491:
625:
702:
4002:
765:
296:
502:
collected a wealth of data on the non-literary languages of the
Himalayas and northeast India, noting that many of these were related to Tibetan and Burmese. Others identified related languages in the highlands of Southeast Asia and south-west China. The name "Tibeto-Burman" was first applied to this
611:
Most of the Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in remote mountain areas, which has hampered their study. Many lack a written standard. It is generally easier to identify a language as Tibeto-Burman than to determine its precise relationship with other languages of the group. The subgroupings that
1034:
Shafer's tentative classification took an agnostic position and did not recognize Tibeto-Burman, but placed
Chinese (Sinitic) on the same level as the other branches of a Sino-Tibetan family. He retained Tai–Kadai (Daic) within the family, allegedly at the insistence of colleagues, despite his
586:
The Tai languages have not been included in most
Western accounts of Sino-Tibetan since the Second World War, though many Chinese linguists still include them. The link between Tibeto-Burman and Chinese is now accepted by most linguists, with a few exceptions such as
2501:
Source: United States
Central Intelligence Agency, 1983. The map shows the distribution of ethnolinguistic groups according to the historical majority ethnic groups by region. Note this is different from the current distribution due to ongoing internal migration and
1245:, which was actually written around 1941. Like Shafer's work, this drew on the data assembled by the Sino-Tibetan Philology Project, which was directed by Shafer and Benedict in turn. Benedict envisaged Chinese as the first family to branch off, followed by Karen.
1762:
Matisoff makes no claim that the families in the
Kamarupan or Himalayish branches have a special relationship to one another other than a geographic one. They are intended rather as categories of convenience pending more detailed comparative work.
595:. More recent controversy has centred on the proposed primary branching of Sino-Tibetan into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman subgroups. In spite of the popularity of this classification, first proposed by Kuhn and Conrady, and also promoted by
1775:
Since
Benedict (1972), many languages previously inadequately documented have received more attention with the publication of new grammars, dictionaries, and wordlists. This new research has greatly benefited comparative work, and
455:, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail.
2286:, both of which were only described in the 2010s. New Tibeto-Burman languages continue to be recognized, some not closely related to other languages. Distinct languages only recognized in the 2010s include
1766:
Matisoff also notes that
Jingpho–Nungish–Luish is central to the family in that it contains features of many of the other branches, and is also located around the center of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking area.
890:
include most of the Tibeto-Burman languages of
Arunachal Pradesh and adjacent areas of Tibet. The remaining languages of Arunachal Pradesh are much more diverse, belonging to the small
3321:
4414:
4405:
709:
The Tibeto-Burman languages of south-west China have been heavily influenced by
Chinese over a long period, leaving their affiliations difficult to determine. The grouping of the
3105:
1613:
proposes a modification of
Benedict that demoted Karen but kept the divergent position of Sinitic. Of the 7 branches within Tibeto-Burman, 2 branches (Baic and Karenic) have
3645:; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019), "Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan",
2468:
717:
of northern Yunnan is usually included in Lolo-Burmese, though other scholars prefer to leave it unclassified. The hills of northwestern Sichuan are home to the small
498:
During the 18th century, several scholars noticed parallels between Tibetan and Burmese, both languages with extensive literary traditions. In the following century,
3295:
662:, an intensively studied and well-defined group comprising approximately 100 languages spoken in Myanmar and the highlands of Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and
3256:——— (2003), "Tibeto-Burman Phylogeny and Prehistory: Languages, Material Culture and Genes", in Bellwood, Peter; Renfrew, Colin (eds.),
639:, spoken by three million people on both sides of the Burma–Thailand border. They differ from all other Tibeto-Burman languages (except Bai) in having a
612:
have been established with certainty number several dozen, ranging from well-studied groups of dozens of languages with millions of speakers to several
2035:
1875:
3799:
698:
songs, transcribed in Chinese characters in the 1st century, appear to record words from a Lolo-Burmese language, but arranged in Chinese order.
713:, with one million speakers in Yunnan, is particularly controversial, with some workers suggesting that it is a sister language to Chinese. The
658:, the national language of Myanmar, with over 32 million speakers and a literary tradition dating from the early 12th century. It is one of the
910:(or Mishmic) groups. These groups have relatively little Tibeto-Burman vocabulary, and Bench and Post dispute their inclusion in Sino-Tibetan.
867:
is spoken in an area from eastern Nepal to western Bhutan. Most of the languages of Bhutan are Bodish, but it also has three small isolates,
819:
Many diverse Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Sizable groups that have been identified are the
3729:
1525:
694:
in Yunnan, northern Myanmar and northern Thailand. All languages of the Loloish subgroup show significant Austroasiatic influence. The
3114:
843:(Nepal Bhasa) of central Nepal has a million speakers and literature dating from the 12th century, and nearly a million people speak
616:, some only discovered in the 21st century but in danger of extinction. These subgroups are here surveyed on a geographical basis.
913:
The greatest variety of languages and subgroups is found in the highlands stretching from northern Myanmar to northeast India.
3628:
3606:
3587:
3284:
3265:
3246:
3201:
3179:
3160:
3138:
3091:
3072:
3050:
1641:
Tibeto-Burman is then divided into several branches, some of them geographic conveniences rather than linguistic proposals:
3034:
Pan-Asiatic Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, January 8–10, 1996
458:
Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some
447:. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages,
567:
were included on the basis of vocabulary and typological features shared with Chinese. Jean Przyluski introduced the term
3792:
3482:
2437:
Blench and Post believe the remaining languages with these substratal characteristics are more clearly Sino-Tibetan:
3469:
4644:
4001:
3307:
4526:
2307:
148:
3785:
1127:
563:
in 1896, described an "Indo-Chinese" family consisting of two branches, Tibeto-Burman and Chinese-Siamese. The
4654:
3757:
490:
4584:
4531:
4187:
3170:——— (2002), "The Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman", in Beckwith, Chris; Blezer, Henk (eds.),
2086:
1654:
968:
736:
Two historical languages are believed to be Tibeto-Burman, but their precise affiliation is uncertain. The
171:
163:
69:
2317:, in northeastern India, that might have non-Tibeto-Burman substrates, or could even be non-Tibeto-Burman
4649:
4577:
4232:
4154:
3870:
3192:(2003), "The Tibeto-Burman languages of northeast India", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.),
1618:
1614:
921:
640:
3004:
DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)."
3719:
1992:
1733:
1456:
725:
groups of languages, which preserve many archaic features. The most easterly Tibeto-Burman language is
529:
3619:(2003), "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.),
3155:, Papers in South East Asian linguistics, vol. 14, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 1–71,
2544:
Guillaume, Jacques (2012). "The Tangut Kinship System in Qiangic Perspective". In Hill, Nathan (ed.).
4477:
3924:
3845:
2367:
2154:
2137:
1822:
1329:
1323:
1084:
820:
134:
130:
4558:
4161:
3974:
3387:
3148:
3041:——— (2002), "The Sino-Tibetan problem", in Beckwith, Chris; Blezer, Henk (eds.),
2462:
2149:
1797:
1777:
1696:
1284:
852:
471:
189:
111:
1018:
There have been two milestones in the classification of Sino-Tibetan and Tibeto-Burman languages,
4338:
4222:
3686:
3215:
3029:
2575:
2126:
1879:
1665:
1215:
1054:
933:
648:
644:
592:
524:
367:
214:
3407:
987:, the main language of Manipur with 1.4 million speakers, is sometimes linked with the 50 or so
4598:
4591:
4371:
4305:
3808:
3403:
3383:
3275:——— (2007), "South Asia and the Middle East", in Moseley, Christopher (ed.),
2379:
2239:
1170:
1007:
659:
499:
436:
432:
52:
4541:
4491:
4047:
3423:——— (1858), "The West-Himalaic or Tibetan tribes of Asam, Burma and Pegu",
3260:, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, pp. 233–249,
2453:
2392:
2219:
1829:
1812:
1678:
1303:
1074:
805:
722:
2966:
2274:
is difficult due to extensive borrowing. Other unclassified Tibeto-Burman languages include
740:
of central Myanmar in the first centuries is known from inscriptions using a variant of the
4353:
4199:
4145:
2428:
2417:
2408:
1898:
1672:
972:
847:, but the rest have small speech communities. Other isolates and small groups in Nepal are
737:
504:
181:
158:
511:
in 1858. Charles Forbes viewed the family as uniting the Gangetic and Lohitic branches of
8:
4536:
4126:
3953:
3884:
3211:
2373:
2199:
2021:
rejects the primary split of Sinitic, making Tibeto-Burman synonymous with Sino-Tibetan.
1904:
1846:
1549:
1515:
1494:
1397:
1107:
988:
856:
556:
459:
405:
2576:"A shared suppletive pattern in the pronominal systems of Chang Naga and Southern Qiang"
804:
dating from the 8th century. The Tibetic languages are usually grouped with the smaller
4377:
3986:
3852:
3669:
3516:
3456:
3346:
3338:
3239:
Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region
3127:"Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of North East Indian languages"
2328:
2287:
2169:
2098:
1807:
1311:
1133:
1066:
828:
686:, with two million speakers in southern Yunnan, eastern Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam, and
624:
516:
126:
4485:
4445:
4423:
4388:
4382:
4347:
4285:
4279:
4259:
4053:
4041:
4024:
3932:
3878:
3858:
3767:
3674:
3642:
3624:
3602:
3583:
3478:
3436:
3375:
3350:
3280:
3261:
3242:
3197:
3175:
3156:
3134:
3087:
3068:
3046:
2447:
2387:
2314:
2251:
2226:
2214:
2195:
2186:
2030:
1961:
1949:
1935:
1850:
1835:
1816:
1802:
1721:
1708:
1690:
1531:
1506:
1490:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1359:
1350:
1342:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1180:
1158:
1117:
1103:
1088:
1078:
1070:
1046:
917:
895:
891:
880:
844:
836:
809:
801:
797:
718:
667:
588:
520:
479:
463:
452:
428:
358:
329:
320:
311:
255:
245:
241:
222:
218:
142:
121:
3388:"On the Indo-Chinese Borderers and their connexion with the Himálayans and Tibetans"
2972:
2300:
of Tibeto-Burman, based on morphological evidence, but this is not widely accepted.
701:
4506:
4466:
4436:
4410:
4360:
4318:
4227:
4204:
4097:
4077:
4034:
3959:
3822:
3761:
3664:
3654:
3542:
3537:
3508:
3448:
3371:
3330:
3234:
3060:
3009:
2989:
2351:
2318:
2283:
2279:
2174:
2159:
2132:
2105:
2067:
2060:
2018:
1939:
1889:
1883:
1854:
1716:
1589:
1577:
1568:
1440:
1431:
1423:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1203:
1186:
1148:
1096:
984:
937:
925:
907:
876:
868:
860:
824:
813:
730:
655:
613:
603:, Tibeto-Burman has not been demonstrated to be a valid subgroup in its own right.
596:
448:
376:
237:
138:
116:
94:
82:
4084:
940:, spoken in an area stretching from northern Myanmar through the Indian states of
462:
criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any
4498:
4452:
4311:
4193:
4132:
3966:
3913:
3904:
3890:
3616:
3189:
2457:
2404:
2397:
2209:
2164:
2116:
2002:
1980:
1943:
1930:
1924:
1908:
1791:
1742:
1700:
1500:
1427:
1419:
1346:
1226:
1195:
1143:
1138:
899:
872:
864:
832:
773:
752:
of northern China is preserved in numerous texts written in the Chinese-inspired
745:
663:
636:
572:
540:
508:
396:
250:
199:
176:
100:
88:
47:
2029:
The internal structure of Tibeto-Burman is tentatively classified as follows by
764:
4568:
4546:
4460:
4429:
4365:
4325:
4299:
4273:
4250:
4173:
4119:
4091:
4060:
3938:
3864:
3709:
3647:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3638:
3151:(1997), "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification", in Bradley, David (ed.),
2597:
DeLancey, Scott (2013). "The origins of Sinitic". In Zhuo, Jing-Schmidt (ed.).
2413:
2333:
2303:
2297:
2275:
2271:
2244:
2231:
2181:
2111:
2092:
2073:
2055:
1975:
1912:
1858:
1842:
1752:
1686:
1682:
1660:
1610:
1585:
1479:
1412:
1403:
1388:
1384:
1153:
1123:
1092:
980:
976:
903:
887:
840:
726:
600:
560:
387:
349:
338:
259:
227:
204:
194:
185:
105:
32:
3718:
3334:
3013:
4638:
4292:
4214:
3980:
3945:
3897:
3733:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 928–929.
3724:
2422:
2360:
2356:
2293:
2191:
2121:
1966:
1894:
1869:
1726:
1543:
1484:
1447:
1393:
1111:
929:
848:
839:
of eastern Nepal. The remaining groups are small, with several isolates. The
753:
714:
691:
687:
683:
679:
564:
548:
534:
153:
4627:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
3659:
543:
had noted in 1823 that Burmese, Tibetan and Chinese all shared common basic
512:
4266:
4182:
4138:
4067:
3678:
3492:
3101:
2605:
2479:
2345:
2339:
2256:
2080:
1996:
1970:
1747:
1593:
1175:
1003:
964:
741:
710:
576:
552:
167:
2313:
Roger Blench and Mark Post (2011) list a number of divergent languages of
295:
274:
4612:
3827:
3360:"What is Sino-Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a Language Family in Flux"
749:
3777:
3342:
3032:(1996), "The Morphological Argument for the Existence of Sino-Tibetan",
559:
were quite different. Several authors, including Ernst Kuhn in 1883 and
3528:
Shafer, Robert (1955), "Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages",
3520:
1241:
A very influential, although also tentative, classification is that of
996:
544:
444:
40:
3460:
2527:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019).
1273:
The Tibeto-Burman family is then divided into seven primary branches:
4605:
4246:
4011:
3818:
945:
777:
467:
440:
282:
268:
36:
3512:
3477:, STEDT Monograph, vol. 3, University of California, Berkeley,
3316:
2986:
Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Database Software
1026:, which were actually produced in the 1930s and 1940s respectively.
519:, a huge family consisting of all the Eurasian languages except the
3452:
3359:
2993:
956:
941:
695:
3749:
3126:
4107:
3687:"Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research"
3322:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
2984:
Bruhn, Daniel; Lowe, John; Mortensen, David; Yu, Dominic (2015).
992:
960:
949:
671:
629:
4020:
3835:
3107:(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconsidering the evidence
2836:
1923:(perhaps a residual group, not actually related to each other.
952:, and are often considered to include the Jingpho–Luish group.
793:
789:
781:
675:
4016:
3831:
3744:
2812:
1737:
785:
768:
Language families of South Asia, with Tibeto-Burman in orange
475:
3772:
2677:
2599:
Increased Empiricism: Recent advances in Chinese Linguistics
2528:
571:(Sino-Tibetan) as the title of his chapter on the group in
3745:
Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT)
3036:, Bangkok: Mahidol University at Salaya, pp. 812–826.
2911:
2887:
2848:
3713:. Unpublished thesis. Arlington: The University of Texas.
2899:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2824:
2665:
1617:-order languages, whereas all the other 5 branches have
705:
Language families of China, with Tibeto-Burman in orange
2776:
2557:
2555:
733:
on the borders of Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou and Chongqing.
3710:
A phonological reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic
2968:
The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus
2935:
2860:
2800:
2764:
2749:
3637:
3125:———; ——— (2013),
2611:
2033:(2015: xxxii, 1123–1127) in the final release of the
619:
3439:(1974), "Sino-Tibetan: Inspection of a Conspectus",
2725:
2713:
2552:
2526:
928:
with nearly a million speakers. The Brahmaputran or
3530:
Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York)
3471:
Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages
3258:
Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis
2947:
494:
A model of dispersal of the Sino-Tibetan languages.
3425:Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia
3412:Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia
2923:
2788:
2701:
2653:
2617:
2533:(22nd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
2310:of Tibeto-Burman based on morphological evidence.
2036:Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus
3129:, in Hill, Nathan W.; Owen-Smith, Thomas (eds.),
2689:
654:The most widely spoken Tibeto-Burman language is
527:) and Chinese languages. The third volume of the
4636:
3296:"Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar"
3277:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
2641:
2629:
3082:Bielmeier, Roland; Haller, Felix, eds. (2007),
3081:
4476:
3923:
3133:, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 71–104,
533:was devoted to the Tibeto-Burman languages of
435:, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the
3793:
4337:
2959:
1780:(2002) incorporates much of the newer data.
1035:personal belief that they were not related.
3800:
3786:
3293:
3124:
3100:
3086:, Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter,
2869:
2758:
963:and western Myanmar are home to the small
3807:
3668:
3658:
3541:
3274:
3255:
3233:
3067:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2978:
2830:
2683:
2671:
2573:
2543:
16:Group of the Sino-Tibetan language family
3615:
3441:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3392:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
3153:Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas
3059:
3040:
3028:
2905:
2881:
2818:
2806:
2782:
2770:
2731:
2719:
2596:
1497:apart from Qiang and Gyarung themselves)
1242:
1023:
763:
700:
623:
489:
3467:
3382:
3196:, London: Routledge, pp. 169–191,
3188:
3169:
3147:
3084:Linguistics of the Himalayas and Beyond
3006:Cahiers de linguistique – Asie oriental
2971:. Berkeley: University of California. (
2953:
2941:
2917:
2893:
2854:
2842:
2623:
1334:(Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi, Byangsi)
759:
670:, with two million speakers in western
643:word order, attributed to contact with
4637:
3596:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3527:
3435:
3357:
3314:
3210:
2929:
2794:
2743:
2707:
2659:
2580:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale
2561:
1019:
916:Northern Myanmar is home to the small
879:and a larger community of speakers of
800:. There is an extensive literature in
3781:
3751:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
3716:
3599:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 5)
3580:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 4)
3571:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 3)
3562:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 2)
3553:Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 1)
3491:
3422:
3402:
2695:
2647:
2635:
3768:Sino-Tibetan Branches Project (STBP)
3623:, London: Routledge, pp. 3–21,
3223:Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies
979:groups of languages, as well as the
302:
3216:"A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs"
2546:Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV
835:with one million speakers, and the
13:
3773:Tibeto-Burman bibliography website
3701:
3408:"The Maruwi of the Baniak Islands"
2530:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
2265:
2024:
1605:
1236:
1006:is spoken by a small group in the
620:Southeast Asia and southwest China
14:
4666:
3738:
1770:
1013:
772:Over eight million people in the
300:Major branches of Tibeto-Burman:
4000:
3601:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz,
3582:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz,
3376:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00061.x
3364:Language and Linguistics Compass
3172:Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages
3043:Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages
1029:
1010:between Bangladesh and Myanmar.
294:
3720:"Tibeto-Burman Languages"
3573:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
3564:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
3555:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
3294:——— (2011a),
3279:, Routledge, pp. 283–347,
3063:(1972), Matisoff, J. A. (ed.),
2998:
2495:
3597:——— (1974),
3578:——— (1970),
3569:——— (1968),
3560:——— (1967),
3551:——— (1966),
3543:10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552
3315:Forbes, Charles James (1878),
3008:44(2):122–149. December 2015.
2988:. Software, UC Berkeley Dash.
2590:
2567:
2537:
2520:
666:. Major languages include the
635:The southernmost group is the
439:("Zomia") as well as parts of
1:
3693:(Press release). May 6, 2019.
3300:Himalayan Linguistics Journal
2601:. John Benjamins. p. 74.
2509:
2049:Northeast Indian areal group
796:speak one of several related
474:to show that they comprise a
3317:"On Tibeto-Burman languages"
2013:
831:of western Nepal, including
433:Sino-Tibetan language family
7:
3131:Trans-Himalayan Linguistics
3045:, BRILL, pp. 113–158,
2574:Guillaume, Jacques (2007).
1288:(a.k.a. Bodish–Himalayish)
606:
10:
4671:
3707:Mann, Noel Walter (1998).
3306:(1): 31–39, archived from
3174:, BRILL, pp. 73–112,
3065:Sino-Tibetan: A conspectus
2425:(Sajolang, Dimai, Dhimmai)
871:("Black Mountain Monpa"),
776:and neighbouring areas in
530:Linguistic Survey of India
485:
4622:
4567:
4519:
4404:
4245:
4213:
4171:
4106:
4009:
3998:
3816:
3468:Namkung, Ju, ed. (1996),
3335:10.1017/s0035869x00016956
3014:10.1163/19606028-00442p02
2965:Matisoff, James A. 2015.
2416:(Aka) – Thrizino Circle,
1102:West Central Himalayish (
821:West Himalayish languages
293:
281:
267:
75:
65:
48:Linguistic classification
46:
26:
21:
3758:Himalayan languages site
3030:Beckwith, Christopher I.
2870:Blench & Post (2011)
2845:, pp. 178, 180–181.
2488:
2342:(Sherdukpen) of Shergaon
955:The border highlands of
4645:Tibeto-Burman languages
3730:Encyclopædia Britannica
3660:10.1073/pnas.1817972116
3384:Hodgson, Brian Houghton
1651:Kamarupan (geographic)
922:Jingpho–Luish languages
827:and western Nepal, the
649:Austroasiatic languages
425:Tibeto-Burman languages
3621:Sino-Tibetan Languages
3194:Sino-Tibetan Languages
2614:, p. 10319–10320.
2270:The classification of
1931:Adi–Galo–Mishing–Nishi
1713:Jingpho–Nungish–Luish
1008:Chittagong Hill Tracts
920:group, as well as the
769:
706:
660:Lolo-Burmese languages
632:
500:Brian Houghton Hodgson
495:
437:Southeast Asian Massif
4527:Central Tibeto-Burman
3501:Modern Language Notes
3104:; Post, Mark (2011),
2821:, pp. 17, 19–20.
2473:Monpa of Mago-Thingbu
932:include at least the
806:East Bodish languages
767:
704:
628:Language families of
627:
493:
4655:Languages of Myanmar
3717:Konow, Sten (1911).
3497:Les Langues du Monde
3358:Handel, Zev (2008),
2612:Sagart et al. (2019)
2418:West Kameng District
2409:East Kameng District
2348:(Sherdukpen) of Rupa
1927:may also fit here.)
760:Tibet and South Asia
748:of the 12th century
593:Christopher Beckwith
581:Les Langues du Monde
460:historical linguists
4585:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
3653:(21): 10317–10322,
2920:, pp. 182–189.
2896:, pp. 174–178.
2857:, pp. 178–182.
2746:, pp. 424–432.
2686:, pp. 341–342.
1495:Jiarongic languages
1446:(perhaps including
989:Kuki-Chin languages
641:subject–verb–object
70:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
4650:Languages of Tibet
4578:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
4520:Proposed groupings
3643:Jacques, Guillaume
3437:Miller, Roy Andrew
2469:Monpa of Zemithang
2463:Monpa of Kalaktang
2306:(2015) proposed a
2296:(2003) proposed a
2236:Lolo-Burmese–Naxi
2155:Western Himalayish
1621:-order languages.
1532:Tripuri (Kokborok)
1312:Murmi & Gurung
829:Tamangic languages
770:
707:
633:
496:
464:shared innovations
4632:
4631:
4515:
4514:
4400:
4399:
4241:
4240:
3996:
3995:
3630:978-0-7007-1129-1
3608:978-3-447-01559-2
3589:978-3-447-01286-7
3495:(1925), "Review:
3286:978-0-7007-1197-0
3267:978-1-902937-20-5
3248:978-90-04-12062-4
3235:van Driem, George
3203:978-0-7007-1129-1
3181:978-90-04-12424-0
3162:978-0-85883-456-9
3140:978-3-11-031083-2
3093:978-3-11-019828-7
3074:978-0-521-08175-7
3061:Benedict, Paul K.
3052:978-90-04-12424-0
2908:, pp. 12–14.
2884:, pp. 11–12.
2759:van Driem (2011a)
2319:language isolates
2315:Arunachal Pradesh
845:Magaric languages
837:Kiranti languages
810:Arunachal Pradesh
802:Classical Tibetan
798:Tibetic languages
668:Loloish languages
599:(1972) and later
589:Roy Andrew Miller
503:group in 1856 by
480:phylogenetic tree
453:Tibetic languages
421:
420:
415:
414:
4662:
4474:
4473:
4335:
4334:
4169:
4168:
4004:
3921:
3920:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3762:George van Driem
3734:
3722:
3694:
3682:
3672:
3662:
3634:
3617:Thurgood, Graham
3612:
3593:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3524:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3432:
3419:
3399:
3379:
3354:
3311:
3290:
3271:
3252:
3230:
3220:
3212:Coblin, W. South
3207:
3190:Burling, Robbins
3185:
3166:
3144:
3121:
3119:
3113:, archived from
3112:
3097:
3078:
3056:
3037:
3016:
3002:
2996:
2982:
2976:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2831:van Driem (2007)
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2684:van Driem (2001)
2681:
2675:
2672:van Driem (2001)
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2503:
2499:
2284:Chamdo languages
2131:Northern Naga /
2019:George van Driem
1581:(a.k.a. Kukish)
1571:" a.k.a. Konyak)
938:Konyak languages
908:Digaro languages
825:Himachal Pradesh
731:Wuling Mountains
729:, spoken in the
403:
394:
385:
374:
365:
356:
347:
336:
327:
318:
309:
303:
298:
277:
19:
18:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4618:
4569:Proto-languages
4563:
4511:
4478:Greater Siangic
4472:
4409:
4396:
4333:
4237:
4209:
4167:
4111:
4102:
4014:
4005:
3992:
3925:Greater Magaric
3919:
3846:West Himalayish
3826:
3812:
3806:
3741:
3704:
3702:Further reading
3699:
3685:
3639:Sagart, Laurent
3631:
3609:
3590:
3513:10.2307/2914102
3485:
3474:
3404:Logan, James R.
3287:
3268:
3249:
3218:
3204:
3182:
3163:
3141:
3117:
3110:
3094:
3075:
3053:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2983:
2979:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2906:Thurgood (2003)
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2882:Thurgood (2003)
2880:
2876:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2819:Thurgood (2003)
2817:
2813:
2807:Thurgood (2003)
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2785:, pp. 8–9.
2783:Thurgood (2003)
2781:
2777:
2771:Thurgood (2003)
2769:
2765:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2732:Beckwith (2002)
2730:
2726:
2720:Beckwith (1996)
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2595:
2591:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2458:Tawang District
2454:Monpa of Tawang
2435:
2268:
2266:Other languages
2263:
2138:Jingpho–Asakian
2027:
2025:Matisoff (2015)
2016:
2011:
1798:Tibetan–Kanauri
1773:
1760:
1661:Abor–Miri–Dafla
1639:
1608:
1606:Matisoff (1978)
1603:
1567:(Perhaps also "
1413:Abor–Miri–Dafla
1285:Tibetan–Kanauri
1271:
1243:Benedict (1972)
1239:
1237:Benedict (1972)
1234:
1118:East Himalayish
1085:West Himalayish
1032:
1024:Benedict (1972)
1016:
898:(or Kamengic),
774:Tibetan Plateau
762:
746:Tangut language
664:southwest China
637:Karen languages
622:
609:
573:Antoine Meillet
541:Julius Klaproth
488:
431:members of the
417:
416:
408:
401:
399:
392:
390:
383:
379:
372:
370:
363:
361:
354:
352:
345:
341:
334:
332:
325:
323:
316:
314:
307:
273:
135:Greater Magaric
131:West Himalayish
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4668:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4559:Tibeto-Kanauri
4556:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Kuki-Chin–Naga
4529:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4482:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4420:
4418:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4343:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4255:
4253:
4251:Southeast Asia
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4190:
4188:Angami–Pochuri
4185:
4179:
4177:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4113:
4112:Burmese border
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4045:
4030:
4028:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3882:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3856:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3747:
3740:
3739:External links
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:Chisholm, Hugh
3714:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3635:
3629:
3613:
3607:
3594:
3588:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3525:
3507:(6): 373–375,
3489:
3483:
3465:
3453:10.2307/600891
3447:(2): 195–209,
3433:
3420:
3400:
3380:
3370:(3): 422–441,
3355:
3329:(2): 210–227,
3325:, New Series,
3312:
3310:on 2012-01-12.
3291:
3285:
3272:
3266:
3253:
3247:
3231:
3208:
3202:
3186:
3180:
3167:
3161:
3149:Bradley, David
3145:
3139:
3122:
3120:on 2013-05-26.
3098:
3092:
3079:
3073:
3057:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3018:
3017:
2997:
2994:10.6078/D1159Q
2977:
2958:
2954:Bradley (2002)
2946:
2944:, p. 455.
2942:Namkung (1996)
2934:
2922:
2918:Burling (2003)
2910:
2898:
2894:Burling (2003)
2886:
2874:
2859:
2855:Burling (2003)
2847:
2843:Burling (2003)
2835:
2833:, p. 296.
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2674:, p. 334.
2664:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2624:Hodgson (1853)
2616:
2604:
2589:
2566:
2564:, p. 431.
2551:
2548:. p. 215.
2536:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2451:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2323:
2308:Central branch
2304:Scott DeLancey
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2150:Tibeto-Kanauri
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2087:Angami–Pochuri
2084:
2079:Central Naga (
2076:" areal group
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2052:"North Assam"
2041:
2026:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1933:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1839:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1782:
1772:
1771:Bradley (2002)
1769:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:(unclassified)
1750:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1697:Tibeto-Kanauri
1694:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1655:Kuki-Chin–Naga
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1611:James Matisoff
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1584:(perhaps also
1574:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:(perhaps also
1503:
1498:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1418:(perhaps also
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:(perhaps also
1400:
1391:
1374:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1341:(perhaps also
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1120:
1115:
1100:
1082:
1058:
1050:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1015:
1014:Classification
1012:
991:are spoken in
981:Karbi language
969:Angami–Pochuri
888:Tani languages
841:Newar language
808:of Bhutan and
761:
758:
684:Hani languages
621:
618:
608:
605:
601:James Matisoff
561:August Conrady
487:
484:
419:
418:
413:
412:
406:Kuki-Chin-Mizo
400:
391:
382:
380:
371:
362:
353:
344:
342:
333:
324:
315:
306:
301:
299:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
271:
265:
264:
263:
262:
231:
208:
190:Kuki-Chin-Mizo
172:Angami–Pochuri
164:Kuki-Chin–Naga
145:
108:
77:
73:
72:
67:
66:Proto-language
63:
62:
61:
60:
50:
44:
43:
33:Southeast Asia
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4667:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4599:Proto-Karenic
4596:
4594:
4593:
4592:Proto-Loloish
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4553:Tibeto-Burman
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4339:Burmo-Qiangic
4336:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4233:Jingpho–Luish
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:Baram–Thangmi
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3536:(1): 94–111,
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3493:Sapir, Edward
3490:
3486:
3484:0-944613-28-4
3480:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:Blench, Roger
3099:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2930:Shafer (1955)
2926:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2809:, p. 20.
2808:
2803:
2796:
2795:Coblin (1979)
2791:
2784:
2779:
2773:, p. 18.
2772:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:Handel (2008)
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2708:Miller (1974)
2704:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2660:Forbes (1878)
2656:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2562:Handel (2008)
2558:
2556:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2502:assimilation.
2498:
2494:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:Randy LaPolla
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:Tangut-Qiang
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:Tibeto-Burman
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:South-Eastern
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:North-Eastern
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:Northern Naga
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:Tibeto-Burman
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:(geographic)
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:Tibeto-Burman
1645:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:Tibeto-Burman
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:Sino-Tibetan
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:Tibeto-Burman
1277:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1263:Tibeto-Burman
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:Tibeto-Karen
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:Sino-Tibetan
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1030:Shafer (1955)
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:Shafer (1955)
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:Sal languages
927:
923:
919:
914:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
766:
757:
755:
754:Tangut script
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Naxi language
712:
703:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Akha language
677:
674:and northern
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
626:
617:
615:
604:
602:
598:
597:Paul Benedict
594:
590:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:sino-tibétain
566:
565:Tai languages
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
536:
535:British India
532:
531:
526:
525:Indo-European
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
492:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
411:
407:
398:
389:
381:
378:
369:
360:
351:
343:
340:
331:
322:
313:
305:
304:
297:
292:
289:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
230:
229:
224:
220:
216:
215:Burmo-Qiangic
212:
209:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
109:
107:
103:
102:
97:
96:
91:
90:
85:
84:
80:
79:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
59:
58:Tibeto-Burman
56:
55:
54:
51:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
31:
25:
22:Tibeto-Burman
20:
4624:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4552:
4551:
4497:
4490:
4465:
4451:
4444:
4435:
4428:
4387:
4372:Lolo-Burmese
4370:
4346:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4192:
4160:
4153:
4144:
4137:
4125:
4118:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4040:
4033:
3985:
3979:
3965:
3958:
3944:
3937:
3912:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3877:
3863:
3851:
3844:
3809:Sino-Tibetan
3750:
3728:
3708:
3691:ScienceDaily
3690:
3650:
3646:
3620:
3598:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3533:
3529:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3470:
3444:
3440:
3431:(1): 68–114.
3428:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3395:
3391:
3367:
3363:
3326:
3320:
3308:the original
3303:
3299:
3276:
3257:
3238:
3226:
3222:
3193:
3171:
3152:
3130:
3115:the original
3106:
3083:
3064:
3042:
3033:
3022:Bibliography
3021:
3020:
3005:
3000:
2985:
2980:
2967:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2696:Sapir (1925)
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2648:Logan (1858)
2643:
2636:Logan (1856)
2631:
2619:
2607:
2598:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2545:
2539:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2497:
2444:East Bodish
2436:
2312:
2302:
2292:
2269:
2240:Lolo-Burmese
2044:
2034:
2028:
2017:
1993:Burmese–Lolo
1987:
1956:
1920:
1868:
1785:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1734:Lolo–Burmese
1657:(geographic)
1646:
1640:
1632:
1609:
1576:
1514:
1480:Kanburi Lawa
1463:Burmese–Maru
1457:Burmese–Lolo
1455:
1439:
1411:
1381:Rungchenbung
1358:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1262:
1240:
1225:
1210:
1165:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1041:Sino-Tibetan
1040:
1033:
1017:
1004:Mru language
1001:
999:of Myanmar.
954:
924:, including
915:
912:
885:
818:
771:
742:Gupta script
738:Pyu language
735:
711:Bai language
708:
653:
634:
610:
585:
580:
577:Marcel Cohen
568:
539:
528:
507:, who added
497:
457:
427:are the non-
424:
422:
409:
287:
249:
233:
226:
210:
203:
193:
175:
157:
147:
120:
110:
99:
93:
87:
81:
76:Subdivisions
57:
53:Sino-Tibetan
29:distribution
4613:Proto-Hakka
4542:Mahakiranti
4048:East Bodish
3828:Uttarakhand
2407:(Sulung) –
2370:(Digarish)
2298:Rung branch
2220:rGyalrongic
2146:Himalayish
1790:Western (=
1679:Mahakiranti
1360:Bahing–Vayu
1319:Himalayish
1185:Katśinish (
750:Western Xia
723:Rgyalrongic
547:, but that
523:, "Aryan" (
505:James Logan
4639:Categories
4507:Idu–Taraon
4461:Miju–Meyor
4354:Gyalrongic
4200:Tangkhulic
3975:Raji–Raute
3418:(1): 1–42.
3398:(1): 1–25.
3229:: 179–216.
2510:References
2465:(Tshangla)
2450:(Zakhring)
2099:Tangkhulic
1813:East Bodic
1699:(includes
1681:(includes
1673:Himalayish
1569:Naked Naga
1330:Himalayish
1324:Himalayish
1192:Tśairelish
1122:Newarish (
997:Chin State
973:Tangkhulic
853:Raji–Raute
557:Vietnamese
545:vocabulary
513:Max MĂĽller
472:morphology
445:South Asia
182:Tangkhulic
41:South Asia
27:Geographic
4606:Proto-Min
4537:Macro-Bai
4415:Arunachal
4408:(possible
4223:Boro–Garo
4127:Kuki-Chin
4110:and Indo-
4025:Arunachal
4012:Himalayas
3987:Tandrange
3954:Chepangic
3885:Dhimalish
3819:Himalayas
3754:(journal)
3351:163329316
3241:, BRILL,
2288:Koki Naga
2170:Tamangish
2133:Konyakian
2127:Boro–Garo
2068:Kuki-Chin
2039:(STEDT).
2014:van Driem
1905:Kuki-Chin
1880:Boro–Garo
1841:Western (
1834:Eastern (
1830:Himalayan
1666:Boro–Garo
1578:Kuki–Naga
1516:Boro-Garo
1489:Hsi-fan (
1473:Northern
1467:Southern
1159:Dzorgaish
1154:Miśingish
1149:Dhimalish
946:Meghalaya
934:Boro–Garo
861:Dhimalish
857:Chepangic
778:Baltistan
645:Tai–Kadai
583:in 1924.
468:phonology
441:East Asia
368:Bodo–Garo
283:Glottolog
269:ISO 639-5
37:East Asia
4411:isolates
4378:Mondzish
4306:Cai–Long
4054:Tshangla
4010:Eastern
3853:Tamangic
3823:Himachal
3817:Western
3811:branches
3679:31061123
3406:(1856),
3386:(1853),
3343:25196796
3237:(2001),
3214:(1979),
2382:(Digaru)
2329:Kamengic
2278:and the
2110:Mikir /
2031:Matisoff
1940:Digarish
1890:Jinghpaw
1558:Saraniya
1552:(Lalung)
1365:Bahing (
1328:"minor"
1322:"major"
1139:MidĹşuish
1134:Digarish
1089:Kinnauri
1071:Tshangla
1065:Bodish (
995:and the
957:Nagaland
942:Nagaland
881:Tshangla
696:Pai-lang
614:isolates
607:Overview
517:Turanian
451:and the
127:Tamangic
122:Tshangla
4625:Italics
4486:Siangic
4467:Songlin
4446:Kho-Bwa
4424:Hrusish
4406:Dubious
4389:Loloish
4383:Burmish
4348:Qiangic
4319:Longjia
4286:Karenic
4280:Nungish
4260:Sinitic
4146:Hkongso
4108:Myanmar
4078:Gongduk
4042:Tibetic
3960:Chepang
3933:Magaric
3879:Kiranti
3859:Newaric
3727:(ed.).
3670:6534992
3521:2914102
2586:(1): 2.
2388:Siangic
2376:(Luoba)
2352:Sartang
2336:(Khowa)
2280:Songlin
2252:Karenic
2215:Qiangic
2200:Chepang
2187:Kiranti
2106:Meithei
1995:(incl.
1962:Qiangic
1921:Central
1909:Meithei
1907:(incl.
1897:(incl.
1855:Thangmi
1847:Chepang
1836:Kiranti
1823:Kanauri
1817:Tsangla
1815:(incl.
1803:Tibetic
1778:Bradley
1743:Karenic
1722:Nungish
1717:Jingpho
1709:Qiangic
1691:Kiranti
1629:Chinese
1590:Meithei
1564:Thengal
1561:Sonowal
1491:Qiangic
1398:Chepang
1377:Sampang
1371:Khaling
1367:Sunuwar
1343:Dzorgai
1308:Tsangla
1300:Gyarung
1296:Tibetic
1291:Bodish
1253:Chinese
1227:Karenic
1187:Jingpho
1181:Nungish
1171:Burmish
1144:Hrusish
1108:Chepang
1097:Thangmi
1087:(incl.
1079:Tibetic
1075:Gyarong
1047:Sinitic
993:Mizoram
985:Meithei
961:Manipur
950:Tripura
926:Jingpho
918:Nungish
896:Kho-Bwa
892:Siangic
877:Gongduk
816:group.
812:as the
719:Qiangic
672:Sichuan
656:Burmese
630:Myanmar
521:Semitic
486:History
478:of the
449:Burmese
429:Sinitic
330:Karenic
321:Burmish
312:Tibetic
256:Siangic
246:Kho-Bwa
242:Hrusish
223:Nungish
219:Karenic
211:Eastern
149:Central
143:Kiranti
139:Newaric
112:Western
83:Gongduk
4499:Milang
4453:Puroik
4437:Mijiic
4361:Ersuic
4312:Caijia
4228:Konyak
4194:Meitei
4098:Chamdo
4035:Bodish
4021:Bhutan
3967:Bhujel
3914:Lepcha
3905:Lhokpu
3891:Dhimal
3836:Sikkim
3677:
3667:
3627:
3605:
3586:
3519:
3481:
3461:600891
3459:
3349:
3341:
3283:
3264:
3245:
3200:
3178:
3159:
3137:
3090:
3071:
3049:
2478:Tani:
2405:Puroik
2398:Milang
2380:Taraon
2368:Mishmi
2227:Nungic
2210:Tangut
2175:Dhimal
2165:Lepcha
2083:group)
1981:Tangut
1950:Rawang
1936:Mishmi
1925:Lepcha
1808:Gurung
1701:Lepcha
1555:Sutiya
1542:Rava (
1536:Dimasa
1526:A·chik
1524:Garo (
1501:Tangut
1441:Kachin
1432:Dhimal
1430:, and
1424:Digaro
1387:, and
1351:Magari
1347:Lepcha
1220:Nagish
1216:Barish
1204:Kukish
1176:Mruish
1166:Burmic
1128:Pahari
1067:Gurung
975:, and
948:, and
873:Lhokpu
865:Lepcha
833:Tamang
814:Bodish
794:Bhutan
790:Sikkim
782:Ladakh
744:. The
678:, the
676:Yunnan
410:
404:
402:
397:Meitei
395:
393:
386:
384:
377:Konyak
375:
373:
366:
364:
357:
355:
348:
346:
337:
335:
328:
326:
319:
317:
310:
308:
251:Puroik
238:Digaro
234:Others
177:Meitei
117:Bodish
101:Lepcha
89:Lhokpu
4430:Hruso
4326:Luren
4300:Kathu
4274:Tujia
4162:Taman
4133:Mruic
4120:Karbi
4061:Basum
4017:Tibet
3939:Magar
3865:Newar
3832:Nepal
3723:. In
3517:JSTOR
3475:(PDF)
3457:JSTOR
3347:S2CID
3339:JSTOR
3219:(PDF)
3118:(PDF)
3111:(PDF)
2515:Notes
2489:Notes
2448:Meyor
2414:Hruso
2334:Bugun
2276:Basum
2272:Tujia
2232:Tujia
2196:Magar
2182:Newar
2160:Bodic
2112:Karbi
2095:group
2089:group
2003:Karen
1976:Tujia
1944:Keman
1913:Karbi
1895:Luish
1876:Baric
1859:Baram
1851:Magar
1843:Newar
1792:Bodic
1753:Tujia
1727:Luish
1687:Magar
1683:Newar
1586:Karbi
1448:Luish
1404:Newar
1389:Limbu
1385:Yakha
1304:Takpa
1259:Karen
1211:Baric
1200:Taman
1196:Luish
1124:Newar
1104:Magar
1093:Baram
1061:Bodic
900:Hruso
786:Nepal
727:Tujia
509:Karen
476:clade
359:Qiang
228:Tujia
200:Mruic
195:Karbi
4547:Rung
4492:Koro
4366:Naic
4293:Gong
4249:and
4247:East
4205:Zeme
4174:Naga
4092:Tani
4085:ĘĽOle
3981:Dura
3946:Kham
3898:Toto
3760:(by
3675:PMID
3625:ISBN
3603:ISBN
3584:ISBN
3479:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3243:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3176:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3069:ISBN
3047:ISBN
2429:Miju
2423:Miji
2393:Koro
2361:Lish
2359:and
2357:Chug
2282:and
2245:Naxi
2192:Kham
2093:Zeme
2074:Naga
2061:Deng
2056:Tani
1967:Naxi
1942:and
1911:and
1748:Baic
1738:Naxi
1550:Tiwa
1544:Koch
1539:Mech
1521:Boro
1507:Nung
1493:and
1485:Moso
1475:Lolo
1469:Lolo
1428:Miju
1394:Vayu
1112:Hayu
1055:Daic
1022:and
1002:The
977:Zeme
936:and
906:and
904:Miju
886:The
875:and
869:'Ole
859:and
849:Dura
792:and
721:and
692:Lahu
690:and
688:Lisu
682:and
647:and
591:and
575:and
555:and
549:Thai
443:and
423:The
388:Naga
350:Tani
339:Rung
288:None
260:Miju
205:Miju
198:),
186:Zeme
106:Tani
95:'Ole
4413:) (
4267:Bai
4215:Sal
4155:Pyu
4139:Mru
4068:Nam
3665:PMC
3655:doi
3651:116
3538:doi
3509:doi
3499:",
3449:doi
3372:doi
3331:doi
3010:doi
2990:doi
2973:PDF
2480:Nah
2374:Idu
2346:Mey
2340:Mey
2257:Bai
2122:Sal
2117:Mru
1997:Mru
1971:Bai
1899:Pyu
1870:Sal
1619:SOV
1615:SVO
1594:Mru
1420:Aka
1052:??
823:of
579:'s
553:Mon
515:'s
470:or
466:in
275:tbq
159:Pyu
154:Sal
4641::
4183:Ao
4023:,
4019:,
3834:,
3830:,
3689:.
3673:,
3663:,
3649:,
3641:;
3534:11
3532:,
3515:,
3505:40
3503:,
3455:,
3445:94
3443:,
3427:,
3414:,
3410:,
3396:22
3394:,
3390:,
3366:,
3362:,
3345:,
3337:,
3319:,
3304:10
3302:,
3298:,
3227:12
3225:,
3221:,
2862:^
2751:^
2584:36
2582:.
2578:.
2554:^
2456:–
2321::
2290:.
2081:Ao
1857:,
1853:,
1849:,
1845:,
1794:)
1689:,
1685:,
1592:,
1588:,
1426:,
1422:,
1383:,
1379:,
1369:,
1349:,
1345:,
1310:,
1306:,
1302:,
1298:,
1126:,
1110:,
1106:,
1095:,
1091:,
1077:,
1073:,
1069:,
983:.
971:,
967:,
965:Ao
959:,
944:,
902:,
894:,
883:.
863:.
855:,
851:,
788:,
784:,
780:,
756:.
651:.
551:,
537:.
482:.
258:,
254:,
248:,
244:,
240:,
236::
225:,
221:,
217:,
213::
202:,
192:,
188:,
184:,
180:,
174:,
170:,
168:Ao
162:,
156:,
152::
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
119:,
115::
104:,
98:,
92:,
86:,
39:,
35:,
4417:)
4176:"
4172:"
4071:?
4027:)
4015:(
3984:–
3838:)
3825:,
3821:(
3801:e
3794:t
3787:v
3764:)
3681:.
3657::
3633:.
3611:.
3592:.
3546:.
3540::
3523:.
3511::
3487:.
3463:.
3451::
3429:2
3416:1
3378:.
3374::
3368:2
3353:.
3333::
3327:X
3289:.
3270:.
3251:.
3206:.
3184:.
3165:.
3143:.
3096:.
3077:.
3055:.
3012::
2992::
2975:)
2956:.
2932:.
2872:.
2797:.
2761:.
2734:.
2722:.
2710:.
2698:.
2662:.
2650:.
2638:.
2626:.
2198:-
2194:-
2072:"
1999:)
1969:–
1946:)
1938:(
1915:)
1901:)
1886:)
1882:–
1878:(
1861:)
1838:)
1819:)
1736:–
1703:)
1693:)
1596:)
1546:)
1528:)
1509:)
1450:)
1434:)
1406:)
1396:–
1373:)
1353:)
1314:)
1294:(
1189:)
1130:)
1114:)
1099:)
1081:)
166:(
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