964:" ...for really I thinke that the poorest hee that is in England hath a life to live as the greatest hee; and therefore truly, Sir, I thinke itt's cleare, that every man that is to live under a Governement ought first by his owne consent to putt himself under that Governement; and I do think that the poorest man in England is not at all bound in a strict sense to that Government that he hath not had a voice to put Himself under." (Putney Debates record book 1647, Worcester College, Oxford, MS 65. Spelling and capitalisation as in the original manuscript.)
553:
1079:
895:
1184:, Rainsborough argued "I do not find anything in the law of God that a lord shall choose 20 burgesses, and a gentleman but two, or a poor man shall choose none. I find no such thing in the law of nature, nor in the law of nations. But I do find that all Englishmen must be subject to English laws; and I do verily believe that there is no man but will say that the foundation of all law lies in the people; and if it lie in the people, I am to seek for this exemption.".
989:
399:
714:
686:
602:
644:
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658:
560:
574:
700:
630:
588:
616:
967:
Convinced the
Levellers threatened army discipline and unity, on 8 November the Grandees shut down the debates, ordered all Agitators back to their units and dissolved the General Council, quickly reformed as the Council of Officers. In a series of assemblies held on 15 November, all New Model
874:
took up arms in 1642 to ensure the king ruled in partnership with
Parliament, not to remove him, and viewed radicals like Rainsborough as a greater threat than the Royalists. Largely Presbyterian in religion, the moderate faction held a majority in Parliament, and were supported by the London
1016:
as his flagship. However, much of the fleet resented having an army officer imposed on them without discussion, especially one with his political and religious views; there was very little support for either the
Levellers or religious Independents within the navy.
960:
sought to agree on a unified Army position in their dispute with
Parliament. The talks were dominated by Ireton, speaking for the Grandees, and Rainsborough, representing the Leveller case. Ireton dismissed universal suffrage as "mere anarchy"; Rainsborough responded:
541:
navy meant the fleet was largely employed supporting coastal operations or cutting supply lines, and accompanied by his brother
William, who had returned from North America, Rainsborough spent most of the first year of the war on patrol duty in the
1075:, which among other things accused the Council of Officers of involvement in Rainsborough's death. A contemporary Parliamentary investigation dismissed the idea, while later historians have found no evidence to support such a theory.
1001:
As the political situation deteriorated amid rumours of an imminent
Royalist rising, the Council of Officers needed a reliable man in charge of the navy, currently headed by William Batten, a Presbyterian supporter of the
1028:, English Royalists, and those Parliamentarians who considered the New Model a greater threat than their previous opponents. Led by William Batten, on 27 May six ships declared their support for the king, including the
760:, in 1644 he was given command of a new infantry regiment, whose members included several volunteers from New England, among them his brother-in-law, Stephen Winthrop, and former Wapping neighbour,
448:] (1612–1673), and Martha (1617–1660). He also had three surviving half-siblings from his father's second marriage to Judith Hoxton (died 1638); Judith, Joan and Edward (1639–after 1673).
783:. They were concerned at the religious views of various officers nominated by Cromwell and his associates, while Rainsborough was known to be sympathetic not only to the group later known as
2023:
2018:
33:
866:
By early 1647, the New Model Army was owed more than £300,000 in wages, an enormous sum for the period, while
Parliament was struggling with a shattered economy, an outbreak of the
945:. Like the "Heads of Proposals", its terms included freedom of worship for non-Catholics, but went further by demanding equality before the law regardless of social standing, and
1090:. Parliament granted his widow Margaret his arrears of pay, amounting to over £1,300, along with an annual pension of £200 per year; a few years later, she also received lands in
976:, where Rainsborough was present. He was escorted from the field since he was not entitled to attend, having relinquished his army commission in September 1647 after being made
1006:. In mid-December, they urged Parliament to reconfirm Rainsborough as its commander, a request that was eventually approved after some hesitation. Simultaneously appointed
775:
In April 1645, Rainsborough was made colonel of an infantry regiment in the recently formed New Model Army, although his appointment was initially opposed by the moderate
1388:
486:
Some years before his death, Thomas married a woman called
Margaret about whom little is known, other than that they had a son, William, and at least one other child.
1086:
After a funeral ceremony organised by his brother
William and attended by around 3,000 Leveller sympathisers, Rainsborough was buried next to his father at
939:, where they remained. During this period, he was involved in Leveller proposals for a constitutional settlement, subsequently set out in a pamphlet titled
920:, as well as Agitators elected by their regiments, one of whom was William Rainborowe. The Council drafted their version of a peace agreement, known as the
1882:
1842:
1815:
1769:
1291:
932:, Rainsborough became convinced further negotiations with the king were pointless, and accused Cromwell of "base servility" in seeking to continue them.
1032:, whose crew put Rainsborough into a small boat heading for London. Alarmed at the prospect of further defections, Parliament reinstated the Presbyterian
924:, and in July Rainsborough was part of the delegation sent to present it to Charles, who rejected the terms outright. Along with others including Colonel
518:. Northumberland was a Puritan sympathiser who sought to increase their influence within the fleet by recruiting officers from a similar background, Sir
949:
for all men over 21 years of age. Both ideas were opposed by the
Grandees, who were alarmed by the growth of Leveller influence within the New Model.
2008:
1064:
842:, which surrendered in June 1646, ending significant Royalist resistance in the First English Civil War. Rainsborough then helped conclude the
1067:. Rainsborough resisted and was dragged outside into the street, where he was killed, despite calling for help. In March 1649, the Leveller
1193:
It is also suggested Cromwell and other Grandees feared a free election based on universal suffrage would result in a royalist Parliament.
1598:
Catalogue of prints and drawings in the British Museum, v. 1, p. 398 . British Museum. Department of prints and drawings (London), 1870.
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increased demand for experienced captains and despite being in his sixties, William Rainsborough was among those selected by the
552:
851:
74:
1935:
1916:
1803:
727:
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regiments were required to sign an oath of loyalty to their officers; most did so without question, but there was a minor
1669:
1757:
879:, the Army of the Western Association, and most of the navy. This made them over-confident, and in April they passed a
1059:, one of the last remaining Royalist strongholds. On the night of 29 October, four men broke into his house in nearby
1988:
1978:
1725:
1635:
1033:
891:, demanded full payment for all in advance, the army was officially disbanded, but its leaders refused to comply.
880:
1350:
1007:
871:
53:
1609:
1690:
929:
464:
2013:
1087:
953:
898:
173:
383:, he has also been described as "a soldier of impressive professional competence and peerless courage".
494:
Like his father, Thomas Rainsborough joined the Levant company and became part of a close-knit group of
941:
827:
815:
372:
304:
272:
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255:
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471:, Governor of the colony, and Judith, who married his son Stephen Winthrop. The latter returned to
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on 19 August made further resistance pointless, and Colchester surrendered at the end of August.
1953:
1164:
831:
526:
309:
1214:
1040:, a position he previously held from 1642 to 1645. Rainsborough returned to the army and joined
912:, a body set up to protect the interests of the New Model Army. It included senior officers or "
1796:
The Verso Book of Dissent: Revolutionary Words from Three Millennia of Rebellion and Resistance
1156:
1136:
855:
800:
764:. In October, he led this regiment in a daring attack that captured the Royalist stronghold of
463:, although he ultimately decided against it. In the late 1630s, his brother William settled in
969:
935:
In August 1647, Rainsborough and his regiment were ordered to suppress pro-Royalist riots in
780:
530:
870:, and Charles' refusal to agree a peace settlement. This mattered because moderate MPs like
390:, when he argued "the poorest hee ... in England hath a life to live, as the greatest hee."
2003:
1998:
1127:
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of one of its ships with the help of his family connections. The absence of a significant
8:
1993:
1946:"Leveller Thomas Rainsborough plaque unveiling St John's Churchyard Wapping and speakers"
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757:
439:
329:
191:
1983:
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843:
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Their dislike was heightened when Independents within the New Model, such as Colonels
1931:
1912:
1799:
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1643:
1078:
1056:
784:
335:
1717:
Ships, money, and politics: seafaring and naval enterprise in the reign of Charles I
887:, stating only those who agreed to go would be paid. When their representatives, or
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438:. Thomas' mother had another two children before she died sometime before 1624,
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957:
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1945:
822:, and then participated in the Western Campaign, fighting with distinction at
1972:
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and was appointed governor of the town in July 1646. He was also elected
792:
788:
460:
1813:
Pestana, Carla Gardina (2004). "Rainborowe , William (fl. 1639–1673))".
1168:
1095:
988:
810:
Rainsborough's commission was approved in time for him to fight at the
503:
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His influence and reputation meant Rainsborough was co-opted onto the
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888:
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48:
32:
1880:
Quintrell, Brian (2008). "Rainborow, William (bap. 1587, d. 1642)".
1063:, allegedly hoping to exchange him for the Royalist cavalry leader,
1010:, Rainsborough took up his new positions in January 1648, using the
980:
of the Parliamentarian navy, an appointment Parliament now revoked.
1091:
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538:
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in January 1647, but retained his military commission despite the
814:
in June 1645, where his regiment helped prevent a breakthrough by
467:, as did two sisters, Martha, briefly the fourth and last wife of
1105:
In May 2013, a plaque commemorating Rainsborough was unveiled by
884:
804:
753:
495:
476:
472:
415:
403:
259:
128:
1840:
Pestana, Carla Gardina (2008). "Winthrop, Stephen (1619–1658)".
1691:"The Plot At The Heart Of The Plot – Robert Wilton | Crime Time"
1024:
began in February 1648, the result of a coalition between Scots
398:
936:
796:
359:, 6 July 1610 to 29 October 1648, was an English religious and
195:
1750:
The New Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1645-1653
1131:. He plays a minor but crucial role in the historical novel
2024:
Military personnel from the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
2019:
Parliamentarian military personnel of the English Civil War
1106:
529:
began in August 1642, most of the Royal Navy declared for
1726:"Henry Hastings and the Flying Army of Ashby de la Zouch"
498:
merchants and sailors, many of whom were also members of
444:
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386:
He is now most famous for his participation in the 1647
1557:
1555:
1454:
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1767:
Gentles, Ian (2004). "Rainborowe , Thomas (d. 1648)".
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He left the navy in summer 1643 to join the besieged
1733:
Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society
1670:"Q&A: Robert Wilton (author of Traitor's Field)"
1567:
1552:
1540:
1406:
1255:
1098:. His death was the subject of a 1648 ballad titled
1928:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
1073:
The Second Part of England's New Chaines Discovered
826:, and demonstrating his skill for siege warfare at
459:from 1629 to 1640, Thomas considered emigration to
16:
English religious and political radical (1610–1648)
1327:
1270:
1232:
1117:at St John's church. Rainsborough is portrayed by
426:(1587–1642). A wealthy merchant and member of the
1418:
1970:
1351:"Colonel Thomas Rainsborough's Regiment of Foot"
434:for his help in negotiating a peace treaty with
858:which required him to choose one or the other.
414:Thomas Rainsborough was born on 6 July 1610 in
375:. One of the few contemporaries whose personal
952:Held between 28 October to 8 November 1647 at
1048:. Cromwell's victory over Royalist forces at
224:Soldier, naval officer and radical politician
1886:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1846:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1819:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1773:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1484:
1295:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
430:, in 1637 William was offered but refused a
731:Key locations and battles mentioned in text
1389:"Atonement For 2 Centuries Of Persecution"
861:
489:
31:
1879:
1264:
1055:Rainsborough now moved onto the siege of
799:. His brother William's appointment as a
1793:
1485:Rainsborough, Thomas (30 October 2007).
1289:Quintrell, Brian. "Rainborow, William".
1077:
987:
893:
455:and other Puritans during the period of
397:
1944:
1883:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1843:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1839:
1816:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1812:
1770:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1292:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1276:
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1082:Plaque installed in Wapping 12 May 2013
2009:People killed in the English Civil War
1971:
1723:
1610:"Unveiling of the Rainsborough plaque"
1412:
818:cavalry. In July, he helped recapture
1956:from the original on 21 December 2021
1925:
1866:
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1546:
1436:
1424:
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992:Rainsborough's flagship in 1648, the
1906:
1636:"The Devil's Whore – box set review"
1460:
1004:Parliamentary opposition to Cromwell
838:in December 1645, he moved onto the
87:January 1647 – October 1648
1794:Hsiao, Andrew; Lim, Audrea (2020).
1633:
393:
13:
1667:
984:Second English Civil War and death
791:, a sect persecuted by mainstream
713:
685:
601:
66:September 1647 – May 1648
14:
2035:
1109:Rania Khan, historian and writer
643:
1869:"Thomas Rainsborough, c.1610-48"
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379:and popularity rivalled that of
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928:, a Fifth Monarchist and later
850:for the nearby constituency of
803:was also challenged due to his
573:
109:July 1646 – April 1647
1387:Preheim, Rick (19 June 2004).
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1:
1215:"Plaque: Thomas Rainsborough"
1200:
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1900:UK public library membership
1860:UK public library membership
1833:UK public library membership
1787:UK public library membership
1309:UK public library membership
1142:
615:
7:
1100:Colonell Rainsborowes ghost
10:
2040:
1708:
1634:Tew, Edward (8 May 2014).
942:An Agreement of the People
807:and political views.
522:being another example.
373:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
363:radical who served in the
273:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1930:(2006 ed.). Abacus.
1715:Andrews, Kenneth (1991).
1088:St John's Church, Wapping
1071:published a tract titled
954:St. Mary's Church, Putney
899:St. Mary's Church, Putney
883:sending the New Model to
533:and Thomas was appointed
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1989:New Model Army personnel
1022:Second English Civil War
916:" like Cromwell and Sir
744:, and helped repulse an
161:Cause of death
1979:Captains of Deal Castle
1909:The Leveller Revolution
1724:Bennet, Martyn (1980).
1163:, claimed Presbyterian
862:The 1647 Putney Debates
527:First English Civil War
502:. The expansion of the
490:First English Civil War
310:Siege of Bristol (1645)
1926:Royle, Trevor (2004).
1892:10.1093/ref:odnb/23021
1852:10.1093/ref:odnb/66329
1825:10.1093/ref:odnb/66326
1779:10.1093/ref:odnb/23020
1301:10.1093/ref:odnb/23021
1083:
1008:Captain of Deal Castle
998:
905:
856:Self-denying Ordinance
512:Earl of Northumberland
411:
54:Captain of Deal Castle
1867:Plant, David (2008).
1748:Gentles, Ian (1992).
1139:, published in 2013.
1081:
991:
897:
750:Marquess of Newcastle
475:in 1645 and became a
401:
244:Years of service
183:Margaret Rainsborough
172:Cemetery attached to
1952:. 14 February 2017.
1167:were "agents of the
1046:besieging Colchester
1044:, whose forces were
1030:Constant Reformation
1013:Constant Reformation
995:Constant Reformation
728:class=notpageimage|
424:William Rainsborough
278:Siege of Hull (1643)
214:William Rainsborough
71:Member of Parliament
2014:People from Wapping
1907:Rees, John (2016).
1463:, pp. 173–174.
1439:, pp. 393–394.
974:Ware, Hertfordshire
972:at the one held in
758:Eastern Association
756:in the Army of the
440:William Rainsborowe
353:Thomas Rainsborough
330:Siege of Colchester
192:William Rainsborowe
37:Thomas Rainsborough
25:Thomas Rainsborough
1119:Michael Fassbender
1084:
1065:Marmaduke Langdale
1042:Sir Thomas Fairfax
999:
947:Universal suffrage
922:Heads of Proposals
906:
901:, location of the
844:Siege of Worcester
412:
325:Siege of Worcester
1937:978-0-349-11564-1
1918:978-1-78478-390-7
1898:(Subscription or
1858:(Subscription or
1831:(Subscription or
1805:978-1-78873-911-5
1785:(Subscription or
1614:English Civil War
1377:, pp. 16–17.
1307:(Subscription or
1128:The Devil's Whore
1057:Pontefract Castle
1038:Lord High Admiral
785:Fifth Monarchists
516:Lord High Admiral
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336:Pontefract Castle
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289:Battle of Naseby
229:Military service
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118:Personal details
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1133:Traitor's Field
1034:Earl of Warwick
986:
910:General Council
864:
840:Siege of Oxford
836:Berkeley Castle
834:. After taking
816:Prince Rupert's
787:, but also the
762:Nehemiah Bourne
738:Parliamentarian
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453:Oliver Cromwell
418:, close to the
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381:Oliver Cromwell
365:Parliamentarian
342:
320:Siege of Oxford
315:Berkeley Castle
238:Parliamentarian
148:
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143:29 October 1648
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93:Parliamentarian
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49:Parliamentarian
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2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1967:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1923:
1917:
1904:
1877:
1864:
1837:
1810:
1804:
1791:
1764:
1759:978-0631158691
1758:
1745:
1721:
1719:. CUP Archive.
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1682:
1660:
1626:
1601:
1590:
1588:, p. 323.
1578:
1576:, p. 457.
1566:
1564:, p. 447.
1551:
1549:, p. 417.
1539:
1537:, p. 223.
1527:
1525:, p. 202.
1515:
1513:, p. 212.
1503:
1477:
1475:, p. 214.
1465:
1453:
1451:, p. 102.
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1379:
1367:
1341:
1326:
1324:, p. 187.
1314:
1281:
1269:
1265:Quintrell 2008
1254:
1231:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1182:Putney Debates
1173:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1113:and former MP
985:
982:
958:Putney Debates
918:Thomas Fairfax
903:Putney Debates
868:bubonic plague
863:
860:
779:who dominated
766:Crowland Abbey
726:
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548:
520:William Batten
491:
488:
481:New Model Army
428:Levant Company
420:Port of London
395:
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388:Putney Debates
369:New Model Army
348:
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194:, brother and
189:
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147:(aged 38)
141:
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78:
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68:
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57:
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44:
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36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2036:
2025:
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
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2005:
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1997:
1995:
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1761:
1755:
1752:. Blackwell.
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1161:Daniel Axtell
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1137:Robert Wilton
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1069:John Lilburne
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927:
926:William Goffe
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
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896:
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890:
886:
882:
878:
877:Trained Bands
873:
872:Denzil Holles
869:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
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813:
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786:
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778:
777:Presbyterians
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
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554:
547:
545:
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500:Trinity House
497:
487:
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474:
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469:John Winthrop
466:
465:Massachusetts
462:
458:
457:Personal Rule
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293:Recapture of
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169:Resting place
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106:
101:
98:
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84:
79:
76:
69:
63:
58:
55:
50:
47:Commander of
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1958:. Retrieved
1949:
1927:
1908:
1881:
1872:
1841:
1814:
1795:
1768:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1732:
1716:
1694:. Retrieved
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1640:The Guardian
1639:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1593:
1586:Gentles 1992
1581:
1569:
1542:
1535:Gentles 1992
1530:
1523:Gentles 1992
1518:
1511:Gentles 1992
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1491:The Guardian
1490:
1480:
1473:Gentles 1992
1468:
1456:
1449:Gentles 1992
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:
1382:
1375:Gentles 1992
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:
1349:Carr, Ivor.
1344:
1337:Pestana 2004
1322:Andrews 1991
1317:
1290:
1284:
1277:Pestana 2008
1272:
1250:Gentles 2004
1224:27 September
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1189:
1176:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1104:
1099:
1085:
1072:
1054:
1029:
1019:
1011:
1000:
993:
978:vice-admiral
966:
963:
951:
940:
934:
907:
865:
809:
774:
770:Lincolnshire
740:garrison of
735:
524:
493:
485:
450:
443:
413:
385:
356:
352:
351:
266:Battles/wars
256:Vice-Admiral
164:Assassinated
145:(1648-10-29)
104:
95:Governor of
82:
61:
18:
2004:1648 deaths
1999:1610 births
1960:19 February
1873:BCW Project
1413:Bennet 1980
1355:BCW Project
1180:During the
1157:John Hewson
795:throughout
793:Protestants
789:Anabaptists
752:. Promoted
461:New England
371:during the
282:Capture of
126:6 July 1610
1994:Roundheads
1973:Categories
1902:required.)
1862:required.)
1835:required.)
1789:required.)
1739:8 November
1619:5 November
1574:Royle 2004
1562:Royle 2004
1547:Royle 2004
1437:Royle 2004
1425:Plant 2008
1398:24 October
1360:24 October
1311:required.)
1201:References
1169:Antichrist
1096:Lancashire
828:Bridgwater
781:Parliament
720:Colchester
692:Bridgwater
608:Pontefract
531:Parliament
504:Royal Navy
442: [
357:Rainborowe
305:Bridgwater
234:Allegiance
221:Occupation
1984:Levellers
1911:. Verso.
1648:0261-3077
1461:Rees 2016
1165:ministers
1143:Footnotes
1123:Channel 4
1115:Tony Benn
1111:John Rees
1061:Doncaster
889:Agitators
852:Droitwich
820:Leicester
805:religious
650:Worcester
544:Irish Sea
525:When the
508:Charles I
432:baronetcy
367:navy and
361:political
334:Siege of
295:Leicester
247:1642–1648
188:Relations
156:, England
154:Yorkshire
150:Doncaster
135:, England
133:Middlesex
105:In office
97:Worcester
83:In office
75:Droitwich
62:In office
1954:Archived
1668:Struan.
1092:Somerset
1026:Engagers
930:regicide
914:Grandees
824:Langport
678:Crowland
664:Langport
566:Berkeley
539:Royalist
402:Port of
377:charisma
300:Langport
202:Children
1950:YouTube
1709:Sources
1121:in the
1050:Preston
885:Ireland
832:Bristol
801:captain
754:colonel
748:by the
580:Bristol
535:captain
514:, then
496:Puritan
479:in the
477:colonel
473:England
436:Morocco
416:Wapping
404:Wapping
260:Colonel
129:Wapping
1934:
1915:
1896:
1856:
1829:
1802:
1783:
1756:
1696:19 May
1675:19 May
1653:19 May
1646:
1496:26 May
1305:
1125:drama
970:mutiny
956:, the
937:London
881:motion
797:Europe
746:attack
706:London
636:Oxford
594:Naseby
506:under
483:.
210:Parent
196:Ranter
180:Spouse
1729:(PDF)
1135:, by
546:.
451:Like
355:, or
51:navy
1962:2017
1932:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1741:2022
1735:(19)
1698:2020
1677:2020
1655:2020
1644:ISSN
1621:2022
1498:2022
1400:2022
1362:2022
1226:2022
1159:and
1107:Cllr
1094:and
1020:The
830:and
742:Hull
622:Hull
410:1803
252:Rank
140:Died
123:Born
73:for
1888:doi
1848:doi
1821:doi
1775:doi
1297:doi
1102:.
1036:as
768:in
445:sic
1975::
1948:.
1871:.
1731:.
1642:.
1638:.
1612:.
1554:^
1489:.
1391:.
1353:.
1329:^
1257:^
1234:^
1217:.
848:MP
772:.
408:c.
406:,
258:;
152:,
131:,
1964:.
1940:.
1921:.
1894:.
1890::
1875:.
1854:.
1850::
1827:.
1823::
1808:.
1781:.
1777::
1762:.
1743:.
1700:.
1679:.
1657:.
1623:.
1500:.
1427:.
1402:.
1364:.
1339:.
1303:.
1299::
1279:.
1267:.
1252:.
1228:.
1171:.
216:;
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