363:
44:
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clubs and the marketing of seafood. In addition, there were his many newspaper and magazine articles, written with a general audience in mind. He had also made himself available consistently throughout his career, as a source of expert knowledge and opinion, and as a guest speaker—presenting on radio as early as 1924 and as late as 1952—and he was quoted in many press articles and interviews. An engaging speaker, well published, well known, and with a polished and accessible writing style, he had shared his enthusiasm for marine zoology with a wide audience in
Australia, for nearly fifty years of his life.
278:), which at the time was believed to be present in great numbers. Roughley suggested that the fish be caught and then kept alive in pens, until it was ready to processed in the cannery; this solved two issues, certainty and continuity of supply for cannery operations and the well-known dryness of the fish's flesh when freshly caught. Unfortunately, available stocks of Australian Salmon were rapidly depleted and the relatively less palatable canned Australian salmon was not comparable to imported canned salmon; although it was still being canned in 1949, Australian salmon was better suited to making
148:, was published, the extent of Roughley's knowledge of the zoology and cultivation of oysters, and the pests which affected that cultivation, was apparent. In 1928, Roughley was the first to discover that the Sydney Rock Oyster changed sex, from male to female, during its life cycle, something that brought him international attention. Roughley remained humble about his understanding of the oyster; he told an oyster farmers' conference, in 1930, that what he had "
133:, was published. Roughley is also credited with the original artwork for its 70 beautiful colour plates showing fishes of various species. Some of the plates correctly captured the colours of freshly caught specimens of species whose colours fade quickly after death. The book also set out proposals about how the fishing industry in Australia might be expanded and improved. Decades later in 1952, Roughley, self-deprecatingly, would refer to this work as "
607:, in 1994, all but totally destroyed the industry on the Georges River, and the development of QX-resistant strains came too late to save most of it. In 2023, the last oyster farmer in the estuary was forced to close, and the future of the area as an oyster growing area is now uncertain. Increasingly a regional industry, some now wish to drop 'Sydney' of from the oyster's name, or substitute another location for marketing reasons.
506:, which would be Roughley's home for the rest of his life. His hobby was collecting books and Australian artwork, and his home library had over 1000 books by 1949. As well as his paid employment, Roughley would have had a significant separate source of income, from the publishers of his popular books, with which to support his family and other interests.
327:, from the coast to deep water. Moreover, the entire coastline of New South Wales has only a narrow continental shelf, relative to the other Australian states. He saw that what sea fisheries Eastern Australia, especially New South Wales, possessed were mainly in deep ocean species. He wrote several newspaper articles on the potential exploitation of
521:
Roughley was the author of sixty identifiable publications, between 1913 and 1960. However, one biographer concluded that it was impossible to make a complete catalogue of his written works, because these also included articles for ephemeral and obscure journals, such as those associated with angling
396:
A popular figure among oyster farmers, Roughley was a life member of the New South Wales Oyster
Farmers Association. For many years, he was a regular attendee of their annual conferences, where he was one of the panel of judges of the competition for the best commercial oyster. His interest in oyster
637:
Over his long career, Theodore
Roughley established a huge personal reputation and strong rapport with the fisherman and oyster farmers of New South Wales, and he came to be able to influence both them and government fisheries policy. At the time of his death, it was stated that nobody has had such
602:
Roughley's tangible legacy included the expansion of commercial oyster farming in New South Wales and the creation of a buoyant market for New South Wales oysters. By the time that he died, the industry was on a sound footing and continuing to grow. Oyster growing on the
Georges River peaked in the
420:
By his own admission, Roughley had only retired because he had reached the then mandatory retirement age, and he maintained a strong interest in fisheries and fishing. Reflecting on his time as
Superintendent of Fisheries he stated that it had been the most difficult years of his career, because he
610:
Commercial oyster farming continues in some other estuaries of New South Wales, but overall production is now far less than in the boom years of the 1970s and 1980s (in 2018–2019, around 76 million individual oysters were harvested, only around the same number that had been harvested in 1955). The
334:
In 1951, Roughley had to act to preserve fish stocks that were in decline, by introducing new minimum fish sizes and closing the upper river estuaries of Sydney
Harbour to commercial fishing. These moves were unpopular with the affected fishermen, but were in the best longer-term interests of the
26:
and its commercial cultivation, and for his books and other publications, mainly on marine science, which he skillfully illustrated with his own artwork and photography. In the later part of his career, as
Superintendent of Fisheries, he implemented measures for the scientific management of
222:
taken by him. This was at a time when colour photography was relatively novel. The book was an immediate critical and commercial success, and was reprinted in (at least) 1939, 1947, 1951, 1953, and 1961. It was sold in the United
Kingdom, and was published in the United States, in 1947.
286:
did survive in New South Wales for several decades. Tuna was not a widely known eating fish in
Australia, at the time being referred to as 'Tunny'. Roughley both recognised the possibility of a tuna fishery and became involved in improving the reputation of tuna as an eating fish.
171:. The method became known as 'wintering'. It did reduce 'winter mortality', but the disease could not be completely eliminated, and it came at the cost of slower growth to maturity. Another method used was to harvest the more mature oysters as the weather cooled.
638:
a profound impact on the commercial fisheries of the state. His less tangible legacy is the lasting influence that his life's work has had on the commercial fishing industry in
Australia, most notably the acceptance of scientific advice when managing fisheries.
122:, in 1911 as an Economic Zoologist, a position that he would hold for 28 years. In that role his focus was on the zoology of fishes and other seafood, as it affected their role as economic resources. He quickly became recognised for his photography and
603:
1970s. In the financial year 1976–1977. That year the river produced 2,563 tonnes of oysters, over a quarter of the record statewide production total of 9,375 tonnes (the state total being equivalent to 204 million individual oysters). An outbreak of
544:, is still sought after. Its rare editions have sometimes been destroyed to obtain the 70 beautiful engraved colour plates, which have been sold individually as works of art. His other books also are still to be found, in the second-hand book market.
307:
that prawn fisheries in Australia were only found in coastal lagoons and estuaries. Roughley pointed out that the same species of prawn were present in the ocean. Acting on Roughley's prediction, the first such ocean prawning ground was found off
295:
In 1939, Roughley left the museum and took up an appointment as a research officer with New South Wales Fisheries. He was later Deputy-Superintendent of Fisheries, from 1943, before being appointed Superintendent of Fisheries, in 1947.
619:
infestations and the risk of spreading QX-disease). On the demand side, changes have included competition—mainly in Pacific oysters—from other states and New Zealand, and changes in consumer preferences and population demographics.
2912:"Studies on triploid oysters in Australia. XI. Survival of diploid and triploid Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) through outbreaks of winter mortality caused by Mikrocytos roughley infestation"
184:
I enjoyed this work immensely, not only because of the intense interest the secretive little creature awakened in me, but also because of the very sincere appreciation the oyster farmers showed for any help I was able to give
230:, probably because of an interest in an epidemic of fungus disease affecting goldfish and his concern over fish being kept in 'goldfish bowls' with inadequate oxygenation. In 1932, the museum published Roughley's bulletin,
428:, from 1952 until 1960. It is probable that he took this position after the president of the NSW Oyster Growers Association had been highly critical of the CSIROs efforts concerning oyster disease research, in May 1951.
431:
He continued to attend the annual conferences of the NSW Oyster Farmers Association, until at earliest 1956, and was a vice president of that organisation in 1954. At the time of his retirement, it had been stated that
259:; Roughley explained that its presence was due to the elevated temperature of the flow of cooling water, and cautioned that, although some small pearls had been found, a commercial pearl fishery was not possible in
2934:
27:
fisheries in New South Wales, including catch size limits and closures of certain waters to commercial fishing. He was a well-known and influential public figure in his time. He was also known informally as
627:
are displacing—geographically and commercially—to a significant extent, Roughley's beloved Sydney Rock Oyster, which he contended was the finest eating oyster in the world. In 1956, he had written, "
555:. He also did much to encourage a commercial fish canning industry, although that is now only a memory. However, despite his work in other areas, it is still with oysters that he is most associated.
354:
of 1916. It included the same colour plates as the earlier book, with some additions. It would be reprinted in 1953, 1957, 1966, and later. It was still on sale a decade after Roughley's death.
467:, all of which were present in Australian waters but rarely consumed by most Australians. He noted, approvingly, the changes beginning to occur in the range of seafood available in the
632:
suppose most oysters are good, but there is little doubt that Australian oysters are the best in the world. They have a subtle delicacy of flavour found in few if any other oysters ...
439:
Roughley continued his efforts, including through newspaper articles, to broaden the conservative Australian diet, lamenting its monotony. He advocated the merits of seafood such as
182:
supposedly caused by contamination, and that oysters should only be consumed in certain months of the year. He was later to state of his devotion to the study of the oyster that, "
174:
Roughley was throughout his career an advocate for the oyster industry and its product. He publicly refuted the then widespread beliefs that oysters were dangerous to eat, due to
421:
had to take measures that were unpopular with fishermen to protect fish stocks. He himself thought that his most valuable work had been done while he was working for the museum.
155:
His work had a practical impact, when he suggested a method of managing the oyster disease, 'winter mortality', in 1926. For many decades afterwards, the oyster farmers of the
198:
In 1928, Roughley made an Investigation of the oyster resources of Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania, for the governments of the three states. He recognised the potential of
591:, responsible for the 'winter mortality' of that oyster species. It was Roughley's work in the 1920s, which resulted in the disease being brought under control, allowing the
425:
393:. He was for a time, with Zane Grey, a patron of the Bermagui Big Game Anglers Club. in 1937, he was president of the Great Barrier Reef Game Fishing and Angling Club.
409:
He retired as the Superintendent of NSW Fisheries, on 12 September 1952. Shortly before he retired, he was honoured at a dinner given by the Lord Mayor of Sydney,
3261:
537:, only ten years after Hargrave's death. He also wrote various other entries for the encyclopaedia. In 1924, he wrote a newspaper article on Hargrave's work.
1596:"The Cult of the Goldfish. By T. C. Roughley. Pp.xiii + 146 + 29 plates. (Sydney : Angus and Robertson, Ltd.; London: Australian BookCo., 1933.) 6s. net"
634:". It remains a highly regarded oyster, and its commercially-farmed variants are benefiting from selective breeding to overcome some of its vulnerabilities.
611:
reduction is largely as a result of estuaries where oyster production has either ceased or is now negligible, and the limitations on movement of rock oyster
533:'s pioneering work in the area of aviation, which, at that time, was largely forgotten in his own country, In 1925, he had written Hargrave's entry in the
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3087:
901:
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2501:
2288:
1169:
841:
1420:"Wonders of the Great Barrier reef, by T.C. Roughley ... With fifty-two natural-colour photographs by... - Catalogue | National Library of Australia"
1025:
Roughley, T.C., An investigation of the cause of an oyster mortality on the Georges River, New South Wales, 1924–25. Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW 51:446–491.
3142:
401:
rock oysters. He joked afterward that the competition had been very poor, and that he could have kept eating oysters for the rest of the afternoon.
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3535:
350:, was published, in 1951. It was a rewrite of a book that had already become a classic on the subject, Roughley's own, by then out of print,
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1081:
266:
In the late 1930s, Roughley's work and encouragement led to the establishment of the first commercial fish cannery in New South Wales, at
371:
159:
limited the impact of winter mortality, by moving their oysters on trays, to more sheltered waters with lower salinity, such as near the
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consumption was not merely academic; he was the conference's oyster eating champion, for 1950, a title which he won by eating 24
1546:
362:
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66:, for three years from 1907, but did not complete his medical studies, finding more interest in zoology. He studied art under
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as an oyster farming area, which indeed it still is. In the same year, he wrote a newspaper article, on his visit to the
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375:
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87:
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1940:
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551:. It remains a valuable commercial fishery. He encouraged fishermen to change their emphasis to deep sea fishing for
472:
2475:
599:, is sometimes still found cited in more recent scientific papers on diseases of molluscs and associated parasites.
43:
2190:"Heroic Quest: American author and fisherman Zane Grey was a celebrity visitor to the NSW south coast in the 1930s"
3372:
374:, from 1927, its president in 1934 and 1935, and was made a fellow of the society in 1936. He was a member of the
592:
3581:
Theodore Cleveland Roughley, 1888-1961, Linnean Society of New South Wales. (from Biodiversity Heritage Library)
3313:
502:, in 1915. The couple had a son and a daughter. By 1927, the family were living in a house in Wentworth Avenue,
3605:
3443:
2450:
2189:
2108:"Fish and Fisheries of Australia / by T.C. Roughley - Catalogue | National Library of Australia Search Results"
320:
234:, aimed for use by the home aquarium owner. It was followed, in 1933, by Roughley's book on the same subject,
190:
2137:
510:
499:
313:
2762:"The aeronautical work of Lawrence Hargrave / by T.C. Roughley - Catalogue | National Library of Australia"
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2000:
3021:
22:(1888—1961) was an Australian zoologist, author, and public servant. He is best known for his work on the
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1063:
275:
309:
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503:
382:
70:. It was only in 1933, when he was already a well-known zoologist, that the university awarded him a
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An investigation of the cause of an oyster mortality on the Georges River, New South Wales (1924–25)
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595:, in particular, to grow and prosper for many years. Roughley's 1926 paper, on 'winter mortality',
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267:
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56:
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331:, in 1950, including one on pole fishing for tuna, a technique new to Australia at that time.
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1971:
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1691:
1255:
767:
739:
52:
1064:"Control of Winter Mortality and QX Disease m Sydney rock oysters - FRDC Project No. 93/153"
381:
A keen angler himself, Roughley encouraged the development of big game sport fishing around
3615:
3610:
3566:
1831:"Roughley, Theodore Cleveland - Person - Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation"
1512:
1311:
1283:
579:
448:
436:". Despite that prediction, he did continue to write on the subject for the popular press.
63:
8:
3591:
Theodore Cleveland Roughley 1888-1961 (Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation)
1571:"The goldfish in the home / by T.C. Roughley - Catalogue | National Library of Australia"
487:
98:
71:
2974:"Infectious diseases of marine molluscs and host responses as revealed by genomic tools"
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562:
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23:
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must be classed as one of the finest freshwater fish to be found anywhere in the world
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324:
271:
219:
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976:
Manning River Times and Advocate for the Northern Coast Districts of New South Wales
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He continued to write until his death. His last piece was on the descendants of the
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2234:
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1612:
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950:"The Story of the Oyster - Its History, Growth, and Cultivation in New South Wales"
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240:
1452:
612:
319:
Roughley had long realised that Australia, despite its large land mass, had only
304:
168:
3088:"'Disgraceful example of government bureaucracy': Last oyster farmer forced out"
3168:
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2710:
1595:
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1419:
624:
616:
483:
160:
3314:"History, status and future of Australia's native Sydney rock oyster industry"
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1966:
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2787:
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2422:
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1995:
1911:
BUTCHER, A. D. (Victorian Director of Fisheries and Game) (9 February 1952).
1858:
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1041:. Acton ACT: Australian National University Press. pp. 99–117, 257–260.
762:
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460:
413:, at which 480 dozen rock oysters and 300 'Tasmanian crayfish' (now known as
252:
175:
156:
67:
323:; for various reasons, but largely due to the relatively small width of the
3590:
3007:
2989:
1830:
1500:
1476:"A short history of colour photography | National Science and Media Museum"
552:
440:
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from 1925, its president in 1938–1939, and a Councillor from 1931 to 1956.
328:
3586:
Theodore Cleveland Roughley 1888-1961 (Australian Dictionary of Biography)
3329:
2950:
1886:
1829:
Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology.
924:"Powerhouse Collection - Book on oysters in Georges River by T C Roughley"
2165:
1803:
574:
414:
199:
2862:
1365:
680:, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
604:
513:, where he was staying as an inspector for a fishing competition.
464:
424:
In his retirement, he served as a member of the state committee of the
336:
260:
164:
123:
2978:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2842:"Eastern King Prawn – New South Wales Ocean Trawl Fishery | WhichFish"
583:. However, his surname is part of the name of the protozoan parasite,
547:
His efforts, in effect, gave rise to off-shore commercial fishing for
246:
perhaps the best book on gold-fish culture that has yet been published
150:
ascertained about the oyster was like a bucketful of water to an ocean
1616:
1524:
390:
144:, was published in hardcover by the museum. By 1925, when his paper,
1038:
GEORGES RIVER BLUES SWAMPS, MANGROVES AND RESIDENT ACTION, 1945–1980
389:—during the second half of the 1930s, including an association with
2935:"Microcell parasites of oysters: Recent insights and future trends"
279:
227:
102:
2451:"Lobsters, rock lobsters and crayfish | Western Australian Museum"
2889:"The Scientific Name of the Commercial Oyster of New South Wales"
1917:
792:"The Life History of the Australian Oyster (Ostrea commercialis)"
456:
444:
94:
1828:
723:. lxxxvi (3): 295–298 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
3312:
Schrobback, Peggy; Pascoe, Sean; Coglan, Louisa (1 July 2014).
2933:
Carnegie, Ryan B.; Cochennec-Laureau, Nathalie (October 2004).
2863:"The Cannery Era - Eden | Sapphire Coast | Far South Coast NSW"
717:"Theodore Cleveland Roughley 1888-1961 (Memorial Series No.19)"
452:
386:
335:
industry. He also took a strong interest in the decline of the
548:
398:
300:
3250:. NSW Department of Primary Industries. 2016. pp. 6–10.
3054:. NSW Department of Primary Industries. 2016. pp. 6–10.
525:
As well as publications on aquatic life, he wrote, in 1933,
426:
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
370:
Outside his employed work, Roughley was a Councillor of the
283:
238:, also published in the United Kingdom, which the journal,
214:
and its marine life became the subject of Roughley's book,
3494:"Triploid Sydney rock oyster - research information sheet"
3195:"Where to find the best Sydney rock oysters in Australia!"
2932:
299:
In 1948, Roughley suggested fishermen look for off-shore
3076:. NSW Department of Primary Industries. 2016. p. 6.
509:
He died unexpectedly, on 14 January 1961, at a hotel at
1687:"DIFFICULTY IN GETTING CANNED FISH SUPPLIES FOR FORCES"
1366:"Moreton Bay Rock Oysters – Premium Australian Oysters"
3311:
2910:
Hand, R.E.; Nell, J.A.; Smith, I.R. (December 1998).
721:
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
529:. Roughley was among the first to properly recognise
3244:
NSW Oyster Industry Sustainable Aquaculture Strategy
3070:
NSW Oyster Industry Sustainable Aquaculture Strategy
3048:
NSW Oyster Industry Sustainable Aquaculture Strategy
802:: 279–333 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
167:, and then placing the trays on racks higher in the
142:
Oyster Culture on the Georges River, New South Wales
3400:"Why Sydney rock oysters are the best in the world"
3143:"Which Australian oyster is best: Rock or Pacific?"
2817:"Theodore Cleveland Roughley, Australia, 1888-1961"
3444:"Ever Wondered Which Australian Oysters are Best?"
2600:"Bounty Descendants Live on Remote Norfolk Island"
2542:"Oyster Farmers Feasted On An "Uncharitable Meat""
577:, is not commonly used. It is better known now as
2571:"HERALD MAGAZINE SECTION - Fried Octopus for two"
2367:"Fish expert 'unfinished' after 24 dozen oysters"
1887:"First South Coast Ocean Prawn Ground Discovered"
1082:"PRIMEFACT 589 - Diseases of Sydney rock oysters"
357:
255:was discovered near the cooling water outfall of
3597:
3169:"Sydney Rock Oyster Farming, Sapphire Coast NSW"
2899:: 278 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
2814:
113:
16:Australian zoologist, author and public servant
2886:
1223:"Man Who Exploded Oyster "Bombshell" To Retire"
417:in Australia) were consumed by the 150 guests.
93:A tall and athletic man, he played first grade
2024:"Closing Harbour Rivers, New Legal Fish Sizes"
312:, in the same year, and the first one off the
226:Around 1931, Roughley turned his attention to
3469:"Sydney rock oysters adapt to climate change"
2909:
2423:"THEY ATE ROCK OYSTERS (ROUGHLEY TRANSLATED)"
960:(1925) – via State Library of Victoria.
352:The Fishes of Australia and their Technology,
282:. However, a fish canning industry based on
2972:Guo, Ximing; Ford, Susan E. (5 March 2016).
2045:
2043:
2041:
1102:"The History of Oyster Farming in Australia"
542:The Fishes of Australia and their Technology
447:(then known in Australia as 'mutton fish'),
131:The Fishes of Australia and their Technology
3373:"Sydney rock oyster - Saccostrea glomerata"
2788:"LAWRENCE HARGRAVE. WHAT HE DID FOR FLYING"
2199:. Spring 2020. State Library of NSW: 52–53.
1913:"OUR FISH RESOURCES - An Australian Survey"
615:between estuaries (due to the risk of wild
372:Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales
3621:People educated at Sydney Boys High School
2627:Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate
1743:"Bermagui Tunny Hailed By Sydney Epicures"
527:The Aeronautical Work of Lawrence Hargrave
493:
99:Sydney First Grade Premiership Competition
3528:Text of a radio talk that was printed in
2997:
2893:Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW
2395:"Crab, oyster, shark tables are debunked"
2052:"ROUGHLEY The oyster has no privacy left"
2038:
954:Reprinted from Australian Museum Magazine
796:Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW
672:"Theodore Cleveland Roughley (1888–1961)"
76:The Life History of the Australian Oyster
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3218:
2785:
2597:
2568:
1993:
1967:"Why Don't We Catch More Deep-Sea Fish?"
1964:
1389:
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1061:
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899:
573:, given to it by Roughley and co-author
557:
361:
303:fisheries. Until that time, it had been
189:
42:
3352:"New South Wales Pacific Oyster Survey"
3118:St George & Sutherland Shire Leader
3092:St George & Sutherland Shire Leader
2971:
2502:"OYSTER FARMER'S TRIBUTE TO C.S.I.R.O."
1910:
1897:(7): 5. 31 July 1950 – via Trove.
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714:
669:
290:
218:, published in 1936, which included 52
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3193:Coast, Barrington (2 September 2020).
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1096:
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1021:
1019:
3441:
3418:"A Guide to Oysters Around the Globe"
3398:Huckstep, Anthony (1 November 2017).
3192:
2887:Iredale, Tom; Roughley, T.C. (1933).
2283:
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2279:
1906:
1904:
1853:
1851:
1824:
1822:
1659:"BOTANY BAY PEARL FARMS NOT POSSIBLE"
1217:
1215:
1087:. NSW Department of Primary Industry.
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
2230:"THRILLS with the SWORDFISH HUNTERS"
2209:
1859:"OYSTERS WILL LOSE THEIR BIOGRAPHER"
1390:Roughley, T.C. (10 September 1928).
1079:
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665:
663:
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623:Faster growing and generally larger
593:oyster industry on the Georges River
569:The name of the Sydney Rock Oyster,
366:Roughley judging rock oysters, 1949.
55:, on 30 September 1888. He attended
3537:Oyster Culture on the Georges River
3132:
3058:
2786:Roughley, T.C. (29 November 1924).
1994:Roughley, T.C. (18 November 1950).
1941:"NSW Coast & Continental Shelf"
1631:"Pearl Oysters Pound In Botany Bay"
1501:"Wonders of the Great Barrier Reef"
1437:
1355:
1156:
1091:
1016:
498:Roughley married Olive Lambert, at
59:, finishing school at end of 1906.
13:
3014:
2706:"Death Of World Fishing Authority"
2569:Roughley, T.C. (23 January 1954).
2276:
1901:
1848:
1819:
1212:
1073:
1028:
900:Roughley, T.C. (18 October 1952).
882:
677:Australian Dictionary of Biography
434:oysters will lose their biographer
376:Linnean Society of New South Wales
88:Linnean Society of New South Wales
74:degree, on the basis of his work,
14:
3632:
3516:
3288:"NSW Oysters - Industry Snapshot"
2258:"Big Game Anglers' Club BERMAGUI"
2218:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
2212:"An American angler in Australia"
2187:
1109:National Marine Fisheries Service
691:
648:
140:In 1922, Roughley's, long paper,
3486:
3461:
3435:
3410:
3391:
3365:
3344:
3221:"Oyster Growing is Big Business"
1480:www.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk
1170:"Oyster Growing is Big Business"
475:from Mediterranean countries.
270:. It was initially based on the
118:Roughly joined the staff of the
47:Roughley as a young man, c.1912.
3305:
3280:
3254:
3235:
3212:
3186:
3161:
3106:
3080:
3039:
2965:
2926:
2903:
2880:
2855:
2834:
2821:The Australian Art Sales Digest
2808:
2779:
2754:
2726:
2698:
2670:
2642:
2614:
2598:Roughley, T.C. (October 1960).
2591:
2562:
2534:
2515:
2494:
2468:
2443:
2415:
2387:
2359:
2331:
2311:"JUDGING OYSTERS AT CONFERENCE"
2303:
2250:
2222:
2203:
2181:
2153:
2125:
2100:
2072:
2016:
1987:
1958:
1933:
1879:
1791:
1763:
1735:
1707:
1679:
1651:
1623:
1588:
1563:
1539:
1493:
1468:
1412:
1383:
1327:
1299:
1271:
1243:
1184:
1130:
1055:
990:
964:
941:
916:
715:Whitley, Gilbert Percy (1961).
348:Fish and Fisheries of Australia
204:British Barrier Reef expedition
3574:Oyster Farming is Big Business
2522:"Oyster Farmers' Conference".
2238:. 16 February 1936. p. 17
2216:State Library of NSW catalogue
2141:. 3 September 1971. p. 50
2088:. 22 December 1951. p. 12
2050:Monson, Ronald (2 July 1949).
1965:Roughley, T.C. (24 May 1950).
1867:. 11 September 1952. p. 2
1456:. 18 November 1936. p. 14
856:
834:
806:
783:
771:. 21 December 1907. p. 11
755:
727:
358:Other activities and positions
1:
3219:Roughley, T.C. (1 May 1956).
2916:Journal of Shellfish Research
2742:. 11 December 1924. p. 4
2686:. 19 November 1927. p. 8
2431:. 6 September 1952. p. 1
2264:. 25 November 1938. p. 1
2138:Papua New Guinea Post-Courier
1807:. 19 October 1936. p. 10
1779:. 8 November 1936. p. 18
1695:. 6 September 1941. p. 7
1559:(2702): 21 – via Trove.
1231:. 9 September 1952. p. 6
1200:. 24 October 1935. p. 38
1180:(5): 10–15 – via Trove.
1168:Roughley, T.C. (1 May 1956).
1062:Lester, R.J.G.; Adlard, R.D.
743:. 14 December 1906. p. 7
641:
404:
114:Economic Zoologist and author
38:
3173:www.sapphirecoastoysters.com
2714:. 16 January 1961. p. 3
2169:. 30 January 1936. p. 3
1799:"STARTING NEW FISH INDUSTRY"
1751:. 13 October 1936. p. 7
1611:(3360): 435. 24 March 1934.
1370:moretonbayrockoysters.com.au
1343:. 28 August 1928. p. 15
1315:. 21 August 1928. p. 11
1287:. 17 January 1928. p. 6
1111:. p. 20. Archived from
928:collection.powerhouse.com.au
902:"A Lifetime's Study of Fish"
670:Murray, Maree; Roach, John,
488:National Geographic magazine
7:
3561:Oyster Farming in Australia
3147:Australian Financial Review
2658:. 28 March 1915. p. 13
2375:. 12 April 1950. p. 24
1004:. 1 October 1926. p. 7
822:. 15 March 1912. p. 10
486:, and was published in the
216:Wonders of the Barrier Reef
135:a rather pretentious volume
120:Sydney Technological Museum
105:and cricket at University.
20:Theodore Cleveland Roughley
10:
3637:
3524:A Lifetime's Study of Fish
2630:. 3 April 1915. p. 11
2550:. 10 March 1954. p. 2
2319:. 15 April 1936. p. 8
1723:. 18 March 1949. p. 3
1259:. 26 July 1934. p. 10
1144:. 17 April 1941. p. 8
978:. 30 April 1930. p. 5
339:, which he later stated, "
321:relatively small fisheries
3114:"Oyster industry revival"
2347:. 7 April 1947. p. 3
2289:"Obituary, T.C. Roughley"
2001:Australian Women's Weekly
1667:. 26 June 1936. p. 7
1639:. 24 June 1936. p. 8
1035:Goodall, Heather (2021).
516:
108:
3553:The Goldfish in the Home
3473:The University of Sydney
3318:Aquatic Living Resources
2939:Aquatic Living Resources
2316:Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
2085:Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
2057:Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
1748:Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
1720:Daily Examiner (Grafton)
1664:Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
1636:Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
1138:"OYSTERMEN'S CONFERENCE"
1080:Nell, John (July 2007).
842:"Obituary T.C. Roughley"
535:Australian Encyclopaedia
236:The Cult of the Goldfish
232:The Goldfish in the Home
3545:The Story of the Oyster
3442:Peter (5 August 2020).
3022:"Georges River oysters"
2339:"Oyster Is Their World"
1996:"POLE FISHING FOR TUNA"
1771:"NEW INDUSTRY IN TUNNY"
1511:(3575): 811. May 1938.
1192:"EXPLODED Oyster Myths"
948:Roughley, T.C. (1929).
852:(2): 32. February 1961.
814:"THE ROUGHLEY BROTHERS"
571:Saccostrea commercialis
494:Family, home, and death
385:—an area famed for its
257:Bunnerong Power Station
146:The Story of the Oyster
62:He studied medicine at
57:Sydney Boys High School
2990:10.1098/rstb.2015.0206
2815:John Furphy Pty. Ltd.
2650:"YESTERDAY'S WEDDINGS"
2530:(5): 21, 23. May 1956.
2476:"Eastern Rock Lobster"
2400:Sunday Mail (Brisbane)
790:Roughly, T.C. (1933).
566:
367:
195:
48:
3606:Australian zoologists
3576:(T.C. Roughley, 1956)
3563:(T.C. Roughley, 1937)
3555:(T.C. Roughley, 1932)
3547:(T.C. Roughley, 1925)
3539:(T.C. Roughley, 1922)
3526:(T.C. Roughley, 1952)
2867:Eden | Sapphire Coast
2793:Sydney Morning Herald
2678:"Robbery at Vaucluse"
2655:Sunday Times (Sydney)
2576:Sydney Morning Herald
2547:Sydney Morning Herald
2428:Sydney Morning Herald
1972:Daily Mirror (Sydney)
1864:The Argus (Melbourne)
1692:Examiner (Launceston)
1279:"SEA FISHERIES BOARD"
1256:Sydney Morning Herald
864:"FISHES OF AUSTRALIA"
768:Sydney Morning Herald
763:"FACULTY OF MEDICINE"
740:Sydney Morning Herald
561:
415:Eastern Rock Lobsters
365:
251:In 1936, a colony of
193:
101:, as well as playing
97:for Petersham in the
82:)', published in the
53:Ryde, New South Wales
51:Roughley was born at
46:
3292:Oceanwatch Australia
2766:catalogue.nla.gov.au
2524:Fisheries Newsletter
2505:Fisheries Newsletter
2293:Fisheries Newsletter
2112:catalogue.nla.gov.au
2034:(4): 19. April 1951.
2028:Fisheries Newsletter
1891:Fisheries Newsletter
1575:catalogue.nla.gov.au
1424:catalogue.nla.gov.au
1312:The Mercury (Hobart)
1284:The Mercury (Hobart)
846:Fisheries Newsletter
585:Mikiocytos roughleyi
580:Saccostrea glomerata
473:post-war immigration
411:Ernest Charles O'Dea
291:Fisheries Department
64:University of Sydney
3330:10.1051/alr/2014011
3026:Georges Riverkeeper
2951:10.1051/alr:2004055
2604:National Geographic
2511:(7): 22. July 1951.
2210:Grey, Zane (1937).
1517:1938Natur.141Q.811.
1118:on 18 December 2003
129:In 1916, his book,
80:Ostrea commercialis
72:Bachelor of Science
31:and, as an author,
3498:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
3377:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
3268:. 21 December 2023
3149:. 18 December 2018
2480:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
1448:"THE BARRIER REEF"
1307:"OYSTER FISHERIES"
998:"OYSTER MORTALITY"
870:. 23 December 1916
567:
563:Sydney rock oyster
368:
220:colour photographs
212:Great Barrier Reef
196:
180:ptomaine poisoning
49:
24:Sydney Rock Oyster
2403:. 19 October 1952
2262:Cobargo Chronicle
589:Bonamia roughleyi
531:Lawrence Hargrave
500:St Philips Church
490:of October 1960.
471:, as a result of
346:Roughley's book,
325:continental shelf
272:Australian Salmon
3628:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3448:The Star Moments
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3324:(3–4): 153–165.
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3262:"Pacific Oyster"
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3199:Barrington Coast
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3120:. 2 October 2022
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2683:The Sun (Sydney)
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2455:museum.wa.gov.au
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2344:The Sun (Sydney)
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2299:. February 1961.
2285:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2235:The Sun (Sydney)
2226:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2188:Hirst, Warwick.
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2080:"Latest on fish"
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1776:The Sun (Sydney)
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:10.1038/133435d0
1600:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1525:10.1038/141811a0
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1397:Brisbane Courier
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1340:Brisbane Courier
1335:"OYSTER CULTURE"
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1197:The Sun (Sydney)
1188:
1182:
1181:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1106:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
972:"OYSTER FARMING"
968:
962:
961:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
920:
914:
913:
897:
880:
879:
877:
875:
860:
854:
853:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
819:The Sun (Sydney)
810:
804:
803:
787:
781:
780:
778:
776:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
731:
725:
724:
712:
689:
688:
687:
685:
667:
480:Bounty mutineers
244:, described as "
194:Roughley c.1928.
3636:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3596:
3595:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3500:. 26 April 2016
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3094:. 13 March 2023
3086:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3015:
2970:
2966:
2931:
2927:
2922:(4): 1129–1135.
2908:
2904:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2482:. 26 April 2016
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2372:Daily Telegraph
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2208:
2204:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2161:"Fish Fighters"
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2048:
2039:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1909:
1902:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1657:
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1642:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1251:"NEW PRESIDENT"
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1166:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1007:
1005:
996:
995:
991:
981:
979:
970:
969:
965:
946:
942:
932:
930:
922:
921:
917:
898:
883:
873:
871:
868:Daily Telegraph
862:
861:
857:
840:
839:
835:
825:
823:
812:
811:
807:
788:
784:
774:
772:
761:
760:
756:
746:
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1400:. p. 17
1395:
1392:"QUEER FISH"
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596:
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553:pelagic fish
546:
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526:
524:
520:
511:The Entrance
508:
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469:fish markets
438:
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430:
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318:
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3611:1888 births
3178:29 December
3124:19 December
3098:19 December
3031:19 December
2197:SL Magazine
2166:Guyra Argus
1945:Google Maps
1921:. p. 9
1804:Labor Daily
1453:Sydney Mail
1008:29 December
575:Tom Iredale
465:sea urchins
441:gummy shark
314:South Coast
200:Moreton Bay
84:Proceedings
3600:Categories
3504:17 January
3478:17 January
3453:17 January
3427:15 January
3383:15 January
3297:15 January
3272:15 January
3204:13 January
3153:15 January
2872:13 January
2847:11 January
2800:12 January
2771:11 January
2746:15 January
2718:11 January
2690:11 January
2662:12 January
2634:11 January
2610:: 558–584.
2583:12 January
2554:15 January
2486:11 January
2460:11 January
2435:11 January
2407:11 January
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2323:11 January
2268:11 January
2242:12 January
2173:11 January
2145:13 January
2117:13 January
2092:13 January
2064:12 January
2008:13 January
1979:13 January
1950:13 January
1925:13 January
1871:11 January
1840:11 January
1811:12 January
1783:12 January
1755:12 January
1727:17 January
1699:17 January
1671:2 February
1643:2 February
1580:16 January
1485:13 January
1460:13 January
1429:13 January
1404:12 January
1375:15 January
1347:15 January
1319:12 January
1291:12 January
1263:12 January
1235:12 January
1204:12 January
1148:14 January
982:2 February
933:14 January
906:ABC Weekly
826:11 January
775:11 January
747:11 January
684:11 January
642:References
605:QX disease
587: or
482:living on
405:Retirement
337:Murray cod
316:in 1950.
261:Botany Bay
208:Low Island
165:Bonnet Bay
124:microscopy
39:Early life
3567:Walkabout
3404:Delicious
3338:0990-7440
3225:Walkabout
2959:0990-7440
1533:1476-4687
1174:Walkabout
1142:Propeller
1002:Propeller
391:Zane Grey
310:Newcastle
280:fishcakes
3569:magazine
3231:(5): 11.
3008:26880838
2984:(1689).
2826:29 April
2622:"SOCIAL"
504:Vaucluse
383:Bermagui
228:goldfish
103:baseball
3361:. 2010.
3359:NSW DPI
3266:DPI NSW
2999:4760136
1918:The Age
1513:Bibcode
874:7 March
457:octopus
453:mussels
445:abalone
268:Narooma
176:typhoid
95:cricket
86:of the
3532:Weekly
3379:. 2021
3336:
3006:
2996:
2957:
1604:Nature
1531:
1505:Nature
1122:23 May
1045:
549:prawns
517:Legacy
463:, and
387:Marlin
276:salmon
241:Nature
210:. The
109:Career
3355:(PDF)
3248:(PDF)
3074:(PDF)
3052:(PDF)
2193:(PDF)
1599:(PDF)
1547:"Bat"
1116:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
1085:(PDF)
1067:(PDF)
912:(42).
461:squid
449:pipis
399:dozen
301:prawn
3506:2024
3480:2024
3455:2024
3429:2024
3385:2024
3334:ISSN
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3274:2024
3206:2024
3180:2023
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3126:2023
3100:2023
3033:2023
3004:PMID
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2828:2024
2802:2024
2773:2024
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2010:2024
1981:2024
1952:2024
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1150:2024
1124:2023
1043:ISBN
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777:2024
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686:2024
613:spat
343:".
284:tuna
185:them
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3326:doi
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