
894:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
2786:. Cambridge (UK): Metcalf and Company. p. 87.
2583:Group, British Medical Journal Publishing (1985).
2407:
1532:[From Swabia to Egypt – Theodor Bilharz].
1434:Bilharzia: A History of Imperial Tropical Medicine
467:Griesinger and Bilharz left on 25 May and reached
3572:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 474.
3127:"Zur Anatomie der Bilharzia haematobia (Cobbold)"
2783:Human Cestoides: An Essay on the Tapeworms of Man
1870:
279:in 1849. In 1850, he followed his former teacher
231:. He is best remembered as the discoverer of the
3949:
3870:
904:. However, if true priority was to be followed,
260:or bilharziasis, as well as by schistosomiasis.
223:who made pioneering discoveries in the field of
3711:Zhou, Yibiao; Chen, Yue; Jiang, Qingwu (2021).
3565:
3369:
1315:"Biographical Notes on Bilharz, Looss and Lühe"
1094:Bilharzia or bilharziasis is another term for
660:that indicates symptoms of urinary bilharzia.
256:. The infection is known by an eponymous term
3710:
3626:. Cairo: Government Press. 1932. p. 320.
3592:
3535:
3174:Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique
1530:"Von Schwaben nach Ägypten – Theodor Bilharz"
1364:
480:1852, he performed more than 400 operations.
275:in 1845, he earned a medical degree from the
227:. His contributions led to the foundation of
2408:Bilharz, Theodor; von Siebold, Carl (1852).
2139:
2069:"How a Schistosoma Parasite Prevented a War"
1687:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 8–33.
1681:Schistosoma: Biology, Pathology, and Control
1587:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 8–33.
1581:Schistosoma: Biology, Pathology, and Control
1371:. American Mathematical Society. p. 9.
810:egg can be identified by its terminal spine.
716:– if I succeeded in putting it all together.
3636:
3376:. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–28.
2885:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
2039:
1145:
981:Until 1902, it was generally believed that
945:International Agency for Research on Cancer
792:Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie,
352:
250:International Agency for Research on Cancer
3919:Ebstein, Erich (1920). "Theodor Bilharz".
3370:Finger, Stanley; Piccolino, Marco (2011).
3309:
2562:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
2433:Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie
2414:Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie
2299:. Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
1871:Massoud, J.; Jalali, H.; Reza, M. (1981).
1257:"Theodor Bilharz and a life trip to Egypt"
1000:
951:in 2009. It became the first fully proven
460:and its medical school (later part of the
439:
240:, the causative parasite of bloody urine (
219:(23 March 1825 – 9 May 1862) was a German
40:
3839:
3687:
3477:
3382:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366723.003.0002
3270:Journal of the Medical Research Institute
3240:
3101:
3044:
2987:
2938:
2858:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
2616:
2529:
2511:
2467:
2360:
2337:
2241:
2157:
1997:
1948:
1847:
1822:Chai, Jong-Yil; Jung, Bong-Kwang (2017).
1759:
1741:
1641:
1504:
1272:
1210:
1100:Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
876:should not be used, but be replaced with
444:In 1850, Wilhelm Griesinger, then at the
3599:. American Mathematical Soc. p. 6.
3542:. American Mathematical Soc. p. 5.
3404:
3322:Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2969:
2779:
2737:
2698:
2585:"Carry on up the Nile: the BMA in Cairo"
2500:Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
2258:
1821:
1051:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1028:
839:had been introduced by French zoologist
821:egg is characterised by a lateral spine.
813:
802:
761:
523:
511:
339:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
3918:
3500:
3451:
3373:The Shocking History of Electric Fishes
3208:
3124:
3067:
3018:
2878:
2831:
2797:Meckel von Hemsbach, Heinrich (2018) .
2659:
2449:
2430:
2033:
2020:
1971:
1024:
720:He also added an identification puzzle:
3950:
3894:Encyclopedic Reference of Parasitology
3315:
2916:
2914:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2744:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2705:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2555:
2292:
2264:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2066:
1623:
1573:
1571:
1430:
1312:
1254:
3922:Ärzte — Briefe aus Vier Jahrhunderten
3561:
3559:
3338:
3263:
2775:
2773:
2582:
2551:
2549:
2489:
2487:
2288:
2286:
2180:
2091:
2073:The American Society for Microbiology
1918:
1916:
1914:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1250:
2367:Trends in Urology & Men's Health
1527:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1400:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1152:Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift
407:also became closely associated with
3411:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
3286:
3280:
2911:
2842:
2686:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
2124:
2060:
1782:
1617:
1568:
766:Anterior portion of a blood fluke (
627:in 1866; thus, the parasite became
318:the most prevalent human helminth.
13:
3874:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
3864:
3556:
3343:. Sir Patrick Manson, 1844–1922".
3131:Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie
2780:Weinland, David Friedrich (1858).
2770:
2546:
2484:
2456:Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
2283:
1911:
1666:
1385:
1353:
1107:Theodor Bilharz Research Institute
500:(known in Egypt as Clot Bey) from
347:Theodor Bilharz Research Institute
337:during an expedition organised by
14:
4009:
3316:Sambon, L.W. (1907). "Remarks on
3021:"Urinary schistosomiasis: review"
2663:Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
1534:Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie
1459:
1289:
1227:
829:Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
367:Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern
263:Bilharz was born and educated in
23:. For the eponymous disease, see
2970:Bamgbola, Oluwatoyin F. (2014).
2184:A History of Human Helminthology
1828:Food and Waterborne Parasitology
1730:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
872:), he remarked: "The genus name
507:
3848:
3826:(5290): 1492–1494. 1962-05-26.
3808:
3783:
3759:
3704:
3660:The Pan African Medical Journal
3647:
3630:
3613:
3586:
3529:
3494:
3445:
3398:
3363:
3332:
3257:
3165:
3118:
3061:
3012:
2963:
2872:
2825:
2790:
2731:
2692:
2688:. Vol. 54. pp. 70–71.
2673:
2653:
2576:
2469:10.1590/s0074-02761997000500021
2443:
2424:
2401:
2361:Brightman, Christopher (2011).
2354:
2313:
2209:
2174:
2085:
2014:
1965:
1864:
1815:
1776:
1717:
880:." The parasite thereby became
843:in 1816 for other animals, the
341:. He died of it at age 37. The
3593:Menzler-Trott, Eckart (2016).
3536:Menzler-Trott, Eckart (2016).
1972:Barakat, Rashida M.R. (2013).
1521:
1424:
1365:Menzler-Trott, Eckart (2016).
1261:Parasitologists United Journal
1178:
1139:
955:, and is classified among the
621:created a better generic name
425:Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold
309:Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold
1:
3993:University of Freiburg alumni
3988:University of Tübingen alumni
3767:"Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)"
3672:10.11604/pamj.2021.39.2.28693
2234:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61949-2
2067:Khanna, Kanika (2021-10-28).
1941:10.1080/20477724.2018.1495357
1203:10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00122-4
1132:
997:in 1907 in honour of Manson.
947:(IARC) declared the fluke as
202:Author abbrev. (zoology)
3931:10.1007/978-3-642-91494-2_46
3025:Journal of Advanced Research
2879:Mahmoud, Adel A. F. (2004).
2452:"Diagnosing schistosomiasis"
2054:10.1016/0169-4758(96)30007-0
1978:Journal of Advanced Research
1840:10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.001
1743:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002321
1630:Kasr al Ainy Medical Journal
1274:10.21608/puj.2019.10929.1036
394:(University of Freiburg) in
379:Battle of the Frogs and Mice
357:Theodor Bilharz was born in
7:
3293:Medical Sciences – Volume I
3233:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.034
3019:Barsoum, Rashad S. (2013).
2094:"Ancient Egyptian Medicine"
1929:Pathogens and Global Health
1473:"Theodor Bilharz (1825-62)"
957:neglected tropical diseases
896:(ICZN) officially declared
847:. Adding to the confusion,
642:Discovery of bilharzia and
10:
4014:
3983:German tropical physicians
3902:10.1007/3-540-29835-5_2067
3729:10.1007/s11686-021-00357-9
3037:10.1016/j.jare.2012.08.004
2513:10.3390/tropicalmed4010021
2110:10.1136/bmj.312.7039.1166a
1990:10.1016/j.jare.2012.07.003
908:should have been adopted.
900:as valid on the ground of
392:Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
375:The Travels of the Seraphs
273:Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
217:Theodor Maximilian Bilharz
18:
3458:Edinburgh Medical Journal
3186:10.1007/s13149-017-0547-4
2989:10.1007/s00467-013-2723-1
2972:"Urinary schistosomiasis"
2940:10.1038/s41572-018-0013-8
2897:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.003
2832:Hemming, Francis (1954).
2756:10.1080/03745485709495052
2738:Williams, Thomas (1853).
2717:10.1080/00222933809496626
2699:Johnston, George (1838).
2601:10.1136/bmj.291.6504.1247
2140:Lalchhandama, K. (2017).
1889:10.1017/s0022149x00027851
1331:10.1017/S0031182000020205
1088:
917:World Health Organization
859:was sometimes written as
841:Marie Jules César Savigny
210:
200:
186:
172:
165:
148:
138:
130:
89:
70:
48:
39:
32:
3515:10.1242/jcs.s3-97.39.455
3501:Johnels, Alf G. (1956).
3125:Fritsch, Gustav (1887).
2181:Grove, David I. (1990).
2159:10.33493/scivis.17.02.04
1877:Journal of Helminthology
1643:10.4103/1687-4625.155653
1624:El Dib, Nadia A (2015).
1146:Schadewaldt, H. (1962).
886:David Friedrich Weinland
668:(bloody urine) in 1808.
363:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
353:Early life and education
283:to Egypt to work at the
269:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
3998:People from Sigmaringen
3958:German military doctors
3820:British Medical Journal
3791:"CDC - Schistosomiasis"
3509:. s3-97 (39): 455–463.
3507:Journal of Cell Science
3074:British Medical Journal
3068:Cobbold, T. S. (1882).
2701:"Miscellanea zoologica"
2218:"Human schistosomiasis"
2098:British Medical Journal
1693:10.1201/9781315368900-7
1593:10.1201/9781315368900-7
1528:Weiß, Johannes (2015).
1109:was established by the
1079:Nazi concentration camp
1001:Electric organs of fish
921:Schistosoma haematobium
898:Schistosoma haematobium
808:Schistosoma haematobium
713:Thousand and One Nights
644:Schistosoma haematobium
630:Heterophyes heterophyes
574:Echinococcus granulosus
529:Heterophyes heterophyes
440:Career and achievements
349:in his honour in 1962.
296:Heterophyes heterophyes
237:Schistosoma haematobium
159:Schistosoma haematobium
3963:German parasitologists
3452:Goodsir, John (1855).
3086:10.1136/bmj.2.1133.503
2265:Jordan, Peter (1985).
1546:10.1055/s-0034-1397610
1313:Baylis, H. A. (1924).
1255:El-Dib, Nadia (2019).
1083:crime against humanity
1069:methods, had failed."
1049:and skin infections).
1034:
915:species. In 1949, the
822:
811:
801:
784:urinary tract diseases
771:
760:
727:
718:
619:Thomas Spencer Cobbold
596:Dracunculus medinensis
532:
521:
404:University of Tübingen
277:University of Tübingen
191:University of Freiburg
143:University of Tübingen
3978:Qasr El Eyni Hospital
3405:Kellaway, P. (1946).
2852:Farley, John (2003).
2556:Farley, John (2003).
2450:Rabello, Ana (1997).
2293:Farley, John (2003).
1489:10.1136/jnnp.63.6.718
1431:Farley, John (1991).
1032:
991:Louis Westenra Sambon
953:carcinogenic organism
906:Bilharzia haematobium
882:Bilharzia haematobium
817:
806:
797:
765:
751:
722:
690:Strongylus duodenalis
682:
538:Ancylostoma duodenale
527:
515:
458:Qasr El Eyni Hospital
432:recruited him as his
371:Die Trane des Seraphs
285:Qasr El Eyni Hospital
248:, is declared by the
195:Qasr El Eyni Hospital
3892:"Bilharz, Theodor".
3318:Schistosomum mansoni
3264:Lofty, W.M. (2009).
2976:Pediatric Nephrology
2339:10.1038/hdy.1996.101
2092:Paton, Alex (1996).
1128:was named after him.
1111:United Arab Republic
1043:University of Vienna
1025:Later life and death
995:Schistosomum mansoni
861:Distoma haematobium.
857:Distomum haematobium
788:Distomum haematobium
544:Ascaris lumbricoides
475:). As an authorised
396:Freiburg im Breisgau
343:United Arab Republic
305:Distomum haematobium
3717:Acta Parasitologica
3341:Schistosoma mansoni
3339:Birch, CA (1974). "
2595:(6504): 1247–1252.
2228:(9936): 2253–2264.
2104:(7039): 1166–1168.
1783:Fan, P. C. (2005).
1401:Tan, SY; Ahana, A.
1368:Logic's Lost Genius
965:Schistosoma mansoni
819:Schistosoma mansoni
611:Distoma heterophyes
593:) and guinea-worm (
550:Trichuris trichiura
486:Mohamed Sa'id Pasha
462:University of Cairo
448:, was appointed by
430:Georg Ludwig Kobelt
323:University of Cairo
314:Schistosoma mansoni
111: /
3287:Akl, M.M. (2009).
3143:10.1007/BF02955707
2645:has generic name (
2042:Parasitology Today
1471:Haas, L F (1997).
1410:Medicine in Stamps
1035:
949:Group 1 carcinogen
888:proposed the name
823:
812:
772:
702:and close to 1000
617:English biologist
533:
522:
446:University of Kiel
409:Wilhelm Griesinger
281:Wilhelm Griesinger
254:Group 1 carcinogen
3940:978-3-642-89637-8
3911:978-3-540-66829-9
3884:978-0-684-10114-9
3579:978-0-8014-0992-9
3391:978-0-19-536672-3
3302:978-1-84826-733-6
3080:(1133): 503–504.
2982:(11): 2113–2120.
2923:"Schistosomiasis"
2810:978-3-11-171606-0
2363:"Schistosomiasis"
2194:978-0-85198-689-0
1702:978-1-4987-4426-3
1602:978-1-4987-4426-3
1412:. Singapore Med J
1378:978-1-4704-2812-9
933:Reginald Harrison
650:Ancient Egyptians
571:), dog tapeworm (
384:Batrachomyomachia
325:), he contracted
293:and the flatworm
229:tropical medicine
214:
213:
167:Scientific career
115:30.017°N 31.233°E
4005:
3944:
3915:
3888:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3787:
3781:
3780:
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3777:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3345:The Practitioner
3336:
3330:
3329:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2991:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2942:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2620:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2515:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1745:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1686:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1586:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1468:
1457:
1456:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1407:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1310:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1252:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1143:
1009:of the Egyptian
602:Hymenolepis nana
518:Hymenolepis nana
516:Dwarf tapeworm (
450:Abbas I of Egypt
400:Friedrich Arnold
290:Hymenolepis nana
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
77:
58:
56:
44:
30:
29:
21:Bilharz (crater)
16:German physician
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3912:
3891:
3885:
3867:
3865:Further reading
3862:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3709:
3705:
3652:
3648:
3635:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3534:
3530:
3499:
3495:
3450:
3446:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3368:
3364:
3351:(1277): 730–2.
3337:
3333:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3285:
3281:
3262:
3258:
3213:
3209:
3170:
3166:
3123:
3119:
3066:
3062:
3017:
3013:
2968:
2964:
2919:
2912:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2850:
2843:
2830:
2826:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2778:
2771:
2750:(71): 333–348.
2736:
2732:
2697:
2693:
2678:
2674:
2658:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2554:
2547:
2492:
2485:
2448:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2406:
2402:
2379:10.1002/tre.224
2359:
2355:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2267:Schistosomiasis
2263:
2259:
2214:
2210:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2138:
2125:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2065:
2061:
2038:
2034:
2019:
2015:
1970:
1966:
1921:
1912:
1869:
1865:
1820:
1816:
1781:
1777:
1722:
1718:
1703:
1684:
1676:
1667:
1622:
1618:
1603:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1526:
1522:
1469:
1460:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1386:
1379:
1363:
1354:
1311:
1290:
1253:
1228:
1183:
1179:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1096:schistosomiasis
1091:
1077:(1912–1967), a
1027:
1019:electric fields
1007:electric organs
1003:
968:
780:nephrolithiasis
647:
565:pork tapeworm (
510:
442:
355:
193:
139:Alma mater
119:
117:
113:
110:
105:
102:
100:
98:
97:
96:
85:
79:
75:
66:
60:
54:
52:
35:
34:Theodor Bilharz
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4011:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3916:
3910:
3889:
3883:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3847:
3816:"Medical News"
3807:
3782:
3758:
3723:(3): 760–769.
3703:
3646:
3629:
3612:
3605:
3585:
3578:
3555:
3548:
3528:
3493:
3464:(3): 277–282.
3444:
3417:(2): 112–137.
3397:
3390:
3362:
3331:
3308:
3301:
3279:
3256:
3207:
3164:
3137:(1): 192–223.
3117:
3060:
3031:(5): 453–459.
3011:
2962:
2927:Nature Reviews
2910:
2891:(2): 207–218.
2871:
2864:
2841:
2824:
2809:
2789:
2769:
2730:
2711:(6): 431–437.
2691:
2672:
2652:
2575:
2568:
2545:
2483:
2462:(5): 669–676.
2442:
2423:
2400:
2353:
2312:
2305:
2282:
2275:
2257:
2208:
2193:
2173:
2146:Science Vision
2123:
2084:
2059:
2048:(7): 253–255.
2032:
2013:
1984:(5): 425–432.
1964:
1935:(5): 268–273.
1910:
1883:(4): 255–260.
1863:
1814:
1775:
1716:
1701:
1665:
1616:
1601:
1567:
1520:
1458:
1443:
1423:
1384:
1377:
1352:
1325:(3): 332–340.
1288:
1226:
1177:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1103:
1090:
1087:
1057:he contracted
1026:
1023:
1002:
999:
987:Patrick Manson
983:S. haematobium
967:
961:
941:bladder cancer
937:S. haematobium
929:Gustav Fritsch
743:hermaphrodites
700:Trichocephalus
654:S. haematobium
646:
640:
509:
506:
441:
438:
354:
351:
246:bladder cancer
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
188:
184:
183:
174:
170:
169:
163:
162:
150:
149:Known for
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
120:30.017; 31.233
91:
87:
86:
80:
78:(aged 37)
72:
68:
67:
61:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4010:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3856:
3851:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3606:9781470428129
3602:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3560:
3551:
3549:9781470428129
3545:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3133:(in German).
3132:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2865:9780521530606
2861:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2665:(in German).
2664:
2656:
2648:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2569:9780521530606
2565:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2435:(in German).
2434:
2427:
2419:
2416:(in German).
2415:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2306:9780521530606
2302:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2276:0-521-30312-5
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2025:(in French).
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:(1): 97–102.
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1736:(10): e2321.
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:(in German).
1535:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1444:0-521-40086-4
1440:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:: 1730–1734.
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:typhoid fever
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:hieroglyphics
1012:
1011:electric fish
1008:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
978:
974:
966:
963:Discovery of
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:in 1889 that
934:
930:
925:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
902:priority rule
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
830:
820:
816:
809:
805:
800:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
775:
769:
764:
759:
757:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
721:
717:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
687:
681:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
645:
639:
637:
636:Heterophyidae
633:
631:
626:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
576:
575:
570:
569:
568:Taenia solium
564:
560:
556:
553:
551:
546:
545:
540:
539:
530:
526:
519:
514:
508:Helminthology
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
431:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:typhoid fever
324:
319:
317:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
209:
205:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
160:
155:
152:Discovery of
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
95:
92:
90:Resting place
88:
83:
73:
69:
64:
59:23 March 1825
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
26:
22:
3921:
3896:: 71. 2001.
3893:
3872:
3850:
3823:
3819:
3810:
3799:. Retrieved
3797:. 2021-01-13
3794:
3785:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:
3761:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3632:
3621:
3615:
3595:
3588:
3568:
3538:
3531:
3506:
3496:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3372:
3365:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3292:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3224:
3221:eBioMedicine
3220:
3210:
3180:(1): 68–75.
3177:
3173:
3167:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3028:
3024:
3014:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2930:
2926:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2854:
2834:
2827:
2799:
2792:
2782:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2685:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2635:cite journal
2592:
2588:
2578:
2558:
2503:
2499:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2373:(5): 38–42.
2370:
2366:
2356:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2295:
2266:
2260:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2183:
2176:
2152:(2): 78–93.
2149:
2145:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2062:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2016:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1932:
1928:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1680:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1580:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1480:
1476:
1433:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1409:
1367:
1322:
1319:Parasitology
1318:
1264:
1260:
1197:(1): 41–51.
1194:
1191:Acta Tropica
1190:
1180:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1071:
1067:
1036:
1004:
994:
982:
980:
976:
972:
969:
964:
936:
926:
920:
912:
910:
905:
897:
889:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
836:
834:
827:
824:
818:
807:
798:
791:
787:
776:
773:
767:
752:
738:
730:
728:
723:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
693:
689:
683:
674:
657:
653:
648:
643:
628:
622:
614:
610:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
578:
572:
566:
562:
558:
548:
542:
536:
534:
528:
517:
498:Antoine Clot
482:
466:
443:
421:
417:psychiatrist
389:
382:
378:
374:
370:
356:
345:established
320:
312:
304:
300:
294:
288:
262:
235:
225:parasitology
216:
215:
187:Institutions
181:Parasitology
166:
157:
76:(1862-05-09)
3973:1862 deaths
3968:1825 births
3795:www.cdc.gov
3771:www.who.int
2643:|last=
1120:The crater
1113:in 1962 at
1075:Hans Eisele
913:Schistosoma
890:Schistosoma
768:Schistosoma
754:sword in a
747:gonochorism
677:portal vein
624:Heterophyes
607:Taenia nana
584:Ancylostoma
581:hookworms (
494:Francophile
490:Francophone
413:neurologist
359:Sigmaringen
265:Sigmaringen
233:blood fluke
131:Citizenship
118: /
63:Sigmaringen
3952:Categories
3801:2022-01-26
3776:2022-01-26
3328:: 303–304.
2819:1029825577
2439:: 454–456.
2332:(1): 1–8.
2078:2022-01-24
2029:: 366–370.
1540:(3): 178.
1483:(6): 718.
1416:3 December
1267:(1): 3–7.
1133:References
973:S. mansoni
943:, the WHO
878:Billharzia
666:haematurea
502:Marseilles
469:Alexandria
242:haematuria
74:9 May 1862
55:1825-03-23
3832:0007-1447
3753:232217953
3737:1896-1851
3680:1937-8688
3523:1477-9137
3470:0367-1038
3423:0007-5140
3276:(1): 1–7.
3227:: 12–23.
3202:195078476
3151:0176-7364
3094:0007-1447
2957:231984728
2933:(1): 13.
2764:0374-5481
2725:0374-5481
2627:220203816
2522:2414-6366
2506:(1): 21.
2395:222194050
2387:2044-3730
1834:: 33–63.
1801:0125-1562
1752:1935-2735
1711:969446445
1660:219182033
1652:2356-8097
1611:969446445
1554:0044-2771
1497:0022-3050
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