222:. As a simple example, if frequency is lower than the 60 Hz target, the BA is typically expected to provide a (usually small) amount of additional power. More precisely, BA might be required to provide more energy if its import exceeds its bias obligation (defined as a product of the frequency bias coefficient and a difference between the actual and target frequency).
226:
To maintain the balance, a BA will dispatch the generators and, in some cases, will control the load with the goal to keep the ACE within predefined limits that are usually set to be proportional to the total load services by the BA. The control is maintained by multiple means: direct control of the
112:
with an added responsibility to maintain a fine balance between the production and consumption of electricity, including ensuring availability of sufficient on-line generation resources and managing the electricity transfers from (and to) other balancing authorities.
144:
as a reliability coordinator for 42 balancing authorities and transmission operators in the
Western interconnection. The interactions between the BAs and RCs can be compared to the ones between pilots and
132:
entity (RC) is used that has the power to reduce or cancel the interchange transactions and adjust the dispatch plans. Frequently the same utility plays multiple roles, for example,
198:), that as an indicator is conceptually similar to the role the frequency deviation plays at the interconnection level: positive ACE is pushing interconnection frequency higher.
129:
571:
527:
51:
509:
137:
554:
536:
518:
251:
214:
is a coefficient representing an obligation of the BA to provide or absorb energy in order to maintain the system-wide frequency or to assist in
117:
545:
17:
141:
500:
380:
35:
90:
121:
315:
211:
215:
489:
247:
187:
71:
84:
78:
146:
96:
63:
201:
The operation of a BA is guided by two primary external inputs (that together form the ACE):
116:
Balancing authorities operation is guided by mandatory reliability standards created by the
227:
generators by the computer systems, dispatch orders to power plants communicated by phone,
265:
8:
269:
311:
208:, a difference between the planned and measured electricity flows through the tie lines;
191:
373:
109:
152:
A meter on a tie-line is shared between the two BAs interconnected by this line.
125:
171:
54:
ahead of time, maintenance of the load-interchange-generation balance within a
47:
190:(AGC) systems. The quantitative estimate of the balancing is provided through
186:
The coordination tasks are performed by the balancing authority staff and the
565:
312:
U.S. electric system is made up of interconnections and balancing authorities
228:
87:
consists of 34 balancing authorities in the US, 2 in Canada, and 1 in Mexico;
164:
maintaining the balance between load, generation, and external transfers;
124:) and Canadian regulators. The enforcement authority is delegated to
195:
66:. The balancing authorities are connected by metered high-voltage
231:
in emergencies, and exchanging the electricity with other BAs.
128:(8 in the US). To coordinate activities across multiple BAs, a
81:
consists of 31 balancing authorities in the US and 5 in Canada;
43:
39:
133:
511:
Reliability
Functional Model Technical Document Version 5.1
160:
A balancing authority has the following responsibilities:
219:
453:
407:
405:
465:
392:
390:
355:
353:
290:
288:
286:
441:
429:
417:
402:
321:
563:
387:
350:
283:
572:Electric grid interconnections in North America
555:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
537:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
519:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
252:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
248:Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards
118:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
340:
338:
336:
490:"Balancing Authority and Regulation Overview"
218:, it is a negative number expressed in MW/0.1
333:
182:implementing the interchange transactions.
179:controlling the frequency and time error;
501:Western Electricity Coordinating Council
167:short-term (load-frequency regulation);
14:
564:
381:California Independent System Operator
93:includes a single balancing authority;
307:
305:
303:
91:Electric Reliability Council of Texas
543:
525:
507:
471:
459:
447:
435:
423:
411:
396:
359:
327:
294:
140:, is also operating under the name
122:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
108:A typical balancing authority is an
241:
24:
300:
25:
583:
371:
316:Energy Information Administration
103:
487:
344:
27:Entity in the US electric system
547:Balancing and Frequency Control
529:Balancing and Frequency Control
263:
365:
257:
13:
1:
234:
99:also with a single authority.
188:automatic generation control
155:
62:) and support for real-time
7:
138:independent system operator
10:
588:
481:
254:, p. 2. February 8, 2005.
136:, in addition to being an
46:) that is responsible for
18:Tie line (electrical grid)
526:NERC (January 26, 2011).
34:(BA) is an entity in the
318:(EIA.gov), July 20.2016.
120:and approved by the US (
56:balancing authority area
50:: resource planning and
38:(as well as in parts of
147:air traffic controllers
130:reliability coordinator
85:Western Interconnection
79:Eastern Interconnection
97:Quebec Interconnection
64:load-frequency control
544:NERC (May 11, 2021).
270:PJM Interconnection
32:balancing authority
508:NERC (July 2018).
374:"RC West Entities"
194:(ACE, measured in
192:area control error
36:US electric system
462:, pp. 11–12.
206:interchange error
126:regional entities
70:and grouped into
58:(also known as a
16:(Redirected from
579:
558:
552:
540:
534:
522:
516:
504:
494:
475:
474:, pp. 9–10.
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
400:
394:
385:
384:
378:
369:
363:
357:
348:
342:
331:
325:
319:
309:
298:
292:
281:
280:
278:
276:
261:
255:
245:
110:electric utility
72:interconnections
21:
587:
586:
582:
581:
580:
578:
577:
576:
562:
561:
550:
532:
514:
492:
484:
479:
478:
470:
466:
458:
454:
446:
442:
434:
430:
422:
418:
410:
403:
395:
388:
376:
370:
366:
358:
351:
343:
334:
330:, pp. 1–2.
326:
322:
310:
301:
293:
284:
274:
272:
262:
258:
246:
242:
237:
158:
106:
52:unit commitment
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
585:
575:
574:
560:
559:
541:
523:
505:
483:
480:
477:
476:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
401:
386:
364:
349:
332:
320:
299:
282:
256:
239:
238:
236:
233:
224:
223:
212:frequency bias
209:
184:
183:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:load following
168:
157:
154:
105:
104:Implementation
102:
101:
100:
94:
88:
82:
48:grid balancing
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
584:
573:
570:
569:
567:
556:
549:
548:
542:
538:
531:
530:
524:
520:
513:
512:
506:
502:
498:
491:
486:
485:
473:
468:
461:
456:
450:, p. 20.
449:
444:
438:, p. 11.
437:
432:
426:, p. 11.
425:
420:
414:, p. 10.
413:
408:
406:
398:
393:
391:
382:
375:
368:
361:
356:
354:
346:
341:
339:
337:
329:
324:
317:
313:
308:
306:
304:
296:
291:
289:
287:
271:
267:
260:
253:
249:
244:
240:
232:
230:
229:load shedding
221:
217:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
197:
193:
189:
181:
178:
173:
170:longer-term (
169:
166:
165:
163:
162:
161:
153:
150:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
111:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
546:
528:
510:
496:
467:
455:
443:
431:
419:
399:, p. 9.
367:
362:, p. 8.
323:
297:, p. 6.
273:. Retrieved
259:
243:
225:
216:time control
205:
200:
185:
159:
151:
115:
107:
67:
60:control area
59:
55:
31:
29:
266:"Tie Lines"
235:References
472:NERC 2011
460:NERC 2021
448:NERC 2021
436:NERC 2021
424:NERC 2011
412:NERC 2011
397:NERC 2011
360:NERC 2018
328:NERC 2021
295:NERC 2011
275:22 August
156:Operation
68:tie lines
566:Category
497:wecc.org
482:Sources
372:CAISO.
142:RC West
488:WECC.
44:Mexico
40:Canada
551:(PDF)
533:(PDF)
515:(PDF)
493:(PDF)
377:(PDF)
264:PJM.
134:CAISO
345:WECC
277:2022
42:and
568::
553:.
535:.
517:.
499:.
495:.
404:^
389:^
379:.
352:^
335:^
314:.
302:^
285:^
268:.
250:.
220:Hz
196:MW
174:);
149:.
74::
30:A
557:.
539:.
521:.
503:.
383:.
347:.
279:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.